Chickenpox - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHICKENPOX A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. ...

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CHICKENPOX A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chickenpox: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83579-9 1. Chickenpox-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chickenpox. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHICKENPOX ............................................................................................ 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Chickenpox ................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHICKENPOX .................................................................................. 75 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chickenpox .................................................................................. 75 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................... 78 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHICKENPOX ............................................................ 81 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 81 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ................................................. 81 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 82 General References....................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHICKENPOX .............................................................................. 87 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 87 Dissertations on Chickenpox ....................................................................................................... 87 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHICKENPOX ........................................................................ 89 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 89 Recent Trials on Chickenpox ....................................................................................................... 89 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 93 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHICKENPOX ........................................................................................ 95 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 95 Patents on Chickenpox ................................................................................................................ 95 Patent Applications on Chickenpox........................................................................................... 111 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 113 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHICKENPOX .......................................................................................... 115 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 115 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 115 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 116 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 116 Chapters on Chickenpox ............................................................................................................ 117 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHICKENPOX ............................................................................... 119 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 119 Video Recordings....................................................................................................................... 119 Bibliography: Multimedia on Chickenpox ................................................................................. 120 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 123 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 125 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 127 The Genome Project and Chickenpox ........................................................................................ 127 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 131 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 131 Patient Guideline Sources ......................................................................................................... 131 Associations and Chickenpox .................................................................................................... 137 Finding Associations ................................................................................................................. 139

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APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................141 Overview ....................................................................................................................................141 U.S. Pharmacopeia .....................................................................................................................141 Commercial Databases ...............................................................................................................143 APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................145 Overview ....................................................................................................................................145 Preparation.................................................................................................................................145 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................145 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................145 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................151 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................154 CHICKENPOX DICTIONARY....................................................................................................155 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................206

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chickenpox is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chickenpox, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chickenpox, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chickenpox. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chickenpox, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chickenpox. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHICKENPOX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chickenpox.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chickenpox, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Varicella Vaccination in Children with Chronic Renal Failure: A Report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group Source: Pediatric Nephrology 18(1): 33-38. January 2003. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag. Service Center Secaucus, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094. (201) 348-4033. Summary: Children with kidney disease are at risk for serious varicella related complications. This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a two-dose regimen of varicella (the virus that causes chickenpox) vaccine in children (aged 1 to 19 years, n = 96) with chronic renal (kidney) insufficiency and on dialysis. Of the 96 patients, 50 (mean age 4.2 years) had no detectable varicella zoster virus (VZV) antibody; 98 percent sero-converted after the two-dose vaccine

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regimen. At 1, 2, and 3 years' follow up, all patients studied maintained VZV antibody, including 16 who received a transplant. No significant vaccine-associated adverse events were seen. One subject developed mild varicella 16 months post transplant. In multivariate regression analysis, patients vaccinated after 6 years of age had VZV antibody levels 73 percent lower than patients vaccinated before 6 years of age. The authors conclude that a two-dose varicella vaccination regimen was generally well tolerated and highly immunogenic in children with chronic kidney disease. 1 figure. 2 tables. 25 references.

Federally Funded Research on Chickenpox The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chickenpox. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chickenpox. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chickenpox. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chickenpox: •

Project Title: ANIMAL MODELS TO DESIGN & EVALUATE IMPROVED VZV VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gray, Wayne L.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, AR 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox), a common disease of childhood. Following resolution of the acute disease, VZV establishes latent infection in neural ganglia. The virus may reactivate later in life to cause herpes zoster (shingles) and postherpetic neuralgia. VZV infections cause significant morbidity, especially in children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed patients. The VZV Oka vaccine is safe and effective for immunization of healthy children and susceptible adults. However, this live attenuated vaccine is not generally recommended for some patients including immunocompromised individuals. In addition, the vaccine establishes latent infection in ganglia of the host and may reactivate to cause herpes zoster. Studies to assess VZV antiviral therapies and vaccines are limited due to the need for suitable animal models. The overall goal of this proposal is to develop animal models for evaluation of improved VZV vaccines. The specific aims are: * To evaluate the ability of the VZV Oka vaccine to effectively immunize nonhuman

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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primates and to protect against varicella following subsequent challenge with simian varicella virus. * To evaluate the ability of the VZV vaccine virus to establish latent infection and express latency associated transcripts (LATs) in ganglia of immunized monkeys. * To develop a recombinant VZV vaccine that expresses the simian immunodeficiency virus (SlV) gp120 and nef antigens and to evaluate the ability of the VZV-SlVenv/nef recombinant vaccine to immunize and protect monkeys against varicella and simian AIDS. The findings may lead to improved VZV vaccines that effectively protect against varicella, but do not establish latent infection or reactivate to cause herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. The study may also provide support for use of the VZV vaccine as a recombinant vector for immunization against other infectious agents, particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS OF VARICELLA VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Grose, Charles F.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1985; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an evolutionarily ancient alphaherpesvirus with a 125 kbp genome. VZV causes two diseases -- chickenpox and shingles; the latter disease is a remarkable illustration of VZV neurotropism and reactivation from a prolonged latency. The goal of the current proposal is an increased understanding at a molecular level of the structure/function relationships of the two unique short glycoproteins called gE and gI which form a Fc receptor complex. The herpesviral gE/gI complex is known to be an important determinant of viral egress and cell-to-cell spread, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The Research Plan contains three Specific Aims. Aim 1 includes a characterization of the phosphorylation and sorting motifs in the C-tail of gE. The glycoprotein receptor is modified by both serine and tyrosine protein kinases; tyrosine phosphorylation occurs only on a dimeric form of gE and has not been previously recognized. Phosphorylation will be measured by both in vivo and in vitro protein kinase assays. The fact that both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation motifs are common features of several mammalian cell surface receptors supports the hypothesis that VZVgE/gI form a pluripotential receptor complex. Aim 2 seeks through a mutagenesis approach to further identify the serine protein kinase which phosphorylates the unusual serine-proline-proline sequence in the C-tail of gI, and also identify internalization motifs in proximity to the phosphorylation site. In Aim 3, the interaction of the two components of the gE/gI complex will be analyzed before and after mutagenesis in order to determine the specific roles of each signaling motif on the function of the entire complex. Endocytosis and recycling of the VZV gE/gI complex will be investigated in detail. As a complementary strategy to transient transfection assays, recombinant VZV gE-pseudorabies viruses will be produced and evaluated in an animal model of neurotropism, and VZV mutants with a gI null phenotype will be investigated by several imaging techniques, including laser scanning confocal microscopy and electron microscopy with immunolabeling. In summary, the phosphorylation modifications of VZV gE/gI support an evolutionary link with other nonviral receptors and, at the same time, suggest a role for phosphorylationdephosphorylation events in trafficking and endocytic pathways involved in viral egress and cell-to-cell spread. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFICACY OF VARICELLA VACCINE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Shapiro, Eugene D.; Pediatrics; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: Live, attenuated varicella vaccine was licensed in March, 1995 for use in healthy individuals in the United States. There has been controversy about both its short-term and its long-term efficacy (in part because licensure was based on limited data, much of which was from studies with a vaccine that contained a higher concentration of virus). Consequently, many physicians have been reluctant to use the vaccine, although routine immunization of all susceptible, immunocompetent children (beginning at 12 months of age) has been recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and by other advisory committees. The primary purpose of the proposed study is to assess the protective efficacy of this varicella vaccine, as it is used in actual practice, and to assess the effects of both age at the time of vaccination and of the time since vaccination on vaccine efficacy. This will be a case-control study in which the cases will be immunocompetent children from 15 months-16 years of age who develop varicella. The cases will be identified through active surveillance conducted at both private practices and health maintenance organizations in greater New Haven, Connecticut, and in Westchester County, New York. A research assistant will visit the home of each potential case subject on the third day of the rash to assess the severity of the illness by use of a scale based on pre-defined criteria (e.g., number of vesicles, elevation of fever, etc.). In addition, material from the lesions will be tested with both a direct fluorescent antibody test and polymerase chain reaction (to confirm the presence of varicella-zoster virus and to determine whether it is wild-type or vaccine-type virus). The controls will be immunocompetent children without a history of chickenpox who are matched (2:1) to the cases by both age and the source of primary care. The medical records of both the cases and the controls will be reviewed to determine whether they had received varicella vaccine. The protective efficacy of the vaccine (and the associated 95% confidence interval) will be estimated from the matched odds ratios. The estimates will be adjusted for possible confounders with the use of conditional logistic regression. The effects on the efficacy of the vaccine of both age at the time of vaccination and the time since vaccination will be assessed by stratification and by multivariate analysis. Additionally, differences in the clinical severity of varicella (as determined by the clinical scale) among vaccinated and unvaccinated cases will be assessed. This study will provide important information about the efficacy of varicella vaccine in actual practice. Such information is critical for assessing the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine and will be useful both for educating physicians and for counselling parents who may be concerned about having their children vaccinated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE--VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gershon, Anne A.; Professor; Pediatrics; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Description (provided by applicant): Funds are being requested to support the Fourth International Conference on the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Previous conferences were held in Bethesda, MD, in 1992 (in conjunction with NIH), in Paris, France in 1994,

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and in Palm Beach, Florida in 1997. The purpose of these meetings is to provide a forum for researchers, academicians, and clinicians involved in VZV research to have a venue for scientific exchange. The meeting is planned to occur March 3-5, 2001 in LaJolla, CA. VZV is the agent that causes varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles), both of which are important pathogens for humans. Zoster is particularly a medical problem for individuals over the age of 50 years in whom it can only be manifested as a skin rash but also may be associated with severe pain that may persist for months to years after the original illness, a condition termed post herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Topics to be discussed in the 2001 meeting will include clinical topics on the first day because the conference begins on a weekend when clinicians are more likely to be available. One session will be devoted to Varicella and the other to Zoster. The first formal sessions will be devoted to treatment and prevention of varicella and zoster, with an emphasis on new developments in vaccines and antiviral drugs. There will be a special workshop on PCR methods by Perkin-Elmer. On the second day, basic aspects of VZV research will be discussed and will include the topics of virus replication, gene regulation, viruscell protein interaction, animal models, latency, and host responses. There will also be a series of "State of the Art" lectures by experts in the field who have not presented at past meetings. These talks will include a summary of important data presented at the meeting and will attempt to integrate old and new concepts concerning varicella and zoster. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF GM AND GE IN HERPESVIRUS INFECTION OF NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pomeranz, Lisa E.; Molecular Biology; Princeton University 4 New South Building Princeton, NJ 085440036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The alphaherpesvirus subfamily includes human herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-l) and -2 (HSV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV), the causative agent of chickenpox. Subsequent to lytic infection of the host's epithelial tissue, alphaherpesviruses establish a reactivatable latent infection in the peripheral nervous system. The natural neurotropism of these viruses has led to the current use of HSV-1 in the treatment of inoperable human gliomas. However, the inherent toxicity of HSV-1 hinders many other potential therapeutic applications. Our understanding of alphaherpesvirus assembly and spread in the nervous system is still in its early stages. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus closely related to HSV and VZV. PRV does not infect humans and higher primates making it a safe and effective model for the study of alphaherpesvirus assembly in the mammalian nervous system. Previous studies have established that formation of the viral envelope around the tegument and capsid requires the presence of either glycoprotein M (gM) or the cytoplasmic tail of gE (gEct). The experiments outlined in this proposal present a combined biochemical and genetic approach to investigate the steps of capsid envelopment in neurons at the molecular level. Mutations that rescue the growth of PRV lacking both gM and gEct will identify specific viral proteins involved in capsid envelopment in epithelial cells. Proteins involved in capsid envelopment likely serve additional functions in neuronal infection. PRV mutants produced and characterized in genetic and biochemical analyses will be assayed for efficient axonal transport and capsid envelopment in primary cultured neurons. These studies will pave the way for future investigation of the consequences of capsid assembly during alphaherpesvirus infection of the mammalian nervous system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN B DURING VIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Heineman, Thomas C.; Internal Medicine; St. Louis University St. Louis, MO 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Herpesviruses are responsible for several human diseases including chickenpox, shingles, oral and genital herpes, and life-threatening infections in persons with weakened immune systems. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), like all herpesviruses, has an outer membrane that is essential for infectivity. It acquires its initial membrane upon the passage of viral capsids from the nucleus of infected cells through the inner nuclear membrane. After that, the precise mechanism by which VZV acquires its final infection-competent envelope, and the route it follows during egress from infected cells is unclear. It is known, however, that herpesvirus egress requires the golgi- dependent maturation of several virus-encoded glycoproteins. This emphasizes the critical importance of viral glycoprotein transport for herpesvirus assembly and egress. Glycoprotein B (gB), a protein represented in all herpesviruses, is thought to be vital for the normal egress of virus from infected cells. Unlike most herpesvirus membrane proteins, gB possesses a long cytoplasmic domain that has been implicated in its own intracellular transport as well as in viral egress. However, specific intracellular targeting sequences within the cytoplasmic domain gB have not been identified for any of the herpesviruses, nor is it known what impact mutations in these sequences may have on viral assembly and growth. We propose to (i) identify the specific signal sequences within the cytoplasmic domain VZV gB that are required for its intracellular transport; (ii) determine whether disruption of gB intracellular transport affects virus assembly and egress; and (iii) determine how mutations that alter the transport of gB affect VZV growth in cultured cells and in human tissue. This research may identify critical viral metabolic pathways and may ultimately lead to the development of new antiviral therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF VARICELLA ZOSTER DNA Principal Investigator & Institution: Ruyechan, William T.; Professor; Microbiology; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, NY 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1982; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract): Of the seven human herpesviruses, varicella zoster virus (VZV) is still among the most important in terms of disease frequency and clinical problems. Primary infection with VZV results in chickenpox or varicella, usually unremarkable in normal children, but capable of developing serious consequences in leukemic children or young adults. Reactivation of VZV results in zoster or shingles. This is characterized by a painful vesicular eruption which resolves within a few weeks. However, as with chickenpox, complications can arise which include blindness, encephalitis, myelitis and post herpetic neuralgia. This last sequela of zoster can persist for years and is the cause of an increasing amount of suffering in the aging U.S. population. At present little concerning the molecular details of either varicella or zoster infection (including latency) are understood. Work from several laboratories has however shown that 1) promoter elements of VZV genes appear to be unique, 2) the properties of the gene regulatory proteins of VZV are often quite distinct from those of their herpes simplex virus (HSV) counterparts, and 3) during latency VZV expresses at least the mRNAs (and presumably the polypeptides) corresponding to

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several gene regulatory protteins that may make up the earliest events in the lytic cycle. We plan to examine these aspects of VZV infection via the following specific aims: 1) Fine mapping of two already identified VZV promoter elements, 2) Analysis of the mechanism of action of the VZV ORF29 protein in VZV gene regulation, 3) Analysis of the role of the ORF63 protein in VZV infection and 4) characterization of the interaction of a cellular protein with the VZV ORF62 protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNERGISTIC INFECTION BY VARICELLA AND STREPTOCOCCI Principal Investigator & Institution: Cywes, Colette; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Group A Streptococcus (GAS) invasive disease is characterized by the dissemination of bacteria from the skin surface or a superficial wound through the epithelial barrier, in a paracellular fashion, into underlying tissues. The incidence of invasive GAS disseminated infection is increased by approximately 50fold in children with primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection (chickenpox). The association of GAS invasive infection with VZV and not with other skin-damaging disorders suggests that VZV infection results in specific changes in the skin that enhance susceptibility to GAS infection. The focus of this application is the hypothesis that VZV infection of the epidermis induces expression of the GAS receptor CD44, enhanced GAS binding to epithelial cells, and augments CD44-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements leading to intercellular junction disruption. GAS binding to CD44 triggers a cell signaling cascade that results in disruption of cell-cell junctions, thereby facilitating the paracellular translocation of GAS and culminating in invasive disease. The specific aims of the application are: (1) to determine the effect of VZV on GAS association with keratinocytes; (2) to characterize the cytoskeletal changes induced by VZV infection of polarized keratinocytes and the effects on the GAS-CD44 mediated cytoskeletal activity; and (3) to define the effects of VZV infection on intercellular junction integrity, epithelial barrier function, and GAS translocation. By comparing uninfected, VZV-infected, and VZV- and GAS-co-infected polarized keratinocyte monolayers, these studies will systematically evaluate the specific cellular responses elicited by VZV and the mechanisms that impact on pathogenesis of invasive GAS infection. These results will advance our understanding of the intracellular cytoskeletal changes induced by VZV that lead to disruption of the epithelial barrier and may provide insight into the mechanisms of opportunistic co-infection by GAS. Ultimately results of this line of investigation may suggest strategies to limit bacterial complications of this and other viral infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hay, John I.; Professor; Microbiology; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, NY 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 24-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus and is the infectious agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). Both varicella and, particularly, zoster continue to be health problems. A vaccine is in widespread use in children and may be used in the future in older adults, but we still do not know much about the pathogenesis of VZV infections (e.g. we do not understand

10 Chickenpox

the basis for attenuation of the vaccine virus). The study of VZV has been hampered by its human host range and its poor growth in cell culture. During the last granting period, we formed a consortium to develop a SCIDhu mouse model for the study of VZV pathogenesis in human fetal skin and thymus/liver implants. In this model, the pathology of infections appears authentic, the virus produced resembles that from actual human lesions and the vaccine virus is attenuated. We produced a series of VZV mutants and discovered several virulence determinants for the virus. In this proposal we will capitalize on our success with this model and extend it to allow study of human neural tissues. We will also study, in detail, two viral proteins - IE62 and the ORF47 protein kinase; the first of these is a (the) major viral gene regulatory protein and the second an indispensable (in SCIDhus) viral protein. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches will be taken and we will generate a new series of VZV mutants. In a new final aim, we will explore the structure of VZV particles, using the authentic material derived from SCIDhu growth. Understanding VZV pathogenesis will be the guide to designing "second generation" VZV vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS--T CELL/SKIN TROPISMS AND IMMUNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Arvin, Ann M.; Professor of Microbiology and Immunology; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella and herpes zoster. Our goal is to improve knowledge about how this common pathogen causes disease and about protection provided by natural and vaccine-induced immunity. Glycoproteins are likely to be host range determinants for T cells and skin, which are critical target cells during VZV infection. Our focus is on glycoproteins, gI (ORF67) and gE (ORF68). The effect of gI or gE mutations made in cosmids, on VZV replication will be determined in vitro. Infectivity for human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or skin will be assessed in vivo in the SCIDhu mouse model of VZV pathogenesis, which reveals critical roles for VZV proteins that are completely dispensable in tissue culture. T cell tropism will also be investigated in thymic organ cultures and II23 cells, a CD4+ T cell hybridoma, using green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled VZV. VZV gI and gE effects on epithelial cells will be evaluated in MDCK cells. The vaccine strain, V-Oka, will be compared with its parent, P-Oka, to determine whether gE or gI mutations explain V-Oka attenuation. VZV infects T cells in the naive host and spreads before VZV specific immunity is induced. We have found that VZV interferes with cell surface expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and class II. Our goals are to identify viral immunomodulatory proteins that allow VZV to escape from immune surveillance and to determine whether skin homing receptors facilitate transport of infected T cells to skin. Whether these mechanisms function at skin sites during natural infection will be determined in biopsies from acute varicella lesions. Rapid acquisition of VZV specific T cell responses correlates with mild varicella and maintenance of latency. We propose to address important questions about adaptive VZV immunity with new methods to measure CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responder frequencies against dominant viral proteins, gE and the immediate early tegument/transactivating protein, IE62. We will examine differences in protection afforded by natural and vaccine-induced immunity, diminished immunogenicity of varicella vaccine in adults, and declining VZV T cell responses with aging. Quantitative comparisons of CD4+ and CD8+ recognition of gE and IE62 protein and peptides will be made using intracellular cytokine assays. Peptides

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appropriate for synthesis as MHC class I and class II tetramers will be identified and used to enumerate VZV specific responder T cells in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. These parallel investigations of VZV pathogenesis and immunity are directly linked by their practical relevance for improving live attenuated varicella vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for chickenpox in the PubMed Central database: •

A Rapid Phenotypic Assay for Detection of Acyclovir-Resistant Varicella-Zoster Virus with Mutations in the Thymidine Kinase Open Reading Frame. by Sahli R, Andrei G, Estrade C, Snoeck R, Meylan PR. 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89785

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Aberrant intracellular localization of Varicella-Zoster virus regulatory proteins during latency. by Lungu O, Panagiotidis CA, Annunziato PW, Gershon AA, Silverstein SJ. 1998 Jun 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22745

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Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. by Klassen TP, Belseck EM, Wiebe N, Hartling L. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130054

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Attenuation of the Vaccine Oka Strain of Varicella-Zoster Virus and Role of Glycoprotein C in Alphaherpesvirus Virulence Demonstrated in the SCID-hu Mouse. by Moffat JF, Zerboni L, Kinchington PR, Grose C, Kaneshima H, Arvin AM. 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124567

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Characterization of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein K (Open Reading Frame 5) and Its Role in Virus Growth. by Mo C, Suen J, Sommer M, Arvin A. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104199

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Chickenpox vaccination, not chickenpox, should be routine for Canadian children. by Law BJ. 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81074

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4

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Comparison of Quantitations of Viral Load in Varicella and Zoster. by Kimura H, Kido S, Ozaki T, Tanaka N, Ito Y, Williams RK, Morishima T. 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86840

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Comparison of the Complete DNA Sequences of the Oka Varicella Vaccine and Its Parental Virus. by Gomi Y, Sunamachi H, Mori Y, Nagaike K, Takahashi M, Yamanishi K. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=136748

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Complex Formation Facilitates Endocytosis of the Varicella-Zoster Virus gE:gI Fc Receptor. by Olson JK, Grose C. 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124636

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Crystal structure of varicella-zoster virus protease. by Qiu X, Janson CA, Culp JS, Richardson SB, Debouck C, Smith WW, Abdel-Meguid SS. 1997 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20290

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Deaths from chickenpox in England and Wales 1995-7: analysis of routine mortality data. by Rawson H, Crampin A, Noah N. 2001 Nov 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59681

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Diagnosis of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections in the Clinical Laboratory by LightCycler PCR. by Espy MJ, Teo R, Ross TK, Svien KA, Wold AD, Uhl JR, Smith TF. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87350

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Improved Identification and Differentiation of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) WildType Strains and an Attenuated Varicella Vaccine Strain Using a VZV Open Reading Frame 62-Based PCR. by Loparev VN, Argaw T, Krause PR, Takayama M, Schmid DS. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87343

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Infection of Human T Lymphocytes with Varicella-Zoster Virus: an Analysis with Viral Mutants and Clinical Isolates. by Soong W, Schultz JC, Patera AC, Sommer MH, Cohen JI. 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111664

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Mass Vaccination to Control Chickenpox: The Influence of Zoster. by Ferguson NM, Anderson RM, Garnett GP. 1996 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38965

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Mutational Analysis of the Repeated Open Reading Frames, ORFs 63 and 70 and ORFs 64 and 69, of Varicella-Zoster Virus. by Sommer MH, Zagha E, Serrano OK, Ku CC, Zerboni L, Baiker A, Santos R, Spengler M, Lynch J, Grose C, Ruyechan W, Hay J, Arvin AM. 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=115067

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Open Reading Frame S/L of Varicella-Zoster Virus Encodes a Cytoplasmic Protein Expressed in Infected Cells. by Kemble GW, Annunziato P, Lungu O, Winter RE, Cha TA, Silverstein SJ, Spaete RR. 2000 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=113236

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Varicella-Zoster Virus: Evidence of Intercontinental Spread of Genotypes and Recombination. by Muir WB, Nichols R, Breuer J. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=135920

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Quantitation of Latent Varicella-Zoster Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Genomes in Human Trigeminal Ganglia. by Pevenstein SR, Williams RK, McChesney D, Mont EK, Smialek JE, Straus SE. 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=113107

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Quantitation of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Whole Blood, Plasma, and Serum by PCR and Electrochemiluminescence. by de Jong MD, Weel JF, Schuurman T, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Boom R. 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86970

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Rapid Genotyping of Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine and Wild-Type Strains with Fluorophore-Labeled Hybridization Probes. by Loparev VN, McCaustland K, Holloway BP, Krause PR, Takayama M, Schmid DS. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87598

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Severe hydrocephalus associated with congenital varicella syndrome. by Mazzella M, Arioni C, Bellini C, Allegri AE, Savioli C, Serra G. 2003 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149248

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Simian Varicella Virus DNA in Dorsal Root Ganglia. by Mahalingam R, Smith D, Wellish M, Wolf W, Dueland AN, Cohrs R, Soike K, Gilden D. 1991 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51316

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Varicella control and vaccine coverage: issues and challenges. by Wallington T, Weir E. 2002 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99408

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Varicella vaccination needed to avoid severe complications: surgeons. by Whitwham B. 2003 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149268

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Varicella vaccination: Recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. by Care C. 2001 Jun 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81221

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Varicella vaccine in clinical practice. by Farquhar D. 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81095

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Varicella vaccine update: Need for a booster? by Hoey J. 2003 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149256

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Varicella-Zoster Virus Proteins in Skin Lesions: Implications for a Novel Role of ORF29p in Chickenpox. by Annunziato PW, Lungu O, Panagiotidis C, Zhang JH, Silvers DN, Gershon AA, Silverstein SJ. 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111678

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Varicella-zoster virus.. by Arvin AM. 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=172899

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chickenpox, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “chickenpox” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

“Chickenpox oesophagitis”. Author(s): deSa DJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 April 1; 1(6116): 858. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=638491&dopt=Abstract

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“Post chickenpox--myelitis: case report with review of literature” (case report). Author(s): Kumar H. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1979 August; 27(8): 781-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=541344&dopt=Abstract

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A boy with chickenpox whose fingers peeled. Author(s): Kuijpers TW, Tjia KL, de Jager F, Peters M, Lam J. Source: Lancet. 1998 June 13; 351(9118): 1782. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9635952&dopt=Abstract

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Studies 15

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A candidate vaccine for chickenpox. Author(s): Sarkar JK, Mukherjee KK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, De S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1976 July 1; 67(1): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=190323&dopt=Abstract

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A case of chickenpox associated with facial nerve palsy. Author(s): Deda G, Caksen H, Icagasioglu D, Ince E. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 January-February; 19(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860589&dopt=Abstract

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A case of purpura fulminans secondary to transient protein C deficiency as a complication of chickenpox infection. Author(s): Canpolat C, Bakir M. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2002 April-June; 44(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026205&dopt=Abstract

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A case report of facial nerve palsy associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Ikeda M, Kukimoto N, Kuga M, Tomita H. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 August; 108(8): 676-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930919&dopt=Abstract

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A case report of purpura fulminans secondary to transient protein C deficiency as a complication of chickenpox infection. Author(s): Ozsoylu S. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2003 January-March; 45(1): 83; Author Reply 84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718382&dopt=Abstract

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A chickenpox epidemic in a pediatric burn unit. Author(s): Weintraub WH, Lilly JR, Randolph JG. Source: Surgery. 1974 September; 76(3): 490-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4368315&dopt=Abstract

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A cluster of cases of Reye syndrome associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Hurwitz ES, Goodman RA. Source: Pediatrics. 1982 December; 70(6): 901-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7145545&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled trial of acyclovir for chickenpox in normal children. Author(s): Dunkle LM, Arvin AM, Whitley RJ, Rotbart HA, Feder HM Jr, Feldman S, Gershon AA, Levy ML, Hayden GF, McGuirt PV, et al. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 November 28; 325(22): 1539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1944438&dopt=Abstract

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A double blind, placebo controlled trial of efficacy and safety of oral acyclovir (Zovirax) in the treatment of chickenpox in adults. Author(s): Andreoni M, Canfarini M, Grint PC, Martorelli M, Di Luzio Paparatti U, Rocchi G. Source: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1992 February; 14(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1529149&dopt=Abstract

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A household study of chickenpox in Guinea-Bissau: intensity of exposure is a determinant of severity. Author(s): Poulsen A, Qureshi K, Lisse I, Kofoed PE, Nielsen J, Vestergaard BF, Aaby P. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 November; 45(4): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423611&dopt=Abstract

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A measure of family disruption for use in chickenpox and other childhood illnesses. Author(s): McKenna SP, Hunt SM. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1994 March; 38(5): 725-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8171351&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised controlled study of intravenous acyclovir (Zovirax) against placebo in adults with chickenpox. Author(s): Al-Nakib W, Al-Kandari S, El-Khalik DM, El-Shirbiny AM. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1983 May; 6(1 Suppl): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6350475&dopt=Abstract

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Abortive chickenpox. Author(s): Aksoy L, Ciftci U, Ozsoylu S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 March; 156(3): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9083772&dopt=Abstract

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Abscess formation as a complication of chickenpox. Author(s): Guthrie CM. Source: Scott Med J. 1992 December; 37(6): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1492216&dopt=Abstract

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Acetaminophen: more harm than good for chickenpox? Author(s): Doran TF, De Angelis C, Baumgardner RA, Mellits ED. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 June; 114(6): 1045-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2656959&dopt=Abstract

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Actinic chickenpox. Light-distributed varicella eruption. Author(s): Findlay GH, Forman L, Hull PR. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979 June 9; 55(24): 989-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=472951&dopt=Abstract

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Acute cerebellar ataxia associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Saab M, Wadhwa V. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 November; 56(9): 720. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469990&dopt=Abstract

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Acute childhood hemiplegia associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Yilmaz K, Caliskan M, Akdeniz C, Aydinli N, Karabocuoglu M, Uzel N. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1998 March; 18(3): 256-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568925&dopt=Abstract

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Acute encephalopathy and hepatic dysfunctionassociated with chickenpox in siblings. Author(s): Glick TH, Ditchek NT, Salitsky S, Freimuth EJ. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1970 January; 119(1): 68-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5410296&dopt=Abstract

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Acute polyarthritis complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Chogle AR, Bibekar AD. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 April; 42(4): 333. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860558&dopt=Abstract

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Acute retinal necrosis after chickenpox in a healthy adult. Author(s): Barondes MJ, Tellez F, Siegel A. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1992 September; 24(9): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1471821&dopt=Abstract

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Acute retinal necrosis after chickenpox in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Friedman SM, Mames RN, Sleasman JW, Whitcup SM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1993 December; 111(12): 1607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8155026&dopt=Abstract

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Acute retinal necrosis as a novel complication of chickenpox in adults. Author(s): Matsuo T, Koyama M, Matsuo N. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1990 July; 74(7): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2378860&dopt=Abstract

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Acute retinal necrosis following chickenpox in a healthy 4 year old patient. Author(s): Lee WH, Charles SJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 June; 84(6): 667-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10896413&dopt=Abstract

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Acute retinal necrosis syndrome complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Smith JR, Chee SP. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 December; 41(12): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296787&dopt=Abstract

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Acute retinal necrosis syndrome following chickenpox in pregnant woman. Author(s): Matsuo T, Ohno A, Matsuo N. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988; 32(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3411815&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir approved for childhood chickenpox. Author(s): Holdcroft C. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1992 May; 17(5): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1603445&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir for childhood chickenpox. Cost is unjustified. Author(s): McKendrick MW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 January 14; 310(6972): 108-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7833700&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir for childhood chickenpox. Has substantial potential service implications. Author(s): Paynton DJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 May 13; 310(6989): 1268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7767216&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir for childhood chickenpox. No reason not to treat. Author(s): Balfour HH Jr. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 January 14; 310(6972): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7833701&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir in chickenpox. Author(s): Singh H. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 December; 33(12): 1061. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9141815&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir in chickenpox. Author(s): Jenks PJ, Breuer J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1996 February; 74(2): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8660091&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir in chickenpox. Author(s): Perkins M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 April 30; 326(18): 1224-5; Author Reply 1225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1557106&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir in chickenpox. Author(s): Ford RF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 April 30; 326(18): 1224; Author Reply 1225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1557105&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir in chickenpox. Author(s): Clover RD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 April 30; 326(18): 1224; Author Reply 1225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1343813&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir in the management of chickenpox. Author(s): Sharts-Engel NC. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1992 September-October; 17(5): 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1406119&dopt=Abstract

20 Chickenpox

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Acyclovir in the treatment of chickenpox. Author(s): Farrington E. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1992 September-October; 18(5): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1408423&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir therapy for chickenpox in children with hematological malignancies. Author(s): Boguslawska-Jaworska J, Koscielniak E, Rodziewicz B. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 June; 142(2): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6468428&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir therapy for immunocompetent children with chickenpox. Acyclovirchickenpox Italian Study Group. Author(s): Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 June; 24(6): 1261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195096&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir therapy in chickenpox. Author(s): Aggarwal V, Sachdev HP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 April; 33(4): 313-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8772906&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir therapy of chickenpox in immunosuppressed children--a collaborative study. Author(s): Prober CG, Kirk LE, Keeney RE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1982 October; 101(4): 622-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6750068&dopt=Abstract

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Acyclovir therapy of severe chickenpox in an adult renal transplant patient. Author(s): Morales JM, Abarca M, Prieto C, Praga M, Ortuno MT, Ruilope LM, Rodicio JL. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1987; 2(5): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3122117&dopt=Abstract

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Adults do get chickenpox. Author(s): Ivey FD, Gerner HM. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1987 December; 87(12): 1658-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3688054&dopt=Abstract

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Adults still account for many deaths from chickenpox. Author(s): Noah N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 27; 325(7357): 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142320&dopt=Abstract

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Age-specific incidence of chickenpox. Author(s): Finger R, Hughes JP, Meade BJ, Pelletier AR, Palmer CT. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1994 November-December; 109(6): 750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7800783&dopt=Abstract

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Airborne transmission of chickenpox in a hospital. Author(s): Leclair JM, Zaia JA, Levin MJ, Congdon RG, Goldmann DA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 February 21; 302(8): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7351951&dopt=Abstract

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Airborne transmission of chickenpox. Author(s): Scheifele D, Bonner M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 July 31; 303(5): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7383115&dopt=Abstract

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Airborne transmission of chickenpox. Author(s): Riley RL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 July 31; 303(5): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7383114&dopt=Abstract

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Alteration of T cells and natural killer cells during chickenpox in infancy. Author(s): Terada K, Kawano S, Yagi Y, Shimada Y, Kataoka N. Source: Journal of Clinical Immunology. 1996 January; 16(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8926286&dopt=Abstract

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Amplification and sequencing of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) gene 4: point mutation in a VZV strain causing chickenpox during pregnancy. Author(s): Chow VT, Lim KP. Source: Acta Virol. 1997 October; 41(5): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9607081&dopt=Abstract

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An algorithm for chickenpox exposure. Author(s): Brawley RL, Wenzel RP. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984 November-December; 3(6): 502-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6096833&dopt=Abstract

22 Chickenpox

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An outbreak of chickenpox in a military field hospital--the implications for biological warfare. Author(s): Hepburn NC, Brooks TJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1991 December; 84(12): 721-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1774746&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody response to varicella-zoster virus surface glycoproteins in chickenpox and shingles. Author(s): Larkin M, Heckels JE, Ogilvie MM. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1985 August; 66 ( Pt 8): 1785-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2991441&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody to varicella-zoster virus after passive immunization against chickenpox. Author(s): Gershon AA, Piomelli S, Karpatkin M, Smithwick E, Steinberg S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1978 December; 8(6): 733-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=217893&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-epileptic therapy and fatal chickenpox. Author(s): Williamson RV, Ramsay B, Lee J, Cream JJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 October; 69(816): 833-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8290426&dopt=Abstract

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Antiviral prophylaxis and treatment in chickenpox. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Author(s): Ogilvie MM. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 31-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514106&dopt=Abstract

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Antiviral treatment in chickenpox and herpes zoster. Author(s): Huff JC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 January; 18(1 Pt 2): 2046. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3339143&dopt=Abstract

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Arthritis in chickenpox. Author(s): Cwajgenbaum M, Azem I, Weisbrod M. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 June; 140(6): 502. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3706218&dopt=Abstract

Studies 23

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Assessment of a school exclusion policy during a chickenpox outbreak. Author(s): Moore DA, Hopkins RS. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991 June 1; 133(11): 1161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035519&dopt=Abstract

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Assistive algorithms for exposure management: Part I: Chickenpox, scabies, and lice. Author(s): Schmid MW, Barr BM, Adams JR, Rasley DA, Yank TJ, Streed SA. Source: Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care. 1993 July-September; 1(3): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10184150&dopt=Abstract

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Attempted chickenpox prophylaxis with virugon in contacts. Author(s): Bruce R. Source: J Coll Gen Pract. 1966 May; 11(4): 341-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4379837&dopt=Abstract

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Autoimmune protein S deficiency and deep vein thrombosis after chickenpox. Author(s): Peyvandi F, Faioni E, Alessandro Moroni G, Rosti A, Leo L, Moia M. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1996 January; 75(1): 212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713804&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial superinfection in chickenpox. Children are probably more susceptible... Author(s): Bovill BA, Bannister BA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 2; 313(7065): 1145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916713&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial superinfection in chickenpox....but it can occur at any age. Author(s): Barnes AJ, Johnson AS, Shelly MP, Orton CI. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 2; 313(7065): 1145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916714&dopt=Abstract

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Basal cell carcinoma arising in a chickenpox scar. Author(s): Hendricks WM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 November; 116(11): 1304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7436440&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral sequential facial palsy during chickenpox. Author(s): van der Flier M, van Koppenhagen C, Disch FJ, Mauser HW, Bistervels JH, van Diemen-Steenvoorde JA. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 October; 158(10): 807-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486081&dopt=Abstract

24 Chickenpox

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Bullous chickenpox. Author(s): Schwartz RA, Jordan MC, Rubenstein DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 August; 9(2): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6886111&dopt=Abstract

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Calcification in chickenpox pneumonia. Author(s): Raider L. Source: Chest. 1971 November; 60(5): 504-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5119892&dopt=Abstract

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Case report - lethal neonatal chickenpox. Author(s): Hamel BC. Source: East Afr Med J. 1981 August; 58(8): 626-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7297466&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: the pulmonary lesions of chickenpox pneumonia--revisited. Author(s): Picken G, Booth AJ, Williams MV. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1994 July; 67(799): 659-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8062004&dopt=Abstract

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Central nervous system manifestations of chickenpox. Author(s): Johnson R, Milbourn PE. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1970 April 25; 102(8): 831-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5445045&dopt=Abstract

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Central nervous system vasculitis after chickenpox--cause or coincidence? Author(s): Shuper A, Vining EP, Freeman JM. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1990 November; 65(11): 1245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2248537&dopt=Abstract

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Central visual loss caused by chickenpox retinitis in a 2-year-old child. Author(s): Capone A Jr, Meredith TA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 May 15; 113(5): 592-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1575240&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox (varicella). Author(s): Arvin AM. Source: Contrib Microbiol. 1999; 3: 96-110. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599524&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and a tender shoulder. Author(s): Meade RH 3rd. Source: Hosp Pract. 1978 March; 13(3): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=640632&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and infection with cryptosporidiosis. Author(s): Stehr-Green JK, Juranek DJ, McCaig L, Remsen HM, Rains CS. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 December; 140(12): 1213. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3776929&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and multiple sclerosis: a case report. Author(s): Rosener M, Dichgans J, Martin R, Harms F. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995 May; 58(5): 637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7745419&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and pneumothorax. Author(s): Barone JG, Todd MR, Maise R, Barone JE. Source: Chest. 1990 August; 98(2): 514. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2376200&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and pregnancy. What are the risks? Author(s): Rosenfeld JA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1989 June; 85(8): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2726645&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and steroid cards. Amended card is used in Oxford. Author(s): Reynolds J, Jones T, Madden J, Schofield S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 June 22; 312(7046): 1608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664690&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and steroid cards. Patients need information. Author(s): Calland D, Scrive N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 June 22; 312(7046): 1608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664688&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and stroke in childhood: a study of frequency and causation. Author(s): Askalan R, Laughlin S, Mayank S, Chan A, MacGregor D, Andrew M, Curtis R, Meaney B, deVeber G. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 June; 32(6): 1257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387484&dopt=Abstract

26 Chickenpox

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Chickenpox and the geniculate ganglion: facial nerve palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome and acyclovir treatment. Author(s): Grose C, Bonthius D, Afifi AK. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 July; 21(7): 615-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237590&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox and visual disturbances. Author(s): Hunt L. Source: Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses). 1994 October; 19(3): 24, 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7963900&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox ARDS in a health care worker following occupational exposure. Author(s): Knaggs A, Gallagher J, Shorten GD. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1998 May; 48(4): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800425&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox attributable to a vaccine virus contracted from a vaccinee with zoster. Author(s): Brunell PA, Argaw T. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 August; 106(2): E28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920184&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox chorioretinitis. Author(s): Kelly SP, Rosenthal AR. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1990 November; 74(11): 698-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2223711&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox complicated by pneumonia. A problem in intensive care. Author(s): Davies M. Source: Nurs Times. 1969 April 17; 65(16): 487-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5777057&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox complications among immunocompetent hospitalized children in Italy. Acyclovir-Chickenpox Italian Study Group. Author(s): Manfredi R, Chiodo F, Titone L, Vierucci A, Catania S, Ghirardini G, Assanta N, Caramia G, Marcucci F, Loizzo B, Muscolino F. Source: Pediatr Med Chir. 1997 March-April; 19(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269026&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox confused with smallpox. Case report. Author(s): Kassanoff I, Carpenter RL. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1970 January; 63(1): 8-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5511577&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox during pregnancy. Author(s): Gilbert GL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 April 24; 306(6885): 1079-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8495148&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox during pregnancy. Author(s): Zach TL. Source: Nebr Med J. 1992 October; 77(10): 281-2. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1454115&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox during pregnancy. Author(s): Dave J, Turner P, Nash JQ, Kenwright S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1995 January; 30(1): 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751679&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox during pregnancy. Small but real risk. Author(s): Koren G. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1995 September; 41: 1477-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8520233&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox encephalitis and encephalopathy: evidence for differing pathogenesis. Author(s): Shope TC. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1982 May-August; 55(3-4): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6295009&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox exposures cost hospital $20,000. Author(s): Heitzer V. Source: Hosp Infect Control. 1981 September; 8(9): 127-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10252268&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox hospitalizations among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1962 through 1981. A population-based study. Author(s): Guess HA, Broughton DD, Melton LJ 3rd, Kurland LT. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1984 November; 138(11): 1055-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6496422&dopt=Abstract

28 Chickenpox

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Chickenpox immunisation in New Zealand. Author(s): Tobias M, Reid S, Lennon D, Meech R, Teele DW. Source: N Z Med J. 1998 July 24; 111(1070): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9734530&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in a pregnant woman. Author(s): Brown NJ. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1991 November; 84(11): 546-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1787728&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in adult presenting as acute severe genital infection. Author(s): Cass AS. Source: Urology. 1993 January; 41(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8420081&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in adult renal allograft recipients. Author(s): Mathew CM, Thomas PP, Jacob CK, Shastry JC. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1992; 7(3): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1315008&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in adult renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Bradley JR, Wreghitt TG, Evans DB. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1987; 1(4): 242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3110682&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in adulthood. Author(s): Dutta JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 February; 43(2): 148-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282698&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in apparently 'immune' hospital workers. Author(s): Gurevich I, Jensen L, Kalter R, Cunha BA. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1990 October; 11(10): 510, 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2099758&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in childhood. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Author(s): Tarlow MJ, Walters S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 39-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514107&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in four adult renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Errasti P, Alvarez ML, Gomez G, Lavilla FJ, Garcia N, Ballester B, Garcia I, Purroy A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 September; 31(6): 2341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500608&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in 'immune' hospital employees. Author(s): Frank E, Wilson N, Casey KK. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1991 February; 12(2): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2064664&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in Kerala. Author(s): White E. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1978 January-March; 22(1): 141-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=669759&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in mid-trimester pregnancy: always innocent? Author(s): Wheatley R, Morton RE, Nicholson J. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1996 May; 38(5): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698155&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy. Author(s): Greig JR. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 May; 49(442): 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10736897&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy. Author(s): White RG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 March 19; 296(6625): 864. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3130952&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy. Author(s): Ogilvie MM, Stephens JR, Larkin M. Source: Lancet. 1986 April 19; 1(8486): 915-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2870383&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy. Author(s): Stephenson T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 June 26; 306(6894): 1753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8343649&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy. Acyclovir for uncomplicated chickenpox? Author(s): Mann CH, Wyldes MP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 May 29; 306(6890): 1478. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8357401&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy. Incidence underestimated. Author(s): Sloan DS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 May 29; 306(6890): 1478. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8518661&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy. Pneumonitis more severe. Author(s): Nathwani D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 May 29; 306(6890): 1478. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8518662&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in pregnancy: how dangerous? Author(s): Venkatesan P. Source: Practitioner. 1996 April; 240(1561): 256-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8762292&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in the elderly. Author(s): Demissie A, Ayres RC. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 November; 43(11): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2611104&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in the tropics. Author(s): Lee BW, Tan AY. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 April 8; 310(6984): 941. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719209&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in the United States, 1972--1977. Author(s): Preblud SR, D'Angelo LJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979 August; 140(2): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=479643&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox in young anthropoid apes: clinical and laboratory findings. Author(s): White RJ, Simmons L, Wilson RB. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972 September 15; 161(6): 690-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4341396&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox increasingly affects preschool children. Author(s): Ross AM, Fleming DM. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 September; 3(3): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014039&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox isolation: is it worth the trouble? Author(s): Shaw NJ, Bell HK. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 June 28; 292(6537): 1737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3089375&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox monoarthritis: demonstration of varicella-zoster virus in joint fluid by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Stebbings S, Highton J, Croxson MC, Powell K, McKay J, Rietveld J. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 March; 37(3): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9566673&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox neuroretinitis in a 9 year old child. Author(s): MacKinnon JR, Lim Joon T, Elder JE. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 April; 86(4): 475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914224&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox occurrence in Ibadan City: a geographic perspective. Author(s): Iyun F. Source: Geogr Med. 1984; 14: 73-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6479597&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox oesophagitis and haematemesis in an immunocompetent adult. Author(s): Lawn SD, Venkatesan P. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 April; 44(3): 206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099756&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox outbreak among the staff of a large, urban adult hospital: costs of monitoring and control. Author(s): Faoagali JL, Darcy D. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1995 August; 23(4): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503436&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia, its complications and management. A report of three cases, including the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Clark GP, Dobson PM, Thickett A, Turner NM. Source: Anaesthesia. 1991 May; 46(5): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035785&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia. A case report. Author(s): Myint SS, Lee SK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1986 February; 27(1): 80-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3715497&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia. A case report. Author(s): Pillans P. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1983 May 28; 63(22): 861-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6344264&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia: an association with pregnancy. Author(s): Rogerson SJ, Nye FJ, Beeching NJ. Source: Thorax. 1990 March; 45(3): 239. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2330558&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia: an association with pregnancy. Author(s): Esmonde TF, Herdman G, Anderson G. Source: Thorax. 1989 October; 44(10): 812-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2688179&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia: case report and literature review. Author(s): Nee PA, Edrich PJ. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1999 March; 16(2): 147-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191458&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia: experience with antiviral treatment. Author(s): Davidson RN, Lynn W, Savage P, Wansbrough-Jones MH. Source: Thorax. 1988 August; 43(8): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3175975&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox pneumonia: NAB before IPPV? Author(s): Jankowski S, Petros AJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1991 November; 46(11): 993-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1750617&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox resembling smallpox. Author(s): Jo KIAN TJAIJ. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1965 January-June; 5(1-2): 400-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5874444&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox stroke in an adult. Author(s): Leopold NA. Source: Neurology. 1993 September; 43(9): 1852-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8414047&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox vaccination of healthy children: immunological and clinical responses and protective effect in 1978-1982. Author(s): Horiuchi K. Source: Biken J. 1984 September; 27(2-3): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6100055&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox vaccination, not chickenpox, should be routine for Canadian children. Author(s): Law BJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 May 15; 164(10): 1454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387920&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox vaccine gets approval in US. Author(s): Chartan FB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 April 1; 310(6983): 824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711614&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox vaccine snapped up instantly. Author(s): Bateman C. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 February; 92(2): 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894640&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox virus. Author(s): Takahashi M. Source: Adv Virus Res. 1983; 28: 285-356. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6318539&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox with delayed contralateral hemiparesis caused by cerebral angiitis. Author(s): Kamholz J, Tremblay G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1985 September; 18(3): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4051463&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox with oral manifestations in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Schodt M, Rindum JL, Bygbjerg I. Source: Tandlaegebladet. 1987 April; 91(7): 316-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3475801&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox with retinopathy. Author(s): Copenhaver RM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1966 February; 75(2): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5903804&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox, shingles and EMS. Author(s): West KH. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 1985 March-April; 14(2): 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10269642&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox. Author(s): Swingler G, Volmink J. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 616-22. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230688&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox. Author(s): Papadopoulos AJ, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 June; 65(6): 355-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10879302&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox. Author(s): Storr J. Source: Prof Nurse. 1997 September; 12(12): 869-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326090&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox. Author(s): Wyndham M. Source: Practitioner. 1997 April; 241(1573): 221. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9206294&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox: a vaccine preventable disease. Author(s): Nash S. Source: Australian Nursing Journal (July 1993). 2002 November; 10(5): 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503384&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox: an error in diagnosis by Hermann Boerhaave? Author(s): Passmore R. Source: Proc R Coll Physicians Edinb. 1995 January; 25(1): 132-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11616372&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox: where do we stand with treatment? Author(s): Whitley RJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 April; 116(4): 587. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2319406&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox--a disease predominantly affecting adults in rural West Bengal, India. Author(s): Sinha DP. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1976 December; 5(4): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1010666&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox-associated acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Author(s): Culbertson WW, Brod RD, Flynn HW Jr, Taylor BC, Brod BA, Lightman DA, Gordon G. Source: Ophthalmology. 1991 November; 98(11): 1641-5; Discussion 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1666176&dopt=Abstract

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Chickenpox--examining our options. Author(s): Brunell PA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 November 28; 325(22): 1577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1658651&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood cancer in relation to prenatal exposure to chickenpox. Author(s): Blot WJ, Draper G, Kinlen L, Wilson MK. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1980 August; 42(2): 342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7426340&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood chickenpox: its impact on child and family. Author(s): Hunt SM, McKenna SP. Source: Family Practice. 1993 March; 10(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8477888&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood vaccination against chickenpox: an analysis of benefits and costs. Author(s): Huse DM, Meissner HC, Lacey MJ, Oster G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 June; 124(6): 869-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201469&dopt=Abstract

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Children with chickenpox: emergency department care and teaching. Author(s): McGrath NE. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1992 August; 18(4): 353-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1495223&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosomal studies in children with mumps, chickenpox, measles and measles vaccination. Author(s): Chun T, Alexander DS, Bryans AM, Haust MD. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1966 January 15; 94(3): 126-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5901155&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosome damage in Down's syndrome induced by chickenpox infection. Author(s): Higurashi M, Tada A, Miyahara S, Hirayama M. Source: Pediatric Research. 1976 March; 10(3): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=129756&dopt=Abstract

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Cimetidine in “chickenpox oesophagitis”. Author(s): Bardhan KD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 February 11; 1(6109): 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=624015&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical aspects of chickenpox and herpes zoster. Author(s): Balfour HH Jr. Source: J Int Med Res. 1994; 22 Suppl 1: 3A-12A; Discussion 12A-13A. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8063022&dopt=Abstract

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Cold agglutinin disease after chickenpox. Author(s): Johnson AM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1992 August; 98(2): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1510042&dopt=Abstract

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Common expression of varicella-zoster viral glycoprotein antigens in vitro and in chickenpox and zoster vesicles. Author(s): Weigle KA, Grose C. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983 October; 148(4): 630-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6313814&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent smallpox and chickenpox. Author(s): Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, Dumbell KR, Almeida JD. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1976; 54(1): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=188559&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital malformations following chickenpox, measles, mumps, and hepatitis. Results of a cohort study. Author(s): Siegel M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 December 24; 226(13): 1521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4800931&dopt=Abstract

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Controlled trial of acyclovir for chickenpox evaluating time of initiation and duration of therapy and viral resistance. Author(s): Balfour HH Jr, Edelman CK, Anderson RS, Reed NV, Slivken RM, Marmor LH, Dix L, Aeppli D, Talarico CL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 October; 20(10): 919-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642624&dopt=Abstract

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Controlling chickenpox in hospitals. Author(s): Jones EM, Reeves DS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 January 4; 314(7073): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9001465&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroid therapy and severe chickenpox. Author(s): Yavuz H, Ozel A, Erkul I. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 August; 125(2): 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040789&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroids and chickenpox can be lethal. Author(s): Cole RE. Source: Am Pharm. 1991 May; Ns31(5): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2063773&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of vaccination strategies in adults without a history of chickenpox. Author(s): Smith KJ, Roberts MS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 June 15; 108(9): 723-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10924649&dopt=Abstract

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Cost of chickenpox in Canada: part I. Cost of uncomplicated cases. Author(s): Law B, Fitzsimon C, Ford-Jones L, MacDonald N, Dery P, Vaudry W, Mills E, Halperin S, Michaliszyn A, Riviere M. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 July; 104(1 Pt 1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390252&dopt=Abstract

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Cost of chickenpox in Canada: part II. Cost of complicated cases and total economic impact. The Immunization Monitoring Program-Active (IMPACT). Author(s): Law B, Fitzsimon C, Ford-Jones L, McCormick J, Riviere M. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 July; 104(1 Pt 1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390253&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous localization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia at the site of chickenpox. Author(s): Doutre MS, Beylot-Barry M, Beylot C, Dubus P, Lafont ME, Belleannee G, Broustet A, Merlio JP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 January; 36(1): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996269&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from chickenpox in adults in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Barss P. Source: Lancet. 1983 January 15; 1(8316): 126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6129439&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from chickenpox in England and Wales 1995-7: analysis of routine mortality data. Author(s): Rawson H, Crampin A, Noah N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 November 10; 323(7321): 1091-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701571&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from chickenpox. Chickenpox associated morbidity may be long term. Author(s): Mohsen AH, McKendrick MW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 9; 324(7337): 610. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887883&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from chickenpox. Deaths from chickenpox in adults are decreasing. Author(s): Brisson M, Edmunds WJ, Gay NJ, Miller E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 9; 324(7337): 609. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884334&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from chickenpox. Epidemiology of chickenpox in United Kingdom needs further investigation. Author(s): Bramley C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 9; 324(7337): 610. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887881&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from Chickenpox. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has important role. Author(s): Roberts N, Peek GJ, Jones N, Firmin RK, Elbourne D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 9; 324(7337): 610-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887884&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from chickenpox. Healthcare workers should not be forgotten. Author(s): Roberts N, Peek GJ, Jones N, Firmin RK, Elbourne D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 9; 324(7337): 610. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887882&dopt=Abstract

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Debarring attendance in school for chickenpox and measles. Author(s): Sarkar JK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1987 April; 85(4): 120. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3585028&dopt=Abstract

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Deep hand infection complicating chickenpox in an otherwise healthy infant. Author(s): Newey ML, Magnussen PA. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1995 January-February; 49(1): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742196&dopt=Abstract

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Development of foot-drop after recovery from chickenpox. Author(s): Ekambaram V. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1997 April-June; 69(2): 189-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9290972&dopt=Abstract

40 Chickenpox

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Direct and indirect costs of chickenpox in young children. Author(s): Ferson MJ, Shen WL, Stark A. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1998 February; 34(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568935&dopt=Abstract

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Direct costs attributed to chickenpox and herpes zoster in British Columbia--1992 to 1996. Author(s): Nowgesic E, Skowronski D, King A, Hockin J. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1999 June 1; 25(11): 100-4. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726371&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Naveh Y, Tatarsky I, Friedman A. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1972 June; 27(2): 193-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4644864&dopt=Abstract

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Distinguishing smallpox from chickenpox. Author(s): Lovell RD. Source: Ed Manag. 2002 January; 14(1): Suppl 1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883056&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy, immunogenicity, safety, and use of live attenuated chickenpox vaccine. Author(s): Krause PR, Klinman DM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 October; 127(4): 518-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562270&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency department evaluation and management of chickenpox. Author(s): Singer JI. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1985 June; 1(2): 96-107. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3916462&dopt=Abstract

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Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Jenkins R, Dvorak A, Patrick J. Source: Pediatrics. 1967 May; 39(5): 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6028223&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic chickenpox infection on a cancer ward. Author(s): Eckstein R, Jehn U, Loy A. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984 May; 149(5): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6726015&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological features and economic evaluation of a potential chickenpox vaccination strategy in Slovak Republic. Author(s): Hudeckova H, Straka S, Rusnakova S. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2000 November; 8(4): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125976&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of chickenpox in England and Wales, 1967-85. Author(s): Joseph CA, Noah ND. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 March 5; 296(6623): 673-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3128363&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of chickenpox in France (1991-1995). Author(s): Deguen S, Chau NP, Flahault A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1998 April; 52 Suppl 1: 46S49S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764272&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of chickenpox in Scotland: 1981 to 1998. Author(s): Bramley JC, Jones IG. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 December; 3(4): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280260&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of the contact rate in a seasonal SEIR model: application to chickenpox incidence in France. Author(s): Deguen S, Thomas G, Chau NP. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 2000 May 15; 19(9): 1207-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10797517&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a combined measles-mumps-rubella-chickenpox vaccine. Author(s): Just M, Berger R, Just V. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1986; 65: 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3030863&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental studies on the prevention and treatment of chickenpox and herpes zoster with measles vaccine. Author(s): Li WH, Ming ZL, Chen Q, Li Y. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1989 May; 102(5): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2509165&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to herpes-zoster: implications for mass vaccination against chickenpox. Author(s): Brisson M, Gay NJ, Edmunds WJ, Andrews NJ. Source: Vaccine. 2002 June 7; 20(19-20): 2500-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057605&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal chickenpox in a patient with nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Mate ES, Fisher BK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 November; 32(11): 794-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8270335&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal chickenpox pneumonia in an asthmatic patient on oral steroids and methotrexate. Author(s): Gatnash AA, Connolly CK. Source: Thorax. 1995 April; 50(4): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7785019&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal chickenpox: negative electron microscopy of vesicular samples may be misleading. Author(s): Klein JL, Garvie DC, Tulloh R, Marsh M, MacMahon E. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000 February; 82(2): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702113&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal haemorrhagic chickenpox complicating nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Gangaram HB, Cheong IK. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1993 December; 48(4): 446-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8183171&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal haemorrhagic chickenpox in a child on long-term steroids. Author(s): Close GC, Houston IB. Source: Lancet. 1981 August 29; 2(8244): 480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6115244&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal measles pneumonia in a child with chickenpox pneumonia. Author(s): Lobes LA Jr, Cherry JD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 March 5; 223(10): 1143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4739372&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal pulmonary embolism in an adolescent with chickenpox. Author(s): Brown GD, Eron LJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 November; 72(11): 1489-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=505094&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal varicella in an adult: case report and review of the gastrointestinal complications of chickenpox. Author(s): Sherman RA, Silva J Jr, Gandour-Edwards R. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 May-June; 13(3): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1866547&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal damages by chickenpox at 18 weeks of pregnancy. Author(s): Paquet P, Lamotte PJ, Lapiere CM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 August; 32(8): 618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7691772&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal varicella syndrome--a reappraisal of the literature. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Author(s): Birthistle K, Carrington D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 25-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514105&dopt=Abstract

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Fisher's syndrome associated with chickenpox and anti-GQ1b antibody. Author(s): Takano H, Yuki N. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1995 March; 242(4): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798129&dopt=Abstract

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Focal cerebral vasculitis and stroke after chickenpox. Author(s): Alehan FK, Boyvat F, Baskin E, Derbent M, Ozbek N. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2002; 6(6): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401459&dopt=Abstract

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Gangrene after chickenpox. Author(s): Mehrotra TN, Mitra HS. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1972 January 1; 58(1): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5021268&dopt=Abstract

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General practice survey of the management of chickenpox: appropriate targeting of antiviral therapy. Author(s): Shepherd J, Harris T, Harrison T, Hilton S. Source: Family Practice. 2001 June; 18(3): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356729&dopt=Abstract

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Haemorrhagic chickenpox. Author(s): Mukherjee S, Kar M, Chakravarty M. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1990 May; 88(5): 137-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2280076&dopt=Abstract

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Haemothorax in the course of chickenpox. Author(s): Rodriguez E, Martinez J, Javaloyas M, Nonell F, Torres M. Source: Thorax. 1986 June; 41(6): 491. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3787528&dopt=Abstract

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Health and economic cost of chickenpox in child care. Author(s): Ferson MJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 March 2; 156(5): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1588878&dopt=Abstract

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Hemolytic anemia associated with cold agglutinin during chickenpox and a review of the literature. Author(s): Terada K, Tanaka H, Mori R, Kataoka N, Uchikawa M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 1998 March-April; 20(2): 149-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9544167&dopt=Abstract

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Hemorrhagic chickenpox. A case report. Author(s): Natu M, Dongre PM, Deodhar NS. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1968 July; 22(7): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5710113&dopt=Abstract

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Henoch-Schonlein purpura after chickenpox. Author(s): Halle CJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1979 February; 54(2): 166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=434896&dopt=Abstract

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Henoch-Schonlein syndrome after chickenpox. Author(s): Meadow SR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1979 July; 54(7): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=485204&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic lesion in chickenpox. A case report. Author(s): Eshchar J, Reif L, Waron M, Alkan WJ. Source: Gastroenterology. 1973 March; 64(3): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4691597&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex and chickenpox. Author(s): Leen C. Source: Practitioner. 1990 October; 234(1495): 913, 915-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2131452&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes zoster causing varicella (chickenpox) in hospital employees: cost of a casual attitude. Author(s): Hyams PJ, Stuewe MC, Heitzer V. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1984 February; 12(1): 2-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6561002&dopt=Abstract

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Hospital-acquired herpes zoster following exposure to chickenpox. Author(s): Berlin BS, Campbell T. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 March 16; 211(11): 1831-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4313291&dopt=Abstract

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How should one manage a child on immunosuppression who has been exposed to chickenpox and who develops chickenpox? Author(s): Steele RW. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1994 June; 8(3): 269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7917846&dopt=Abstract

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Human anti-chickenpox immunoglobulin in the prevention of chickenpox. Author(s): Evans EB, Pollock TM, Cradock-Watson JE, Ridehalgh MK. Source: Lancet. 1980 February 16; 1(8164): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6101802&dopt=Abstract

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Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox. Author(s): Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M, Grab B. Source: Acta Tropica. 1988 December; 45(4): 297-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2907258&dopt=Abstract

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IgM and IgG responses to varicella-zoster virus p32/p36 complex after chickenpox and zoster, congenital and subclinical infections, and vaccination. Author(s): Harper DR, Grose C. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989 March; 159(3): 444-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2536788&dopt=Abstract

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Immunisation against chickenpox. Author(s): Ross LF, Lantos JD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 January 7; 310(6971): 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827547&dopt=Abstract

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Immunisation against chickenpox. Good argument exists for universal vaccination. Author(s): Skinner GR, Davies J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 April 1; 310(6983): 873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711648&dopt=Abstract

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Immunisation against chickenpox. Pregnant women should be screened. Author(s): Sloan DS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 April 1; 310(6983): 873; Author Reply 873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772162&dopt=Abstract

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Immunity to chickenpox among school adolescents in Lebanon and options for vaccination. Author(s): Musharrafieh UM, Nuwayhid IA, Hamadeh GN, Steitieh SW, Bizri AR. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 December; 129(3): 607-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558345&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of chickenpox on households of healthy children. Author(s): Sullivan-Bolyai JZ, Yin EK, Cox P, Marchand A, Meissinger J, Venerable L, Weiss B. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 January; 6(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3822615&dopt=Abstract

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Impact on immunization of seasonal cycle of chickenpox. Author(s): Deguen S, Flahault A. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(12): 1177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484809&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of chickenpox and herpes zoster among the armed forces persons--a preliminary communication. Author(s): Seetaram K. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1969 April; 23(4): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5799719&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of chickenpox in adults and recruitment of plasma donors for manufacture of zoster immunoglobulin. Author(s): MacInnes DC, Cuthbertson B, Crawford RJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 November 22; 293(6558): 1348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3024773&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile herpes zoster ophthalmicus and acute hemiparesis following intrauterine chickenpox. Author(s): Leis AA, Butler IJ. Source: Neurology. 1987 September; 37(9): 1537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498130&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of chickenpox lesions by measles and measles rash by chickenpox. Author(s): Knight V. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 March 5; 223(10): 1154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4739376&dopt=Abstract

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Internal ophthalmoplegia following chickenpox. Author(s): Noel LP, Watson AG. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1976 July; 11(3): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=949639&dopt=Abstract

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Is smoking a risk factor for pneumonia in adults with chickenpox? Author(s): Ellis ME, Neal KR, Webb AK. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 April 18; 294(6578): 1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3119001&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated facial palsy in chickenpox. Author(s): Murthy VK, Sawhney IM, Prabhakar S, Chopra JS. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1984 July; 47(7): 754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6540298&dopt=Abstract

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Kaposi's varicelliform eruption or atypical chickenpox in a normal individual. Author(s): Joshi A, Sah SP, Agrawal S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 41(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812711&dopt=Abstract

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Kingella kingae endocarditis following chickenpox in infancy. Author(s): Waghorn DJ, Cheetham CH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 December; 16(12): 944-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9495681&dopt=Abstract

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Lacrimal canalicular obstruction following chickenpox. Author(s): Sanke RF, Welham RA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1982 January; 66(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7055547&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic findings in two adults with chickenpox. Author(s): Uribarrena R, Garcila-Bragado F, Jimenez C, Perez C, Rivero-Puente A. Source: Endoscopy. 1988 March; 20(2): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2968240&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Chickenpox from herpes zoster. Author(s): Wilkinson PJ, Jones JV, Reeves DS, Asplin CM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 September 14; 3(5932): 686. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4425803&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Uncommon complications following chickenpox. Author(s): Srivastava JR, Mathur GP, Tiwari CP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1974 January; 11(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4839587&dopt=Abstract

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Licensed preparations against hepatitis A and chickenpox: vaccine update--Part 2. Author(s): Molinari JA, Merchant VA. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1996 June; 17(6): 520-4, 526. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9051961&dopt=Abstract

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Life threatening laryngeal oedema after prolonged intubation for chickenpox pneumonia. Author(s): Boyd OF, Grounds RM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 March 2; 302(6775): 516-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2012850&dopt=Abstract

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Life-threatening chickenpox pneumonitis in two previously healthy adults. Author(s): Hunter J, Stott SA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 September; 92(9): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645302&dopt=Abstract

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Localized thrombotic purpura: a rare complication of chickenpox. Author(s): Kay's SK, Francois P, Pollack B, Moutet F, Cussac E, Bost M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 April; 130(4): 655-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9108868&dopt=Abstract

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Low antibody avidity in elderly chickenpox patients. Author(s): Schoub BD, Blackburn NK, Johnson S, McAnerney JM, Miller B. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1992 June; 37(2): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1321222&dopt=Abstract

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Low birth weight and maternal virus diseases. A prospective study of rubella, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and hepatitis. Author(s): Siegel M, Fuerst HT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1966 August 29; 197(9): 680-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5952908&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function tests and risk factors for pneumonia in adults with chickenpox. Author(s): Mohsen AH, Peck RJ, Mason Z, Mattock L, McKendrick MW. Source: Thorax. 2001 October; 56(10): 796-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562520&dopt=Abstract

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Malignant disease in children whose mothers had chickenpox, mumps, or rubella in pregnancy. Author(s): Adelstein AM, Donovan JW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 December 16; 4(841): 629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4509453&dopt=Abstract

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Management of chickenpox in the adult. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Author(s): Wilkins EG, Leen CL, McKendrick MW, Carrington D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 49-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514108&dopt=Abstract

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Management of preterm neonates exposed to chickenpox. Author(s): Lessing MP, Herbert MA, Bowler IC, Ives NK. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1996 November; 34(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923279&dopt=Abstract

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Management of the presumed susceptible varicella (chickenpox)-exposed gravida: a cost-effectiveness/cost-benefit analysis. Author(s): Rouse DJ, Gardner M, Allen SJ, Goldenberg RL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 June; 87(6): 932-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8649701&dopt=Abstract

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Managing childhood chickenpox: cost implications. Author(s): Brunell PA. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1993 February; 3(2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10146957&dopt=Abstract

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Managing exposure to chickenpox during pregnancy. New program. Author(s): Inocencion G, Loebstein R, Lalkin A, Geist R, Petric M, Koren G. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1998 April; 44: 745-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9585843&dopt=Abstract

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Mass vaccination to control chickenpox: the influence of zoster. Author(s): Ferguson NM, Anderson RM, Garnett GP. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 July 9; 93(14): 7231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8692974&dopt=Abstract

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Measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox in the adult population. Author(s): Boodley CA, Jaquis JL. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1989 February; 14(2): 12, 14, 16 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2648205&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of ischaemic stroke after chickenpox. Author(s): Ganesan V, Kirkham FJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1997 June; 76(6): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9245851&dopt=Abstract

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Methisazone for prophylaxis against chickenpox; a small clinical trial. Author(s): Reed D, Brody JA, Sperry G, Sever J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1966 February 14; 195(7): 586-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5951864&dopt=Abstract

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Modified cases of chickenpox after varicella vaccination: correlation of protection with antibody response. Author(s): White CJ, Kuter BJ, Ngai A, Hildebrand CS, Isganitis KL, Patterson CM, Capra A, Miller WJ, Krah DL, Provost PJ, et al. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1992 January; 11(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1312704&dopt=Abstract

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Modified chickenpox in children immunized with the Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Author(s): Watson BM, Piercy SA, Plotkin SA, Starr SE. Source: Pediatrics. 1993 January; 91(1): 17-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8416499&dopt=Abstract

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Modifying chickenpox. Author(s): Pennington E, Pennington S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 December 21-28; 303(6817): 1614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1773194&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular biology of varicella-zoster virus. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox. Author(s): Harper DR, Gilbert RL, Jeffries DJ. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514102&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular dissection of the humoral immune response to individual varicella-zoster viral proteins during chickenpox, quiescence, reinfection, and reactivation. Author(s): Weigle KA, Grose C. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984 May; 149(5): 741-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6327848&dopt=Abstract

52 Chickenpox

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Monocular blindness from central retinal artery occlusion associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Friedberg MA, Micale AJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 January 15; 117(1): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8291581&dopt=Abstract

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More on acyclovir for chickenpox. Author(s): Duvic M, Grossman D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 July 7; 331(1): 59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8202117&dopt=Abstract

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Most ten-year-old children with negative or unknown histories of chickenpox are immune. Author(s): Boulianne N, Duval B, De Serres G, Deceuninck G, Masse R, Couillard M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 November; 20(11): 1087-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734718&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple pulmonary nodules after recovery from chickenpox in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Author(s): Miyashita Y, Koike H, Misawa A, Shimizu H, Yoshida K, Yasutomi T, Kanai N, Kagami T. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 1997 June; 2(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9441126&dopt=Abstract

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Myelitis following chickenpox: a case report. Author(s): Rosenfeld J, Taylor CL, Atlas SW. Source: Neurology. 1993 September; 43(9): 1834-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8414043&dopt=Abstract

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Near fatal chickenpox during prednisolone treatment. Author(s): Rice P, Simmons K, Carr R, Banatvala J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 October 22; 309(6961): 1069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7950743&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotising soft tissue infections as a complication of chickenpox. Author(s): Nathan S, Pang AS, Singh Sidhu DS, Lam KS, Low JM. Source: Singapore Med J. 1995 December; 36(6): 656-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8781642&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of chickenpox. Author(s): Falcone PA, Pricolo VE, Edstrom LE. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1988 July; 27(7): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3390993&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall as a complication of chickenpox. Author(s): Kyong CU, Smith CD, Othersen HB. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 July-August; 4(4): 420-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3161008&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing fasciitis secondary to chickenpox infection in children. Author(s): Clark P, Davidson D, Letts M, Lawton L, Jawadi A. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2003 February; 46(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585787&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal chickenpox. Author(s): Isaacs D. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2000 February; 36(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10723697&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing care study - chickenpox: causing complications. Author(s): Hadfield A. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 September 16; 153(12): 54-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6912564&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational and infection control aspects of varicella. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Author(s): Burns SM, Mitchell-Heggs N, Carrington D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 73-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514110&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of chickenpox during pregnancy in women seropositive for varicellazoster virus. Author(s): Martin KA, Junker AK, Thomas EE, Van Allen MI, Friedman JM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 October; 170(4): 991-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930746&dopt=Abstract

54 Chickenpox

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Optic disc pigmentation associated with a field defect following chickenpox. Author(s): Taylor DS, ffytche TJ. Source: J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1976 March; 13(2): 80-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1018185&dopt=Abstract

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Optic neuritis following chickenpox in adults. Author(s): Miller DH, Kay R, Schon F, McDonald WI, Haas LF, Hughes RA. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1986 June; 233(3): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3723155&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir for chickenpox. Author(s): Lupatkin WL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 November; 48(5): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1764964&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir for chickenpox. Author(s): Marino C, McDonald E. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 July; 48(1): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1868743&dopt=Abstract

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Oral acyclovir treatment of chickenpox in normal adolescents. Author(s): Brunell PA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 April; 120(4 Pt 1): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1552393&dopt=Abstract

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Oral signs of chickenpox (varicella): report of two cases. Author(s): Badger GR. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1980 September-October; 47(5): 349-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6931841&dopt=Abstract

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Orchitis as a complication of chickenpox. Author(s): Turner RB. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 May; 6(5): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3601498&dopt=Abstract

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Orchitis in chickenpox. Author(s): Gray JA. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1990 December; 40(341): 522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2282240&dopt=Abstract

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Osteomyelitis in hospitalized children with chickenpox: imaging findings in four cases. Author(s): Grier D, Feinstein KA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1993 September; 161(3): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8352125&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of chickenpox and herpes zoster in a geriatric hospital. Author(s): Rahman M. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1979 October; 33(10): 291-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=526415&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of chickenpox from a patient with immunosuppressed herpes zoster in hospital. Author(s): Juel-Jensen BE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 January 1; 286(6358): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6401472&dopt=Abstract

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Outbreak of chickenpox from a patient with immunosuppressed herpes zoster in hospital. Author(s): Faizallah R, Green HT, Krasner N, Walker RJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 October 9; 285(6347): 10223. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6812728&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of chickenpox in 66 pediatric renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Kashtan CE, Cook M, Chavers BM, Mauer SM, Nevins TE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 December; 131(6): 874-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427893&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric management problems. Chickenpox. Author(s): Ludwig MA. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1983 March-April; 9(2): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6550783&dopt=Abstract

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Pericarditis and arthritis complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Williams AJ, Freemont AJ, Barnett DB. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1983 June; 37(6): 226-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6882653&dopt=Abstract

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Pericarditis with pericardial effusion complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Seddon DJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1986 December; 62(734): 1133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3658852&dopt=Abstract

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Photodistributed chickenpox mimicking polymorphic light eruption. Author(s): Osborne GE, Hawk JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 March; 142(3): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10777277&dopt=Abstract

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Polyarthritis associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Friedman A, Naveh Y. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1971 August; 122(2): 179-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5564165&dopt=Abstract

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Post-chickenpox bulbar paralysis. Author(s): Basu PK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1966 August 16; 47(4): 183-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5911068&dopt=Abstract

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Potential benefit of acyclovir for chickenpox acquired from household contacts. The Italian Acyclovir-Chickenpox Study Group. Author(s): Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1997 June; 9(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9210002&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive value of personal recall of chicken pox infection: implications for the use of varicella vaccine. Author(s): Karunajeewa HA, Kelly HA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 February 5; 174(3): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247626&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of chickenpox in reproductive-age women: cost-effectiveness of routine prenatal screening with postpartum vaccination of susceptibles. Author(s): Smith WJ, Jackson LA, Watts DH, Koepsell TD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 October; 92(4 Pt 1): 535-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764625&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary calcification following chickenpox in childhood. Author(s): Knyvett AF, Stringer RE, Abrahams EW. Source: J Coll Radiol Australas. 1965 October; 9(3): 224-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5836211&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary infarction with chickenpox. Author(s): Rosen P. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 December 18; 222(12): 1557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4678433&dopt=Abstract

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Purple spots and chickenpox. Author(s): Usatine R. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 November; 173(5): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069859&dopt=Abstract

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Purpura fulminans due to protein S deficiency following chickenpox. Author(s): Phillips WG, Marsden JR, Hill FG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 July; 127(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1386247&dopt=Abstract

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Purulent arthritis complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Sethi AS, Schloff I. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1974 March; 13(3): 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4815009&dopt=Abstract

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Pyarthrosis of the hip complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Buck RE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1968 September 30; 206(1): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5695441&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid differentiation of rocky mountain spotted fever from chickenpox, measles, and enterovirus infections and bacterial meningitis by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of sera. Author(s): Brooks JB, McDade JE, Alley CC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981 August; 14(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7276147&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivation of chickenpox contracted in infancy. Author(s): Terada K, Kawano S, Hiraga Y, Morita T. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995 August; 73(2): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7574864&dopt=Abstract

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Recrudescence of initial cutaneous lesions after crusting of chickenpox in an adult with advanced AIDS suggests prolonged local viral persistence. Author(s): Baran J Jr, Khatib R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 April; 24(4): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145757&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrence of chickenpox in an acyclovir-treated patient. Author(s): Ijichi N, Ijichi S, Osame M. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 June; 33(3): 272. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259310&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent chickenpox after natural infection. Author(s): Terada K, Kawano S, Shimada Y, Yagi Y, Kataoka N. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 February; 15(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822299&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent outbreaks of measles, chickenpox and mumps. I. Seasonal variation in contact rates. Author(s): London WP, Yorke JA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1973 December; 98(6): 453-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4767622&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent outbreaks of measles, chickenpox and mumps. II. Systematic differences in contact rates and stochastic effects. Author(s): Yorke JA, London WP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1973 December; 98(6): 469-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4767623&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent pulmonary infarction in adult chickenpox pneumonia. Author(s): Glick N, Levin S, Nelson K. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 October 9; 222(2): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5068695&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent varicella pneumonia complicating an endogenous reactivation of chickenpox in an HIV-infected adult patient. Author(s): Fraisse P, Faller M, Rey D, Labouret N, Partisani M, Stoll-Keller F, Lang JM, Weitzenblum E. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 March; 11(3): 776-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596136&dopt=Abstract

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Relapsing chickenpox in a young man with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Baxter JD, DiNubile MJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 May; 18(5): 785-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075271&dopt=Abstract

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Report of severe herpes zoster in a 13 and one-half-year-old boy whose chickenpox infection may have been acquired in utero. Author(s): Lyday JH. Source: Pediatrics. 1972 December; 50(6): 930-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4673901&dopt=Abstract

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Reported exposure to chickenpox: a predictor of positive anti-varicella-zoster antibodies in parturient women. Author(s): Linder N, Ferber A, Kopilov U, Smetana Z, Barzilai A, Mendelson E, Sirota L. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001 November-December; 16(6): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694750&dopt=Abstract

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Reports of deaths from chickenpox. Author(s): Hoey J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1997 September 1; 157(5): 557-8. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9294396&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal vasculitis associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Kuo YH, Yip Y, Chen SN. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 132(4): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589889&dopt=Abstract

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Review of 26 years' hospital admissions for chickenpox in North London. Author(s): Bovill B, Bannister B. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514104&dopt=Abstract

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Revisited measles and chickenpox dynamics through orthogonal transformation. Author(s): Kanjilal PP, Bhattacharya J. Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1999 March 21; 197(2): 163-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10074391&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for pneumonia in adults with chickenpox. Author(s): Mohsen AH, McKendrick MW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 October 1; 186(7): 1053; Iauthor Reply 1053-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232851&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of herpes zoster in children with leukemia: varicella vaccine compared with history of chickenpox. Author(s): Brunell PA, Taylor-Wiedeman J, Geiser CF, Frierson L, Lydick E. Source: Pediatrics. 1986 January; 77(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3455669&dopt=Abstract

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Risks of chickenpox in asthmatic children receiving inhalation steroids and therapeutic recommendations. Author(s): Kohl S. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 February; 12(2): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8426788&dopt=Abstract

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Routine immunisation against chickenpox. Is it time? Author(s): Hong CY, Goh LG. Source: J Singapore Paediatr Soc. 1992; 34(1-2): 57-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1303469&dopt=Abstract

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Scarring resulting from chickenpox. Author(s): Leung AK, Kao CP, Sauve RS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737678&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal variation of chickenpox, mumps and rubella in Taiwanese children estimated by pediatric clinics. Author(s): Liu SC, Wang JD, Lee CY, Chou MC. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 1998 December; 31(4): 217-24. Erratum In: J Microbiol Immunol Infect 1999 June; 32(2): 141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496162&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary syphilis with chickenpox in an adult. Author(s): Fiumara NJ, Ellerin PS. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1971 April; 47(2): 142-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5574736&dopt=Abstract

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Segmental hyperhidrosis preceding chickenpox. Author(s): Plyler ET, Gross TL, Chillag S. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1984 October; 80(10): 504-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593499&dopt=Abstract

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Septic arthritis associated with chickenpox. Author(s): Feierabend RH Jr. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1991 November-December; 4(6): 457-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1767698&dopt=Abstract

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Serial MR angiography and contrast-enhanced MRI in chickenpox-associated stroke. Author(s): Gilbert GJ. Source: Neurology. 2001 November 13; 57(9): 1742. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706138&dopt=Abstract

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Serial MR angiography and contrast-enhanced MRI in chickenpox-associated stroke. Author(s): Singhal AB, Singhal BS, Ursekar MA, Koroshetz WJ. Source: Neurology. 2001 March 27; 56(6): 815-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274330&dopt=Abstract

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Serotesting versus presumptive varicella vaccination of adolescents with a negative or uncertain history of chickenpox. Author(s): Harel Z, Ipp L, Riggs S, Vaz R, Flanagan P. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2001 January; 28(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137902&dopt=Abstract

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Severe chickenpox after intranasal use of corticosteroids. Author(s): Abzug MJ, Cotton MF. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 October; 123(4): 577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8410510&dopt=Abstract

62 Chickenpox

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Severe chickenpox and purpura fulminans in zoster treated with vidarabine. Author(s): Juel-Jensen B. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1976 September; 2(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=185190&dopt=Abstract

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Severe chickenpox during treatment with corticosteroids. At what age should varicella-zoster immunoglobulin be given? Author(s): Buss P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 4; 310(6975): 327; Author Reply 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866184&dopt=Abstract

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Severe chickenpox during treatment with corticosteroids. Immunoglobulin should be given if steroid dosage was > or = 0.5 mg/kg/day in preceding three months. Author(s): Burnett I. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 4; 310(6975): 327; Author Reply 328. Erratum In: Bmj 1995 Feb 25; 310(6978): 534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866185&dopt=Abstract

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Severe chickenpox during treatment with corticosteroids. Latex assay shows false negatives. Author(s): Bendig J, Meurisse V, Chambers S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 4; 310(6975): 327-8. Erratum In: Bmj 1995 March 11; 310(6980): 672. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866186&dopt=Abstract

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Severe chickenpox during treatment with corticosteroids. National guidelines exist. Author(s): Ellender D, Waller P, Wood S, Rawlins M, Langman M, Salisbury D, Wilson E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 4; 310(6975): 327; Author Reply 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755723&dopt=Abstract

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Severe chickenpox in anabolic steroid user. Author(s): Johnson AS, Jones M, Morgan-Capner P, Wright PA, Wheldon DB, Flatt N, Bunting P. Source: Lancet. 1995 June 3; 345(8962): 1447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7760644&dopt=Abstract

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Severe scarring secondary to chickenpox. A case report. Author(s): Smith B, Ristow BV, Converse J, Guibor P. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1973 October; 26(4): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4128191&dopt=Abstract

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Severe streptococcal infection complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Andiman WA, Soifer S. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1980 July; 19(7): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6991194&dopt=Abstract

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Shift in age in chickenpox. Author(s): Miller E, Vardien J, Farrington P. Source: Lancet. 1993 January 30; 341(8840): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093945&dopt=Abstract

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Shift in age in chickenpox. Author(s): Sloan DS, Burlison A. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 17; 340(8825): 974. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357371&dopt=Abstract

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Shingles and chickenpox. Author(s): Ratcliff RG. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1966 December; 63(12): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5981133&dopt=Abstract

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Should children in renal failure be immunised against chickenpox before receiving a renal transplant. Author(s): Heath RB. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1989 April; 3(2): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2642094&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous rise in complement-fixing antibodies against herpesvirus hominis and varicella-zostervirus in patients with chickenpox and shingles. Author(s): Schaap GJ, Huisman J. Source: Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1968; 25(1): 52-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4306835&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous rubeola and chickenpox in an adult. Author(s): Ebright JR, Rytel MW, Sedmak GV. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 August; 141(9): 1241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7259391&dopt=Abstract

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So your child has chickenpox.... Author(s): Edwards DL. Source: Am Pharm. 1993 September; Ns33(9): 52-3, 66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8213482&dopt=Abstract

64 Chickenpox

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Social epidemiology of chickenpox in two British national cohorts. Author(s): Pollock JI, Golding J. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1993 August; 47(4): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228761&dopt=Abstract

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Solitary cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling chickenpox: a case report. Author(s): Martinelli C, Comin CE, Ambu S, Bartolozzi D, Leoncini F. Source: Aids (London, England). 1997 February; 11(2): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9030381&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in the prodromal period of chickenpox. Author(s): ul-Yaquin H. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1969 January; 45(519): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5790923&dopt=Abstract

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Stamping out chickenpox. Author(s): Bigness D. Source: Nurs Spectr (Wash D C). 1995 August 7; 5(16): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640782&dopt=Abstract

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins in scarlet fever complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Brook MG, Bannister BA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991 November; 67(793): 1013-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775408&dopt=Abstract

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Streptobacillus moniliformis infection in a child with chickenpox. Author(s): Prager L, Frenck RW Jr. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 May; 13(5): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8072828&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of diarrheal disease in Central America. X. Associated chickenpox, diarrhea and kwashiorkor in a highland Guatemalan village. Author(s): Salomon JB, Gordon JE, Scrimshaw NS. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1966 November; 15(6): 997-1002. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5959116&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on shingles, is the virus ordinary chickenpox virus? Author(s): Breuer J. Source: Reviews in Medical Virology. 2002 January-February; 12(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787080&dopt=Abstract

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Subconjunctival hemorrhage in chickenpox. Author(s): Gaver-Shavit A, Mimouni M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1991 March; 10(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2041675&dopt=Abstract

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Sudden deafness in chickenpox: a case report. Author(s): Bhandari R, Steinman GS. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1983 March; 13(3): 347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6847155&dopt=Abstract

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Summary of questions and answers on chickenpox for primary healthcare personnel. Prepared by the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox. Author(s): Carrington D, Howard J, Higson N. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514111&dopt=Abstract

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Supreme Court reaffirms landmark informed-consent ruling in chickenpox case. Author(s): Capen K. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1997 September 1; 157(5): 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9303819&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical correction of severe cicatricial ectropion caused by chickenpox. Author(s): Guibor P, Smith B. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1974 October; 92(4): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4607136&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical implications of necrotizing fasciitis in children with chickenpox. Author(s): Waldhausen JH, Holterman MJ, Sawin RS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1996 August; 31(8): 1138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863250&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal association of chickenpox and meningococcal disease in children: a report of three cases. Author(s): Maitland K. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 June; 89(6): 744-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914977&dopt=Abstract

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The burden of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox in Israel. Author(s): Somekh E, Dalal I, Shohat T, Ginsberg GM, Romano O. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 November; 45(4): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423610&dopt=Abstract

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The burden of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox in Israel. Author(s): Somekh E, Dalal I, Shohat T, Ginsberg GM, Romano O. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 July; 45(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217733&dopt=Abstract

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The challenge of chickenpox. Vaccine is best bet against this childhood illness. Author(s): Leccese C. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1998 February; 6(2): 73-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555287&dopt=Abstract

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The cost of childhood chickenpox: parents' perspective. Author(s): Lieu TA, Black SB, Rieser N, Ray P, Lewis EM, Shinefield HR. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 March; 13(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8177622&dopt=Abstract

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The course of chickenpox in asthmatic children receiving inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Nursoy MA, Bakir M, Barlan IB, Basaran MM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 January; 16(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002107&dopt=Abstract

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The current status of vaccine against chickenpox. Author(s): John TJ. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 April; 33(4): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8772919&dopt=Abstract

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The histopathological changes in the temporal bone resulting from acute smallpox and chickenpox infection. Author(s): Bordley JE, Kapur YP. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1972 August; 82(8): 1477-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5053988&dopt=Abstract

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The Immunization Monitoring Program Active (IMPACT) prospective five year study of Canadian children hospitalized for chickenpox or an associated complication. Author(s): Law B, MacDonald N, Halperin S, Scheifele D, Dery P, Jadavji T, Lebel MH, Mills E, Morris R, Vaudry W, Gold R, Marchessault V, Duclos P. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 November; 19(11): 1053-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099085&dopt=Abstract

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The immunology of chickenpox. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Author(s): Goldblatt D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 11-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514103&dopt=Abstract

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The incidence of chickenpox in the community. Lessons for disease surveillance in sentinel practice networks. Author(s): Fleming DM, Schellevis FG, Falcao I, Alonso TV, Padilla ML. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(11): 1023-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380716&dopt=Abstract

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The magnitude of variation in temperature within a year has an effect on the seasonal variations of chickenpox incidence in Japan. Author(s): Kokaze A, Yoshida M, Sekine Y, Ishikawa M, Kurokochi T, Uchida Y, Matsunaga N, Takashima Y. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 April; 126(2): 269-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349977&dopt=Abstract

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The mathematical analysis of concurrent epidemics of yaws and chickenpox. Author(s): Gart JJ, de Vries JL. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1966 December; 64(4): 431-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5224763&dopt=Abstract

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The occurrence of chickenpox. Author(s): Lee P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 May 18; 156(10): 744. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1620034&dopt=Abstract

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The protective effect of immunologic boosting against zoster: an analysis in leukemic children who were vaccinated against chickenpox. Author(s): Gershon AA, LaRussa P, Steinberg S, Mervish N, Lo SH, Meier P. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 February; 173(2): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568309&dopt=Abstract

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The pulmonary lesions of chickenpox. Author(s): Knyvett AF. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1966 July; 35(139): 313-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5956441&dopt=Abstract

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The relation between tobacco smoking and pulmonary chickenpox. Author(s): Knyvett AF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 December 30; 2(27): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4965961&dopt=Abstract

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The role of mycophenolate mofetil in chickenpox after renal transplantation. Author(s): Jose MD, Roake JA, Robson RA. Source: Transplantation. 2000 July 15; 70(1): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919615&dopt=Abstract

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Thrombocytopenic purpura and chickenpox. Author(s): Lopez R, Luhby AL. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1970 February; 9(2): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5461152&dopt=Abstract

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Transient circumscribed hypertrichosis following chickenpox. Author(s): Naveh Y, Friedman A. Source: Pediatrics. 1972 September; 50(3): 487-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5056429&dopt=Abstract

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Transient remission of intractable systemic-type of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis after chickenpox in a 2-year-old boy. Author(s): Aihara Y, Katakura S, Imagawa T, Mitsuda T, Yokota S. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2001 February; 43(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208011&dopt=Abstract

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Transient severe hypertension and polyradiculitis after chickenpox. Author(s): Davies J, Rowlatt RJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 December 9; 2(6152): 1608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=728747&dopt=Abstract

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Transmission of chickenpox from Varicella zoster vaccination is possible. Author(s): To E. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2001 May; 30(5): 417. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432009&dopt=Abstract

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Transmission of chickenpox in a school setting prior to the observed exanthem. Author(s): Brunell PA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1989 December; 143(12): 1451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2556025&dopt=Abstract

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Transmission of chickenpox to two intensive care unit nurses from a liver transplant patient with zoster. Author(s): Wreghitt TG, Whipp PJ, Bagnall J. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1992 February; 20(2): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1348758&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment and prognosis of chickenpox in adult renal transplant recipients on cyclosporin. Author(s): Al-Hasani MK, Al Khader AA, Dhar JM, Agla R. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1987; 2(5): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3122120&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of adult chickenpox with oral acyclovir. Author(s): Feder HM Jr. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 October; 150(10): 2061-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2222091&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of chickenpox in immunocompromised children. Author(s): Nyerges G, Meszner Z. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 August 29; 85(2A): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3044101&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of chickenpox pneumonia with acyclovir. Author(s): van der Meer JW, Thompson J, Tan WD, Versteeg J. Source: Lancet. 1980 August 30; 2(8192): 473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6106114&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of chickenpox pneumonia with adenine arabinoside. Author(s): Teare EL, Cohen JA. Source: Lancet. 1979 April 21; 1(8121): 873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86115&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of chickenpox-related osteomyelitis. Author(s): Long G, Gibbon WW. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1998 January; 17(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440105&dopt=Abstract

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Unifocal choroiditis in primary varicella zoster (chickenpox) Author(s): Deegan WF 3rd. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 June; 112(6): 735-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8002826&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual shingles and chickenpox. Author(s): Dawson TA, Scott KW. Source: Lancet. 1986 March 22; 1(8482): 682. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2869372&dopt=Abstract

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Use of acyclovir in the treatment of chickenpox. Author(s): Lassiter HA. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 April; 89(4 Pt 1): 684. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1557254&dopt=Abstract

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Use of acyclovir to treat chickenpox in pregnancy. Author(s): Boyd K, Walker E. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 February 6; 296(6619): 3934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3125914&dopt=Abstract

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Uveitis and ophthalmoplegia complicating chickenpox. Author(s): Appel I, Frydman M, Savir H, Elian E. Source: J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1977 November-December; 14(6): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=604440&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in risk for nosocomial chickenpox after inadvertent exposure. Author(s): Langley JM, Hanakowski M. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2000 March; 44(3): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706806&dopt=Abstract

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Variation on a theme by Fenner: the pathogenesis of chickenpox. Author(s): Grose C. Source: Pediatrics. 1981 November; 68(5): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6273782&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella (chickenpox) myelitis. Author(s): Nigam P, Tandon VK, Kumar R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1972 December 16; 59(12): 520-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4658302&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella in immunocompetent children in the first two years of life: role of treatment with oral acyclovir. Italian Acyclovir-Chickenpox Study Group. Author(s): Chiodo F, Manfredi R, Antonelli P, Caramia G, Carnelli V, Catania S, Ceccarelli M, De Santis U, Ghirardini G, Loizzo B, et al. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1995 February; 7(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629563&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella infections in pregnancy and the newborn. A review prepared for the UK Advisory Group on Chickenpox on behalf of the British Society for the Study of Infection. Author(s): Nathwani D, Maclean A, Conway S, Carrington D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36 Suppl 1: 59-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514109&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella serology among school age children with a negative or uncertain history of chickenpox. Author(s): Lieu TA, Black SB, Takahashi H, Ray P, Capra AM, Shinefield HR, Adler NE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 February; 17(2): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493807&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella vaccine for prevention of chickenpox. Author(s): Dennehy PH. Source: R I Med. 1995 January; 78(1): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7873808&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella vaccine in pregnancy. Testing should be offered to women without a history of chickenpox. Author(s): Coyle PV, McCaughey C, Wyatt DE, O'Neill HJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 January 18; 314(7075): 226. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022462&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella vaccine-induced chickenpox. Author(s): Jacobsen E, Gurevich T, Cunha BA. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1998 February; 26(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9503118&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella zoster immunoglobulin to prevent neonatal chickenpox. Author(s): Bose B, Kerr M, Brookes E. Source: Lancet. 1986 February 22; 1(8478): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2868370&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is related to the low response of VZVspecific immunity after chickenpox in infancy. Author(s): Terada K, Kawano S, Yoshihiro K, Morita T. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 March; 169(3): 650-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158043&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella-zoster virus antibody avidity and IgG-subclass patterns in children with recurrent chickenpox. Author(s): Junker AK, Tilley P. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1994 June; 43(2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8083659&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella-zoster virus proteins in skin lesions: implications for a novel role of ORF29p in chickenpox. Author(s): Annunziato PW, Lungu O, Panagiotidis C, Zhang JH, Silvers DN, Gershon AA, Silverstein SJ. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 February; 74(4): 2005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10644373&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella-zoster virus-specific cellular immunity in subjects given acyclovir after household chickenpox exposure. Author(s): Kumagai T, Kamada M, Igarashi C, Yuri K, Furukawa H, Chiba S, Kojima H, Saito A, Okui T, Yano S. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 September; 180(3): 834-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10438374&dopt=Abstract

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Vasculitis in association with chickenpox treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Platt MP, Eden OB. Source: Lancet. 1982 October 2; 2(8301): 763-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6125827&dopt=Abstract

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Vidarabine in fulminating chickenpox pneumonia. Author(s): Macfarlane JT, Smith FD, Finch RG. Source: Thorax. 1982 March; 37(3): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7101227&dopt=Abstract

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What you should know about communicable diseases and their immunizations. A guide for nurses in ambulatory settings. Part III. Mumps, chickenpox, and diarrhea. Author(s): Brown MS. Source: Nursing. 1975 November; 5(11): 55-6, 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1042539&dopt=Abstract

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What's new in chickenpox (varicella-zoster) infection? Author(s): Gershon AA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 February; 158(2): 180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8382001&dopt=Abstract

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Which children and adults should receive the chickenpox vaccine? Author(s): Sabella C. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 December; 69(12): 1000-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546274&dopt=Abstract

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Why is chickenpox called chickenpox? Author(s): Lerman SJ. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1981 February; 20(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7006880&dopt=Abstract

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Why is chickenpox more serious in adults than in children? Author(s): Baltimore RS. Source: Health News. 2000 March; 6(3): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019682&dopt=Abstract

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Zoster and chickenpox. Author(s): Hesling G. Source: Lancet. 1971 May 1; 1(7705): 913. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4102057&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHICKENPOX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chickenpox.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chickenpox The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

76 Chickenpox

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chickenpox” (or a synonym): •

Acyclovir prophylaxis of varicella in children with renal disease receiving steroids. Author(s): Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA. [email protected] Source: Goldstein, S L Somers, M J Lande, M B Brewer, E D Jabs, K L Pediatr-Nephrol. 2000 April; 14(4): 305-8 0931-041X

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Adult varicella pneumonia that responded to combined acyclovir and steroid therapy. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak. Source: Lau, L G Med-J-Malaysia. 1999 June; 54(2): 270-2 0300-5283

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Antiviral therapy of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections. Author(s): Institute for Antiviral Chemotherapy, Clinicum of the University of Jena, Erfurt, Germany. Source: Wutzler, P Intervirology. 1997; 40(5-6): 343-56 0300-5526

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Approaches to the treatment of varicella-zoster virus infections. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. [email protected] Source: Whitley, R J Contrib-Microbiol. 1999; 3158-72 1420-9519

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Disseminated varicella infection in pediatric renal transplant recipients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Mayo Eugenio Litta Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. Source: Rothwell, W S Gloor, J M Morgenstern, B Z Milliner, D S Transplantation. 1999 July 15; 68(1): 158-61 0041-1337

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Enzyme immunofiltration staining assay for immediate diagnosis of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus directly from clinical specimens. Source: Cleveland, P H Richman, D D J-Clin-Microbiol. 1987 February; 25(2): 416-20 0095-1137

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Fatal varicella in an adult: case report and review of the gastrointestinal complications of chickenpox. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento. Source: Sherman, R A Silva, J Gandour Edwards, R Rev-Infect-Dis. 1991 May-June; 13(3): 424-7 0162-0886

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Oral acyclovir therapy for varicella and zoster infections in pediatric and pregnant patients: a brief review. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030. Source: Rothe, M J Feder, H M Grant Kels, J M Pediatr-Dermatol. 1991 September; 8(3): 236-42, 246-7 0736-8046

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Postvaricella basal ganglia infarction in children. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0030, USA. Source: Silverstein, F S Brunberg, J A AJNR-Am-J-Neuroradiol. 1995 March; 16(3): 44952 0195-6108

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Rapid diagnosis in varicella and herpes zoster: re-evaluation of direct smear (Tzanck test) and electron microscopy including colloidal gold immuno-electron microscopy in comparison with virus isolation. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Hospital 'de Heel', Zaandam; The Netherlands. Source: Folkers, E Vreeswijk, J Oranje, A P Duivenvoorden, J N Br-J-Dermatol. 1989 September; 121(3): 287-96 0007-0963

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Relapsing chickenpox in a young man with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, Camden, New Jersey. Source: Baxter, J D DiNubile, M J Clin-Infect-Dis. 1994 May; 18(5): 785-8 1058-4838

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Risks of chickenpox in asthmatic children receiving inhalation steroids and therapeutic recommendations. Author(s): University of California, San Francisco. Source: Kohl, S Pediatr-Infect-Dis-J. 1993 February; 12(2): 174-5 0891-3668

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Serological diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus in sera with antibody-capture enzymelinked immunosorbent assay of IgM. Author(s): Cortecs Diagnostics, Deeside, UK. Source: Oladepo, D K Klapper, P E Percival, D Vallely, P J J-Virol-Methods. 2000 February; 84(2): 169-73 0166-0934

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Severe varicella pneumonia in adults in Stockholm County 1980-1989. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, St. Gorans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Nilsson, A Ortqvist, A Scand-J-Infect-Dis. 1996; 28(2): 121-3 0036-5548

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The use of colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy to diagnose varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections by rapid discrimination between VZV, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Author(s): Central Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Source: Vreeswijk, J Folkers, E Wagenaar, F Kapsenberg, J G J-Virol-Methods. 1988 December; 22(2-3): 255-71 0166-0934

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Varicella and zoster in children after kidney transplantation: long-term results of vaccination. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. Source: Broyer, M Tete, M J Guest, G Gagnadoux, M F Rouzioux, C Pediatrics. 1997 January; 99(1): 35-9 0031-4005

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Varicella disciform stromal keratitis. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Source: Wilhelmus, K R Hamill, M B Jones, D B Am-J-Ophthalmol. 1991 May 15; 111(5): 575-80 0002-9394

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Varicella in a pediatric heart transplant population on nonsteroid maintenance immunosuppression. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [email protected] Source: Dodd, D A Burger, J Edwards, K M Dummer, J S Pediatrics. 2001 November; 108(5): E80 1098-4275

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Varicella pneumonia in patients with HIV/AIDS. Author(s): Sizwe Tropical Diseases Hospital, Rietfontein, Republic of South Africa.

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Source: Popara, Mirjana Pendle, Stella Sacks, Leonard Smego, Raymond A Jr Mer, Mervin Int-J-Infect-Dis. 2002 March; 6(1): 6-8 1201-9712 •

Varicella-zoster infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: incidence, risk factors and prevention with low-dose aciclovir and ganciclovir. Author(s): Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Source: Steer, C B Szer, J Sasadeusz, J Matthews, J P Beresford, J A Grigg, A BoneMarrow-Transplant. 2000 Mar; 25(6): 657-64 0268-3369

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Varicella-zoster virus-specific cellular immunity in subjects given acyclovir after household chickenpox exposure. Author(s): Kumagai Pediatric Clinic, W-6, Momijidai, Atsubetsu-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 004-0013, Japan. [email protected] Source: Kumagai, T Kamada, M Igarashi, C Yuri, K Furukawa, H Chiba, S Kojima, H Saito, A Okui, T Yano, S J-Infect-Dis. 1999 September; 180(3): 834-7 0022-1899

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to chickenpox; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

Vitamins Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHICKENPOX Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chickenpox. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chickenpox and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chickenpox: •

Adult-type systemic varicella in a female patient in course of treatment of her socalled reactive lymphocytic (T-cell) hyperplasia. Author(s): Kasahara M, Mizoguchi Y, Kuroda M, Miki Y, Yamamoto N, Horibe Y, Fujita K, Watanabe H, Hondo R, Aoyama U. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1984 January; 34(1): 169-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6328862&dopt=Abstract

•

Popular beliefs about smallpox and other common infectious diseases in South India. Author(s): Mather RJ, John TJ. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1973 June; 25(2): 190-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4717276&dopt=Abstract

•

Relapsing chickenpox in a young man with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Baxter JD, DiNubile MJ.

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Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 May; 18(5): 785-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075271&dopt=Abstract •

So your child has chickenpox.... Author(s): Edwards DL. Source: Am Pharm. 1993 September; Ns33(9): 52-3, 66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8213482&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding of diseases and treatment-seeking pattern of childhood illnesses in rural Haryana, India. Author(s): Manchanda KS, Kumar V, Bhatnagar V. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1980 March; 32(1): 70-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7394896&dopt=Abstract

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Varicella in immunodepressed children. Author(s): Moe PJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1985; 61 Suppl 4: 15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3869844&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to chickenpox; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

General Overview Brain Inflammation, Viral Encephalitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Encephalitis, Viral Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes zoster and varicella viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Postherpetic Neuralgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alternative Therapy Light therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html

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Homeopathy Antimonium crudum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Antimonium tartaricum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Apis mellifica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Belladonna Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bryonia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mercurius solubilis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pulsatilla Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rhus toxicodendron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sulphur Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Urtica urens Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements Acyclovir Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Adenosine Monophosphate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Antiviral Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calophyllum Alternative names: Punna, Kamani; Calophyllum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Colloidal oatmeal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10107,00.html

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Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Lysine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,862,00.html Melissa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10043,00.html White willow bark Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10069,00.html Willow Bark Alternative names: There are several species of willow includingSalix alba, Salix nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix purpurea, Salix babylonica, White Willow, European Willow, Black Willow, Pussy Willow, Crack Willow, Purple Willow, Weeping Willow, Liu-zhi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHICKENPOX Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to chickenpox. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “chickenpox” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chickenpox, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Chickenpox ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to chickenpox. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Analysis of the Function of the Varicella Zoster Virus Ie63 Protein during Virus Infection by Lynch, Jennifer Marie; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076506

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Economic Evaluation of Vaccination Programmes in Humans: a Methodological Exploration with Applications to Hepatitis B, Varicella-zoster, Measles, Pertussis, Hepatitis a and Pneumococcal Vaccination by Beutels, Philippe; Phd from Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (belgium), 2002, 523 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045453

•

Identification and Characterization of the First Glycoprotein E Antigenic Variant of Varicella-zoster Virus by Santos, Richard Albert; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2002, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052460

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•

Regulation of Varicella-zoster Virus Infection by the Viral Protein Kinase Orf47 by Kenyon, Terri Kay; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2002, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058417

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHICKENPOX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning chickenpox.

Recent Trials on Chickenpox The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to chickenpox.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of a Chickenpox Vaccine in HIV-Infected Children Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if it is safe to give Varivax to HIVpositive children and whether it protects children from infection. Varivax is a vaccine against varicella zoster virus (VZV), the virus that causes chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). VZV can cause many serious complications in HIV-infected children. Varivax is a VZV vaccine that has been approved for use in healthy children. More research is needed to find out how this vaccine will affect HIV-infected children. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000837

•

Tai Chi Chih and Varicella Zoster Immunity Condition(s): Varicella

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: A randomized control trial testing whether a relaxation response based intervention, Tai Chi Chih, will affect varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) specific immunity measures of psychological adaptation and health function in the older adult. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029484 •

A Study of BV-araU in the Treatment of Varicella-Zoster Viral Disease (VZV) in HIVInfected Children Who Have Not Had Success with or Who Cannot Take Other Treatments for VZV Condition(s): HIV Infections; Chickenpox Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: To provide oral sorivudine ( BV-araU ) to pediatric HIV-infected patients with varicella-zoster viral disease who have failed or are intolerant of alternative therapy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002358

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A Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Varivax (the Chicken Pox Vaccine) in Children Who Have Received Kidney Transplants Condition(s): Chickenpox; Kidney Transplantation; Varicella Zoster Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to find out whether Varivax is safe for use in children with kidney transplants and whether it protects children from serious infection. Varivax is a vaccine against varicella zoster virus (VZV), the virus that causes chicken pox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). Healthy children are already receiving Varivax shots to protect them from chicken pox. Few children with kidney transplants have received Varivax because doctors have been concerned that Varivax might cause serious reactions in them. On the other hand, VZV infection can be a life-threatening disease in these children. For this reason, doctors want to learn whether Varivax might safely prevent VZV infections in children who have had kidney transplants. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005009

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Shingles Prevention Study Condition(s): Herpes Zoster; Postherpetic neuralgia Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program; National Institutes of Health (NIH); SKB; Merck; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The incidence and severity of HZ (or shingles), as well as the frequency and severity of its complications, increases markedly with increasing age. More than half of all cases occur in persons over the age of 60. Even without complications, HZ can interfere with an elderly patient's ability to perform essential activities of daily living, resulting in a loss of independence that is emotionally devastating and frequently irreversible. The most common complication of HZ in elderly persons is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which frequently results in disordered sleep, chronic fatigue, anxiety and severe depression. Antiviral therapy has a modest impact on the acute phase of HZ. However, it does not appear to prevent the development of PHN. This study is a 5.5 year randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, efficacy trial to determine whether vaccination with live-attenuated Oka/Merck varicella-zoster decreases the incidence and/or severity of herpes zoster (HZ) and its complications in adults 60 years of age and older. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007501

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Use of a Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Vaccine to Prevent Shingles in HIV-Infected Children Who Have Already Had Chickenpox Condition(s): HIV Infections; Chickenpox Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine will be safe and if it can help prevent shingles in HIV-infected children who have already had chickenpox. VZV is the virus that causes chickenpox. If this virus is reactivated in the body, it can also cause shingles. Shingles is common in children with HIV who have had chickenpox, although it is usually not life-threatening. The VZV vaccine used in this study may be able to prevent HIV-positive children who have had chickenpox from developing shingles. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001125

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A Comparison of 882C87 Versus Acyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes Zoster in Patients with Weakened Immune Systems Condition(s): HIV Infections; Chickenpox

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Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Glaxo Wellcome Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the efficacy of oral 882C87 compared with oral acyclovir in the treatment of localized herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. To assess the safety and tolerance of oral 882C87 in immunocompromised patients. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002315 •

Comparison of Brovavir Versus Acyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes in HIVInfected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections; Chickenpox Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Bristol-Myers Squibb; Glaxo Wellcome Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the efficacy of oral sorivudine (brovavir) and oral acyclovir for the treatment of localized herpes zoster in HIV-infected patients. HIVinfected patients are at high risk for herpesvirus infections, including varicella-zoster virus ( VZV ) infections, also called shingles. Acyclovir, an approved drug, is widely used to treat VZV infections in the HIV population. Since no data from controlled studies are available to define the role of antiviral therapy for VZV infections in HIVinfected patients, a study is needed to test the relative efficacy of brovavir, an experimental antiviral drug, versus that of acyclovir. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000953

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The Safety and Effectiveness of Valacyclovir HCl in the Treatment of Herpes Simplex or Varicella/Zoster Infections in HIV-1 Infected Children Condition(s): Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections; Chickenpox Study Status: This study is terminated. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Glaxo Wellcome Purpose - Excerpt: To obtain tolerance, safety, and pharmacokinetic data for oral valacyclovir hydrochloride ( 256U87 ) in HIV-1 infected children with herpes simplex virus infections ( cold sores ) and/or varicella / zoster virus infections ( chicken pox / shingles ). varicella and zoster are common problems in HIV-infected children. It is believed that chronic oral therapy with acyclovir may result in subtherapeutic concentrations of acyclovir, resulting in resistance to that drug. Valacyclovir hydrochloride, which converts to acyclovir in the body, increases acyclovir bioavailability by 3-5 fold. Phase(s): Phase I

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001054 •

The Tolerance of HIV-Infected Patients with Herpes Group Virus Infections to Oral Doses of FIAU Condition(s): Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections; Hepatitis B Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Oclassen Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the tolerance of HIV-infected patients to TID oral doses of FIAU syrup at 4 different dose levels. To determine the peak and trough blood levels of FIAU and its metabolites during two weeks of oral dosing with FIAU. The pyrimidine nucleoside analog FIAC and its primary deaminated uracil metabolite FIAU are highly and specifically active compounds in vitro against several herpes group viruses, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella zoster (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV). Since FIAU is the primary metabolite of FIAC and the administration of FIAU simplifies the metabolism of FIAC, it is anticipated from clinical studies of FIAC that FIAU will be tolerated at least as well as FIAC. A single-dose, pharmacokinetic (blood level) study showed that FIAC, when taken orally, is readily absorbed into the bloodstream, and most of it is converted to FIAU. Daily oral doses are expected to provide concentrations of FIAU exceeding the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration for nearly all the herpes group viruses. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000654

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “chickenpox” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials:

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For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHICKENPOX Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chickenpox” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chickenpox, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chickenpox By performing a patent search focusing on chickenpox, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chickenpox: •

DNA encoding immunogenic gpIII glycoprotein of varicella-zoster virus Inventor(s): Lowe; Robert S. (Harleysville, PA), Davison; Andrew J. (Glasgow, GB6), Ellis; Ronald W. (Overbrook Hills, PA), Riemen; Mark W. (Doylestown, PA), Keller; Paul M. (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,306,635 Date filed: June 9, 1992 Abstract: A gene of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) which encodes immunogenic outer surface viral proteins has been identified by DNA sequence analysis. Antibodies directed against peptides imputed from the DNA sequence can react with the glycoprotein, which itself is reactive with neutralizing antibodies. The amino-terminal sequence of the purified glycoprotein is identical to a portion of the amino acid sequence imputed from the DNA sequence. This glycoprotein is useful for the preparation of a vaccine against VZV. Excerpt(s): Chickenpox is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus group. The disease occurs in persons with no prior VZV immunity. VZVspecific antibodies can be demonstrated shortly after onset of disease, decline during convalescence, but remain detectable for many years and correlate with immunity to the disease. Chickenpox is highly contagious; over 90% of the population becomes exposed to VZV before they are 20 years old. In most, if not all, cases, VZV apparently becomes latent in dorsal root ganglion cells. From this latent state, VZV can reactivate and cause zoster even in the presence of specific antibodies, probably as a result of weakened cellular immunity. The disease is highly morbid to the immunosuppressed and to those beyond the second decade. ... A gene of VZV which encodes the immunogenic outer surface viral glycoprotein gpIII has been identified by DNA sequence analysis. Antibodies directed against peptides imputed from the DNA sequence can react with the gpIII glycoprotein which itself is the target of neutralizing antibodies. The aminoterminal sequence of purified gpIII is identical to a portion of the amino acid sequence imputed from the DNA sequence. This glycoprotein is useful for the preparation of a vaccine for VZV. ... It is an object of the present invention to provide antigens which will prevent diseases associated with VZV infections. Another object is to provide antigens which can be used diagnostically to detect antibodies to VZV. Another object is to provide methods for the preparation of these antigens. Another object is to provide methods for using the antigens to raise antibodies to VZV. Another object is to describe the full sequence of protein antigens, which will include peptide antigens, which may be synthesized by other means or expressed in expression vectors. These and other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05306635__

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High titer varicella-zoster immune globulin for intravenous administration Inventor(s): Dobkin; Milton B. (Lafayette, CA) Assignee(s): Miles Laboratories, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) Patent Number: 4,717,564 Date filed: March 9, 1987 Abstract: Normal plasma from donors who have not been vaccinated with a varicellazoster vaccine can be screened for higher than normal titers of naturally occurring antibody to varicella-zoster virus. Those plasmas with high titers of such antibody can be pooled and fractionated to give hyperimmune globulin. The product may be treated to render it suitable for intravenous injection. Patients with varicella-zoster infection or at risk to such infection, may receive the present product to raise serum titers of varicella-zoster antibody. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to and has among its objects a novel immune globulin and novel methods for its production. Particularly, the invention is concerned with an intravenously injectable immune globulin having a high titer of naturally occurring antibody to varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Further objects of the invention will be evident from the following description wherein parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. ... Hyperimmune serum globulins, i.e., immune serum globulins having high titers of a particular antibody, are therapeutically useful in treating patients deficient or in need of that particular antibody. For example, tetanus hyperimmune globulin is useful in treating tetanus, and rabies hyperimmune globulin, rabies. It is well known that hyperimmune globulins can be produced from plasma or serum obtained from selected donors who have significantly higher titers for a specific antibody than is normally found in the average population. These donors have either been recently immunized with a particular vaccine (U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,388) or else they have recently recovered from an infection or disease [Stiehm, Pediatrics, Vol. 63, No. 1, 301-319 (1979)]. ... Although clinical disease from VZV is not common among the general population, it is encountered very frequently in certain susceptible groups of patients. Immunosuppressed organ transplant and cancer patients have been identified as having an usually high risk of acquiring severe, and frequently fatal, VZV infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04717564__

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Human antibodies against varicella-zoster virus Inventor(s): Ostberg; Lars (Los Altos, CA), Lake; Philip (Parsippany, NJ) Assignee(s): Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (East Hanover, NJ) Patent Number: 5,506,132 Date filed: March 24, 1994 Abstract: The invention provides human monoclonal antibodies specific for the glycoprotein II subunit of Varicella-zoster virus. Preferred antibodies exhibit strong complement-independent neutralizing activity, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and cross-reactivity with multiple strains of Varicella-zoster virus. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the production and use of human monoclonal antibodies against Varicella-zoster virus. ... Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of the six well-known viruses of the human herpesvirus family, together with herpes simplex virus types I and II, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human

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herpesvirus 6. VZV causes chickenpox and herpes zoster. Chickenpox is a normally benign disease that is acquired by most children in developed countries and is characterized by mild systemic effects and the characteristic varicella skin rash. However, it can have significant morbidity and even mortality in neonates and in immunocompromised patients, especially leukemic children. In such patients, complications include widespread visceral dissemination of the virus, varicella pneumonia, and encephalitis. For unknown reasons, chickenpox in adults is often more severe than in children and more likely to have complications. Infection with chickenpox almost always provides life-long immunity to subsequent re-infection. ... Herpes zoster, also called shingles, is caused by the reactivation of VZV that has established a latent state in neuronal cells of a ganglion, normally after chickenpox. There are several hundred thousand cases of herpes zoster in the United States annually (Ragozzino et al. (1982), Medicine 61:310-316). About 10-20% of adults will have at least one attack of herpes zoster during their lifetime. Reactivation from the latent state appears to be associated with age-associated weakening of the immune system, as the incidence of herpes zoster increases greatly with age and/or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. In herpes zoster, the reactivated virus travels down the associated sensory nerve from the ganglion to cause the characteristic varicella lesions in the area of skin (dermatome) innervated by that ganglion, while also causing inflammation of the nerve. The areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve and thoracic ganglia T3 - L2 are most often affected, and about 10-15% of cases have ophthalmic involvement. Zoster is often painful, and the lesions require 2-3 weeks to resolve. Like chickenpox, herpes zoster can become disseminated and have severe complications in immunocompromised patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05506132__ •

Human embryonic lung fibroblast diploid cell strain suitable for the production of virus and process for the production of varicella zoster virus using same Inventor(s): Park; Joo Hong (Daejeon, KR), Park; Bock Ryeon (Daejeon, KR), Kim; Jeong Min (Daejeon, KR) Assignee(s): LG Chemical Ltd (KR) Patent Number: 5,952,227 Date filed: October 14, 1997 Abstract: A human embryonic lung fibroblast diploid cell strain LBHEL(KCTC 0127BP) is highly susceptible to varicella zoster virus(VZV). A cell-free varicella zoster virus (VZV) is produced by (a) culturing the human embryonic lung fibroblast diploid cell strain LBHEL(KCTC 0127BP) of claim 1 in a culture vessel to give cultured LBHEL cells; (b) infecting the cultured LBHEL cells with VZV to give VZV-infected cells; (c) culturing and harvesting the VZV-infected cells; (d) disrupting the harvested cells to obtain a cell homogenate; and (e) centrifuging the cell homogenate to obtain a supernatant containing the cell-free VZV. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel human embryonic lung fibroblast diploid cell strain suitable for producing a virus and a process for the preparation of varicella zoster virus using same as a host cell. ... Viruses cause various diseases such as measles, rubella, mumps, chickenpox, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, Japanese B encephalitis, infantile poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and variola. These viral diseases can be prevented by inoculation with vaccines prepared from inactivated or attenuated pathogenic viruses. ... Generally, embryonated chicken eggs,

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infant rat brain cells and diploid cells of mammals have been used as host cells for producing such virus vaccines. Although embryonated chicken eggs or infant rat brain cells may be used as host cells to reduce the production cost, they are disadvantageous due to their low susceptibility to viruses, complicated purification processes and side effects brought about by the presence of foreign protein contaminants. In contrast, the use of normal diploid cells originating from human can reduce the side effects caused by foreign proteins, and thus, they are more preferred in preparing virus vaccines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05952227__ •

Human monoclonal antibody to glycoprotein GPIII of varicella zoster virus Inventor(s): Matsumoto; Yohichi (Musashino, JP), Kawamura; Takashi (Hino, JP), Sasaki; Satoshi (Hachioji, JP), Tomiyama; Takami (Hino, JP), Sugano; Toru (Machida, JP), Masuho; Yasuhiko (Hino, JP), Kimura; Tsuyoshi (Hino, JP) Assignee(s): Teijin Limited (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,650,319 Date filed: July 12, 1993 Abstract: The human monoclonal antibody to the glycoprotein gpIII of varicella zoster virus (VZV), and hybridoma producing same, are provided. The hybridoma is obtained by immunizing human lymphocytes with gpIII antigen in the presence of a mitogen, and selecting a monoclonal antibody which reacts with a cell monolayer ELISA plate but substantially does not react with a cell homogenate ELISA plate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAb) to the gpIII protein of the varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cell lines producing same. ... An object thereof is to provide HuMAb specific to VZV, useful for a diagnosis and prophylaxis, as well as treatment, of viral infections and diseases caused by VZV. ... It is known that varicella in immunocompromised hosts sometimes becomes fatal to the host, and zoster sometimes causes post herpetic neuralgia after recovery from the disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05650319__

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Immunoreactive regions of glycoprotein GPII of varicella zoster virus Inventor(s): Hauser; Hans-Peter (Elnhausen, DE), Radsak; Klaus (Marburg, DE), Gicklhorn; Dorothee (Gladenbach, DE), Giesendorf; Bernhard (Michelbach, DE), Eickmann; Markus (Marburg, DE) Assignee(s): Dade Behring Marburg GmbH (Marburg, DE) Patent Number: 6,414,116 Date filed: December 23, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to immunoreactive peptides that are homologous with the region encompassing amino acid positions 450 to 655 of glycoprotein II of varicella zoster virus. In this context, preference is given to those peptides corresponding to segments of amino acids 505 to 647, 517 to 597, 535 to 584 or 545 to 582. The immunoreactive peptides are useful for methods of diagnosing varicella zoster virus infection.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunoreactive peptides that are homologous with the region encompassing amino acid positions 450 to 655 of glycoprotein II of varicella zoster virus. More particularly, the invention relates to peptides that correspond to amino acids 505 to 647, 517 to 597, 535 to 584 or 545 to 582 of the protein. The immunoreactive peptides can be used in methods for diagnosing a varicella zoster virus infection. ... In accordance with the classification of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), Van Zoute Vin (VZV) is assigned to the Herpesviridae family. In 75% of cases, primary infections take place not later than the age of 15 and usually take an asymptomatic course. By contrast, infection of adults who have not previously had any contact with the virus and in persons who are naturally or therapeutically immunosuppressed can be associated with severe symptoms. Infection of the fetus also leads to severe symptoms since the virus is able to cross the placenta, and maternal antibodies afford no protection at this time. Following primary infection, the virus persists throughout life in sensory ganglia. After reactivation, the VZV spreads over the peripheral nerves in sensory ganglia and then gives rise to herpes zoster. ... Seventy open reading frames (ORF), including the open reading frames for the known glycoproteins gpI (ORF 68), gpII (ORF 31), gpIII (ORF 37), gpIV (ORF 67), gpV (ORF 14) and gpVI (ORF 60), can be deduced from the sequence of the VZV genome, which has been completely elucidated and has a length of 124,884 bp (Dumas strain; (A. J. Davison & J. E. Scott (1986), J. Gen. Virol. 67, 1759-1816)). In each case, the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence displays differing degrees of homology with glycoproteins gE, gB, gH, gI, gC and gL of herpes simplex virus (HSV). However, there is nothing to suggest that the sequence homology can also imply a homologous function. The open reading frames of glycoproteins gpI, gpII, gpIII and gpV have been confirmed by means of molecular biology. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06414116__ •

Method for alleviating varicella related post-herpetic neuralgia Inventor(s): White; C. Jo (Gwynedd, PA), Levin; Myron J. (Denver, CO), Provost; Philip J. (Lansdale, PA), Calandra; Gary B. (Blue Bell, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ), University of Colorado (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 5,997,880 Date filed: March 18, 1994 Abstract: Herpes Zoster, or varicella related post herpetic neuralgia is alleviated by immunizing people at risk of developing herpes zoster with varicella zoster virus (VZV) antigen. Excerpt(s): Post-herpetic neuralgia is the predominant morbidity associated with development of herpes-zoster, also known as shingles. The neuralgia typically lasts for from one to six months and is often excruciatingly painful. ... Evidence has accrued in recent years which shows that herpes-zoster is caused by reactivation of latent varicella virus [Straus et al., Ann. Int. Med. (1988); 108, 221-237; Hyman et al., Lancet (1983) 2, 814-816; Gilden et al., Nature (1983) 306, 478-80; Croen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988); 85, 9773-9777; Mahalingham et al., New Eng. J. Med. (1990) 323, 627-631]. The initial varicella infection may have occurred as a result of infantile chickenpox or as a result of immunization with a live-attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccine to prevent chickenpox. In either case, the virus appears to remain in the infected individual's system long after chickenpox or vaccination. The locus of VZV latency appears to be neural cells within dorsal root ganglia. ... Years after VZV has become latent, the virus

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reactivates by an as yet poorly understood mechanism. Nonetheless, the reactivation of VZV and its subsequent replication gives rise to herpes zoster. It is in the course of and subsequent to this reactivation of VZV that severe post-herpetic neuralgia develops. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05997880__ •

Method for preventing zoster or alleviating varicella related post-herpetic neuralgia Inventor(s): White; C. Jo (Gwynedd, PA), Levin; Myron J. (Denver, CO), Provost; Philip J. (Lansdale, PA), Calandra; Gary B. (Blue Bell, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,214,354 Date filed: August 11, 1999 Abstract: Herpes Zoster, or varicella related post herpetic neuralgia is alleviated by immunizing people at risk of developing herpes zoster with varicella zoster virus (VZV) antigen. Excerpt(s): Post-herpetic neuralgia is the predominant morbidity associated with development of herpes-zoster, also known as shingles. The neuralgia typically lasts for from one to six months and is often excruciatingly painful. ... Evidence has accrued in recent years which shows that herpes-zoster is caused by reactivation of latent varicella virus [Straus et al., Ann. Int. Med. (1988); 108, 221-237; Hyman et al., Lancet (1983) 2, 814-816; Gilden et al., Nature (1983) 306, 478-80; Croen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988); 85, 9773-9777; Mahalingham at al., New Eng. J. Med. (1990) 323, 627-631]. The initial varicella infection may have occurred as a result of infantile chickenpox or as a result of immunization with a live-attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccine to prevent chickenpox. In either case, the virus appears to remain in the infected individual's system long after chickenpox or vaccination. The locus of VZV latency appears to be neural cells within dorsal root ganglia. ... Years after VZV has become latent, the virus reactivates by an as yet poorly understood mechanism. Nonetheless, the reactivation of VZV and its subsequent replication gives rise to herpes zoster. It is in the course of and subsequent to this reactivation of VZV that severe post-herpetic neuralgia develops. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214354__

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Method of improved mixing of a varicella-infected cell culture in roller bottles Inventor(s): Muzzio; Fernando J. (Spotswood, NJ), Bramble; Joye L. (Lansdale, PA), Searles; James A. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,251,653 Date filed: October 26, 1998 Abstract: A method for enhancing the mixing of a varicella-infected cell culture in a roller bottle by the introduction of controlled cross-sectional flow perturbations in roller bottle rotation is disclosed. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by achieving higher efficiency in cell culturing and virus propagation in roller bottles by introducing controlled cross-sectional flow perturbations during the process.

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Excerpt(s): Manual and automated roller bottle systems have been used for over 40 years in the pharmaceutical, biochemical, and medical fields for processes such as cell growth and infection, heterologous glycoprotein production, vaccine preparation, and high density plant cell cultivation. [H. Tanaka, F. Nishijima, M. Suwa, and T. Iwamoto, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25, 2359 (1983); H. Tanaka, Process Biochem. Aug., 106 (1987); C. Y. Hong, T. P. Labuza, and S. K. Harlander, Biotechnol. Prog. 5:4, 137 (1989); Y. A. Elliot, Bioprocess Tech. 10, 207 (1990); V. G. Kalthod, Novel Carrier and Reactor for Culture of Attachment Dependent Mammalian Cells. D. S C. Thesis. Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. (1991); E. I. Tsao, M. A. Bohn, D. R. Omstead, and M. J. Munster. Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 665, 127 (1992); R. Pennell and C. Milstein, J. of Immun. Meth. 146, 43 (1992); E. Olivas, B. B. D.-M. Chen, and W. S. Walker, J. Immun. Meth. 182, 73 (1995); R. Singhvi, J. F. Markusen, B. Ky, B. J. Horvath, and J. G. Aunins, Cytotechnology 22, 79 (1996); R. Kunitake, A. Suzuki, H. Ichihashi, S. Matsuda, O. Hirai, and K. Morimoto, J. Biotechnology 52:3, 289 (1997).]. Despite efforts by numerous investigators to develop unit operation based systems, such as microcarrier cultures, for the production of anchorage dependent cells or cell products [E. Van Hemert, D. G. Kilburn, and A. L. Van Wezel, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 11, 875 (1969); C. Horng and W. McLimans, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17, 713 (1975); R. E. Spier and J. P. Whiteside, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 649 (1976); D. W. Levine, D.Wang, and W. G. Thilly, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2, 821 (1979); J. J. Clark and M. D. Hirtenstein, J. Interferon Research 1, 391 (1981); B. J. Montagnon, B. Fanget, and A. J. Nicolas, Developments in Biological Standards 47, 55 (1981); V. G. Edy, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 172, 169 (1984); E. Rivera, C. G. Sjosten, R. Bergman, K. A. Karlsson, Research in Veterinary Science 41, 391 (1986); and R. M. Gallegos Gallegos, E. L. Espinosa Larios, L. R. Ramirez, R. K. Schmid, and A. G. Setien, Archives in Medical Research 26:1, 59 (1995).], roller bottle systems still prevail in research and industry. Additionally, for industrial scale production of cell culture products (i.e. vaccines), cells are frequently passaged in roller bottles prior to transfer to microcarrier cultures for the final growth phase even when unit operation based systems are utilized [V. G. Edy, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 172, 169 (1984)]. ... Widespread use of the roller bottle is due to several reasons. Most notably, the process relies on very simple technology: a horizontal cylindrical vessel is filled approximately one-third full and axially rotated. Thus, scale-up development is not required, resulting in reduced developmental timelines for industry and faster introduction to market for new products. The system allows constant fluidgas contact, and easy addition of nutrients without interruption of the process. In addition, the process is capable of maintaining sterile conditions for prolonged times, contamination of one or more roller bottles does not result in the contamination of an entire lot, precise control of nutrient and waste-product levels is possible, and the direct monitoring of the cells is relatively simple [E. I. Tsao, M. A. Bohn, D. R. Omstead, and M. J. Munster. Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 665, 127 (1992)]. ... On the other hand, roller bottles are limited in surface area available for growth and in the volume of harvest fluid obtained. Manpower and facility space requirements are higher than for unit operation systems such as microcarriers, since hundreds of roller bottles are typically operated for a single production run; although, new automation systems are addressing this issue [R. Kunitake, A. Suzuki, H. Ichihashi, S. Matsuda, O. Hirai, and K. Morimoto, J. Biotechnology 52:3, 289 (1997); and R. Archer and L. Wood, Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of European Society for Animal Cell Technology, Brighton, U.K., Sep. 2-6, 1991.]. In addition, the performance of cell growth and infection is believed to be significantly reduced due to flow and mixing dynamics, perhaps by preventing infected cells from attaching to host cells attached to the bottle walls [Y. A. Elliot, Bioprocess Tech. 10, 207 (1990)]. Although these issues point toward an obvious need for flow analysis and process design criteria, there have been no published results to date on either of these topics.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251653__ •

Process for attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccine production Inventor(s): Provost; Philip J. (Lansdale, PA), Krah; David L. (Lansdale, PA), Friedman; Paul A. (Rosemont, PA) Assignee(s): Merch & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,607,852 Date filed: December 5, 1994 Abstract: A live, attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccine is produced with enhanced yield of VZV. The new process makes mass production of a live VZV vaccine more practical. In addition, optimized monoloyer cell culture conditions provide a process for maximizing monolayer cell density which is useful for enhancing viral vaccine production. According to this process, cell densities approaching 500,000 cells/cm.sup.2 are routinely achieved in conventional culture vessels. Excerpt(s): Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and zoster (shingles). Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease that occurs in persons with no VZV immunity. More than 90% of the population is exposed during the first two decades of life. The disease is a severe threat to the immunosuppressed and to adults. In many cases, VZV becomes latent in dorsal root ganglion cells. Shingles, a painful chronic condition, occurs when VZV is reactivated from the latent state. ... Prevention of chickenpox by vaccination is a desirable goal, and the institution of universal childhood vaccination with a live attenuated varicella vaccine is envisioned. The prior art has reported the propagation of VZV in various cell culture systems and the use of live, attenuated, cell-free VZV as a vaccine. U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,615 describes the production in guinea pig primary embryonic cells of the attenuated Oka strain of VZV, suitable for vaccine use. U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,317 describes the cultivation of a temperature-sensitive mutant of VZV in WI-38 cells for use as a vaccine stablilizer. Compositions useful for the maintainance of viable VZV, such as SPGA, are also known in the art. ... The major limitation to commercial production of a VZV vaccine is the yield of cell-free VZV from cell culture systems known in the art. Cell-free VZV yields are improved by about a factor of 5-20 fold by application of the new process of this invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05607852__

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Process for preparing live varicella vaccines Inventor(s): Kubo; Takashi (Kannonji, JA) Assignee(s): Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (JA) Patent Number: 3,985,615 Date filed: March 12, 1975 Abstract: A process for the attenuation of varicella virus comprising passaging varicella virus in a guinea pig primary embryonic tissue cell. Live avirulent varicella vaccines are also advantageously prepared by continuing the passaging until the virus is sufficiently attenuated for use as a live avirulent varicella vaccine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in the biological preparation of live varicella vaccines. ... More particularly, this invention is concerned with a new process

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for preparing a live avirulent varicella vaccine by the use of guinea pig primary embryonic tissue cells as a culture host. ... Chickenpox (varicella) is one of the most common and highly communicable diseases which are attacked, primarily in childhood. A rash is generally observed over the entire body together with an attack of fever which occurs after an incubation period generally running between 14 days and 17 days. The disease results in a macular rash which may, in some cases, form pustules and, in extreme cases, leave scars. Other problems and complications may arise, for instance, in the case of undernourished children who may have necrotic dermal ulcer. Other complications such as central nervous system disturbance, myelitis and neuritis were known to occur as results from chickenpox. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03985615__ •

Recombinant varicella-zoster virus and process for constructing same Inventor(s): Shiraki; Kimiyasu (Toyama, JP), Takahashi; Michiaki (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,849,476 Date filed: March 13, 1997 Abstract: The present invention provides a recombinant varicella-zoster virus prepared by inserting, into the viral genome, nucleic acids from the hepatitis B virus genome, a genomic DNA of the recombinant varicella-zoster virus, a live vaccine containing the recombinant varicella-zoster virus as an effective ingredient, an antigen derived from the recombinant varicella-zoster virus, and diagnostic agent containing the antigen.The recombinant varicella-zoster virus of the present invention can be utilized as a multivalent vaccine having an excellent immunity effect both on chicken pox and hepatitis B, and expression products and genomic DNA thereof may be used as a multivalent diagnostic agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a recombinant varicella-zoster virus and a process for constructing same, the recombinant varicella-zoster virus thus obtained and the antigens and genomic DNA thereof being applicable as a vaccine, an immunological diagnostic agent, a genetic diagnostic agent, and a genetic engineering reagent. ... The technology for constructing a recombinant virus by inserting foreign genes or heterogenes into viral genes, i.e., the technology to use the viral genome as cloning and/or expression vector has been employed since 1979, for example, in the production of rabbit .beta.-globin using SV40 as a viral vector ›Nature (London), 277, 108-114, 1979, ibid., 278, 35-40, 1979!. In 1980,the general meeting of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared extermination of smallpox based on the successful results of vaccine and recommended abolition of vaccination. Since then, the effective use of vaccinia virus which is an attenuated virus forming an effective ingredient of vaccination has attracted general attention throughout the world and is revaluated at present. Under such circumstances, a recombinant vaccinia virus created for the purpose of utilizing said viral genome as the cloning and expressions vector of foreign genes has been reported ›Proceedings of National Academy of Science (U.S.A.), 79, 4927-4931, 1982; ibid., 79, 7415-7419, 1982!. In addition, the ad hoc consulting group for WHO adopted a researchpromoting plan for a recombinant virus vaccine using vaccinia virus, etc as a vector. ›Nature (London), 312, 299, 1984!. This WHO proposal suggests: developing a viral vector such as a vaccinia virus vector with a wider host range which can utilize a higher animal cell as a host, with a view to solving the drawback of the conventionally used

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plasmid vector, phage vector and cosmid vector with a narrow host range(mainly bacteria or yeasts); and developing a multivalent vaccine using, as an effective ingredient, a recombinant virus constructed by inserting at least two kinds of foreign genes into vaccinia virus genome in place of the conventional combined vaccine comprising two or more kinds of antigens or heteroviruses. With the abovementioned WHO declaration and proposal as the starting point, fundamental research and development efforts regarding viral vectors have actively been made in various fields, and as a result, a huge volume of data has already been accumulated. More particularly, viral genomes already known to serve as such viral vectors include, for example, papillomavirus, polyomavirus, adenovirus, retrovirus, vacuolovirus, herpes simplex virus, Marek's disease virus, varicella virus, parbovirus, cauliflower mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and tomato golden mosaic virus ›Virus, 36, 1-41, 1986; ibid., 37, 140 1987; "Current Communication in Molecular Biology: Viral Vector," pp. 10198, Y. Olusman and S. H. Hughes (ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (U.S.A.) pub. 1988, European Patent Provisional Publication No. 334,530!. ... From among the above-listed viral vectors, the varicella-zoster virus (hereinafter abbreviated as "VZV" ) related to the present invention is described below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05849476__ •

Thermostable varicella zoster virus Inventor(s): Wadsworth; Cathy Warren (North Wales, PA), Provost; Philip J. (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,728,386 Date filed: May 22, 1996 Abstract: A thermostable varicella zoster virus (tVZV) is useful for the preparation of a vaccine against chickenpox. The tVZV was selected from a population of virus which survived stringent heat inactivation conditions. The surviving virus is used to provide seed virus to produce a new vaccine with enhanced stability. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with the provision of a thermostable varicella virus for vaccine production. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes chicken-pox and zoster (shingles). Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease that occurs in persons with no VZV immunity. More than 90% of the population is exposed during the first two decades of life. The disease is a severe threat to the immunosuppressed and to adults. In many cases, VZV becomes latent in dorsal root ganglion cells. Shingles, a painful chronic condition, occurs when VZV is reactivated from the latent state. ... Prevention of chickenpox by vaccination is a desirable goal, and the institution of universal childhood vaccination with a live attenuated varicella vaccine is envisioned. The prior art has reported the propagation of VZV in various cell culture systems and the use of live, attenuated, cell-free VZV as a vaccine. U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,615 describes the production in guinea pig primary embryonic cells of attenuated varicella virus. Virus produced according to that process, the Oka strain of VZV, is suitable for vaccine use and has been deposited with the ATCC as VR-795, although other strains of varicella may be used to produce attenuated VZV according to the U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,615 and other known processes (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,024,836; and 4,000,256). U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,317 describes the cultivation of a temperature-sensitive mutant of VZV in WI-38 cells. Compositions useful for the maintenance of viable VZV, such as SPGA, are also known in the art, (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,147,772; 4,000,256; 4,337,242, and 4,338,335). ... A thermostable live

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attenuated varicella zoster virus (tVZV) is produced by selection and growth of virus which survives heat inactivation. It was not predictable that heat stable VZV would be produced. The tVZV is useful to produce a new live attenuated varicella zoster virus vaccine with innately increased thermostability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05728386__ •

Vaccine against varicella-zoster virus Inventor(s): Keller; Paul M. (Lansdale, PA), Lowe; Robert S. (Harleysville, PA), Ellis; Ronald W. (Overbrook Hills, PA), Davison; Andrew J. (Glasgow, GB6) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 4,812,559 Date filed: March 23, 1987 Abstract: A gene of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) which encodes immunogenic outer surface viral proteins has been identified by DNA sequence analysis. This gene can hybrid select messenger RNA which encodes and expresses a protein which reacts with human convalescent zoster sera and with polyclonal monospecific antisera which neutralize viral infectivity. These proteins are useful for the preparation of a vaccine for VZV. Excerpt(s): Chickenpox is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus group. The disease occurs in persons with no prior VZV immunity. VZVspecific antibodies can be demonstrated shortly after onset of disease, decline during convalescence, but remain detectable for many years and correlate with immunity to the disease. Chickenpox is highly contagious; over 90% of the population becomes exposed to VZV before they are 20 years old. In most, if not all cases, VZV apparently becomes latent in dorsal root ganglion cells. From this latent state, VZV can reactivate and cause zoster even in the presence of specific antibodies, probably as a result of weakened cellular immunity. The disease is highly morbid to the immunosuppressed and to those beyond the second decade. ... It is an object of the present invention to provide antigens which will prevent diseases associated with VZV infections. Another object is to provide antigens which can be used diagnostically to measure VZV antibody titers. Another object is to provide methods for the preparation of these antigens. Another object is to provide methods for using the antigens to raise antibodies, both in vivo and in vitro, to VZV. Another object is to describe the full sequence of protein antigens which will include peptide antigens which may be synthesized by other means or expressed in expression vectors. These and other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description. ... The DNA sequence of the VZV gB gene has been identified. A fragment of this sequence has been used to hybrid-select mRNA from VZV-infected cells. In vitro translational products from this mRNA have been immunoprecipitated by guinea pig antibodies raised to gB purified by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. Such proteins are useful for the preparation of a vaccine to VZV. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04812559__

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Variant varicella-zoster viruses and methods of use Inventor(s): Santos; Richard (Iowa City, IA), Grose; Charles F. (Iowa City, IA) Assignee(s): University of Iowa Research Foundation (Iowa City, IA) Patent Number: 6,528,066 Date filed: September 14, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides methods directed to detecting antibodies that specifically bind to a varicella zoster polypeptide, detecting the presence of a varicella zoster virus in an animal, diagnosing a disease caused by varicella zoster virus, and detecting a varicella zoster virus having a single nucleotide polymorphism in ORF68. The present invention also provides a vaccine composition, a method for producing a modified attenuated varicella zoster virus, isolated polynucleotides, and isolated polypeptides, and viruses. Excerpt(s): Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an ancient virus. Estimations of its origins have established that the modem herpesviruses arose some 60-80 million years ago. VZV is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily of herpesviridae. It is the etiologic agent of chickenpox in childhood, after which the virus enters a latent state in the dorsal root ganglia; decades later, the same virus reactivates and causes the disease shingles (herpes zoster). The entire sequence of the 125 kbp VZV genome has been published (see Davison et al., J. Gen. Virol., 67:1759-1816 (1986)). With the subsequent publication of sequence data from other herpesviruses, the alphaherpesvimuses have now been subdivided into two genera called Simplexvirus and Varicellovirus. VZV is considered to have one of the most stable genomes of all herpesviruses. The Oka strain of varicella vaccine derived from a Japanese child with chickenpox has a few minor genomic differences from North American strains, but to date no antigenic variation has been discovered amongst the major surface immunogens of the virion (Arvin et al., Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 50:59-100 (1996)). ... Based on their extensive analyses of herpesviral molecular evolutionary history, it has been estimated that herpesvirus DNA sequences mutate 10-100 times faster than the equivalent classes of sequences on the host genome. For glycoprotein gB, a highly conserved open reading frame (ORF) among all herpesviruses, it has been calculated that nonsynonymous substitutions have occurred at a rate of 2.7.times.10.sup.-8 substitutions per site per year and synonymous substitutions at 10.sup.-7 substitutions per site per year. Convincing arguments have been made in favor of the concept of cospeciation; in other words, herpesvirus lineages arise by way of co-evolution with their specific host. In the case of VZV, the progenitor virus most likely arose 60-70 million years before the present. ... Of all the human herpesviruses, VZV may undergo the fewest replication cycles during the lifetime of the infected host. Based on a probable schema of pathogenesis, the virus actively replicates for a period of 10-14 days after infection of the human host. During a bout of chickenpox, therefore, VZV has at most 20 replication cycles. Based on the current understanding of VZV latency and reactivation, no further replication occurs unless the individual develops herpes zoster in late adulthood. Because of the above scenario, the genetic stability of the VZV genome has been presumed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528066__

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Varicella vaccine and process for its preparation Inventor(s): Buynak; Eugene B. (North Wales, PA), Hilleman; Maurice R. (Lafayette Hill, PA), Neff; Beverly J. (Harleysville, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 4,000,256 Date filed: July 2, 1975 Abstract: Preparation of safe, live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine by serial propagation of varicella virus in tissue cell culture systems. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine against Varicella and to methods for the preparation of such a vaccine. ... In particular the invention relates to a safe, live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine and a method of producing the vaccine by serial propagation of varicella virus in cell culture systems. ... Varicella, or chicken pox, is a highly communicable disease primarily of childhood. The illness is characterized typically by fever and development of a macular rash which rapidly evolves through stages of papule, and vesicle formation. Recovery is usually without incident, but the disease even in its mild form is unsightly and can result in considerably scarring from ruptured vesicles. In some cases, the illness may be quite severe in that primary varicella pneumonia may occur in children or adults. Central nervous system complications such as acute cerebellar ataxia with tremors and muscular hypotonia may precede, accompany, or follow varicella infection. More rarely, there is generalized involvement of the central nervous system with hemorrhage, perivascular round cell infiltration, and demyelinization. Neuritis and myelitis may also occur. The skin involvement may also be troublesome with appearance of hemorrhagic, bulbous or gangrenous lesions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04000256__

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Varicella zoster virus (VZV) immunoreactive protein VP26 and its diagnostic use Inventor(s): Hauser; Hans-Peter (Elnhausen, DE), Giesendorf; Bernhard (Michelbach, DE), Radsak; Klaus (Marburg, DE), Gicklhorn; Dorothee (Gladenback, DE), Eickmann; Markus (Marburg, DE) Assignee(s): Dade Behring Marburg GmbH (Marburg, DE) Patent Number: 6,258,363 Date filed: December 23, 1998 Abstract: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) immunoreactive protein VP26 and its diagnostic use are described. The invention relates to immunoreactive peptides which are homologous with the region of amino acid positions 12 to 235 of the varicella zoster virus protein VP26, to nucleic acids which encode these peptides and to the use of the peptides or nucleic acids for diagnosing an infection with varicella zoster virus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunoreactive peptides that are homologous with the region of amino acid positions 12 to 235 of the varicella zoster virus protein VP26, to nucleic acids which encode these peptides and to the use of the peptides and nucleic acids for diagnosing an infection with varicella zoster virus. ... In accordance with the classification of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), Van Zoute Vin (VZV) is assigned to the Herpesviridae family. In 75% of cases, primary infections take place not later than the age of 15 and usually take an asymptomatic course. By contrast, infection of adults who have not previously had any

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contact with the virus and in persons who are naturally or therapeutically immunosuppressed can be associated with severe symptoms. Infection of the fetus also leads to severe symptoms since the virus is able to cross the placenta, and maternal antibodies afford no protection at this time. Following primary infection, the virus persists throughout life in sensory ganglia. After reactivation, the VZV spreads over the peripheral nerves in sensory ganglia and then gives rise to herpes zoster. ... Seventy open reading frames (ORF), including the open reading frames for the known glycoproteins gpI (ORF 68), gpII (ORF 31), gpIII (ORF 37), gpIV (ORF 67), gpV (ORF 14) and gpVI (ORF 60), can be deduced from the sequence of the VZV genome, which has been completely elucidated and has a length of 124,884 bp (Dumas strain; (A. J. Davison & J. E. Scott (1986), J. Gen. Virol. 67, 1759-1816)). In each case, the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence displays differing degrees of homology with glycoproteins gE, gB, gH, gI, gC and gL of herpes simplex virus (HSV). However, there is nothing to suggest that the sequence homology can also imply a homologous function. The open reading frames of glycoproteins gpI, gpII, gpIII and gpV have been confirmed by means of molecular biology. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06258363__ •

Varicella-zoster virus antigen Inventor(s): Vafai; Abbas (Rockford, IL) Assignee(s): Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. (Tucson, AZ) Patent Number: 6,180,369 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to the construction of a recombinant plasmid which is capable of expressing a secretory truncated glycoprotein (Tgp) of Varicellazoster virus (VZV) in mammalian cells. The secretory Tgp of the present invention contains at least one epitope capable of inducing antibody response. The present invention contemplates the production and utilization of this secretory Tgp in a vaccine against chickenpox and/or shingles. The present invention is also directed towards the use of the secretory Tgp in diagnostic assays for detection of VZV. The present invention is also directed to first antibodies specific to secretory Tgp and to second antibodies specific to the first antibodies. These second antibodies are also useful in diagnostic assays for VZV. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the construction of a recombinant plasmid which is capable of expressing a secretory truncated glycoprotein (Tgp) of Varicellazoster virus (VZV) in mammalian cells. The secretory Tgp of the present invention contains at least one epitope capable of inducing antibody response. The present invention contemplates the production and utilization of this secretory Tgp in a vaccine against chickenpox and/or shingles. The present invention is also directed towards the use of the secretory Tgp in diagnostic assays for detection of VZV. The present invention is also directed to first antibodies specific to secretory Tgp and to second antibodies specific to the first antibodies. These second antibodies are also useful in diagnostic assays for VZV. ... Varicella-zoster virus is the causative agent of childhood chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster), two distinct clinical manifestations. Varicella is the outcome of the primary encounter (infection) with VZV, whereas zoster is the result of VZV reactivation which occurs predominantly in aging and immunosuppressed individuals, including cancer and AIDS patients. There are 2.5 million estimated cases of chickenpox and 1.2 million cases of shingles per year in the United States. It is expected

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that the number of shingles patients will increase as the population ages. One of the most common complications of shingles includes postherpetic neuralgia which is characterized by interactable pain lasting for four weeks to several years after the onset of skin rash. Other complications of VZV reactivation (shingles) include encephalitis, pneumonitis and disseminated zoster. ... An attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine has been used in Japan against chickenpox infection in leukemic children as well as for routine vaccination in early childhood. This vaccine is currently being tested in the United States in children with leukemia and is expected to be used in healthy children and for the prevention of VZV reactivation (shingles) in the elderly population. Although the attenuated varicella vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective in inducing immunity against VZV infection, however, similar to natural infection, attenuated varicella vaccine becomes latent in human dorsal root ganglia and may reactivate to produce shingles with its attendant neurologic complications of postherpetic neuralgia and encephalitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06180369__ •

Varicella-zoster virus as a live recombinant vaccine Inventor(s): Kieff; Elliott (Brookline, MA), Lowe; Robert S. (Harleysville, PA), Ellis; Ronald W. (Overbrook Hills, PA), Scolnick; Edward M. (Wynnewood, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,310,668 Date filed: February 27, 1992 Abstract: A vaccine strain of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), tested in clinical trials, is capable of preventing chickenpox in children. This virus has been modified by the introduction into its genome of heterologous DNA which encodes an immunogenic polypeptide of another human pathogen. This heterologous polypeptide is expressed in cells infected by the recombinant virus. Such recombinant VZV is useful as a vaccine for chickenpox as well as for heterologous pathogens. Excerpt(s): Chickenpox is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the herpesvirus family. The disease occurs in people with no prior immunity to VZV. VZVspecific antibodies can be demonstrated shortly after the onset of disease, decline during convalescence, but remain detectable for many years and correlate with immunity to the disease. Chickenpox is highly contagious; over 90% of the population becomes exposed to VZV before the age of 20. In most or all cases, VZV becomes latent, possibly in dorsal root ganglion cells. From this latent state, VZV can reactivate and cause zoster even in the presence of specific antibodies, probably as a result of weakened cellular immunity. The disease is highly morbid to the immunosuppressed and to those beyond the second decade. ... In 1974, Takahashi reported the isolation of the Oka strain of VZV from the vesicle of a child with chickenpox. This strain then was attenuated by passage through guinea pig embryo cells and human diploid fibroblasts. The attenuated variant of VZV/Oka has been tested clinically in thousands of youngsters. It is capable of eliciting high levels of antibodies reactive with the surface of the VZ virion. Furthermore, this strain displays protective efficacy for the prevention of chickenpox in young children and in the immune-compromised. It is noteworthy that this strain of VZV is the only available viral vaccine which can be used safely in immune-compromised patients, thus making VZV versatile for broader applications. ... Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis. The EB virion has 3 major surface glycoproteins: gp350 (350,000 dalton glycoprotein), gp220, and gp85. The gp350 and

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gp220 polypeptides are the products of a single viral gene. These 2 glycoproteins are capable of eliciting the production of antibodies capable of neutralizing EBV infectivity in vitro. Therefore, the gp350 gene and its products are useful for the preparation of a vaccine to EBV-induced disease through the use of recombinant DNA techniques. Furthermore, it would be desirable to vaccinate people simultaneously against both VZV- and EBV-induced diseases, or alternatively against both VZV-induced disease and another disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05310668__ •

Varicella-zoster virus vaccine and preparation thereof Inventor(s): Gits; Jacqueline (La Hulpe, BE) Assignee(s): Recherche et Industrie Therapeutiques (R.I.T.) (BE) Patent Number: 4,008,317 Date filed: December 29, 1975 Abstract: Non-pathogenic varicella-zoster virus mutants are obtained by induction and isolation of temperature-sensitive mutant strains. N-methyl-N'-nitro-Nnitrosoguanidine is employed as mutagenic agent. The obtained mutants are useful for vaccine production. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel varicella-zoster virus vaccines and to the process for preparing them. ... Varicella is a common and highly contagious disease, chiefly of children. Although varicella is a mild disease, complications --e.g. encephalitis-- does at times occur : in neonatal varicella the mortality may be as high as 20 % and in the adult infections, the disease is more severe and the mortality may be as high as 20 %. It is estimated that in varicella encephalitis, mortality level reaches about 10 % and another 10 % survive with severe injury to the central nervous system. ... Herpes zoster is the recurrent form of the disease, occuring in adults who were previously infected with the varicella-zoster virus and, in addition to the pathology of varicella, an inflammatory reaction of the dorsal nerve roots and ganglia may occur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04008317__

Patent Applications on Chickenpox As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chickenpox:

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Immunoreactive regions of glycoprotein gpII of varicella zoster virus (VZV) Inventor(s): Giesendorf, Bernhard ; (Michelbach, DE), Hauser, Hans-Peter ; (Elnhausen, DE), Eickmann, Markus ; (Marburg, DE), Gicklhorn, Dorothee ; (Gladenbach, DE), Radsak, Klaus ; (Marburg, DE) Correspondence: HELLER EHRMAN WHITE & MCAULIFFE STREET,NW; SUITE 300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US

LLP;

1666

K

Patent Application Number: 20020150889 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to immunoreactive peptides that are homologous with the region encompassing amino acid positions 450 to 655 of glycoprotein II of varicella zoster virus. In this context, preference is given to those peptides corresponding to segments of amino acids 505 to 647, 517 to 597, 535 to 584 or 545 to 582. The immunoreactive peptides are useful for methods of diagnosing varicella zoster virus infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunoreactive peptides that are homologous with the region encompassing amino acid positions 450 to 655 of glycoprotein II of varicella zoster virus. More particularly, the invention relates to peptides that correspond to amino acids 505 to 647, 517 to 597, 535 to 584 or 545 to 582 of the protein. The immunoreactive peptides can be used in methods for diagnosing a varicella zoster virus infection. ... In accordance with the classification of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), Van Zoute Vin (VZV) is assigned to the Herpesviridae family. In 75% of cases, primary infections take place not later than the age of 15 and usually take an asymptomatic course. By contrast, infection of adults who have not previously had any contact with the virus and in persons who are naturally or therapeutically immunosuppressed can be associated with severe symptoms. Infection of the fetus also leads to severe symptoms since the virus is able to cross the placenta, and maternal antibodies afford no protection at this time. Following primary infection, the virus persists throughout life in sensory ganglia. After reactivation, the VZV spreads over the peripheral nerves in sensory ganglia and then gives rise to herpes zoster. ... Seventy open reading frames (ORF), including the open reading frames for the known glycoproteins gpI (ORF 68), gpII (ORF 31), gpIII (ORF 37), gpIV (ORF 67), gpV (ORF 14) and gpVI (ORF 60), can be deduced from the sequence of the VZV genome, which has been completely elucidated and has a length of 124,884 bp (Dumas strain; (A. J. Davison & J. E. Scott (1986), J. Gen. Virol. 67, 1759-1816)). In each case, the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence displays differing degrees of homology with glycoproteins gE, gB, gH, gI, gC and gL of herpes simplex virus (HSV). However, there is nothing to suggest that the sequence homology can also imply a homologous function. The open reading frames of glycoproteins gpI, gpII, gpIII and gpV have been confirmed by means of molecular biology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Vaccines against varicella zoster virus gene 63 product Inventor(s): Sadzot, Catherine ; (Liege, BE), Rentier, Bernard ; (Liege, BE) Correspondence: GLAXOSMITHKLINE; Corporate Intellectual Property - UW2220; P.O. Box 1539; King of Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20010041183 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions for the treatment or prevention of Zoster of individuals infected with Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), and to the prevention and treatment of Varicella infections. The compositions of the invention comprise the protein encoded by VZV gene 63 or an immunologically active derivative thereof. The invention further relates to compositions containing DNA or RNA corresponding to VZV gene 63. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for the treatment or prevention of Zoster of individuals infected with Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), and to the prevention and treatment of Varicella infections. The compositions of the invention comprise the protein encoded by VZV gene 63 or an immunologically active derivative thereof. The invention further relates to compositions containing DNA or RNA corresponding to VZV gene 63. ... Varicella Virus is a human alpha herpes virus which causes two human diseases: on primary infection VZV causes childhood chicken pox (Varicella) thereafter the virus becomes latent and frequently reactivates (often decades later) to produce shingles (Zoster). During chicken pox, the virus penetrates the peripheral nervous system where it remains latent until reactivates as the painful Zoster form. Whilst the virus is latent the expression of most viral genes are repressed. It is believed that cell mediated immunity plays a crucial role in the control of latency, since reactivation as Zoster (or shingles) is frequent in the elderly or in immunocompromised individuals. ... VZV infection is characterized by minimal presence of free virus. During latency and reactivation virus is mainly intracellular. Accordingly, recurrent disease is not prevented even by high levels of neutralizing antibodies and virus control depends on cell mediated immunity. In order to obtain protection by vaccination, it is therefore desirable to induce not just an antibody response, but also a CTL response. An effective vaccine should prime CTL capable of acting as early as possible as soon as signs of reactivation of latent virus appear. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chickenpox, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chickenpox. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chickenpox. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.”

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Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHICKENPOX Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chickenpox. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chickenpox include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on chickenpox: •

Oral and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hematogenously Disseminated Systemic Infections: A Monograph Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo, Inc. 1993. 79 p. Contact: Available from Glaxo-Wellcome Education Resource Center. 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. (800) 824-2896. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number GVL251. Summary: This monograph describes oral and dermatologic manifestations resulting from systemic infections. Written as a continuing education tool for physicians, the monograph features 26 sections, each of which includes a description of dermatologic manifestations, other clinical features, laboratory findings, and epidemiologic factors. Diseases covered include AIDS, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcoses, erythema infectiousum (Fifth disease), gonococcemia, gram-negative bacterial sepsis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, infectious mononucleosis, infective

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endocarditis, Kawasaki syndrome, leprosy, lyme disease, meningococcemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, roseola, rubella (German measles), rubeola (measles), scarlet fever, secondary (disseminated) syphilis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, typhoid fever, varicella (chickenpox), and Vibrio vulnificus infection. Each section is illustrated with full-color photographs depicting patients with manifestations of the disease under consideration. The monograph includes a glossary of illustrations to help with diagnosis and classification. The monograph concludes with a self-test and instructions for receiving continuing medical education credits. A subject index is also included. 12 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “chickenpox” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “chickenpox” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “chickenpox” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Chickenpox (My Health) by Alvin Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 0531117820; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531117820/icongroupinterna

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Chickenpox (Rookie Read-About Health) by Sharon Gordon, et al; ISBN: 0516225677; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516225677/icongroupinterna

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Chickenpox, Yuck! by Josie Montano; ISBN: 0734403356; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0734403356/icongroupinterna

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Collins Book Bus: Charlie's Chickenpox; ISBN: 0003135667; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0003135667/icongroupinterna

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It's Catching: Chickenpox (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 0431128502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431128502/icongroupinterna

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Pa Pa Ji Has Chickenpox (Citylinks) by June Jones; ISBN: 0216922038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0216922038/icongroupinterna

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Peter Gets the Chickenpox by George Overlie (Illustrator), Marguerite R. Lerner; ISBN: 0822500027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822500027/icongroupinterna

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Prob/Solv-George Gets Chickenpox Carolyn Sloan by Nigel Snell; ISBN: 0237601109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0237601109/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Active immunization against varicella: proceedings of a symposium held at Arabella Hotel, Munich on November 29 and 30, 1984 Author: André, F. E.; Year: 1986; Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Published on behalf of the Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine by the Scientific; Medical Division, Macmillan Press,, c1985

•

Current status of varicella vaccine.; Year: 1985; Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, [c1986]

Chapters on Chickenpox In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chickenpox, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chickenpox using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chickenpox: •

Acquired Mucosal Disorders Source: in Scully, C., et al. Color Atlas of Orofacial Health and Disease in Children and Adolescents. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd. 2002. p.123-173. Contact: Available from Martin Dunitz Ltd, The Livery House. 7-9 Pratt Street, London, England NW1 0AE. 4404074822202. Website: www.dunitz.co.uk. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841841021. Summary: This chapter on acquired mucosal disorders is from a full-color atlas that covers the presentation of the common orofacial disorders and a wide range of less common and some rare disorders. The chapter begins with an overview of common complaints associated with acquired mucosal disorders, including lumps and swellings, pigmented lesions, red lesions, ulcers, and white lesions. The chapter then covers acute candidosis (thrush, candidiasis, moniliasis), amalgam and other tattoos, angioedema, angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis), aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis), Behcet's syndrome, bites, burns, carcinoma, chapped lips, check-chewing, cheilitis, choristoma, Crohn's disease, deep mycoses, erythema multiforme, exfoliative cheilitis, furred tongue, celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy), hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, herpes simplex infections, human papillomavirus infections, iatrogenic injury, impetigo, infectious mononucleosis, keratosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lichenoid lesions, lingual papillitis, lip fissures, lupus erythematosus, lymphoepithelial

11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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cyst, lymphoma, macroglossia and microglossia, measles (rubeola), median rhomboid glossitis, melanotic macule, melanocytic nevus, molluscum contagiosum, orofacial granulomatosis, papillary hyperplasia, pemphigus vulgaris, pyostomatitis vegetans, scleroderma, self-mutilation, syphilis, traumatic ulcers, and varicella-zoster virus infections (chickenpox). Full-color photographs are accompanied by brief text entries describing each condition and noting diagnostic and management considerations for each. 107 figures. 8 tables. •

Intraoral Lesions: Mucosal Ulcers Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Oral Disease: Colour Guide. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 23-56. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, A Harcourt Health Sciences Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 044306170X. Summary: This chapter on intraoral lesions (mucosal ulcers) is from a book that is intended as an aid to oral medicine and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease. The chapter includes 39 full color photographs of intraoral lesions, with textual information accompanying them. Conditions covered are: ulcers of local etiology, aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis or RAS), Behcet syndrome, herpetic stomatitis, chickenpox (varicella), shingles (zoster), hand foot and mouth disease, herpangina, infectious mononucleosis, measles, acute ulcerative gingivitis (acute necrotizing gingivitis), tuberculosis, syphilis, drugs causing mouth ulcers, leukopenia, leukemia, malignant tumors, orofacial granulomatosis, ulcerative colitis, pemphigus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, localized oral purpura, epidermolysis bullosa, erythema multiforme, lupus erythematosus, and lichen planus. For each condition, the text briefly covers incidence and etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options.

•

Viral Infections Source: in Greenspan, D., et al. AIDS and the Mouth. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard. 1992. p. 113-134. Contact: Available from Munksgaard. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK-1016, Copenhagen K, Denmark. Telephone +45 33 12 70 30; Fax +45 33 12 93 87; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.munksgaard.dk/publishers/. PRICE: DKK 516 plus postage; contact directly for current price in US dollars. ISBN: 8716103211. Summary: This chapter on oral viral infections related to HIV is from a medical textbook on the diagnosis and management of oral lesions related to AIDS. The authors cover herpes simplex, varicella zoster virus (chickenpox and herpes zoster), cytomegalovirus, human papillomavirus, and hairy leukoplakia. Full-color photographs illustrate each of the lesions described; some depict lesions before and after treatment. 23 figures. 2 tables. 58 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHICKENPOX Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on chickenpox. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on chickenpox is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “chickenpox” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on chickenpox: •

Common Childhood Illnesses Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1991. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 275-1400. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $79.95 plus shipping and handling. Order number BVT8149. Summary: This education video helps parents cope with a child who has lost his appetite, has pain around his ears, is running a low grade fever, and seems to have swollen lymph glands. How to determine if it is the mumps, or an ear infection, tonsillitis, or something else? This video offers an entertaining yet informative overview of common childhood illnesses, their symptoms, and possible at home and professional medical treatments, as well as how to decide if a health care provider should be consulted. School age children who have experienced the conditions describe each illness, how it felt, what it looked like, and how it was cared for. Viewers learn about the

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symptoms of and treatments for ear infections, common colds, mumps, tonsillitis, appendicitis, chickenpox, fevers, asthma, croup, measles, German measles, and abnormal bowel movements (constipation and diarrhea). The presentation offers a new approach to educating those involved in child care about the serious subject of childhood illnesses (AA-M).

Bibliography: Multimedia on Chickenpox The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in chickenpox (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on chickenpox (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •

Chicken pox [videorecording]: vaccinate and prevent Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; [United States]: Information Television Network, c1996

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 13

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway15

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5171 30 130 30 3 5364

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “chickenpox” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 19 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 15 16


Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Chickenpox In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and chickenpox. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease. 20 21

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for chickenpox: •

Varicella, Severe Recurrent Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600670 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned


baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html •

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the

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drop box next to “Search.” Enter “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission. 24

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chickenpox can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chickenpox. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chickenpox. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chickenpox”:

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Guides on chickenpox Chickenpox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chickenpox.html

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Other Guides Childhood Immunization http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodimmunization.html High Risk Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Shingles http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shinglesherpeszoster.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to chickenpox, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Chickenpox Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00053 Varicella Disease (Chickenpox) Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/diseases/varicella/faqs-gen-disease.htm

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Treatment Varicella Treatment Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/diseases/varicella/faqs-gen-treatment.htm

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Chickenpox in Pregnancy: Cause for Concern? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HO00036 Pregnancy Complications: Chickenpox Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/188_675.asp Reye's Syndrome Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/reye.html Varicella (Chickenpox): Health Information for International Travel, 1999-2000 Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/varicella.htm

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Children Chicken Pox Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/chicken_pox.html Chickenpox and Corticosteroids: Is My Child at Risk? Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZSAZHFIBC &sub_cat=24 Varicella (Chicken Pox) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/chicken_pox.html What Makes Chicken Pox Itch? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/chicken_pox_itch.html

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Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ National Vaccine Program Office http://www.cdc.gov/od/nvpo/ VZV Research Foundation http://www.vzvfoundation.org/

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Prevention/Screening Chickenpox Vaccine Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/193.html Varicella Vaccine (Chickenpox) Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vaccine/varicella/faqs-gen-vaccine.htm Varicella Vaccine: What You Need to Know http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/VIS/vis-varicella.pdf

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Statistics FASTATS: Chickenpox Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/chicken.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating

134 Chickenpox

unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on chickenpox. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

What Parents Should Know About Infant Immunization. [Lo Que los Padres Deben Saber Sobre las Vacunas de Su Bebe] Source: Washington, DC: National Coalition of Hispanic Health and Human Services Organizations (COSSHMO). 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Coalition of Hispanic Health and Human Services Organizations (COSSHMO). 1501 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 387-5000. Website: www.cossmho.org. PRICE: $2.00 each for 1-24 copies for members; $3.00 each for 1-24 copies for nonmembers; larger bulk discounts available. Summary: This bilingual brochure presented in English and Spanish reviews the recommended immunization program for infants and children. Vaccines, also called immunizations or shots, protect children against certain diseases. There are 10 diseases that can be prevented with vaccines: hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hemophilus influenza b, polio, measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), and varicella (chickenpox). The brochure answers common questions about vaccinating children, including the safety of the vaccines, where to take a child to be vaccinated, cost considerations, how to obtain good medical care even if English is not one's first language, how to compare vaccinations obtained in other countries with the ones given in the United States, and the importance of maintaining accurate vaccination records. The brochure is accompanied by an immunization record card, which helps parents keep track of the child's vaccinations. Also provided is the most recent recommended immunization schedule and the National Hispanic Immunization Hotline number (800232-0233).

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Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, qritten for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), discusses the opportunistic infection, shingles. Shingles, also called herpes zoste, is a treatable skin condition caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). All persons who have chickenpox during childhood are at risk for developing shingles in their adult lives. The risk for shingles is significantly increased among individuals with HIV/AIDS because their immune systems cannot prevent the dormant remnants of childhood chickenpox from developing into this opportunistic infection. In HIV-positive individuals, the risk for


bacterial infections complicating skin lesions may also be greater. The symptoms of shingles may include numbness, tingling, pain, itching in a localized area of skin, redness and blisters that turn to ulcers over time, and enlarged and mildly tender lymph nodes. In HIV-positive persons, VZV may spread beyond a localized skin area, enter the blood stream, and affect other organs, particularly the eye if lesions appear on the face. Shingles are usually diagnosed through physical examination. While no medications can eliminate VZV from the body, antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir, are effective at speeding the healing of lesions. •

Vaccinations for Adults with Hepatitis C Virus Infection Source: St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition. 1998. 1 p. Contact: Available from Immunization Action Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. Fax (612) 647-9131. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.immunize.org. Price: Single copy free. Summary: Adults who have the hepatitis C virus (HCV) need to make sure they are fully vaccinated against other diseases. Seventy percent of people with HCV have chronic liver disease. These people have special needs, including pneumococcal vaccine and hepatitis A vaccine. This fact sheet contains a chart summarizing the recommendations for each of seven immunizations: hepatitis A; hepatitis B; pneumococcal; influenza; tetanus and diphtheria; measles, mumps and rubella; and varicella (for those who have never had chickenpox). For each vaccine, the chart lists the reasons for getting immunized and the common dosage schedule. Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for people with chronic liver disease, as is the pneumococcal vaccine. While the influenza vaccine is not specifically recommended for persons with chronic liver disease, it can be given to anyone as a preventive. The fact sheet also provides hotline numbers to call for more information about hepatitis C and the Government's recommendations.

•

Reye's Syndrome Source: Cedar Grove, NJ: American Liver Foundation. 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Liver Foundation. Information and Distribution Center, 1425 Pompton Avenue, Suite 3, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009-1000. (800) GO-LIVER, ext. 234 or (888) HEP-ABC. Fax (973) 256-3214. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.liverfoundation.org. PRICE: $0.50 for single copy; bulk orders available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: A recently recognized childhood disease, Reye's syndrome is a rare complication of common respiratory infections, including chickenpox. This fact sheet from the American Liver Foundation (ALF) offers a brief overview of Reye's syndrome. Reye's syndrome should be suspected when vomiting begins 3 to 7 days after the onset of flu or chickenpox. Usually the vomiting becomes increasingly severe over a period of 8 to 12 hours. If the vomiting is associated with signs of disordered brain function, such as staring spells, stupor, delirium, or strange behavior, a medical examination. The fact sheet notes that Reye's syndrome can occur at any time, but it is most frequent during winter months, in association with influenza and similar respiratory infections. Diagnosis of Reye's syndrome is accomplished through the patient's recent history of flu like illness, persistent vomiting, elevation of certain liver enzymes (serum SGPT) with a normal bilirubin, and exclusion of meningitis and encephalitis. Almost all cases of Reye's syndrome have increased serum concentrations of certain liver enzymes, notably serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The fact sheet notes that aspirin may

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contribute to the problem of Reye's syndrome; until conclusive evidence is obtained, doctors advise against the use of aspirin in chickenpox and during outbreaks of flu like illness. The fact sheet concludes with a list of medications that contain salicylates, including cold medications. Acetaminophen is the preferred antifever medicine during chickenpox and flu illnesses in children. The fact sheet offers the contact information for ALF (800-GO-LIVER, www.liverfoundation.org ). The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “chickenpox” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Prevention of varicella: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 May; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1980&nbr=1206&a mp;string=chickenpox

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Varicella vaccination. Recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Source: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 June; 2 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2859&nbr=2085&a mp;string=chickenpox

•

Varicella vaccine update Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 January; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2766&nbr=1992&a mp;string=chicken+AND+pox The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chickenpox. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.


Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Chickenpox The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to chickenpox: •

Australian Herpes Management Forum Address: Telephone: 61 2 9241 3131 Toll-free: Fax: 61 2 9221 2676 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.herpes.on.net Background: The Australian Herpes Management Forum (AHMF) is a voluntary organization that serves as an independent forum for the development of recommendations and protocols for the management and control of herpesvirus infections in Australia. Although such objectives are achieved independently, reference is made to International Herpes Management Forum (IHMF) recommendations where appropriate. The mission of the Australian Herpes Management Forum is to improve the awareness, understanding, management, and control of herpesvirus infections in Australia. Herpesviruses cause several inflammatory skin diseases that are characterized by the formation of small, often painful blisters. Such inflammatory skin diseases include genital herpes, cold sores, chickenpox, and shingles. To fulfill its mission, the Australian Herpes Management Forum is committed to developing practice, patient-focused guidelines for the management and control of herpesvirus infections in Australia; disseminating this information to patients, clinicians, public health organizations, and governments; raising awareness of the impact of herpesvirus infections on society; and encouraging debate, the exchange of ideas, and the development of consensus regarding the management and control of herpesvirus infections. The Forum has a web site on the Internet that offers access to its management guidelines, posts announcements concerning herpesvirus workshops and symposia, offers FAQ ('frequently asked questions') pages, and provides links to additional herpesvirus web sites.

138 Chickenpox

•

Immunization Action Coalition/Hepatitis B Coalition Address: Telephone: (651) 647-9009 Toll-free: Fax: (651) 647-9131 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.immunize.org Background: The Immunization Action Coalition (IAC) is a nonprofit organization that works to prevent disease by creating and distributing educational materials for health professionals and the public that enhance delivery of safe and effective immunization services and increase their use. The Coalition also facilitates communication within the broad immunization community, including parents, concerning issues of safety, efficacy, and the use of vaccines. The Hepatitis B Coalition, a program of IAC, promotes hepatitis B vaccination for all children 0-18 years of age, HBsAg screening for all pregnant women, hepatitis B testing and vaccination for risk groups, and education and treatment for people who are chronically infected with hepatitis B. The IAC's educational materials include 3 print periodicals, NEEDLE TIPS and the Hepatitis B Coalition News, VACCINATE ADULTS!, and VACCINATE WOMEN. IAC also produces a weekly email news service containing current immunization information titled IAC EXPRESS. In addition, IAC creates and distributes print materials and audiovisual aids and maintains 4 websites, www.immunize.org, www.vaccineinformation.org, www.izcoalitions.org, and www.hepprograms.org. Relevant area(s) of interest: Chickenpox

•

National Reye's Syndrome Foundation, Inc Address: Telephone: (419) 636-2679 Toll-free: (800) 233-7393 Fax: (419) 636-9897 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.reyessyndrome.org Background: The National Reye s Syndrome Foundation, Inc., is a voluntary not-forprofit service organization dedicated to providing funding for basic research, awareness programs for the general public and the medical community, and emotional support and guidance for individuals with Reye s syndrome and their families. Reye s syndrome is a rare disease that usually follows a viral infection, such as influenza or chicken pox, and is strongly associated with the use of salicylates (e.g., aspirin). Reye's syndrome affects the liver and brain. Established in 1974, the National Reye s Syndrome Foundation promotes patient and family advocacy; provides appropriate referrals (e.g., to support groups); and offers a variety of educational and supportive information through its database, bulletins, fact sheets, brochures, audio-visual aids, and regular newsletter. Languages supported by the Foundation include English, Spanish, Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese.

•

VZV Research Foundation Address:


Telephone: (212) 472-3181 Toll-free: (800) 472-8478 Fax: (212) 861-7033 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.vzvfoundation.org Background: This non-profit public charity, formed in 1991, dissiminates information and raises funds for research on the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox, shingles and post-herrpetic neuralgia (PHN). The varicella-zoster virus first strikes individuals as chickenpox or varicella, a highly contagious disease affecting 95 percent of Americans by age 18. Later, the virus may lie dormant in nerve tissues but, in an estimated one of seven people, may reappear as shingles or herpes zoster. Complications resulting from shingles, a painful outbreak of a rash or blisters on the skin, include post-herpetic neuralgia, which can cause debilitating pain long after the shingles rash has healed. The VZV Research Foundation serves as an information resource to thousands of VZV sufferers, their families, and their physicians. It also sponsors international scientific conferences on VZV and awards research grants to study various aspects of the disease. Relevant area(s) of interest: Chickenpox

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chickenpox. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chickenpox. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chickenpox. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chickenpox” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

140 Chickenpox

Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chickenpox”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chickenpox” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chickenpox” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

141

APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for chickenpox. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with chickenpox. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

142 Chickenpox

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to chickenpox: Acyclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202008.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202009.html

Antihistamines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Aller-med; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Conta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html

Calamine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Calamox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202748.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

•

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Decadron Respihaler; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P. HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pr http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectosol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Foscarnet •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Foscavir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202617.html

Researching Medications 143

Interferon Alfacon-1 •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Infergen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203504.html

Interferon, Beta-1A •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avonex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203537.html

Interferon, Beta-1B •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betaseron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203538.html

Interferon, Gamma •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actimmune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202631.html

Interferons, Alpha •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alferon N; Intron A; Roferon-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202299.html

Varicella Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Varivax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202998.html

Vidarabine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Vira-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202592.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by

144 Chickenpox

brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

26

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

27

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 147

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

148 Chickenpox

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 149

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

150 Chickenpox

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

151

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on chickenpox: •

Basic Guidelines for Chickenpox Chicken pox treatment Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001972.htm Chickenpox Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001592.htm Chickenpox - vaccine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007065.htm Varicella Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001592.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Chickenpox Backache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm

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Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Lethargy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Macule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003229.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Myalgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Pruritus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Purpura Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003232.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Sensitivity to light Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003041.htm Skin lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm

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Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rash or lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Vesicles Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Chickenpox Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm ELISA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003332.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm

•

Background Topics for Chickenpox Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Camphor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002765.htm Immunity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm Phenol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002903.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Secondary infection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002300.htm Secondary infections Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002300.htm Vagina Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002342.htm Varivax Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007065.htm

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VZIG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007065.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHICKENPOX DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH]

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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local

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inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiitis: Inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis. [EU] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and

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febrifuge. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is

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manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH]

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Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may

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be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chickenpox Vaccine: A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental

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protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choristoma: A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroiditis: Inflammation of the choroid. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH]

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Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH]

Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving

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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the

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internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cosmids: Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of phage lambda. They are used as cloning vehicles for the study of aberrant eukaryotic structural genes and also as genetic vectors for introducing the nucleic acid of transforming viruses into cultured cells. [NIH]

Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] Cost-Benefit Analysis: A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus:

A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae,

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infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU]

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Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosage schedule: A scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active

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second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit

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the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH]

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Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH]

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Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetic Vectors: Any DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from plasmids, bacteriophages or viruses. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain genetic markers to facilitate their selective recognition. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Geniculate Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU]

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Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by

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coxsackieviruses A. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular

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involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve. [NIH] Herpesviridae: A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. There are three subfamilies based on biological characteristics: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH]

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Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]

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Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to

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the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

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Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]

Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH]

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Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: another. [NIH]

The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to

Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warmblooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal

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increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or

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disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lyme Disease: An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of

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radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]

Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular

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animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Evolution: Multiple rounds of selection, amplification, and mutation leading to molecules with the desired properties. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Moniliformis: A genus of roundworms of the phylum Acanthocephala, parasitic in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs and cats. Occasional infection in man produces inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in

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chromosomes. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasociliary: A branch of the ophthalmic nerve which receives most of the fibers of general sensation from the eyeball. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU]

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Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]

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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic nerve head: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU]

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Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]

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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericardial Effusion: Presence of fluid within the pericardium. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Periodontitis: simplex. [NIH]

Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis

Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH]

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Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylates: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This

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results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH]

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Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH]

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Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudorabies: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychological Adaptation: The alteration of the selective response of a neural unit due to the received signals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU]

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Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reading Frames: The sequence of codons by which translation may occur. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated in three reading frames, 5'AUC.. or 5'UCC.. or 5'CCG.., depending on the location of the start codon. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH]

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Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: An acute febrile illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH]

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Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Salicylates: The salts, esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health

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care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU]

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Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: A disease of infants due to group 2 phage type 17 staphylococci that produce an epidermolytic exotoxin. Superficial fine vesicles and bullae form and rupture easily, resulting in loss of large sheets of epidermis. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this

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group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

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Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Taste Buds: Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or

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intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicodendron: A genus (formerly Rhus) of shrubs, vines, or trees that yields a highly allergenic oleoresin which causes a severe contact dermatitis. The most toxic species are Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), T. diversilobum (poison oak), and T. radicans (poison ivy). T. vernicifera yields a useful varnish from which certain enzymes (laccases) are obtained. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU]

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Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhoid Fever: An acute systemic febrile infection caused by Salmonella typhi. [NIH] Typhoid Fever: An acute systemic febrile infection caused by Salmonella typhi. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical cord blood: Blood from the placenta (afterbirth) that contains high concentrations of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH]

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Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the vaccinia virus and varicella zoster virus. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb

204 Chickenpox

nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]

Dictionary 205

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

206

INDEX A Abdominal, 54, 159, 198, 200, 216 Abdominal Pain, 159, 216 Aberrant, 11, 159, 172 Acantholysis, 159, 199 Acceptor, 159, 215 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 18, 159 Activities of Daily Living, 93, 159 Acute leukemia, 159 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 75, 159 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 159 Adenine, 72, 159, 160, 205 Adenosine, 86, 160, 200 Adenosine Deaminase, 160 Adverse Effect, 160, 209 Afferent, 160, 178 Algorithms, 23, 160 Alkylating Agents, 160, 216 Allergic Rhinitis, 160, 166 Allogeneic, 80, 160 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 80, 160 Allograft, 29, 160 Alternative medicine, 160 Amber, 160, 186 Amino acid, 160, 161, 162, 169, 180, 181, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 209, 212, 213, 215 Amino Acid Sequence, 161, 162 Ammonia, 160, 161 Amplification, 22, 161, 194 Anabolic, 64, 161 Anal, 161, 194 Analgesic, 161, 208 Analog, 95, 159, 161, 179 Analogous, 161, 215 Anaphylatoxins, 161, 170 Anemia, 46, 161 Anesthesia, 161 Angiitis, 35, 161 Angioedema, 120, 161 Angiography, 63, 161 Animal model, 161 Annealing, 162, 202 Antibiotic, 162, 210, 217 Antibodies, 61, 65, 162, 185, 192, 201

Antibody, 4, 22, 45, 51, 52, 74, 79, 162, 170, 177, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 209 Antigen, 162, 163, 170, 177, 183, 184, 185, 186, 209 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 162, 170 Anti-inflammatory, 162, 163, 172, 180, 208 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 162, 163, 172 Antimetabolite, 159, 162, 193 Antineoplastic, 160, 162, 172, 193, 217 Antipyretic, 162, 208 Antiserum, 162, 163 Antiviral, 23, 34, 45, 78, 86, 93, 94, 139, 159, 162, 217 Anus, 161, 162, 165, 170 Anxiety, 93, 162 Aphthous Stomatitis, 120, 163 Appendicitis, 124, 163 Arterial, 163, 167, 184, 204, 212 Arteries, 163, 165, 172, 193, 216 Ascites, 163, 197 Aseptic, 163, 198 Aspirin, 140, 163 Assay, 11, 64, 78, 163, 185 Asymptomatic, 163 Ataxia, 17, 163, 183, 213 Attenuated, 12, 41, 93, 163, 168 Attenuation, 11, 163 Atypical, 49, 163, 187 Auditory, 163, 180, 192 Autoimmune disease, 163, 194, 195 Autonomic, 163, 195, 199, 200 Autonomic Nervous System, 163, 199 Autosuggestion, 163, 184 Avidity, 51, 74, 163 Axonal, 164 B Bacteria, 162, 164, 176, 179, 181, 193, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216 Bacterial Infections, 139, 164, 167, 170 Bacterium, 164, 182, 214, 215 Basal Ganglia, 78, 163, 164, 165, 179 Base, 159, 164, 174, 188, 202, 213 Bewilderment, 164, 171 Bilateral, 24, 164, 199, 207 Bile, 164, 179, 183, 188, 190, 211 Bile Pigments, 164, 188 Bilirubin, 140, 164, 184 Bioavailability, 95, 164

Index 207

Biochemical, 162, 164, 189 Biological Warfare, 22, 164 Biopsy, 157, 164 Biosynthesis, 164, 209 Bladder, 164, 186, 194, 216 Blastocyst, 164, 171, 201 Blastomycosis, 117, 164 Blister, 165, 199 Blood pressure, 165, 184, 194, 210 Blood vessel, 161, 165, 167, 168, 178, 182, 188, 191, 201, 210, 212, 213, 217 Body Fluids, 165, 210 Bone Marrow, 80, 159, 165, 181, 185, 191, 192, 212 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 165 Bone scan, 165, 208 Bowel, 124, 161, 165, 174, 187, 216 Bowel Movement, 124, 165, 174 Brain Neoplasms, 165, 184, 213 Brain Stem, 165, 180 Branch, 153, 165, 191, 192, 195, 199, 210, 213 Breakdown, 165, 174, 179, 197 Bronchiseptica, 165, 200 Buccal, 166, 191, 211 Budesonide, 68, 166 Bulbar, 58, 166 Burns, 55, 120, 166 Burns, Electric, 166 C Calcification, 24, 58, 166 Calcium, 166, 170, 193 Callus, 166, 188 Candidiasis, 117, 119, 166 Candidosis, 119, 166 Capsid, 166, 217 Carbon Dioxide, 166, 201 Carcinogenic, 160, 166, 187, 203, 211 Carcinoma, 24, 120, 166 Cardiac, 167, 176, 177, 178, 195, 211 Carotene, 167, 206 Case report, 15, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 44, 46, 54, 64, 66, 67, 78, 167 Catalyse, 167, 215 Catheter, 167, 188 Catheterization, 167, 188 Celiac Disease, 120, 167 Cell Count, 167 Cell Division, 164, 167, 201 Central Nervous System, 163, 165, 167, 175, 179, 180, 181, 183, 194, 198, 204

Central Nervous System Infections, 167, 181, 184 Central retinal artery, 53, 167, 207 Cerebellar, 17, 163, 167, 206 Cerebral, 26, 35, 45, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 173, 177, 182, 183, 204, 213 Cerebral Cortex, 163, 167 Cerebral Infarction, 167, 184 Cerebrospinal, 168, 183 Cerebrospinal fluid, 168, 183 Cerebrum, 167, 168, 213 Cervical, 168, 182, 208 Character, 168, 173, 181 Cheilitis, 120, 168 Chemotactic Factors, 168, 170 Chest wall, 168, 201 Chickenpox Vaccine, 41, 43, 75, 91, 137, 168 Child Care, 45, 124, 168 Chin, 43, 168, 193 Chorioretinitis, 27, 168, 207 Choristoma, 120, 168 Choroid, 168, 169, 206, 207 Choroiditis, 72, 169 Chronic, 3, 39, 54, 93, 95, 139, 165, 169, 176, 186, 189, 199, 208, 212, 214, 216, 218 Chronic Disease, 169, 189 Chronic renal, 3, 169 Cicatricial, 67, 169 CIS, 169, 206 Clinical trial, 52, 91, 96, 129, 169, 171, 175, 205 Cloning, 169, 172 Coagulation, 41, 166, 169, 214 Codon, 169, 205 Cofactor, 169, 204 Colitis, 169 Collagen, 160, 169, 179, 203 Collapse, 165, 169, 201 Colloidal, 79, 87, 170 Colon, 169, 170, 189, 216 Common Variable Immunodeficiency, 170 Communicable disease, 75, 170 Complement, 65, 161, 170 Complementary and alternative medicine, 83, 87, 170 Complementary medicine, 83, 170 Complete remission, 171, 206 Computational Biology, 129, 171 Computed tomography, 171, 208 Computerized axial tomography, 171, 208

208 Chickenpox

Conception, 171, 179 Cones, 171, 207 Confusion, 47, 171, 175, 184, 216 Congestion, 171, 177 Conjunctiva, 171, 187 Connective Tissue, 165, 169, 171, 174, 179, 191, 199, 207 Consciousness, 161, 171, 173, 174 Constipation, 124, 171 Constitutional, 171, 207 Contraindications, ii, 171 Contralateral, 35, 171, 206 Contrast medium, 161, 171 Controlled study, 16, 171 Coordination, 171, 194 Cornea, 172, 188, 219 Corneum, 172, 177 Coronary, 172, 193 Coronary Thrombosis, 172, 193 Cortex, 172, 198, 203, 206 Corticosteroid, 39, 172, 203, 211 Cosmids, 172 Cost-benefit, 51, 172 Cost-Benefit Analysis, 51, 172 Coxsackieviruses, 172, 181 Cranial, 172, 178, 180, 181, 188, 196, 198, 199, 200 Craniocerebral Trauma, 172, 181, 184, 213 Croup, 124, 173 Cryptococcosis, 66, 173 Cryptosporidiosis, 25, 173 Cultured cells, 172, 173 Curative, 173, 213 Cutaneous, 36, 39, 55, 56, 59, 66, 117, 164, 166, 173, 184, 191, 207, 208, 216 Cyst, 120, 173 Cytokine, 173 Cytomegalovirus, 95, 121, 173, 179 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 173, 179 D Databases, Bibliographic, 129, 173 Decidua, 173, 201 Degenerative, 173, 182, 207 Delirium, 139, 173 Dementia, 159, 174 Denaturation, 174, 202 Dendrites, 174, 196 Dermal, 174, 190 Dermatitis, 174, 214 Dermis, 161, 174 Desensitization, 174, 186 Diagnostic procedure, 97, 174

Diarrhea, 66, 75, 124, 173, 174, 176 Diastolic, 174, 184 Digestion, 164, 165, 174, 187, 190, 211 Digestive system, 96, 174 Dilatation, 161, 174 Dilation, 174, 183 Diphtheria, 138, 139, 174 Direct, iii, 41, 79, 145, 174, 206 Discrete, 175, 190, 191, 218 Discrimination, 79, 175 Disorientation, 171, 173, 175 Dissection, 53, 175 Distal, 164, 175 Dorsal, 13, 175, 178, 202, 210 Dorsum, 175, 179 Dosage schedule, 139, 175 Double-blind, 93, 175 Drug Interactions, 147, 148, 175 Drug Tolerance, 175, 214 Dura mater, 175, 193, 198 Dystrophic, 175, 177 E Edema, 161, 175, 188, 196, 197 Effector, 170, 175, 189 Efferent, 175, 178 Efficacy, 16, 41, 93, 94, 175 Elastic, 175, 181 Electrocoagulation, 169, 175 Electrolyte, 172, 174, 176, 202, 210 Emaciation, 159, 176 Embolus, 176, 186 Embryo, 164, 176, 216 Encephalitis, 28, 85, 140, 176 Encephalitis, Viral, 85, 176 Encephalopathy, 17, 28, 42, 176 Endocarditis, 49, 118, 166, 176 Endocardium, 176 Endogenous, 60, 176 Endotoxins, 170, 176, 188 End-stage renal, 169, 176 Enterotoxins, 66, 176 Enterovirus, 59, 172, 176 Environmental Health, 128, 130, 176 Enzymatic, 160, 166, 167, 170, 177, 202, 206 Enzyme, 78, 79, 160, 175, 177, 183, 202, 204, 206, 212, 218 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 79, 177 Eosinophilia, 177, 178 Epidemic, 16, 177 Epidemiologic Factors, 117, 177

Index 209

Epidermal, 177, 188, 190, 192 Epidermis, 159, 165, 172, 174, 177, 183, 188, 190, 199, 203, 205, 211 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 120, 177 Epinephrine, 177, 196, 215 Epithelial, 173, 177, 182 Epithelial Cells, 177, 182 Epithelium, 177, 198, 219 Erythema, 117, 120, 156, 177, 178 Erythema Multiforme, 120, 178 Erythrocytes, 161, 165, 178 Esophagus, 174, 178, 197, 200, 211 Evacuation, 171, 178 Exogenous, 176, 178 Extracorporeal, 33, 40, 178 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 33, 178 Exudate, 168, 178 F Facial, 15, 24, 26, 49, 178, 180, 192, 213 Facial Expression, 178 Facial Nerve, 15, 26, 178, 213 Family Planning, 129, 178 Fasciitis, 54, 67, 178 Fat, 165, 167, 172, 176, 178, 190, 194, 207, 210 Fatigue, 93, 179, 181 Febrile, 179, 207, 215 Feces, 171, 179 Fetus, 179, 201, 203, 216 Fibroblasts, 178, 179 Fibrosarcoma, 178, 179 Flatus, 179 Flexor, 179, 190 Fold, 95, 179 Forearm, 165, 178, 179 Fungi, 179, 193, 214, 218 Fungus, 166, 173, 179 G Gallbladder, 159, 174, 179 Ganciclovir, 80, 179 Ganglia, 13, 179, 196, 200 Ganglion, 179, 180, 182, 198, 218 Gas, 59, 161, 166, 179, 201, 206 Gastrointestinal, 44, 78, 177, 180, 212 Gene, 22, 119, 180 Genetic testing, 180, 202 Genetic Vectors, 172, 180 Genetics, 160, 180 Geniculate Ganglion, 26, 180 Genital, 29, 180 Genotype, 180, 200

Geriatric, 56, 180 Gestation, 180, 201 Gingivitis, 120, 180 Gland, 172, 180, 191, 198, 209, 211, 214 Glomerular, 180, 206 Glossitis, 120, 180 Glottis, 180, 200 Glucocorticoid, 166, 180, 203 Glutamic Acid, 180, 196, 203 Gluten, 120, 167, 181 Glycine, 160, 181, 196, 209 Glycoprotein, 11, 12, 38, 89, 181 Gonadal, 181, 211 Governing Board, 181, 202 Grade, 123, 181 Graft-versus-host disease, 181, 195 Gram-negative, 117, 165, 181 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 118, 181 Granulocytes, 181, 189, 218 Growth, 12, 178, 181, 183, 188, 192, 195, 196, 198, 201, 214, 218 H Haematemesis, 32, 181 Hair follicles, 174, 181, 211, 218 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, 120, 181 Headache, 156, 181, 183, 184, 187, 207 Heart failure, 181, 197 Heme, 164, 181 Hemiparesis, 35, 48, 182 Hemiplegia, 17, 182 Hemoglobin, 161, 178, 181, 182 Hemolytic, 46, 178, 182, 186 Hemorrhage, 67, 173, 176, 181, 182, 205, 212 Hepatic, 17, 46, 174, 182 Hepatitis, 38, 50, 51, 89, 95, 138, 139, 182, 187 Hepatocytes, 182 Hepatomegaly, 182, 187 Heredity, 180, 182 Herpes virus, 182, 217 Herpes Zoster, 23, 38, 41, 43, 47, 48, 50, 56, 57, 61, 62, 79, 85, 93, 94, 121, 138, 182 Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus, 48, 182 Herpesviridae, 173, 176, 182 Hirsutism, 183, 184 Histiocytosis, 120, 183 Histocompatibility, 183 Hoarseness, 173, 183 Homologous, 183, 194 Hormone, 172, 177, 183, 193, 203, 207, 214 Horny layer, 177, 183

210 Chickenpox

Horseradish Peroxidase, 177, 183 Host, 166, 180, 183, 185, 212, 216, 217 Human papillomavirus, 120, 121, 183 Humoral, 53, 183 Humour, 183 Hybrid, 183 Hybridoma, 183 Hydrocephalus, 13, 183, 188 Hydrolysis, 160, 184, 202, 204 Hydroxyproline, 160, 169, 184 Hyperbilirubinemia, 184, 188 Hyperhidrosis, 63, 184 Hyperplasia, 83, 120, 184, 190 Hyperreflexia, 184, 213 Hypersensitivity, 174, 184, 207 Hypertension, 71, 184, 188 Hypertrichosis, 70, 183, 184 Hypertrophy, 184 Hypesthesia, 184, 196 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 170, 184 Hypoglycaemia, 174, 184 Hypoxia, 174, 184, 213 I Iatrogenic, 120, 184 Id, 81, 84, 136, 140, 141, 152, 154, 185 Immune response, 53, 162, 163, 172, 185, 212, 216, 217 Immune Sera, 185 Immune system, 138, 185, 186, 191, 194, 195, 216, 218 Immunity, 43, 48, 74, 75, 80, 91, 92, 157, 159, 185, 215 Immunization, 22, 39, 48, 69, 119, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 168, 185 Immunoassay, 177, 185 Immunocompromised, 72, 94, 185 Immunodeficiency, 138, 159, 170, 184, 185 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 170, 185 Immunogenic, 4, 185 Immunoglobulin, 47, 48, 64, 74, 162, 185 Immunologic, 70, 168, 185 Immunology, 22, 69, 137, 183, 185 Immunosuppressant, 160, 185, 193 Immunosuppression, 47, 80, 185, 186, 192, 197, 212 Immunosuppressive, 180, 185, 186 Immunosuppressive Agents, 185, 186 Impairment, 163, 164, 173, 186, 193 Impetigo, 120, 186 In vitro, 38, 95, 186, 202, 209, 212, 214 In vivo, 186, 192 Incision, 186, 188

Incontinence, 183, 186, 195 Incubation, 186, 200 Incubation period, 186, 200 Infancy, 22, 49, 59, 74, 186 Infarction, 58, 60, 78, 168, 172, 186, 193 Infection Control, 29, 30, 33, 46, 55, 74, 187 Infectious Mononucleosis, 118, 120, 187 Infiltration, 187, 219 Influenza, 138, 139, 187 Inguinal, 184, 187 Inhalation, 62, 79, 146, 187, 202 Initiation, 38, 187 Innervation, 178, 187, 197 Inoperable, 187 Insight, 27, 187 Insulator, 187, 194 Intensive Care, 27, 71, 187 Interstitial, 187, 206 Intestinal, 167, 173, 176, 187, 192, 194 Intestinal Mucosa, 167, 187, 194 Intestine, 165, 183, 187, 189, 211, 217 Intoxication, 173, 187, 218 Intracellular, 11, 186, 187, 193, 202, 204, 217 Intracellular Membranes, 187, 193 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 183, 188, 213 Intracranial Hypertension, 181, 183, 188 Intravascular, 41, 188 Intravenous, 16, 188 Intubation, 50, 167, 188 Invasive, 185, 188, 192 Ions, 164, 176, 188 Ischemia, 188, 195 J Jaundice, 184, 188 Joint, 32, 179, 188 K Kb, 128, 188 Keratin, 188 Keratinocytes, 188 Keratitis, 79, 188 Keratosis, 120, 159, 188 Keto, 188, 215 Kidney Disease, 3, 96, 128, 189 Kidney Transplantation, 79, 92, 189 Killer Cells, 189 L Labile, 170, 189 Laceration, 189, 213 Lacrimal, 49, 178, 189 Large Intestine, 174, 187, 189, 206 Laryngeal, 50, 189

Index 211

Larynx, 180, 189, 212 Latency, 11, 189 Latent, 13, 189 Least-Squares Analysis, 189, 206 Lectin, 189, 193 Leprosy, 118, 189 Lesion, 46, 157, 164, 189, 191, 194, 209 Lethal, 24, 39, 189 Lethargy, 156, 183, 189 Leucocyte, 189, 190, 191 Leukaemia, 54, 189 Leukemia, 39, 62, 120, 190 Leukocytes, 165, 168, 181, 190 Leukopenia, 120, 190 Leukoplakia, 121, 190 Library Services, 152, 190 Lice, 23, 190 Lichen Planus, 120, 190 Likelihood Functions, 190, 206 Linear Models, 190, 206 Lip, 120, 190 Lipid, 188, 190, 194 Lipopolysaccharide, 181, 190 Lipoprotein, 181, 190, 217 Liver, 71, 139, 159, 164, 173, 174, 179, 182, 190, 191, 208 Liver cancer, 190 Liver scan, 191, 208 Localization, 11, 39, 191 Logistic Models, 191, 206 Lupus, 120, 191 Lyme Disease, 118, 191 Lymph, 123, 139, 161, 168, 183, 187, 191, 208 Lymph node, 139, 168, 191, 208 Lymphadenopathy, 187, 191 Lymphatic, 186, 191, 197, 208, 210, 214 Lymphatic system, 191, 208, 210, 214 Lymphoblastic, 191 Lymphoblasts, 159, 191 Lymphocyte, 159, 162, 185, 189, 191, 192 Lymphocyte Count, 159, 192 Lymphocyte Depletion, 185, 192 Lymphocytic, 39, 54, 83, 192 Lymphoid, 162, 189, 192, 214 Lymphoma, 61, 79, 84, 120, 191, 192 Lytic, 192 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 192, 208 Malabsorption, 167, 192 Malignant, 51, 120, 159, 162, 165, 178, 183, 190, 192, 195

Malignant tumor, 120, 192 Mammogram, 166, 192, 193 Manifest, 164, 182, 192 Meatus, 180, 192 Medical Records, 192 MEDLINE, 130, 192 Melanin, 192, 200, 215 Melanocytes, 192, 196 Membrane Proteins, 193 Memory, 173, 174, 193 Meninges, 167, 172, 175, 193, 210 Meningitis, 59, 140, 193 Mental, iv, 96, 128, 130, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 179, 193, 204, 216 Mental Disorders, 96, 193, 204 Metabolite, 95, 193 Methotrexate, 43, 193 MI, 55, 158, 193 Microbe, 193, 214 Microcalcifications, 166, 193 Microorganism, 169, 193, 199, 218 Microscopy, 43, 79, 183, 193 Mitochondrial Swelling, 193, 195 Modification, 160, 194 Molecular, 53, 129, 131, 160, 171, 194, 215 Molecular Evolution, 194 Molecule, 162, 164, 170, 175, 180, 184, 189, 194, 201, 205 Moniliformis, 66, 194 Monitor, 194, 197, 217 Mononuclear, 178, 187, 194 Mouth Ulcer, 120, 194 Mucins, 194, 208 Mucosa, 191, 194, 211 Multiple sclerosis, 26, 194 Multivalent, 163, 194 Multivariate Analysis, 194 Mutagenesis, 194 Mutagens, 194 Mutate, 194 Mutilation, 120, 195 Myalgia, 156, 187, 195 Mycophenolate mofetil, 70, 78, 195 Myelin, 194, 195, 209 Myelitis, 15, 54, 73, 195 Myeloma, 183, 195 Myocarditis, 174, 195 Myocardium, 193, 195 N Naive, 195 Nasal Mucosa, 187, 195 Nasociliary, 182, 195

212 Chickenpox

Natural killer cells, 22, 195 NCI, 1, 96, 127, 169, 195 Necrosis, 18, 36, 167, 178, 186, 193, 195 Need, 3, 14, 26, 117, 119, 123, 137, 139, 144, 169, 195, 214 Neonatal, 24, 55, 74, 195 Neoplasm, 173, 195 Neoplastic, 192, 195 Nephropathy, 189, 196 Nephrosis, 196 Nephrotic, 43, 44, 196 Nephrotic Syndrome, 43, 44, 196 Nerve, 161, 163, 164, 168, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 182, 187, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 207, 209, 210, 211, 213, 215, 218 Nervous System, 25, 160, 163, 167, 191, 196, 199 Networks, 69, 196 Neural, 160, 183, 196, 204 Neuralgia, 93, 196, 202 Neuritis, 55, 196 Neurologic, 183, 196 Neuromuscular, 196, 197 Neuromuscular Junction, 196, 197 Neuronal, 196, 199 Neurons, 174, 179, 196 Neuroretinitis, 32, 196, 207 Neurotransmitter, 160, 161, 180, 181, 196, 212 Nevus, 120, 196 Nosocomial, 73, 197 Nuclear, 164, 179, 195, 197 Nuclei, 192, 197, 198, 208 Nucleic acid, 166, 172, 194, 197, 205, 217 Nucleus, 163, 194, 197, 211, 213 O Occupational Exposure, 27, 197 Ocular, 182, 197 Odds Ratio, 197 Oedema, 50, 197 Oesophagitis, 14, 32, 37, 197 Open Reading Frames, 13, 197 Ophthalmic, 27, 146, 147, 195, 197, 207 Ophthalmoplegia, 49, 73, 197 Opportunistic Infections, 159, 197 Opsin, 197, 206, 207 Optic Nerve, 196, 198, 206, 207 Optic nerve head, 196, 198 Oral Manifestations, 35, 198 Organ Culture, 198, 214 Orofacial, 119, 120, 198 Osteomyelitis, 56, 72, 198

Oxygenation, 40, 198 Oxygenator, 178, 198 P Pachymeningitis, 193, 198 Palate, 180, 198, 211, 213 Palliative, 198, 213 Palsy, 15, 24, 26, 49, 198 Pancreas, 159, 174, 198 Papilla, 198 Papillary, 120, 198 Papillomavirus, 198 Paralysis, 58, 166, 182, 197, 198, 199 Parasitic, 173, 190, 194, 198 Paresis, 182, 196, 198 Paresthesias, 196, 199 Paroxysmal, 199, 200, 218 Partial remission, 199, 206 Particle, 199, 217 Partnership Practice, 199, 203 Patch, 190, 199 Pathogen, 186, 199, 212 Pathogenesis, 28, 73, 199 Pathologic, 164, 166, 172, 184, 199, 206, 210 Patient Education, 138, 150, 152, 158, 199 Pemphigus, 120, 159, 199 Peptide, 160, 188, 199, 202, 204 Pericardial Effusion, 57, 199 Perineal, 184, 199 Periodontitis, 180, 199 Peripheral Nerves, 189, 199, 200, 202, 210 Peripheral Nervous System, 182, 196, 198, 199, 200, 212 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 182, 200 Peritoneal, 163, 197, 200 Peritoneal Cavity, 163, 197, 200 Pertussis, 89, 138, 200, 218 Pharmacokinetic, 94, 95, 200 Pharmacologic, 161, 200, 214 Pharyngitis, 200, 208 Pharynx, 187, 200, 213 Phenotype, 200 Phenylalanine, 200, 215 Phosphorus, 166, 200, 201 Phosphorylates, 200 Phosphorylation, 200 Photocoagulation, 169, 201 Physical Examination, 139, 201 Physiologic, 164, 201, 203, 205, 206 Physiology, 60, 201, 212 Pigment, 164, 192, 201

Index 213

Pigmentation, 55, 201 Placenta, 201, 203, 216 Plants, 164, 166, 189, 201, 208, 215 Plasma, 13, 48, 162, 182, 195, 201 Plasma cells, 162, 195, 201 Platelets, 201, 213, 214 Pleural, 197, 201 Pleural cavity, 197, 201 Pneumonia, 24, 25, 27, 33, 34, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 60, 62, 72, 75, 78, 79, 80, 171, 201 Pneumonitis, 31, 50, 201 Pneumothorax, 26, 201 Point Mutation, 22, 201 Poisoning, 173, 187, 202 Polyarthritis, 17, 58, 202 Polymerase, 32, 202 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 32, 202 Polymorphic, 57, 202 Polymorphism, 202 Polyneuritis, 174, 202 Polypeptide, 160, 161, 169, 202, 204 Posterior, 161, 163, 168, 175, 198, 202 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 85, 93, 202 Postnatal, 202, 211 Potassium, 202 Practice Guidelines, 130, 140, 202 Precursor, 175, 177, 200, 202, 215 Prednisolone, 54, 203 Prenatal, 37, 58, 176, 203 Presumptive, 63, 203 Prevalence, 197, 203 Prickle, 159, 188, 203 Private Practice, 203 Progesterone, 203, 211 Progression, 161, 203 Progressive, 169, 174, 175, 181, 195, 203, 206 Proline, 169, 184, 203 Promoter, 203 Prophylaxis, 23, 52, 78, 203, 216 Proportional, 177, 199, 203 Prospective study, 51, 203 Prostaglandin, 203, 208 Protease, 12, 204 Protein C, 161, 169, 188, 190, 204, 217 Protein Conformation, 161, 188, 204 Protein Kinases, 204 Protein S, 119, 204 Proteins, 11, 14, 75, 160, 161, 162, 169, 170, 188, 193, 194, 199, 201, 204, 213, 215, 217 Proteinuria, 196, 204 Proteolytic, 170, 204

Protozoan, 167, 173, 204 Pruritic, 190, 204, 208 Pseudorabies, 204 Psychiatry, 26, 49, 204, 212 Psychic, 193, 204, 205, 209 Psychological Adaptation, 92, 204 Psychomotor, 173, 204 Publishing, 11, 205 Pulmonary, 25, 44, 54, 58, 60, 70, 165, 205, 209 Pulmonary Artery, 165, 205 Pulmonary Embolism, 44, 205 Purines, 205, 209 Purpura, 15, 46, 50, 59, 63, 70, 120, 156, 205 Pustular, 186, 205 Pyogenic, 198, 205 Pyridoxal, 205, 215 Pyrimidines, 205, 209 R Radiation, 172, 185, 205, 208, 218 Radioactive, 165, 191, 197, 205, 208 Randomized, 92, 93, 175, 205 Reactivation, 53, 59, 60, 74, 205 Reading Frames, 205 Receptor, 12, 162, 205, 213 Recombinant, 205 Rectum, 162, 165, 170, 174, 179, 186, 189, 206 Red Nucleus, 163, 206 Reductase, 193, 206 Refer, 1, 166, 170, 179, 182, 191, 195, 197, 206, 214 Regimen, 3, 175, 206 Regression Analysis, 4, 206 Reinfection, 53, 206 Remission, 71, 206 Renal failure, 65, 174, 182, 206 Resorption, 184, 206 Respiratory failure, 178, 206 Restoration, 205, 206 Retina, 167, 168, 171, 196, 198, 206, 207, 218 Retinal, 18, 36, 61, 198, 206, 207 Retinal Artery, 207 Retinitis, 25, 207 Retinol, 206, 207 Retinopathy, 35, 201, 207 Rheumatism, 207 Rheumatoid, 71, 207 Rheumatoid arthritis, 71, 207 Rhodopsin, 198, 206, 207

214 Chickenpox

Ribose, 160, 207 Risk factor, 49, 51, 62, 80, 191, 203, 207 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 59, 207 Rods, 206, 207 Rubella, 43, 51, 52, 62, 85, 118, 138, 139, 208 S Salicylates, 140, 208 Salicylic, 208 Salicylic Acids, 208 Saliva, 208 Salivary, 173, 174, 178, 208 Salivary glands, 173, 174, 178, 208 Saponins, 208, 211 Scabies, 23, 208 Scans, 208 Scarlet Fever, 66, 118, 208 Scleroderma, 120, 178, 208 Sclerosis, 194, 208 Screening, 58, 137, 169, 209 Sebaceous, 174, 209, 218 Seizures, 156, 173, 199, 209 Self Care, 159, 209 Sensory loss, 195, 209, 213 Sepsis, 118, 209 Sequela, 209 Sequence Homology, 209 Sequencing, 22, 202, 209 Serine, 209 Serology, 74, 209 Shock, 118, 209, 215 Side effect, 145, 160, 209, 214 Signs and Symptoms, 206, 209 Skeleton, 188, 203, 209 Skull, 172, 209, 213 Smallpox, 27, 34, 38, 41, 69, 83, 209, 216 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 178, 209 Sneezing, 200, 210 Sodium, 210 Soft tissue, 54, 165, 178, 179, 197, 209, 210 Somatic, 183, 199, 210 Spasmodic, 200, 210 Specialist, 143, 174, 210 Species, 87, 160, 173, 176, 177, 183, 198, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218 Spectrum, 210, 217 Spinal cord, 165, 167, 168, 175, 179, 182, 193, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 210 Spinal Cord Diseases, 182, 210 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 195, 210 Spinal Nerves, 199, 200, 210 Spinous, 177, 188, 210

Spirochete, 191, 210, 212 Spleen, 66, 173, 183, 191, 210, 211 Splenomegaly, 187, 211 Staging, 208, 211 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, 118, 211 Staphylococcus, 186, 211 Staphylococcus aureus, 186, 211 Stem Cells, 160, 181, 211, 216 Steroid, 26, 64, 78, 208, 211 Steroid therapy, 78, 211 Stimulus, 187, 189, 199, 211, 213 Stomach, 159, 174, 178, 180, 183, 200, 211 Stomatitis, 120, 211 Strand, 202, 211 Streptococcal, 64, 211 Streptococci, 186, 208, 211 Streptococcus, 178, 211, 212 Stress, 163, 207, 212 Stridor, 173, 212 Stroke, 26, 34, 45, 52, 63, 96, 128, 212 Stromal, 79, 212 Stupor, 139, 189, 212 Subacute, 186, 212 Subclinical, 47, 186, 209, 212 Subcutaneous, 161, 175, 197, 212 Subspecies, 210, 212, 216, 218 Substance P, 193, 212 Substrate, 177, 212 Superinfection, 24, 212 Supplementation, 212 Support group, 212 Syphilis, 62, 118, 120, 212 Systolic, 184, 212 T Taste Buds, 180, 213 Telencephalon, 164, 167, 213 Temporal, 68, 69, 192, 213 Tetani, 213 Tetanic, 213 Tetanus, 138, 139, 213 Thalamic, 163, 213 Thalamic Diseases, 163, 213 Therapeutics, 148, 213 Thermal, 202, 213 Threonine, 209, 213 Threshold, 184, 213 Thrombocytes, 201, 213 Thrombosis, 23, 204, 212, 213 Thrombus, 172, 186, 214 Thrush, 119, 166, 214 Thymus, 185, 191, 214

Index 215

Thyroid, 214, 215 Ticks, 191, 207, 214 Tin, 139, 214 Tissue Culture, 214 Tolerance, 94, 95, 214 Tonsillitis, 123, 208, 214 Tonsils, 214 Topical, 146, 214 Torsion, 186, 214 Toxic, iv, 118, 160, 174, 175, 176, 185, 210, 214, 215 Toxicity, 175, 214 Toxicodendron, 86, 214 Toxicology, 130, 214 Toxin, 174, 213, 214 Trace element, 214, 215 Transaminase, 140, 215 Transfection, 215 Transfer Factor, 185, 215 Translation, 160, 205, 215 Translocation, 215 Transmitter, 215, 217 Transplantation, 21, 29, 30, 70, 71, 78, 169, 185, 192, 215 Trauma, 173, 195, 215 Trees, 160, 214, 215 Tropism, 215 Tuberculosis, 120, 191, 208, 215 TYPHI, 215 Typhoid Fever, 118, 215 Tyrosine, 215 U Ulceration, 194, 216 Ulcerative colitis, 120, 216 Umbilical Arteries, 216 Umbilical Cord, 216 Umbilical cord blood, 216 Unconscious, 185, 216 Uracil, 95, 205, 216 Uremia, 206, 216 Urethra, 216 Urinary, 183, 186, 216 Urine, 164, 186, 204, 216

V Vaccinia, 216, 217 Vaccinia Virus, 216, 217 Vagina, 157, 166, 216 Vaginitis, 166, 216 Vascular, 161, 168, 174, 186, 197, 201, 210, 214, 217 Vasculitis, 25, 45, 61, 75, 161, 217 Vein, 23, 188, 197, 216, 217 Venereal, 212, 217, 218 Venous, 167, 197, 204, 217 Ventricles, 168, 183, 217 Ventricular, 184, 217 Vesicular, 43, 181, 182, 209, 217 Veterinary Medicine, 130, 217 Vidarabine, 63, 75, 147, 217 Video Recording, 123, 217 Videodisc Recording, 217 Villi, 184, 217 Villous, 167, 217 Viral Proteins, 53, 217 Virion, 217 Virulence, 11, 163, 212, 214, 217 Virus Diseases, 51, 217 Virus Replication, 217 Viscera, 42, 210, 218 Vitreous, 168, 206, 218 Vitreous Body, 168, 206, 218 Vitro, 95, 218 Vivo, 192, 218 Vulgaris, 120, 159, 218 W Wakefulness, 173, 218 Wart, 188, 218 White blood cell, 159, 162, 187, 190, 191, 192, 195, 201, 218 Whooping Cough, 200, 218 Withdrawal, 173, 218 X Xenograft, 161, 218 X-ray, 171, 192, 197, 208, 218 Y Yaws, 69, 218 Yeasts, 166, 179, 200, 218

216 Chickenpox

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