Cefadroxil: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

CEFADROXIL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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CEFADROXIL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cefadroxil: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00205-1 1. Cefadroxil-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cefadroxil. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CEFADROXIL ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cefadroxil ...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CEFADROXIL ................................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cefadroxil..................................................................................... 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 28 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CEFADROXIL .......................................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Patents on Cefadroxil................................................................................................................... 31 Patent Applications on Cefadroxil ............................................................................................... 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CEFADROXIL.............................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CEFADROXIL ................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 39 Academic Periodicals covering Cefadroxil ................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 43 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 44 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 57 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 57 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 63 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 63 CEFADROXIL DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 65 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 83

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cefadroxil is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cefadroxil, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cefadroxil, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cefadroxil. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cefadroxil, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cefadroxil. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CEFADROXIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cefadroxil.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cefadroxil, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Randomized Comparative Trial and Cost Analysis of 3-Day Antimicrobial Regimens for Treatment of Acute Cystitis in Women Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 273(1): 41-45. January 4, 1995. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the efficacy, safety, and costs associated with four different 3-day regimens for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women. The prospective randomized trial consisted of treatment with 3-day oral regimens of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 160mg/800mg twice daily, macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin, cefadroxil, or amoxicillin. Six weeks after treatment, 32 (82 percent) of 39 women with acute cystitis treated with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole were cured compared with 22 (61 percent) of 36 treated with nitrofurantoin, 21 (66 percent) of 32 treated with cefadroxil, and 28 (67 percent) of 42

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treated with amoxicillin. Persistence of significant bacteriuria was less common with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefadroxil compared with the other two agents. The authors report on the specific bacterial strains eradicated by each agent, the adverse effects, and cost considerations. They conclude that a 3-day regimen of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole is more effective and less expensive than 3-day regimens of the other three agents considered for treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women. The increased efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is likely related to its antimicrobial effects against E. coli in the rectum, urethra, and vagina. 5 tables. 26 references. (AA-M). •

Saving Face: A Treatment Update for Acne Source: Patient Care. 33(11): 257-258,261-262,264-272,277. June 15, 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with updated information on evaluating and treating acne. Evaluation involves noting the extent to which the skin is affected, obtaining information on the current skin care regimen and use of acne and other medications, asking the patient about occupational and leisure activities, and determining the types of cosmetics and hair care products used. Monotherapy with resorcinol, salicylic acid, and sulfur is often sufficient for comedonal acne. However, none of these compounds is nearly as useful as the topical retinoid tretinoin. Other topical retinoids that are now available are adapalene and tazarotene. Benzoyl peroxide can also be used as monotherapy for comedonal acne. Azelaic acid 20 percent cream is available for topical treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. A very effective strategy is to prescribe benzoyl peroxide plus a topical retinoid. A somewhat gentler combination is benzoyl peroxide or a topical retinoid with a topical antibiotic. The most powerful topical approach for mild inflammatory acne is the gel combination of erythromycin-benzoyl peroxide and a retinoid. An oral antimicrobial, such as tetracycline and erythromycin, should be added to the topical regimen when papules and pustules outnumber comedones and there is some evidence of scarring. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole is an option when acne appears to be resistant to erythromycin or the tetracyclines. Other oral agents include cefadroxil, cephalexin, and ciprofloxacin. Isotretinoin can be prescribed for patients who have severe nodular or conglobate acne or those who have less severe inflammatory acne that does not respond to other agents. Adjunct skin care for acne prone skin includes washing the face twice a day, refraining from touching or squeezing lesions, and using oil free cosmetics and skin care products. 2 figures, 3 tables, and 7 references.

Federally Funded Research on Cefadroxil The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cefadroxil. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cefadroxil. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cefadroxil.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for cefadroxil in the PubMed Central database: •

Clinical Pharmacology of Cefadroxil in Infants and Children. by Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr, Clahsen JC, Thomas ML.; 1978 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352342

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Comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. by Blaser MJ, Klaus BD, Jacobson JA, Kasworm E, LaForce FM.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185131

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Comparison of cefadroxil and cephalothin disk susceptibility test results. by Barry AL, Jones RN.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267594

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Evaluation of cefuroxime axetil and cefadroxil suspensions for treatment of pediatric skin infections. by Jacobs RF, Brown WD, Chartrand S, Darden P, Drehobl MA, Yetman R, Ossi MJ.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192018

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Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil after oral administration in humans. by La Rosa F, Ripa S, Prenna M, Ghezzi A, Pfeffer M.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181879

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4

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Pharmacokinetics of Cefadroxil and Cefaclor During an Eight-Day Dosage Period. by Hampel B, Lode H, Wagner J, Koeppe P.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185721

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Randomized, single-blind evaluation of cefadroxil and phenoxymethyl penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. by Pichichero ME, Disney FA, Aronovitz GH, Talpey WB, Green JL, Francis AB.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284208

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Therapeutic efficacy of cefadroxil and cephalexin for pneumonia in a rat test model. by Chisholm DR, DeRegis RG, Behr DA.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176445

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cefadroxil, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cefadroxil (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinical experience with cefadroxil in upper respiratory tract infection. Author(s): Henness DM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 12535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6754685

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A comparative study of cefadroxil and co-trimoxazole in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Castro M. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3492358

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of cefadroxil and penicillin V in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Author(s): Gerber MA. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3100265

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A comparison of erythromycin and cefadroxil in the prevention of flare-ups from asymptomatic teeth with pulpal necrosis and associated periapical pathosis. Author(s): Morse DR, Furst ML, Lefkowitz RD, D'Angelo D, Esposito JV. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990 May; 69(5): 619-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2185452

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A comprehensive study of cefadroxil and cephalexin in the treatment of soft tissue infections. Author(s): Ballantyne F. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 70-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439509

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A controlled comparative study of penicillin V and cefadroxil therapy of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr, Crow SD, Steinberg JB, Cope F. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 82-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6777212

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A pharmacokinetic comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin after administration of 250, 500 and 1000 mg solution doses. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1996 May; 17(4): 319-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8743403

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A pharmacokinetic comparison of cephalexin and cefadroxil using HPLC assay procedures. Author(s): Welling PG, Selen A, Pearson JG, Kwok F, Rogge MC, Ifan A, Marrero D, Craig WA, Johnson CA. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1985 April-June; 6(2): 147-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4005394

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A randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of cefadroxil and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Bint AJ, Cefai C, McGhie D, Perera BS. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 January; 43(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2686741

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A randomized study of treatment of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis with cefadroxil or phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V). Author(s): Holm SE, Roos K, Stromberg A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1991 October; 10(10 Suppl): S68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1945601

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A review of the bioavailability of cefadroxil. Author(s): Santella PJ, Henness D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142089

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A review of the penetration of cefadroxil into human tissue. Author(s): Quintiliani R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142091

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Ampicillin plus mecillinam vs. cefotaxime/cefadroxil treatment of patients with severe pneumonia or pyelonephritis: a double-blind multicentre study evaluated by intention-to-treat analysis. Author(s): Cronberg S, Banke S, Bruno AM, Carlsson M, Elmrud H, Elowsson S, Josefsson K, Lindholm AC, Montelius H, Neringer R, et al. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995; 27(5): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588136

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An overview of results of world-wide clinical trials with cefadroxil. Author(s): Santella PJ, Tanrisever B, Berman E. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(6): 441-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=363481

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Bactericidal activity of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Author(s): Leitner F, Goodhines RA, Buck RE, Price KE. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1979 July; 32(7): 718-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=541265

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Bioavailability of cefadroxil capsules and suspension in pediatric patients. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 9-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439512

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Bone and wound fluid concentrations of cephalosporins. Oral cefadroxil and parenteral cefuroxime compared in 52 patients with a trochanteric fracture. Author(s): Nungu KS, Larsson S, Wallinder L, Holm S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1995 April; 66(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7740949

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Cefaclor and cefadroxil: a commentary on their properties and possible indications for use in pediatrics. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 February; 96(2): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7351610

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Cefadroxil as an alternative to metronidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Wathne B, Hovelius B, Holst E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989; 21(5): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2685988

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Cefadroxil compared with cefaclor in the treatment of streptococcal pneumonia in adults. Author(s): ZeLuff B, Catchpole M, Lowe P, Koornhof H, Gentry L. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803252

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Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum, gingiva, and mandibular bone following a single oral administration. Author(s): Akimoto Y, Komiya M, Kaneko K, Fujii A. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1994 April; 52(4): 397-400; Discussion 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8133373

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Cefadroxil in hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Author(s): Dubus JC, Michel G, Garcia-Meric P. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2000 August; 83(2): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10950750

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Cefadroxil in skin and skin-structure foot infections: a retrospective review. Author(s): Yu GV, Novicki DC. Source: Adv Ther. 1995 January-February; 12(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10150319

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Cefadroxil

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Cefadroxil in the management of facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin. Author(s): Hanna CB Jr. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991 April; 71(4): 496-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2052337

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Puhakka H, Virolainen E, Eskola J, Holm S. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 99103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142101

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of bronchopneumonia. Author(s): Ayvazian LF, Rock FM, Ramisetti K. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 94-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439513

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. Author(s): Bernhardt LL. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 98-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439514

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of osteomyelitis in children. Author(s): Schwob MF, Jimenez-Shehab M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 106-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439498

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of otitis media. Author(s): Schwob MF. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 103-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439497

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. Author(s): Ballantyne F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6754687

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of soft tissue infections. Author(s): Ballantyne F. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 64-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439508

Studies

11

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Cefadroxil in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children. Author(s): Puhakka H, Virolainen E. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803250

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Cefadroxil kinetics and dynamics in a pediatric patient with acute osteomyelitis. Author(s): Nahata MC, Jackson DS, Powell DA. Source: Chemotherapy. 1990; 36(6): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2292202

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Cefadroxil kinetics in patients with impaired renal function. Author(s): Cutler R. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 17-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439499

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Cefadroxil kinetics in patients with renal insufficiency. Author(s): Cutler RE, Blair AD, Kelly MR. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1979 May; 25(5 Pt 1): 514-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=436355

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Cefadroxil monohydrate versus erythromycin in paediatric patients. Author(s): Trujillo H. Source: J Int Med Res. 1981; 9(2): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7227625

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Cefadroxil once daily for three or seven days versus amoxycillin for seven days in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Author(s): Sandberg T, Henning C, Iwarson S, Paulsen O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985; 17(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3887560

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Cefadroxil reduces the production of IgE in a 3 year old asthmatic with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Tang AT, Lau YL, Jones B, Halpern GM, Yeung CY. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1993 July-August; 21(4): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8237716

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Cefadroxil single-dose long and short therapy versus amoxicillin in female urinary tract infections. Author(s): Henning C, Iwarson S, Paulsen O, Sandberg T. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142097

12

Cefadroxil

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Cefadroxil treatment of infections of the ears, nose and throat. Author(s): Federspil P, Wilhelm HJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142088

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Cefadroxil versus penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Author(s): Milatovic D, Knauer J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 April; 8(4): 282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2496998

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Cefadroxil. A review of its antibacterial, pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties in comparison with cephalexin and cephradine. Author(s): Tanrisever B, Santella PJ. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 1-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3542485

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Cefadroxil: a new oral cephalosporin. Author(s): Olin BR. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1980 June; 132(6): 86-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7391652

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Cefadroxil-induced ampicillin-exacerbated pemphigus vulgaris: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Wilson JP, Koren JF, Daniel RC 3rd, Chapman SW. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1986 March; 20(3): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3956380

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Clinical comparison of cefadroxil, new oral cephalosporin, and cephalexin in uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Author(s): Bolding OT. Source: Urology. 1978 September; 12(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=360561

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Clinical comparison of cefuroxime axetil, cephalexin and cefadroxil in the treatment of patients with primary infections of the skin or skin structures. Author(s): Gooch WM 3rd, Kaminester L, Cole GW, Binder R, Morman MR, Swinehart JM, Wisniewski M, Yilmaz HM, Collins JJ. Source: Dermatologica. 1991; 183(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1769413

Studies

13

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Clinical comparison of once-daily cefadroxil and thrice-daily cefaclor in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Randolph MF. Source: Chemotherapy. 1988; 34(6): 512-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243093

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Clinical experience with cefadroxil in upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Mercado FF, Santella PJ, Fernandez CA. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(4): 271-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=357229

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Clinical pharmacology of cefadroxil in infants and children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr, Clahsen JC, Thomas ML. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 May; 13(5): 845-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=666305

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Comparative antibacterial spectrum of cefadroxil. Author(s): Leitner F, McGregor MC, Pursiano TA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142084

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Comparative bioavailability of two cefadroxil formulations in healthy human volunteers after a single-dose administration. Author(s): Oliveira CH, Salmon J, Sucupira M, Ilha J, De Nucci G. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 2000 September; 21(6): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11304723

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Comparative effects of cefadroxil and phenoxymethylpenicillin on the normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. Author(s): Adamsson I, Edlund C, Sjostedt S, Nord CE. Source: Infection. 1997 May-June; 25(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9181382

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Comparative efficacy of cefadroxil and cefaclor in the treatment of skin and softtissue infections. Author(s): Ballantyne FN. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1985; 7(4): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4016827

14

Cefadroxil

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Comparative evaluation of cefadroxil and cephalexin in children and adolescents with pyodermas. Cefadroxil Once Daily Pyoderma Study Group. Author(s): Linder CW, Nelson K, Paryani S, Stallworth JR, Blumer JL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 January-February; 15(1): 46-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8458054

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Comparative human oral clinical pharmacology of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine. Author(s): Pfeffer M, Jackson A, Ximenes J, de Menezes JP. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1977 February; 11(2): 331-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=848940

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Comparative pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil, cefaclor, cephalexin and cephradine in infants and children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142090

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Comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalexin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, and CGP 9000. Author(s): Lode H, Stahlmann R, Koeppe P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1979 July; 16(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475366

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Comparative safety and efficacy of clarithromycin and cefadroxil suspensions in the treatment of mild to moderate skin and skin structure infections in children. Author(s): Hebert AA, Still JG, Reuman PD. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 December; 12(12 Suppl 3): S112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8295811

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Comparative study of the penetration of penicillin V and cefadroxil into tonsils in man. Author(s): Holm SE, Ekedahl C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6815160

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Comparison of azithromycin and cefadroxil for the treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. Author(s): Jennings MB, McCarty JM, Scheffler NM, Puopolo AD, Rothermel CD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 September; 72(3): 240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533837

Studies

15

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Comparison of cefadroxil and ampicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infections in children. Author(s): Malaka-Zafiriu K, Papadopoulos F, Avgoustidou-Savopoulou P, Papachristos F. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1984; 6(2): 178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705012

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Comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Author(s): Blaser MJ, Klaus BD, Jacobson JA, Kasworm E, LaForce FM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983 August; 24(2): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6605713

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Comparison of cefadroxil and cephalexin therapies in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. Author(s): Kramer RI. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142085

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Comparison of pharmacological and antimicrobial properties of cefadroxil and cephalexin. Author(s): Hartstein AI, Patrick KE, Jones SR, Miller MJ, Bryant RE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1977 July; 12(1): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=883822

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of cefadroxil and cephalexin in treating acute urinary tract infections in woman. Author(s): Bolding OT. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 34-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439503

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Comparison of twice-daily cefadroxil with four-times-daily cephalexin in paediatric respiratory infections. Author(s): Windorfer A, Trujillo H, Bauer P. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142100

16

Cefadroxil

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Concentrations of ampicillin and cefadroxil in human serum and mixed saliva following a single oral administration of talampicillin and cefadroxil, and relationships between serum and mixed saliva concentrations. Author(s): Akimoto Y, Nishimura H, Komiya M, Shibata T, Kaneko K, Fujii A, Tamura T. Source: General Pharmacology. 1985; 16(3): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4018542

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Concentrations of phenoxymethylpenicillin and cefadroxil in tonsillar tissue and tonsillar surface fluid. Author(s): Stromberg A, Friberg U, Cars O. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987 October; 6(5): 525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3125047

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Determination of cefadroxil in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with cephradine as internal standard. Author(s): Lindgren K. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 January 23; 413: 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3558690

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Dose-dependent absorption and elimination of cefadroxil in man. Author(s): Garrigues TM, Martin U, Peris-Ribera JE, Prescott LF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 41(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1743250

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Double-blind randomized study of oral temafloxacin and cefadroxil in patients with mild to moderately severe bacterial skin infections. Author(s): Neldner KH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 December 30; 91(6A): 111S-114S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1662879

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Efficacy and safety of cefadroxil in bacterial pharyngitis. Author(s): Beisel L. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 87-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439511

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Efficacy and safety of cefadroxil. Author(s): Gordon WE. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1978 March; 76(3): 121-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=632656

Studies

17

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Efficacy of a twice-daily regimen of cefadroxil in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Quintiliani R. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803253

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Efficacy of cephalexin two vs. three times daily vs. cefadroxil once daily for streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Author(s): Curtin CD, Casey JR, Murray PC, Cleary CT, Hoeger WJ, Marsocci SM, Murphy ML, Francis AB, Pichichero ME. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 July-August; 42(6): 519-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921453

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Erythromycin versus cefadroxil in the treatment of skin infections. Author(s): Heskel NS, Siepman NC, Pichotta PJ, Green EM, Stoll RW. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 31(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1559738

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Evaluation of cefadroxil and cephalexin in oral prophylaxis of postoperative sepsis. Author(s): Sgarlato TE. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1984 November; 74(11): 538-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6501773

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Evaluation of cefadroxil in complicated and uncomplicated infections of the upper and lower urinary tract. Author(s): Flores E, Hochberg K, Rangel-Guerra R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142096

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Evaluation of cefadroxil, penicillin and erythromycin in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Author(s): Milatovic D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1991 October; 10(10 Suppl): S61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1945599

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Evaluation of cefuroxime axetil and cefadroxil suspensions for treatment of pediatric skin infections. Author(s): Jacobs RF, Brown WD, Chartrand S, Darden P, Drehobl MA, Yetman R, Ossi MJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 August; 36(8): 1614-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1416842

18

Cefadroxil

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First-derivative spectrophotometric and LC determination of cefuroxime and cefadroxil in urine. Author(s): El-Gindy A, El Walily AF, Bedair MF. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2000 August 15; 23(2-3): 341-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10933526

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Five versus ten days treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial with phenoxymethylpenicillin and cefadroxil. Author(s): Stromberg A, Schwan A, Cars O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988; 20(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3129780

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In vitro effect on group A streptococci of loracarbef versus cefadroxil, cefaclor and penicillin V. Author(s): Kamme C, Petersson AC. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993; 25(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8460347

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In vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to cefadroxil-a cephalosporin antibiotic. Author(s): Selvakumar N, Kumar V, Paramasivan CN. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1997 February; 105: 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9055496

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Influence of dosage form and administration route on the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefadroxil. Author(s): Marino EL, Dominguez-Gil A, Muriel C. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1982 February; 20(2): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7061182

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Influence of dose on the pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil. Author(s): Marino EL, Dominguez-Gil A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 November; 18(6): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7461017

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In-vitro enhancement of leukotriene B4 receptor expression on human neutrophils by cefadroxil. Author(s): Knoller J, Brom J, Schonfeld W, Konig W. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1990 April; 25(4): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2161822

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Laboratory studies with BL-S 578 (Cefadroxil) a new broad-spectrum orally active cephalosporin. Author(s): Ripa S, Prenna M. Source: Chemotherapy. 1979; 25(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=33784

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Linezolid versus cefadroxil in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections in children. Author(s): Wible K, Tregnaghi M, Bruss J, Fleishaker D, Naberhuis-Stehouwer S, Hilty M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 April; 22(4): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690270

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Liquid-chromatographic determination of five orally active cephalosporins--cefixime, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine--in human serum. Author(s): McAteer JA, Hiltke MF, Silber BM, Faulkner RD. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 October; 33(10): 1788-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665031

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Once daily cefadroxil therapy for pyoderma. Author(s): Hains CS, Johnson SE, Nelson KG. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1989 September; 8(9): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2677958

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Once daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with cefadroxil. Author(s): Gerber MA, Randolph MF, Chanatry J, Wright LL, Anderson LR, Kaplan EL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1986 September; 109(3): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3091801

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Once-daily cefadroxil versus oral penicillin in the pediatric treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Goldfarb J, Lemon E, O'Horo J, Blumer JL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 10(2): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3273865

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Once-daily cefadroxil versus twice-daily cefaclor for treatment of acute urinary tract infections in children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH, Petruska M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142094

20

Cefadroxil

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Oral cefadroxil in the treatment of bone and joint infections in children and adults. Author(s): Jimenez-Shehab M, Barragan A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 14952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6821596

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Oral cefadroxil prophylaxis in hip fracture surgery. Serum concentrations studied in 17 patients. Author(s): Nungu KS, Bengtsson S, Olerud C, Rehnberg L, Larsson S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1992 February; 63(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1738968

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Oral once-daily cefadroxil compared with ampicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infection in children. Author(s): Malaka-Zafiriu K, Papadopoulos F, Augoustidousavvopoulou P, Papachristos F, Cassimos C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142093

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Penetration and concentration of cefadroxil in sputum, lung and pleural fluid. Author(s): Nightingale CH. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803249

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Penicillin versus cefadroxil for streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Ponte CD, Vasquez AM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1987 April; 110(4): 663. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3559822

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Pharmacokinetic and bacteriological study of cefadroxil-salicylate and josamycinsalicylate drug regimens. Author(s): Dellamonica P, Garraffo R, Etesse-Carsenti H, Bernard E, Mondain V. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1993; 13(1): 11-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8509232

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Pharmacokinetic parameters and killing rates in serum of volunteers receiving amoxicillin, cefadroxil or cefixime alone or associated with niflumic acid or paracetamol. Author(s): Carsenti-Etesse H, Farinotti R, Durant J, Roger PM, De Salvador F, Bernard E, Rouveix B, Dellamonica P. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1998 July-September; 23(3): 357-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9842977

Studies

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Pharmacokinetic study of cefadroxil following single and repeated doses. Author(s): Brisson AM, Fourtillan JB. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142087

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Pharmacokinetics and clinical studies with cefadroxil in paediatrics. Author(s): Windorfer A, Bauer P. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142099

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Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil after oral administration in humans. Author(s): La Rosa F, Ripa S, Prenna M, Ghezzi A, Pfeffer M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1982 February; 21(2): 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7073267

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Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil and cefaclor during an eight-day dosage period. Author(s): Hampel B, Lode H, Wagner J, Koeppe P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1982 December; 22(6): 1061-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7159069

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Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil in normal subjects and in patients with renal insufficiency. Author(s): Humbert G, Leroy A, Fillastre JP, Godin M. Source: Chemotherapy. 1979; 25(4): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=456077

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Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil in patients with impaired renal function. Author(s): Leroy A, Humbert G, Godin M, Fillastre JP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142092

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Prophylaxis with oral cefadroxil versus intravenous cefuroxime in trochanteric fracture surgery. A clinical multicentre study. Author(s): Nungu KS, Olerud C, Rehnberg L, Larsson S, Nordell P, Allvin I, Bengtsson S, Wallinder L, Hedin G. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1995; 114(6): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588960

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Cefadroxil

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Randomised double-blind study of norfloxacin and cefadroxil in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. Author(s): Sandberg T, Englund G, Lincoln K, Nilsson LG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1990 May; 9(5): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2197091

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Randomized, comparative study of oral cefadroxil and cephalexin in lower respiratory infections in adults. Author(s): Weingarten C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 10913. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142086

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Randomized, comparative, open study of cefadroxil administered once or twice daily in urinary tract infections. Author(s): Rugendorff EW. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142095

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Randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of oral cefditoren 200 or 400 mg BID with either cefuroxime 250 mg BID or cefadroxil 500 mg BID for the treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections. Author(s): Bucko AD, Hunt BJ, Kidd SL, Hom R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 July; 24(7): 1134-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182257

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Randomized, single-blind evaluation of cefadroxil and phenoxymethyl penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Pichichero ME, Disney FA, Aronovitz GH, Talpey WB, Green JL, Francis AB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1987 June; 31(6): 903-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3113329

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Rediscovering pharmacological values in antimicrobial therapy. Cefadroxil in perspective. Author(s): Blumer JL, Goldfarb J. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: V-Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803248

Studies

23

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Serum levels and urinary excretion in humans of BL-S 578 (cefadroxil), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin. Author(s): Prenna M, Ripa S. Source: Chemotherapy. 1980; 26(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7363712

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The in-vitro activity of cefadroxil, and the interpretation of disc-susceptibility testing. Author(s): Casewell MW, Bragman SG. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1987 May; 19(5): 597-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3610900

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The in-vitro activity of ceftibuten against 475 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli, compared with cefuroxime and cefadroxil. Author(s): Bragman SG, Casewell MW. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1990 February; 25(2): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2329100

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The pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil associated with probenecid. Author(s): Marino EL, Dominguez-Gil A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1981 November; 19(11): 506-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6795136

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The role of cefadroxil in the therapy of urinary tract infections. Author(s): Wilber RB, DeRegis RG, Fox EJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142098

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The use of cefadroxil in the treatment of acute orofacial infections. Author(s): Cumming CG, Ross PW, Smith GF, Lough H, Moyes A. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1984 September; 12(3): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6593339

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The use of cefadroxil suspension in children. Author(s): Bannon JA, Foradori GT, Schrogie JJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 15360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6815161

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Cefadroxil

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Therapy for pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: a meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of cefadroxil monohydrate versus oral penicillin V. Author(s): Deeter RG, Kalman DL, Rogan MP, Chow SC. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 September-October; 14(5): 740-54. Erratum In: Clin Ther 1994 January-February; 16(1): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1468091

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Tissue and fluid concentrations of cefadroxil monohydrate. Author(s): Bernhardt LL. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439507

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Treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis with cefadroxil. Author(s): Kaminszczik I. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803251

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Treatment of acute urinary tract infections with cefadroxil administered once daily. Author(s): Lewis G. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 29-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439502

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Treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A comparative double-blind study with cotrimoxazole and cefadroxil. Author(s): Ruiz J, Garcia J, Martinez ML, Navarro A, Cuatrecasas JM, Morera J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1984; 4(5): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6394515

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Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections with cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin. Author(s): Cordero A. Source: J Int Med Res. 1976; 4(3): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1026545

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Treatment of urinary infections with cefadroxil: controlled comparison of highcompliance oral dosage regimens. Author(s): Hausman MS. Source: Urology. 1980 January; 15(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6986067

Studies

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Treatment of urinary tract infections with cefadroxil, a new cephalosporin. Author(s): Hausman MS. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(Suppl 1): 21-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439501

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Variable in vitro activity of cefaclor, cephalothin and cefadroxil against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Author(s): Larsson P, Lincoln K, Lind L, Sandberg T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988; 20(4): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3057617

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CEFADROXIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cefadroxil.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cefadroxil The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

28

Cefadroxil

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cefadroxil” (or a synonym): •

Utility of mixture of commercially available polymers as constituents of sustainedrelease microcapsules containing cefadroxil or theophylline. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Uchida, T Yasutake, T Goto, S Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1992 February; 40(2): 463-6 0009-2363

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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31

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CEFADROXIL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cefadroxil” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cefadroxil, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cefadroxil By performing a patent search focusing on cefadroxil, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Cefadroxil

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cefadroxil: •

Cefadroxil acetylcysteinate salt Inventor(s): Broggi; Renato (Milan, IT), Falciani; Marco (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Dobfar S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 4,354,023 Date filed: March 4, 1981 Abstract: Salts of cefadroxil with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Llysine, L-arginine and acetylcysteine. Said salts are obtained by reacting an aqueous suspension of cefadroxil with an aqueous solution of an amino acid or its derivative, selected from the group consisting of L-lysine, L-arginine and acetylcysteine. To isolate the salt, the aqueous solution is submitted to lyophilization. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel cefadroxil salts with amino acids, said salts having antibiotic activity. Cefadroxil is a well known antibiotic, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,741. It is usually administered orally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04354023__

•

Cefadroxil monohydrate tablet formulation Inventor(s): Remon; Jean Paul Louis Auguste (Ghent, BE) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,080,427 Date filed: March 17, 1998 Excerpt(s): This invention relates to uncoated direct compression tablets containing cefadroxil monohydrate as the active ingredient, which are capable of oral administration to human beings by swallowing, chewing or disintegrating in water resulting in a drinkable dispersion. Solid dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules, have been used for many years for orally administering a medicine to a human being. A problem occurring is the need to protect certain active substances against loss of substance, of potency and/or physico-chemical characteristics due to contact with the atmosphere, recrystallization and/or sublimation. For this purpose, several devices have been constructed, such as sugar-coated, film-coated and compression-coated tablets, capsules and micro-capsules. The latter are quite expensive to produce and also tend to decreased bioavailability, while the other forms of protection hitherto devised, almost by definition, were to be considered incompatible with the principle of the dispersible tablet, i.e. the ability to rapidly disintegrate in water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080427__

Patents 33

•

Method for the preparation of monohydrate Inventor(s): Dall'Asta; Leone (Pavia, IT), Ratti; Luigi (Bergamo, IT) Assignee(s): Biochimica Opos SpA (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,003,064 Date filed: February 23, 1989 Abstract: Cefadroxil monohydrate is prepared by solubilizing 7-[D-(-)-.alpha.benzyloxycarbonylamino-.alpha.-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido ]-3-methyl-3-cephem-4carboxylic acid by silylation or by salification in an organic solvent, subjecting the solubilized acid in the solvent to catalytic hydrogenation, separating the catalyst from the solution, and adding water to the solution at a pH of about 4 to precipitate cefadroxil monohydrate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 7-[D(-).alpha.-amino-.alpha.-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3-methyl-3-cephe m-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate. (d) forming the desired monohydrate I either by bringing the solution pH to a higher value and forming a solvate with dimethylformamide, from which cefadroxil monohydrate is thereafter isolated; or (2) or by raising the pH of the solution and isolating the product by treatment with water. It has been now found that it is possible to obtain cefadroxil monohydrate directly, without preparing an intermediate solvate and by lowering rather than raising the pH of the solution, by hydrogenolysis of solubilized 7-[D(-)-.alpha.-benzyloxycarbonylamino-.alpha.-(phydroxyphenyl)acetamido] -3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (the acid is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,752). And, after removal of the hydrogenolysis catalyst, the monohydrate is isolated by precipitation with water, optionally acidified. It has been further found that, by this method, the cefadroxil monohydrate is obtained in excellent yields without need of special purification operations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05003064__

•

Process for preparing crystalline dimethylformamide solvate

cefadroxil

hemihydrate

from

cefadroxil

Inventor(s): Kumar; Yatendra (Haryana, IN), Singh; Shailendra Kumar (Haryana, IN) Assignee(s): Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,337,396 Date filed: December 13, 1999 Abstract: A method for preparing crystalline cefadroxil hemihydrate from cefadroxil dimethyl formamide solvate using a mixture of a lower alkanol and water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing crystalline cefadroxil hemihydrate. Cefadroxil is chemically 7-[D-.alpha.-amino-.alpha.-(phydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3-methyl-3-cephem-4 -carboxylic acid. It is a well-known antibiotic substance having antibacterial activity and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,752. U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,741 discloses preparation of cefadroxil by acylation of 7aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid with the mixed anhydride of D-(-)-.alpha.-(phydroxyphenyl)glycine when the latter's.alpha.-amino group has been blocked with a.beta.-keto compound such as methyl acetoacetate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,657 claims a different form of cefadroxil that is the crystalline form of cefadroxil, known as cefadroxil monohydrate having a well-defined X-ray diffraction pattern. This crystalline

34

Cefadroxil

cefadroxil monohydrate is obtained aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid hydroxyphenyl)acetyl chloride hydrochloride.

by acylation of silylated 7with D(-).alpha.-amino-.alpha.-(p-

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06337396__ •

Production of cephalosporins Inventor(s): Johnson; David A. (Fayetteville, NY), Sapino; Chester (East Syracuse, NY), Silvestri; Herbert H. (Dewitt, NY), Walker; Derek (Jamesville, NY) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,223,135 Date filed: March 19, 1979 Abstract: In the preferred embodiment of the present invention trimethylsilyl 7trimethylsilyloxycarbonylaminodecephalosporanate was prepared by bubbling dry carbon dioxide into an anhydrous solution of trimethylsilyl 6trimethylsilylaminodecephalosporanate and found to be a useful intermediate in the production of cefadroxil and cephalexin by its acylation in anhydrous media with the appropriate 2-phenylglycyl chloride hydrochloride. Other cephalosporins are produced by acylation of 7-trimethylsilyloxycarbonylaminoceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acids or esters having a variety of substituents at the 3-position. Excerpt(s): The chemical processes of the present invention produce antibacterial agents of the class commonly called cephalosporins or intermediates for said production. The patent literature alone contains a large number of disclosures of the production of cephalosporins by the reaction with a silylated nucleus [such as 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) or 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid] of a sidechain acid in the form of its acid chloride. When that acid contains a free amino group such group is preferably blocked, as by protonation, and so use is made, for example, of 2-phenylglycylchloride hydrochloride to make cephalexin. The 4-carboxyl group of the nucleus may be blocked by silylation or by esterification. Some examples of such patents are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,671,449, 3,694,437, 3,741,959, 3,957,773, 3,965,098, 4,051,131 and U.K. Pat. No. 1,073,530. In many instances the 3-acetoxy group of 7-ACA has been displaced before acylation by a heterocyclic thiol, e.g. ceforanide (U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,346 and see the description of prior art therein), cefatrizine (U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,380), cefaparole (U.S. Pat. No. 3,641,021), cefazolin (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,516,997 and 3,819,623), cefazaflur (U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,037) and the like or by other types of thiols as reviewed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,928,336. Siloxycarbonylamino derivatives are indexed under silanol, carbamic acid and under Ncarboxy derivatives of compounds as the trimethylsilyl ester. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04223135__

•

Substantially anhydrous crystalline cefadroxil and method for producing it Inventor(s): Marsili; Leonardo (Segrate, IT) Assignee(s): Rifar S.R.L. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,329,001 Date filed: January 27, 1992

Patents 35

Abstract: The invention relates to a substantially anhydrous crystalline cefadroxil having a water content between about 0.8% and 3.9%.Such cefadroxil is obtained slurrying a cefadroxil solvate of dimethylacetamide, or of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or of monomethylformamide, with isopropyl alcohol with up to 4% of water and preferably in the presence of methanol in an amount lower than 60%, at a temperature of about +45.degree. C. to +55.degree. C. and then filtering the so obtained compound. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel crystalline cefadroxil and to a method for producing it. Cefadroxil is a well known antibiotic substance having antibacterial activity. It is disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,752 according to which it is obtained by acylation of 7-ADCA with an amino-protected derivative of D(-)alpha-p-hydroxyphenylglycine. U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,741 discloses the preparation of cefadroxil by acylation of 7-ADCA with a mixed anhydride of D-(-)-alpha-phydroxyphenylglycine when the latter's alpha-amino group has been blocked with a beta-keto compound such as methyl acetoacetate. The reaction mixture is first added to water and then dimethylformamide is added to the aqueous mixture to precipitate a crystallized solvate of cefadroxil having a H.sub.2 O content of more than 3% which, after filtration, is slurried in 90% methanol. U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,657 describes and claims a different form of cefadroxil, which is the crystalline cefadroxil monohydrate having a well defined X-ray diffraction pattern characterizing said compound. This crystalline cefadroxil monohydrate is obtained (see also the U.S. Pat. No. Re. 31,730) by acylation of silylated 7-ADCA with D(-)-alpha-p-hydroxyphenylglycine chloride hydrochloride. The reaction mixture is added first to water and then dimethylformamide is added to precipitate the dimethylformamide solvate, which, after filtration, is treated in water with a water/solvent mixture to form the solvate. The desired final compound is then precipitated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05329001__

Patent Applications on Cefadroxil As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cefadroxil: •

Process for the preparation of cefadroxil Inventor(s): Das, Gautam Kumar; (Chennai, IN), Deshpande, Pramod Narayan; (Chennai, IN), Sarangdhar, Rajendra Janardan; (Chennai, IN), Tharial, Peter Xavier; (Tamilnadu, IN) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge, Plc; P.O. Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20040077849 Date filed: December 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of cefadroxil of the formula (I), more particularly, the present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of cefadroxil having water content in the range of 4-5%. 1

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

36

Cefadroxil

Excerpt(s): Cefadroxil is chemically known as 7-[D-.alpha.-amino-.alpha.-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. It is a well-known antibiotic substance having antibacterial activity and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,752. U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,741 discloses a process for the preparation of cefadroxil by acylation of 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) with the mixed anhydride of D-(-)-.alpha.-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,160,863 and 4,504,657 discloses a process for the preparation of crystalline cefadroxil monohydrate having a well-defined X-ray diffraction pattern. This crystalline cefadroxil monohydrate is obtained by acylation of silylated 7-ADCA acid with D(-).alpha.-amino-.alpha.-(phydroxyphenyl)acetyl chloride hydrochloride, cleaving the silyl groups of the acylated product by hydrolysis or alcoholysis, adjusting the pH of the solution with excess DMF to form DMF solvate, dissolving the DMF solvate in acidified water or mixture of acidified water and acetonitrile and precipitating the cefadroxil monohydrate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,938 discloses a method of preparing cefadroxil monohydrate which comprises, slurring cefadroxil solvate with isopropyl alcohol containing from about 6% to 18% of water and isolating the crystalline monohydrate by filtration. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cefadroxil, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cefadroxil. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cefadroxil. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

37

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CEFADROXIL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cefadroxil. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cefadroxil include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cefadroxil” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cefadroxil” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cefadroxil” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

In the matter of certain crystalline cefadroxil monohydrate temporary relief proceeding : investigation no. 337-TA-293 (decision: 54 Fed. reg. 26114) (June 21, 1989) (SuDoc ITC 1.12:337-TA-293) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B0001040F0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001040F0/icongroupinterna

39

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CEFADROXIL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cefadroxil.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cefadroxil is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cefadroxil. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cefadroxil” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cefadroxil: •

Ranbaxy gets US FDA nod for Cefadroxil dosage Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 27, 2003

•

Ascent Pediatrics To Market Bristol-Myers' Cefadroxil To Pediatricians Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 1998

40

Cefadroxil

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cefadroxil” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cefadroxil, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cefadroxil” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Cefadroxil Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cefadroxil. In addition to

Periodicals and News

41

these sources, you can search for articles covering cefadroxil that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cefadroxil. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cefadroxil. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

44

Cefadroxil

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cefadroxil: Cephalosporins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ancef; Ceclor; Ceclor CD; Cedax; Cefadyl; Cefditoren; Cefizox; Cefobid; Cefotan; Ceftin; Cefzil; Ceptaz; Claforan; Duricef; Fortaz; Keflex; Keftab; Kefurox; Kefzol; Mandol; Maxipime; Mefoxin; Monocid; Omnicef; Rocephin; Tazicef; Tazidime; Vantin; Velosef; Zinacef http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202119.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

45

APPENDICES

47

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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Cefadroxil

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 11

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Cefadroxil

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway13

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 685 1 745 6 4 1441

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 17 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 13 14

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 18

19

53

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cefadroxil can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cefadroxil. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cefadroxil. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cefadroxil”:

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Cefadroxil

Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Gonorrhea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cefadroxil. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cefadroxil. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cefadroxil. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cefadroxil. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cefadroxil” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cefadroxil”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cefadroxil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cefadroxil” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

57

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

59

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

63

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

65

CEFADROXIL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form

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proteins. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or

Dictionary 67

bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopneumonia: A name given to an inflammation of the lungs which usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. These become clogged with a mucopurulent exudate forming consolidated patches in adjacent lobules. The disease is frequently secondary in character, following infections of the upper respiratory tract, specific infectious fevers, and debilitating diseases. In infants and debilitated persons of any age it may occur as a primary affection. Called also bronchial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchoalveolitis, bronchopneumonitis, catarrhal pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, capillary bronchitis and vesicular bronchiolitis.

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[EU]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, cephalexin derivative. [NIH] Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by betalactamases. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH]

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Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH]

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Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers:

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1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH]

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Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]

Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

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subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Josamycin: A macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces narbonensis. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with

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application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]

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Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. [NIH] Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and longterm suppression. [NIH] Norfloxacin: Quinoline-derived synthetic antibacterial agent with a very broad spectrum of action. Oral administration yields highly bactericidal plasma, tissue, and urine levels. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase and is used in gastrointestinal, eye, and urinary infections. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH]

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Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU]

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Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive

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error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and

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the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublimation: A defense mechanism through which unacceptable impulses and instinctive urges are diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels; e.g., aggression may be diverted through sports activities. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

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Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talampicillin: An ester of ampicillin which is readily hydrolysed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

Dictionary 81

pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]

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Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH]

83

INDEX A Acetylcysteine, 32, 65 Acne, 4, 65, 67, 81 Acne Vulgaris, 4, 65, 81 Acremonium, 65, 68 Acute renal, 65, 72 Acyl, 65, 71 Acylation, 33, 34, 35, 36, 65 Adenosine, 65, 80 Adolescence, 65, 75 Adverse Effect, 4, 65, 78 Aerosol, 65, 80 Algorithms, 65, 67 Alimentary, 65, 75 Alternative medicine, 40, 65 Amebiasis, 65, 74 Amino Acids, 32, 65, 68, 71, 76, 77, 80, 81 Amoxicillin, 3, 11, 20, 66 Ampicillin, 8, 12, 15, 16, 20, 66, 80 Anaerobic, 66, 82 Analgesic, 66, 75 Analog, 66, 68 Anhydrous, 34, 35, 66 Anions, 66, 76 Antagonism, 66, 80 Antibacterial, 12, 13, 33, 34, 35, 36, 66, 75, 76, 79 Antibiotic, 4, 18, 32, 33, 35, 36, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 79, 80, 81 Antibody, 66, 72 Antigen, 66, 72 Anti-infective, 66, 75, 79 Anti-inflammatory, 66, 75, 78 Antimicrobial, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 66, 68, 69, 70, 73 Antiviral, 65, 66 Aqueous, 32, 35, 66, 67, 70 Arginine, 32, 66 Assay, 7, 66 Asymptomatic, 7, 65, 66 Azithromycin, 14, 66 B Bacteria, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 74, 78, 79, 81, 82 Bactericidal, 8, 67, 75 Bacteriostatic, 67, 71 Bacterium, 67, 72, 80 Bacteriuria, 4, 67

Base, 67, 73 Benzoyl Peroxide, 4, 67 Beta-Lactamases, 67, 68 Bioavailability, 8, 13, 32, 67, 80 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 40, 49, 67 Bladder, 67, 69, 70, 81 Blister, 67, 75 Blood vessel, 67, 71, 72, 77, 79, 80, 82 Broad-spectrum, 19, 66, 67, 68 Bronchi, 67, 80 Bronchial, 67, 80 Bronchioles, 67 Bronchiolitis, 67 Bronchitis, 7, 24, 67 Bronchopneumonia, 10, 67 C Capillary, 67, 68 Capsules, 8, 32, 68, 70 Carbon Dioxide, 34, 68, 78 Carboxy, 34, 68 Carboxylic Acids, 34, 68 Carcinogen, 68, 74 Case report, 12, 68, 69 Cefatrizine, 34, 68 Cefazolin, 34, 68 Cefixime, 19, 20, 68 Cefotaxime, 8, 68 Cefuroxime, 5, 9, 12, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 68 Cell, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78 Cellulitis, 10, 68 Central Nervous System, 68, 80 Cephalexin, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 34, 68 Cephaloridine, 68 Cephalosporins, 9, 19, 34, 44, 67, 68 Cephalothin, 5, 25, 68 Cephradine, 8, 12, 14, 16, 19, 68 Character, 67, 69 Chromatin, 69, 75 Chronic, 7, 24, 65, 69, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82 Ciprofloxacin, 4, 69 Clarithromycin, 14, 69 Clinical study, 69 Clinical trial, 5, 8, 49, 69, 70, 77 Cloning, 67, 69 Colloidal, 69, 80

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Compliance, 24, 69 Computational Biology, 49, 69 Connective Tissue, 68, 69 Contraindications, ii, 69 Controlled clinical trial, 18, 69 Cortex, 69, 75 Cryptosporidiosis, 66, 69 Curative, 69, 80 Cyclic, 69, 80 Cysteine, 65, 69, 80 Cystitis, 3, 70 Cytoplasm, 70, 75 D Decubitus, 70, 79 Decubitus Ulcer, 70, 79 Detergents, 70, 79 Diagnostic procedure, 31, 40, 70 Diaphragm, 70, 76 Dimethyl, 33, 70 Direct, iii, 32, 43, 70, 71, 72, 77 Diuresis, 70, 80 Dosage Forms, 32, 70 Double-blind, 8, 16, 22, 24, 70 Drug Interactions, 44, 70 Dyes, 70, 75 E Efficacy, 3, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 70 Endotoxins, 70, 73 Environmental Health, 48, 50, 70 Enzymatic, 70, 71 Enzyme, 70, 72, 82 Epidermis, 67, 70, 75, 77 Erythromycin, 4, 7, 11, 17, 66, 69, 71 Esterification, 34, 71 Exudate, 67, 71 F Facial, 10, 71 Family Planning, 49, 71 Fat, 70, 71, 73, 78, 79 Fatty acids, 68, 71, 79 Filtration, 35, 36, 71 Fungus, 68, 71 G Gas, 68, 71, 72, 80 Gastric, 66, 70, 71 Gastric Acid, 66, 71 Gastrointestinal, 69, 71, 75, 79, 80 Gastrointestinal tract, 71, 80 Gene, 67, 71, 73, 78, 81 Gene Expression, 71, 81 Genital, 69, 71, 81 Giardiasis, 71, 74

Glomeruli, 72, 77 Glycine, 33, 36, 72, 74 Gonorrhea, 54, 68, 72 Governing Board, 72, 76 Gram-negative, 23, 68, 72, 75 Gram-positive, 68, 72, 75, 79 Gyrase, 72, 75 H Hair follicles, 72, 82 Hemolytic, 24, 72 Heredity, 65, 71, 72 Hormone, 72, 78 Hydrogen, 67, 72, 74 Hydrogenation, 33, 72 Hydrolysis, 36, 67, 68, 72 Hygienic, 72, 78 Hypersensitivity, 72, 78 Hypoxic, 72, 74 I Impairment, 72, 76 In vitro, 8, 18, 25, 72 In vivo, 72 Infection, 6, 13, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81 Inflammation, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82 Intestinal, 13, 69, 73 Intestine, 71, 72, 73, 79 Intracellular, 72, 73 Intramuscular, 73, 75 Intravenous, 21, 73, 75 Isopropyl, 35, 36, 73 J Josamycin, 20, 73 K Kb, 48, 73 Keto, 33, 35, 73 Kinetics, 11, 73 L Large Intestine, 73, 77 Lipid, 73 Lipopolysaccharide, 72, 73 Lipoprotein, 72, 73 Localized, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81 Lymphatic, 73 Lymphoid, 73, 80 Lysine, 32, 73 M MEDLINE, 49, 73 Membrane, 72, 73, 74, 76 Meta-Analysis, 24, 73 Metabolite, 70, 74

85

Methanol, 35, 74 Metronidazole, 9, 74 Microbiology, 12, 16, 22, 67, 74 Microorganism, 74, 82 Mitochondrial Swelling, 74 Molecular, 49, 51, 66, 67, 69, 74 Molecule, 65, 66, 67, 72, 74, 77 Monotherapy, 4, 74 Mucins, 74, 78 Mucociliary, 74, 78 Mucolytic, 65, 74 Mucopurulent, 67, 74 N Nausea, 70, 74 Necrosis, 7, 74 Neoplasms, 74, 81 Neurotransmitter, 65, 72, 74, 79 Neutrophils, 18, 75 Niflumic Acid, 20, 75 Nitrofurantoin, 3, 75 Norfloxacin, 22, 75 Nuclear, 74, 75 Nucleus, 34, 69, 70, 75 O Ointments, 70, 75, 79 Orofacial, 23, 75 Osteomyelitis, 10, 11, 75 Otitis, 10, 75 Otitis Media, 10, 75 P Paediatric, 11, 15, 75 Palliative, 75, 80 Paranasal Sinuses, 75, 78 Parenteral, 9, 75 Parietal, 75, 76 Pediatrics, 9, 17, 19, 20, 39, 75 Pelvis, 75, 77, 81 Pemphigus, 12, 75 Penicillin, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 66, 75 Peptide, 69, 76, 77 Peptide Chain Elongation, 69, 76 Peroxide, 4, 67, 76 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 70, 76 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 8, 12, 18, 20, 21, 76 Pharmacologic, 76, 81 Pharyngitis, 6, 7, 13, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 76 Physiologic, 76, 77 Plants, 68, 76, 81 Plasma, 75, 76 Pleura, 76 Pleural, 20, 76

Pneumonia, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 67, 69, 76, 81 Polymers, 28, 76, 77 Postoperative, 17, 76 Practice Guidelines, 50, 76 Precipitation, 33, 76 Probenecid, 23, 76 Progressive, 74, 76 Promyelocytic leukemia, 77, 81 Prone, 4, 77 Prophylaxis, 17, 20, 21, 75, 77 Protein S, 67, 69, 71, 77, 80 Proteins, 65, 66, 69, 71, 74, 76, 77, 78, 81 Psoriasis, 77, 81 Public Policy, 49, 77 Publishing, 5, 77 Purulent, 77 Pustular, 65, 77 Pyelonephritis, 8, 22, 77 Pyoderma, 14, 19, 77 Pyogenic, 75, 77 R Radiation, 74, 77 Randomized, 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, 22, 70, 77 Reabsorption, 76, 77 Receptor, 18, 66, 77 Rectum, 4, 71, 73, 77 Red blood cells, 72, 77 Refer, 1, 77 Refraction, 77, 79 Regimen, 4, 17, 70, 78 Renal tubular, 76, 78 Respiration, 68, 78 Retinoid, 4, 78 Retrospective, 9, 78 Rheumatoid, 11, 75, 78 Rheumatoid arthritis, 11, 75, 78 S Salicylate, 20, 78 Salicylic, 4, 78 Saliva, 16, 78 Salivary, 78 Salivary glands, 78 Screening, 69, 78 Sebaceous, 78, 82 Sebum, 65, 78 Secretion, 65, 74, 78 Segregation, 67, 78 Semisynthetic, 23, 66, 68, 69, 78 Sepsis, 17, 78 Serum, 9, 16, 19, 20, 23, 66, 68, 78 Side effect, 43, 65, 78, 80 Sinusitis, 24, 78

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Skin Care, 4, 78 Soaps, 79 Soft tissue, 7, 10, 24, 79 Solvent, 33, 35, 74, 76, 79 Specialist, 55, 79 Species, 79, 81 Spectrum, 13, 73, 75, 79 Sputum, 20, 79 Streptococcal, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 79 Streptococci, 18, 24, 79 Streptococcus, 79 Stress, 74, 78, 79 Subacute, 73, 78, 79 Subclinical, 73, 79 Subcutaneous, 68, 75, 79 Sublimation, 32, 79 Substance P, 71, 74, 78, 79 Suction, 71, 80 Sulfur, 4, 80 Suppression, 75, 80 Suppurative, 68, 80 Suspensions, 5, 14, 17, 80 Systemic, 44, 73, 80 T Talampicillin, 16, 80 Teratogenic, 80, 81 Tetracycline, 4, 80 Theophylline, 28, 80 Therapeutics, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 22, 24, 44, 80 Tinnitus, 75, 80 Tissue, 8, 13, 16, 24, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80 Tonsillitis, 24, 80 Tonsils, 14, 80 Topical, 4, 79, 80, 81 Toxic, iv, 74, 80, 81 Toxicity, 70, 80

Toxicology, 50, 80 Toxins, 66, 70, 72, 81 Toxoplasmosis, 66, 81 Transfection, 67, 81 Translation, 71, 81 Translocation, 69, 71, 81 Trauma, 21, 74, 80, 81 Tretinoin, 4, 81 Trichomoniasis, 74, 81 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 3, 81 Tuberculosis, 18, 78, 81 U Ulcer, 68, 70, 81 Ureters, 81 Urethra, 4, 81 Uricosuric, 76, 81 Urinary, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 67, 69, 70, 75, 81 Urinary tract, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 67, 75, 81 Urinary tract infection, 11, 12, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 67, 75, 81 Urine, 18, 67, 68, 70, 75, 81 Urogenital, 72, 81 Uterus, 81 V Vagina, 4, 81, 82 Vaginal, 82 Vaginosis, 9, 82 Vascular, 73, 82 Vein, 73, 75, 82 Vertigo, 75, 82 Vesicular, 67, 82 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 82 Viral, 65, 82 Viscosity, 65, 82 Vitro, 18, 23, 82 Vulgaris, 12, 82

87

88

Cefadroxil

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