Camellia sinensis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CAMELLIA SINENSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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CAMELLIA SINENSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Camellia sinensis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00199-3 1. Camellia sinensis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Camellia sinensis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CAMELLIA SINENSIS .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Camellia sinensis........................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CAMELLIA SINENSIS ........................................................................ 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Finding Nutrition Studies on Camellia sinensis ......................................................................... 21 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CAMELLIA SINENSIS.................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 35 General References ....................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CAMELLIA SINENSIS .............................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patents on Camellia sinensis........................................................................................................ 43 Patent Applications on Camellia sinensis.................................................................................... 56 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CAMELLIA SINENSIS .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 79 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 79 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 85 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 85 CAMELLIA SINENSIS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................... 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Camellia sinensis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Camellia sinensis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Camellia sinensis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Camellia sinensis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Camellia sinensis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Camellia sinensis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CAMELLIA SINENSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Camellia sinensis.

Federally Funded Research on Camellia sinensis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Camellia sinensis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Camellia sinensis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Camellia sinensis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Camellia sinensis: •

Project Title: INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS IN OSTEOSARCOMA BY GREEN TEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Haqqi, Tariq M.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Micronutrients present in edible plants are known to possess anti-carcinogenic properties because epidemiological studies have suggested

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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that consumption of fruits and vegetables may prevent against many cancer types. This approach of chemoprevention of cancer has practical implications in reducing cancer risk because unlike the carcinogenic environmental factors that are difficult to control, individuals can make decisions to modify their choice for the food and beverage they consume. Tea, a preparation from the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, is a widely and popularly consumed beverage in the world. Extensive studies from several laboratories over the last ten years, have verified cancer chemopreventive effects of a polyphenolic mixture derived from green tea [hereafter referred to as green tea polyphenols (GTP)] in many animal tumor bioassay systems. However, the anticarcinogenic potential of green tea against hard tissue tumors (osteosarcomas or chondrosarcomas) has not been extensively explored. We have found that GTP induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells SA-OS2. The central hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that green tea induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells by modulating the cell cycle- and apoptotic- machinery of SA-OS2 cells. Therefore, in this developmental application we will explore these phenomenon further by determining (1) whether GTP induce apoptosis in SA-OS2 cells by modulating the constitutively active NF-KappaB; (2) whether GTP induce apoptosis in SA-OS2 cells through cell cycle arrest by up-regulating the expression of p21; and (3) whether GTP induce apoptosis in SA-OS2 cells by altering the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Successful completion of this project will establish the role of green tea against Osteosarcomas and may also help in the development of novel preventive approaches against hard tissue tumors in man. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON TEA AND CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yang, Chung S.; Professor Ii & Chair; Chemical Biology; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The long-term goal of this project is to elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea (Camellia sinensis) and to assess its usefulness in the prevention of human cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that tea preparations inhibit carcinogenesis in animal models and that tea polyphenols inhibit cell transformation, proliferation, and related signal transduction pathways. Plasma and tissue levels of tea polyphenols and their metabolites in animals and humans have been determined. In this project the applicant and colleagues plan to further elucidate the mechanisms of action and identify the active components involved with the following specific aims: 1. To elucidate the mechanisms of inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea in the NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis model in A/J mice and in relevant cell lines. The applicant and colleagues will study the inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor promotion by tea and tea constituents, and relate the activity to pertinent signal transduction pathways (such as MAP-kinases and AP-1 activation) in short and long term animal experiments. In-depth mechanistic studies in cell lines, on the inhibition of AP-1 and NFkB and the upstream of protein kinase cascade, will complement the animal studies and provide basic understanding of the action of tea polyphenols in general. 2. To determine the blood, urine, and tissue levels of tea polyphenols and their metabolites in rodents and humans under different experimental conditions and to understand the factors influencing these levels. Improved methods will be developed to include the analysis of many newly identified metabolites in pharmacokinetic studies. The blood and tissue levels of these compounds will serve as a reference for evaluating the mechanisms of anti-carcinogenesis and for comparing results in mice and humans. 3. To synthesize and determine the biological activities of

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the metabolites identified in Aim 2 in cell lines and animal models. The applicant and colleagues will address key issues concerning the bioavailability and bioactivities of Omethyl, glucuronide, and sulfate derivatives and two ring-fission metabolites of tea catechins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR CHEMOPREVENTION MECHANISMS OF TEA POLYPHENOLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stratton, Steven P.; Research Assistant Professor; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Prevention is the most efficient way to reduce the incidence, morbidity, Nd mortality of cancer. Thus, development of new investigators in cancer prevention research is imperative. Steven P. Stratton, Ph.D. is a junior investigator in the field of cancer prevention; with training in analytical chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, cancer therapeutics, cancer drug development, and cancer prevention epidemiology. The mentored training supported by this award will facilitate the development of Dr. Stratton into a fully independent investigator. This project will be conducted at the Arizona Cancer Center, a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center with an international reputation for excellence in cancer prevention research. The proposed studies will be performed under the aegis of the Chemoprevention of Skin Cancer Program Project at the University of Arizona. This project will focus on skin cancer chemoprevention mechanisms with polyphenolic derivatives of tea, Camellia sinensis. Green tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Many studies both in vivo and in vitro suggest that polyphenolic compounds present in tea inhibit skin carcinogenesis, though the mechanism of action is still unknown. An understanding of this mechanism is crucial to the development of chemopreventive strategies using these compounds. This project will test the hypothesis that green tea polyphenols prevent UV radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis by modulating reactive oxygen-mediated alterations of normal cell function. Markers of reactive oxygen and secondary membrane damage will be used to explore the role of tea polyphenols in UV-induced skin cell transformation using human keratinocytes in vitro and an in vivo mouse skin model. The specific aims of this project include analyzing the effects of green tea polyphenols on: (1) Cell membrane lipid peroxidation using new sensitive and specific GC/MS assays to quantify levels of oxidized biomolecules; (2) Cell cycle progression and expression of cell cycle control genes using flow cytometry and RNase protection techniques; (3) Regulation of transcription factor activation using an alkaline phosphatase reporter system; and (4) Apoptosis and translocation of relevant transcription factors using in situ molecular imaging techniques. Changes in levels of these markers will be used to establish links between antioxidant effects of tea polyphenols and possible direct effects on redoxsensitive downstream events. The overall goal of this project is to promote the development of an academic research career in cancer prevention within a framework of molecular chemoprevention mechanistic studies and training. Immediate goals include acquiring the scientific and technical expertise necessary for independent investigations of secondary cancer prevention mechanisms. Long-term career goals include development of new methods, assays, and expertise in redox-modulated biochemical processes; establishment of a molecular chemoprevention laboratory; development of collaborative research programs in molecular mechanisms of cancer prevention; and

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ultimately, development of chemopreventive therapies that reduce cancer morbidity and mortality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Camellia sinensis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Camellia sinensis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Camellia sinensis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

(-)-Epigallocatechin (EGC) of green tea induces apoptosis of human breast cancer cells but not of their normal counterparts. Author(s): Vergote D, Cren-Olive C, Chopin V, Toillon RA, Rolando C, Hondermarck H, Le Bourhis X. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2002 December; 76(3): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462380

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A combination of tea (Camellia senensis) catechins is required for optimal inhibition of induced CYP1A expression by green tea extract. Author(s): Williams SN, Pickwell GV, Quattrochi LC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 October 22; 51(22): 6627-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14558788

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A green tea-derived polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits IkappaB kinase activation and IL-8 gene expression in respiratory epithelium. Author(s): Chen PC, Wheeler DS, Malhotra V, Odoms K, Denenberg AG, Wong HR. Source: Inflammation. 2002 October; 26(5): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238566

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A major constituent of green tea, EGCG, inhibits the growth of a human cervical cancer cell line, CaSki cells, through apoptosis, G(1) arrest, and regulation of gene expression. Author(s): Ahn WS, Huh SW, Bae SM, Lee IP, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Kim CK, Sin JI. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 2003 March; 22(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804120

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A nested case-control study of stomach cancer in relation to green tea consumption in Japan. Author(s): Hoshiyama Y, Kawaguchi T, Miura Y, Mizoue T, Tokui N, Yatsuya H, Sakata K, Kondo T, Kikuchi S, Toyoshima H, Hayakawa N, Tamakoshi A, Ohno Y, Yoshimura T; Japan Collaborative Cohort Study Group. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 January 12; 90(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710220

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A phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Author(s): Jatoi A, Ellison N, Burch PA, Sloan JA, Dakhil SR, Novotny P, Tan W, Fitch TR, Rowland KM, Young CY, Flynn PJ. Source: Cancer. 2003 March 15; 97(6): 1442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627508

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Activity-guided fractionation of green tea extract with antiproliferative activity against human stomach cancer cells. Author(s): Kinjo J, Nagao T, Tanaka T, Nonaka G, Okawa M, Nohara T, Okabe H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 September; 25(9): 1238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230128

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Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 April; 50(4): 299-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289514

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Anticlastogenic, antigenotoxic and apoptotic activity of epigallocatechin gallate: a green tea polyphenol. Author(s): Roy M, Chakrabarty S, Sinha D, Bhattacharya RK, Siddiqi M. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 February-March; 523-524: 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12628501

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Antiinflammatory action of EGCG, the main component of green tea, through STAT1 inhibition. Author(s): Tedeschi E, Suzuki H, Menegazzi M. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 973: 435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485906

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Antimicrobial properties of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 November; 39(11): 2375-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8585711

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Anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing activities of the green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cell line. Author(s): Lung HL, Ip WK, Wong CK, Mak NK, Chen ZY, Leung KN. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 December 6; 72(3): 257-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427485

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Bioactivity of well-defined green tea extracts in multicellular tumor spheroids. Author(s): Mueller-Klieser W, Schreiber-Klais S, Walenta S, Kreuter MH. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 December; 21(6): 1307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429982

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Biochemical responses of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze to heavy metal stress. Author(s): Basak M, Sharma M, Chakraborty U. Source: J Environ Biol. 2001 January; 22(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480349

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Catechin content of 18 teas and a green tea extract supplement correlates with the antioxidant capacity. Author(s): Henning SM, Fajardo-Lira C, Lee HW, Youssefian AA, Go VL, Heber D. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(2): 226-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881018

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Cell signaling pathways in the neuroprotective actions of the green tea polyphenol ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Author(s): Mandel S, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MB. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2004 March; 88(6): 1555-69. Review. Erratum In: J Neurochem. 2004 April; 89(2): 527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009657

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Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer: experience with a polyphenol from green tea. Author(s): Linden KG, Carpenter PM, McLaren CE, Barr RJ, Hite P, Sun JD, Li KT, Viner JL, Meyskens FL. Source: Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003; 163: 165-71; Discussion 264-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12903852

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Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Maron DJ, Lu GP, Cai NS, Wu ZG, Li YH, Chen H, Zhu JQ, Jin XJ, Wouters BC, Zhao J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 June 23; 163(12): 1448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824094

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Comparative antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects of green tea and black tea: a review. Author(s): Gupta S, Saha B, Giri AK. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 September; 512(1): 37-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220589

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Comparative effects of polyphenols from green tea (EGCG) and soybean (genistein) on VEGF and IL-8 release from normal human keratinocytes stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha. Author(s): Trompezinski S, Denis A, Schmitt D, Viac J. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2003 July; 295(3): 112-6. Epub 2003 June 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811578

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Comparison of green tea intake in Japanese patients with and without angiographic coronary artery disease. Author(s): Hirano R, Momiyama Y, Takahashi R, Taniguchi H, Kondo K, Nakamura H, Ohsuzu F. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 November 15; 90(10): 1150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423723

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Complex effects of different green tea catechins on human platelets. Author(s): Lill G, Voit S, Schror K, Weber AA. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 July 10; 546(2-3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12832052

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Contribution of hydrogen peroxide to the cytotoxicity of green tea and red wines. Author(s): Chai PC, Long LH, Halliwell B. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 May 16; 304(4): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727203

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Cryopreservation of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seeds and embryonic axes. Author(s): Kim HH, Cha YS, Baek HJ, Cho EG, Chae YA, Engelmann F. Source: Cryo Letters. 2002 July-August; 23(4): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391481

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Delivery of tea polyphenols to the oral cavity by green tea leaves and black tea extract. Author(s): Lee MJ, Lambert JD, Prabhu S, Meng X, Lu H, Maliakal P, Ho CT, Yang CS. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2004 January; 13(1): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744744

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Determination of catechins in human plasma after commercial canned green tea ingestion by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using a microbore column. Author(s): Kotani A, Miyashita N, Kusu F. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 May 25; 788(2): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12705967

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Dual mechanisms of green tea extract (EGCG)-induced cell survival in human epidermal keratinocytes. Author(s): Chung JH, Han JH, Hwang EJ, Seo JY, Cho KH, Kim KH, Youn JI, Eun HC. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 October; 17(13): 1913-5. Epub 2003 August 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897059

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Effect of green tea extract on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in bladder carcinoma ECV304 cells. Author(s): Facchini A, Zanella B, Stefanelli C, Guarnieri C, Flamigni F. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 47(1): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769544

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Effect of green tea polyphenols on the genes with atherosclerotic potential. Author(s): Kaul D, Sikand K, Shukla AR. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 February; 18(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15022174

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Effect of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring. Author(s): Hu Q, Xu J, Pang G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 May 21; 51(11): 3379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744670

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Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Author(s): Kovacs EM, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2004 March; 91(3): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005829

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Elevation of P-glycoprotein function by a catechin in green tea. Author(s): Wang EJ, Barecki-Roach M, Johnson WW. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 September 20; 297(2): 412-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12237135

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Enhancement of neutral endopeptidase activity in SK-N-SH cells by green tea extract. Author(s): Melzig MF, Janka M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678233

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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green tea-derived polyphenol, inhibits IL-1 betadependent proinflammatory signal transduction in cultured respiratory epithelial cells. Author(s): Wheeler DS, Catravas JD, Odoms K, Denenberg A, Malhotra V, Wong HR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 May; 134(5): 1039-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15113942

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Food allergy to green tea. Author(s): Shirai T, Hayakawa H, Akiyama J, Iwata M, Chida K, Nakamura H, Taniguchi M, Reshad K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 October; 112(4): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564370

12

Camellia sinensis

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Gene and protein expression profiles of anti- and pro-apoptotic actions of dopamine, R-apomorphine, green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechine-3-gallate, and melatonin. Author(s): Weinreb O, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 May; 993: 351-61; Discussion 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12853328

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Green tea and risk of breast cancer in Asian Americans. Author(s): Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Hankin J, Pike MC. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 September 10; 106(4): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845655

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Green tea and the risk of breast cancer: pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Tsubono Y, Nakaya N, Suzuki Y, Koizumi Y, Tsuji I. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 April 5; 90(7): 1361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054454

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Green tea catechins as novel antitumor and antiangiogenic compounds. Author(s): Demeule M, Michaud-Levesque J, Annabi B, Gingras D, Boivin D, Jodoin J, Lamy S, Bertrand Y, Beliveau R. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-Cancer Agents. 2002 July; 2(4): 441-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678730

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Green tea catechins inhibit the cultured smooth muscle cell invasion through the basement barrier. Author(s): Maeda K, Kuzuya M, Cheng XW, Asai T, Kanda S, Tamaya-Mori N, Sasaki T, Shibata T, Iguchi A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 January; 166(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12482547

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Green tea catechins inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro through suppression of VE-cadherin phosphorylation and inactivation of Akt molecule. Author(s): Tang FY, Nguyen N, Meydani M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 October 10; 106(6): 871-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918064

Studies

13

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Green tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits Hep G2 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through p53-dependent and Fas-mediated pathways. Author(s): Kuo PL, Lin CC. Source: Journal of Biomedical Science. 2003 March-April; 10(2): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12595758

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Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits platelet signalling pathways triggered by both proteolytic and non-proteolytic agonists. Author(s): Deana R, Turetta L, Donella-Deana A, Dona M, Brunati AM, De Michiel L, Garbisa S. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2003 May; 89(5): 866-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719785

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Green tea for everything? Author(s): Munoz-Lopez F. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2004 January-February; 32(1): 1-6. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14980188

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Green tea inhibits human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by downregulating signal transducer and activator of transcription-1alpha activation. Author(s): Tedeschi E, Menegazzi M, Yao Y, Suzuki H, Forstermann U, Kleinert H. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2004 January; 65(1): 111-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722242

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Green tea metabolite EGCG protects membranes against oxidative damage in vitro. Author(s): Saffari Y, Sadrzadeh SM. Source: Life Sciences. 2004 February 6; 74(12): 1513-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14729400

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Green tea polyphenol causes differential oxidative environments in tumor versus normal epithelial cells. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Hsu S, Lewis J, Wataha J, Dickinson D, Singh B, Bollag WB, Lockwood P, Ueta E, Osaki T, Schuster G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 October; 307(1): 230-6. Epub 2003 September 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954803

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Camellia sinensis

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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) differentially inhibits interleukin-1 beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 in human chondrocytes. Author(s): Ahmed S, Wang N, Lalonde M, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2004 February; 308(2): 767-73. Epub 2003 November 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14600251

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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the IL-1 beta-induced activity and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase-2 in human chondrocytes. Author(s): Ahmed S, Rahman A, Hasnain A, Lalonde M, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 October 15; 33(8): 1097-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374621

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Green tea polyphenol targets the mitochondria in tumor cells inducing caspase 3dependent apoptosis. Author(s): Hsu S, Lewis J, Singh B, Schoenlein P, Osaki T, Athar M, Porter AG, Schuster G. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 March-April; 23(2B): 1533-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820420

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Green tea polyphenols enhance sodium nitroprusside-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Author(s): Zhang Y, Zhao B. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2003 September; 86(5): 1189-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911627

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Green tea polyphenols induce differentiation and proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes. Author(s): Hsu S, Bollag WB, Lewis J, Huang Q, Singh B, Sharawy M, Yamamoto T, Schuster G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 July; 306(1): 29-34. Epub 2003 March 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12663686

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Green tea: cancer preventive beverage and/or drug. Author(s): Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Imai K, Nakachi K. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 December 15; 188(1-2): 9-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12406542

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Green tea-induced asthma: relationship between immunological reactivity, specific and non-specific bronchial responsiveness. Author(s): Shirai T, Reshad K, Yoshitomi A, Chida K, Nakamura H, Taniguchi M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 September; 33(9): 1252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956747

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Higher consumption of green tea may enhance equol production. Author(s): Miyanaga N, Akaza H, Takashima N, Nagata Y, Sonoda T, Mori M, Naito S, Hirao Y, Tsukamoto T, Fujioka T. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2003 August-December; 4(4): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14728586

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Identification of potent odorants in different green tea varieties using flavor dilution technique. Author(s): Kumazawa K, Masuda H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 September 25; 50(20): 5660-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12236694

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Improvement of periodontal status by green tea catechin using a local delivery system: a clinical pilot study. Author(s): Hirasawa M, Takada K, Makimura M, Otake S. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 2002 December; 37(6): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472837

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Induction of apoptosis by the green tea flavonol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human endothelial ECV 304 cells. Author(s): Yoo HG, Shin BA, Park JC, Kim HS, Kim WJ, Chay KO, Ahn BW, Park RK, Ellis LM, Jung YD. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6A): 3373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530089

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Induction of p57 is required for cell survival when exposed to green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Hsu S, Yu FS, Lewis J, Singh B, Borke J, Osaki T, Athar M, Schuster G. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6C): 4115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553041

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Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins. Author(s): Weber JM, Ruzindana-Umunyana A, Imbeault L, Sircar S. Source: Antiviral Research. 2003 April; 58(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12742577

16

Camellia sinensis

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Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea Constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3gallate. Author(s): Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: Oncogene. 2003 February 20; 22(7): 1035-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592390

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Inhibitory effect of green tea catechins on cysteine proteinases in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Author(s): Okamoto M, Sugimoto A, Leung KP, Nakayama K, Kamaguchi A, Maeda N. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2004 April; 19(2): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14871352

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Inhibitory effect of green tea polyphenols on membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP. Author(s): Oku N, Matsukawa M, Yamakawa S, Asai T, Yahara S, Hashimoto F, Akizawa T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 September; 26(9): 1235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12951464

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Inhibitory effects of green tea catechins on the activity of human matrix metalloproteinase 7 (matrilysin). Author(s): Oneda H, Shiihara M, Inouye K. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2003 May; 133(5): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801907

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Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on the production of a virulence factor of the periodontal-disease-causing anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Author(s): Sakanaka S, Okada Y. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 March 24; 52(6): 1688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030231

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Interactions of androgens, green tea catechins and the antiandrogen flutamide with the external glucose-binding site of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter GLUT1. Author(s): Naftalin RJ, Afzal I, Cunningham P, Halai M, Ross C, Salleh N, Milligan SR. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 October; 140(3): 487-99. Epub 2003 August 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970085

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Is green tea good for HIV-1 infection? Author(s): Nance CL, Shearer WT. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 November; 112(5): 851-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610469

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Modification of lung cancer susceptibility by green tea extract as measured by the comet assay. Author(s): Zhang H, Spitz MR, Tomlinson GE, Schabath MB, Minna JD, Wu X. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 2002; 26(6): 411-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507225

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Molecular targets for green tea in prostate cancer prevention. Author(s): Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7 Suppl): 2417S-2424S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12840218

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Neuroprotection and neurorescue against Abeta toxicity and PKC-dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Author(s): Levites Y, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 May; 17(8): 952-4. Epub 2003 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670874

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Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins. Author(s): Kakuda T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 December; 25(12): 1513-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499631

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Neutrophil restraint by green tea: inhibition of inflammation, associated angiogenesis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Dona M, Dell'Aica I, Calabrese F, Benelli R, Morini M, Albini A, Garbisa S. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 April 15; 170(8): 4335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682270

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Niacin, thiamin, iron and protein status of humans as affected by the consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions. Author(s): Wang RS, Kies C. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1991 October; 41(4): 337-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1796091

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Camellia sinensis

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No association between green tea and the risk of gastric cancer: pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan. Author(s): Koizumi Y, Tsubono Y, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Shibuya D, Matsuoka H, Tsuji I. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 May; 12(5): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750246

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Pharmacokinetics and safety of green tea polyphenols after multiple-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Author(s): Chow HH, Cai Y, Hakim IA, Crowell JA, Shahi F, Brooks CA, Dorr RT, Hara Y, Alberts DS. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003 August 15; 9(9): 3312-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960117

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Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of different metabolites and individual variability. Author(s): Lee MJ, Maliakal P, Chen L, Meng X, Bondoc FY, Prabhu S, Lambert G, Mohr S, Yang CS. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 October; 11(10 Pt 1): 1025-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376503

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Potential therapeutic properties of green tea polyphenols in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Pan T, Jankovic J, Le W. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2003; 20(10): 711-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875608

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Preservation of human saphenous vein against reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress by green tea polyphenol pretreatment. Author(s): Han DW, Suh H, Park YH, Cho BK, Hyon SH, Park JC. Source: Artificial Organs. 2003 December; 27(12): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678430

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Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China. Author(s): Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 1; 108(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14618627

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Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Author(s): Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, Kim CK, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Bae SM, Lee IP. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 October; 12(5): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512803

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Protective effects of green tea polyphenols on human HepG2 cells against oxidative damage of fenofibrate. Author(s): Jiao HL, Ye P, Zhao BL. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2003 November 1; 35(9): 1121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572614

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Relation of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake to gallstone disease in middle-aged Japanese men. Author(s): Ishizuk H, Eguchi H, Oda T, Ogawa S, Nakagawa K, Honjo S, Kono S. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(5): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889685

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Roles of catalase and hydrogen peroxide in green tea polyphenol-induced chemopreventive effects. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Lewis J, Wataha J, Dickinson D, Singh B, Bollag WB, Ueta E, Osaki T, Athar M, Schuster G, Hsu S. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2004 January; 308(1): 317-23. Epub 2003 October 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569057

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Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Author(s): Katiyar SK. Source: Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2003 September; 3(3): 234-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871030

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Synthetic analogs of green tea polyphenols as proteasome inhibitors. Author(s): Smith DM, Wang Z, Kazi A, Li LH, Chan TH, Dou QP. Source: Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 July; 8(7): 382-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12393936

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The galloyl moiety of green tea catechins is the critical structural feature to inhibit fatty-acid synthase. Author(s): Wang X, Song KS, Guo QX, Tian WX. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 November 15; 66(10): 2039-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599562

20

Camellia sinensis

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The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, protects against the oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage of UVA radiation. Author(s): Tobi SE, Gilbert M, Paul N, McMillan TJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 December 10; 102(5): 439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432544

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The specific anti-cancer activity of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Author(s): Wang YC, Bachrach U. Source: Amino Acids. 2002; 22(2): 131-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12395181

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Why did green tea not protect against coronary artery disease but protect against myocardial infarction? Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 May 15; 91(10): 1290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745129

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CAMELLIA SINENSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Camellia sinensis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Camellia sinensis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Camellia sinensis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Camellia sinensis” (or a synonym): •

A contribution to land evaluation of the wet - upland areas in Sri Lanka. Author(s): International Inst. for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Enschede (Netherlands) Source: Farshad, A. Wijnhoud, S. Pedologie (Belgium). Bulletin de la Societe Belge de Pedologie. (Nov-December 1987). volume 37(3) page 277-297.

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A Philadelphia tea party: rationali tea. Author(s): Herbal Vineyard, Inc., Fulton, MD. Source: Duke, J.A. Journal-of-medicinal-food (USA). (1998). volume 1(2) page 141-155.

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Analysis of energy flow of rubber-tea-chicken agro-forestry system in tropical area of China. Author(s): Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou (China). Inst. of Agro-Ecology Source: Meng Qingyan Wang Zhaoqian Chen Xin Journal-of-Zhejiang-University (Agriculture and Life Sciences) (China). Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao (Nongye yu Shengming Kexue Ban) (China). (October 1999). volume 25(5) page 473-478.

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Communal rights vs. private profit: tribal peoples and tea plantations in northeast India. Source: Vikas, G. Pradan Ecologist (United Kingdom). (1990). volume 20(3) page 105107.

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Go basic, go organic. Source: Custado, E.R. Greenfields (Philippines). (April 2001). page 23-27. Received June 2001.

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Large-scale deforestation for plantation agriculture in the hill country of Sri Lanka and its impacts. Author(s): Department of Geography, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya (Sri Lanka) Source: Wickramagamage, P. Hydrological-Processes (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 12(13/14) page 2015-2028.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea [Camellia sinensis]. Author(s): Itoen Ltd., Sagara, Shizuoka (Japan) Source: Unno, T. Kondo, K. Itakura, H. Takeo, T. Bioscience,-Biotechnology,-andBiochemistry (Japan). (December 1996). volume 60(12) page 2066-2068. Camellia sinensis catechin gallates blood composition in vivo experimentation 0916-8451

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Aqueous extracts of Crinum latifolium (L.) and Camellia sinensis show immunomodulatory properties in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Institute of Experimental Morphology and Anthropology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. Source: Zvetkova, E Wirleitner, B Tram, N T Schennach, H Fuchs, D IntImmunopharmacol. 2001 November; 1(12): 2143-50 1567-5769

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Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XV. Saponin constituents with gastroprotective effect from the seeds of tea plant, Camellia sinensis L. var. assamica Pierre, cultivated in Sri Lanka: structures of assamsaponins A, B, C, D, and E. Author(s): Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan.

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Source: Murakami, T Nakamura, J Matsuda, H Yoshikawa, M Chem-Pharm-Bull(Tokyo). 1999 December; 47(12): 1759-64 0009-2363 •

Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen degradation in vitro. Author(s): Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK. Source: Adcocks, Clair Collin, Peter Buttle, David J J-Nutr. 2002 March; 132(3): 341-6 0022-3166

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Chemical compositions of the seed of Korean green tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Author(s): Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Inst., Taejon (Korea Republic). Chemical Analysis Center Source: Rah, H.H. Baik, S.O. Han, S.B. Bock, J.Y. Journal-of-the-Korean-AgriculturalChemical-Society (Korea Republic). (August 1992). volume 35(4) page 272-275. 03682897

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Effect of flavan-3-ol tannins purified from Camellia sinensis on lipid peroxidation of rat heart mitochondria. Author(s): Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shi-Pai, Taiwan. Source: Hong, C Y Wang, C P Lo, Y C Hsu, F L Am-J-Chin-Med. 1994; 22(3-4): 285-92 0192-415X

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Fungicidal and insect controlling properties of Proteus strain RRLJ 16, isolated from tea, Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze, plantations. Author(s): Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jorhat, India. Source: Bezbaruah, B KuMarch, B S Barthakur, M Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1996 July; 34(7): 706-9 0019-5189

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Identification and antioxidant activity of several pigments from the residual green tea (Camellia sinensis) after hot water extraction. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, Hiroshima Jhogakuin University, Higashi-Ku, Hiroshima 732-0063, Japan. Source: Higashi Okai, K Yamazaki, M Nagamori, H Okai, Y J-UOEH. 2001 December 1; 23(4): 335-44 0387-821X

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Inhibition of nitrosamine-induced tumorigenesis by green tea and black tea. Source: Wang, Z.Y. Hong, J.Y. Huang, M.T. Conney, A.H. Yang, C.S. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1992. (507) page 292-299. 00976156

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Inhibition of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein activity by green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Laboratoire de Medecine Moleculaire, Centre de Cancerologie Charles Bruneau, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada. Source: Jodoin, Julie Demeule, Michel Beliveau, Richard Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 2002 January 30; 1542(1-3): 149-59 0006-3002

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Inhibitory effect of a green tea polyphenol fraction on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate-induced hydrogen peroxide formation in mouse epidermis. Source: Laskin, J.D. Heck, D.E. Laskin, D.L. Mitchell, J.M. Huang, M.T. Wang, Z.Y. Yang, C.S. Ho, C.T. Conney, A.H. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1992. (507) page 308-314. 0097-6156

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Marked reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of beta-lactams in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus produced by epicatechin gallate, an ingredient of green tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. Source: Shiota, S Shimizu, M Mizushima, T Ito, H Hatano, T Yoshida, T Tsuchiya, T BiolPharm-Bull. 1999 December; 22(12): 1388-90 0918-6158

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Potent suppressive activity of chlorophyll a and b from green tea (Camellia sinensis) against tumor promotion in mouse skin. Author(s): Department of Human Life Science, Osaka Kun-Ei Women's College, Japan. Source: Higashi Okai, K Okai, Y J-UOEH. 1998 September 1; 20(3): 181-8 0387-821X

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Protection against tobacco-specific, nitrosamine-induced lung tumorigenesis by green tea and its components. Source: Chung, F.L. Xu, Y. Ho, C.T. Desai, D. Han, C. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974-. 1992. (507) page 300-307. 0097-6156

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Protective effect of green tea against lipid peroxidation in the rat liver, blood serum and the brain. Author(s): Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland. [email protected] Source: Skrzydlewska, E Ostrowska, J Farbiszewski, R Michalak, K Phytomedicine. 2002 April; 9(3): 232-8 0944-7113

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Protective effects of chlorophyll a and pheophytin a derived from green tea (Camellia sinensis) on p-nonylphenol-induced cell growth inhibition and oxygen radical generation in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Source: Okai, Y. Higashi Okai, K. J-sci-food-agric. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. December 2001. volume 81 (15) page 1443-1446. 0022-5142

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Structures of new acylated oleanene-type triterpene oligoglycosides, theasaponins E1 and E2, from the seeds of tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan. Source: Kitagawa, I Hori, K Motozawa, T Murakami, T Yoshikawa, M Chem-PharmBull-(Tokyo). 1998 December; 46(12): 1901-6 0009-2363

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Use of benomyl and rifampicin for in vitro shoot tip culture of Camellia sinensis and Camellia japonica. Source: Haldeman, J.H. Thomas, R.L. McKamy, D.L. HortScience (USA). (April 1987). volume 22(2) page 306-307. Camellia sinensis in vitro experimentation shoot tip culture antibiotics 0018-5345

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to Camellia sinensis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Minerals Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html

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Food and Diet Pomegranates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,216,00.html Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CAMELLIA SINENSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Camellia sinensis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Camellia sinensis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Camellia sinensis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Camellia sinensis: •

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Camellia sinensis leaves from Himalayan region of Sikkim: inhibitory effects against biochemical events and tumor initiation in Sencar mouse skin. Author(s): Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Wang ZY, Bhatia AK, Mukhtar H. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1992; 18(1): 73-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1408948

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A mechanism of the thearubigin fraction of black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract protecting against the effect of tetanus toxin. Author(s): Satoh E, Ishii T, Shimizu Y, Sawamura S, Nishimura M. Source: J Toxicol Sci. 2002 December; 27(5): 441-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533914

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Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis extracts against dental caries. Author(s): Rasheed A, Haider M. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1998 June; 21(3): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9875456

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Antibacterial activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffee arabica) with special reference to Salmonella typhimurium. Author(s): Shetty M, Subbannayya K, Shivananda PG. Source: J Commun Dis. 1994 September; 26(3): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7868837

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Antibacterial effect of theaflavin, polyphenon 60 (Camellia sinensis) and Euphorbia hirta on Shigella spp.--a cell culture study. Author(s): Vijaya K, Ananthan S, Nalini R. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 December 1; 49(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8847884

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Antidiarrhoeal activity of hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Besra SE, Gomes A, Ganguly DK, Vedasiromoni JR. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 April; 17(4): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12722145

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Anti-hyperglycemic effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) in rat. Author(s): Gomes A, Vedasiromoni JR, Das M, Sharma RM, Ganguly DK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 March; 45(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7623488

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Anti-inflammatory activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) root extract. Author(s): Chattopadhyay P, Besra SE, Gomes A, Das M, Sur P, Mitra S, Vedasiromoni JR. Source: Life Sciences. 2004 February 27; 74(15): 1839-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14761665

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Antiinflammatory and antioxidant property of saponins of tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze] root extract. Author(s): Sur P, Chaudhuri T, Vedasiromoni JR, Gomes A, Ganguly DK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 March; 15(2): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11268124

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Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins. Author(s): Paveto C, Guida MC, Esteva MI, Martino V, Coussio J, Flawia MM, Torres HN.

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Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004 January; 48(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693520 •

Anti-ulcer effect of the hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Maity S, Vedasiromoni JR, Ganguly DK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 June; 46(3): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7564415

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Aqueous extracts of Crinum latifolium (L.) and Camellia sinensis show immunomodulatory properties in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Zvetkova E, Wirleitner B, Tram NT, Schennach H, Fuchs D. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2001 November; 1(12): 2143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11710543

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Carcinogenicity of Camellia sinensis (tea) and some tannin-containing folk medicinal herbs administered subcutaneously in rats. Author(s): Kapadia GJ, Paul BD, Chung EB, Ghosh B, Pradhan SN. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1976 July; 57(1): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=187761

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Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen degradation in vitro. Author(s): Adcocks C, Collin P, Buttle DJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 March; 132(3): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880552

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Chalcone synthase from Camellia sinensis: isolation of the cDNAs and the organspecific and sugar-responsive expression of the genes. Author(s): Takeuchi A, Matsumoto S, Hayatsu M. Source: Plant & Cell Physiology. 1994 October; 35(7): 1011-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820373

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Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against cigarette smokeinduced mutations (SCE) in humans. Author(s): Lee IP, Kim YH, Kang MH, Roberts C, Shim JS, Roh JK. Source: J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1997; 27: 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9591195

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Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) among cigarette smokers. Author(s): Shim JS, Kang MH, Kim YH, Roh JK, Roberts C, Lee IP.

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Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1995 June; 4(4): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7655335 •

Chemoprotection: a review of the potential therapeutic antioxidant properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and certain of its constituents. Author(s): Mitscher LA, Jung M, Shankel D, Dou JH, Steele L, Pillai SP. Source: Medicinal Research Reviews. 1997 July; 17(4): 327-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9211396

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Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tilia (Tilia argentea Desf ex DC), sage (Salvia triloba l.), and black tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts. Author(s): Yildirim A, Mavi A, Oktay M, Kara AA, Algur OF, Bilaloglu V. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 October; 48(10): 5030-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11052773

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Disorganization of cell division of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by a component of tea (Camellia sinensis): a study by electron microscopy. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM, Shah S. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1999 July 15; 176(2): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10427729

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Effect of flavan-3-ol tannins purified from Camellia sinensis on lipid peroxidation of rat heart mitochondria. Author(s): Hong CY, Wang CP, Lo YC, Hsu FL. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1994; 22(3-4): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7872240

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Effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on the rat diaphragm. Author(s): Das M, Vedasiromoni JR, Chauhan SP, Ganguly DK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 August; 57(3): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292413

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Effect of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) on lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney: a comparison of green and black tea feeding. Author(s): Sano M, Takahashi Y, Yoshino K, Shimoi K, Nakamura Y, Tomita I, Oguni I, Konomoto H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1995 July; 18(7): 1006-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7581239

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Effect of the hot-water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis) on the rat diaphragm. Author(s): Das M, Vedasiromoni JR, Chauhan SP, Ganguly DK.


Source: Planta Medica. 1994 October; 60(5): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7997479 •

Effects of tea (Camellia sinensis) chemical compounds on ethanol metabolism in ICR mice. Author(s): Kakuda T, Sakane I, Takihara T, Tsukamoto S, Kanegae T, Nagoya T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1996 September; 60(9): 1450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8987593

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Ex vivo modulation of chemical-induced mutagenesis by subcellular liver fractions of rats treated with rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea, honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) tea, as well as green and black (Camellia sinensis) teas. Author(s): Marnewick JL, Batenburg W, Swart P, Joubert E, Swanevelder S, Gelderblom WC. Source: Mutation Research. 2004 March 14; 558(1-2): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036128

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Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract and its possible role in the prevention of cancer. Author(s): Brown MD. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1999 October; 4(5): 360-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10559550

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Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract does not alter cytochrome P-450 3A4 or 2D6 activity in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Donovan JL, Devane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Wang JS, Ruan Y, Markowitz JS. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2004 June 9 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15189977

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Green tea (Camellia sinensis) protects against selenite-induced oxidative stress in experimental cataractogenesis. Author(s): Gupta SK, Halder N, Srivastava S, Trivedi D, Joshi S, Varma SD. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 2002 July-August; 34(4): 258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12297700

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Hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity of small centaury (Centaurium erythraea) infusion. A comparative study with green tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Valentao P, Fernandes E, Carvalho F, Andrade PB, Seabra RM, Bastos ML.

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Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678237 •

Identification and antioxidant activity of several pigments from the residual green tea (Camellia sinensis) after hot water extraction. Author(s): Higashi-Okai K, Yamazaki M, Nagamori H, Okai Y. Source: J Uoeh. 2001 December 1; 23(4): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11789136

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Inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by compounds of Camellia sinensis. Author(s): Kar K, Mohanta PK, Popli SP, Dhawan BN. Source: Planta Medica. 1981 May; 42(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7255570

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Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by catechins from tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Aucamp J, Gaspar A, Hara Y, Apostolides Z. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 November-December; 17(6D): 4381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9494537

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Isolation and identification of acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors from green tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Watanabe J, Kawabata J, Niki R. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1998 March; 62(3): 532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9571782

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Marked reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of beta-lactams in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus produced by epicatechin gallate, an ingredient of green tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Shiota S, Shimizu M, Mizushima T, Ito H, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Tsuchiya T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1999 December; 22(12): 1388-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10746177

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Metabolite profiling using (1)H NMR spectroscopy for quality assessment of green tea, Camellia sinensis (L.). Author(s): Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Defernez M. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 February 25; 52(4): 692-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14969518

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Microbiological activity of whole and fractionated crude extracts of tea (Camellia sinensis), and of tea components. Author(s): Yam TS, Shah S, Hamilton-Miller JM.


Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1997 July 1; 152(1): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228784 •

Modulation of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and oxidative status by rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and Honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), green and black (Camellia sinensis) teas in rats. Author(s): Marnewick JL, Joubert E, Swart P, Van Der Westhuizen F, Gelderblom WC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 31; 51(27): 8113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690405

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Molecular detection of cashew husk (Anacardium occidentale) adulteration in market samples of dry tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Dhiman B, Singh M. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 September; 69(9): 882-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598225

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Pigments in green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) suppress transformation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by dioxin. Author(s): Fukuda I, Sakane I, Yabushita Y, Kodoi R, Nishiumi S, Kakuda T, Sawamura S, Kanazawa K, Ashida H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 May 5; 52(9): 2499-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15113147

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Polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quinone reductase activity of an aqueous extract of Ardisia compressa in comparison to mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and green (Camellia sinensis) teas. Author(s): Chandra S, De Mejia Gonzalez E. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 June 2; 52(11): 3583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15161234

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Potent suppressing activity of the non-polyphenolic fraction of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against genotoxin-induced umu C gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002)--association with pheophytins a and b. Author(s): Okai Y, Higashi-Okai K. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 November 25; 120(1): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570394

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Potent suppressive activity of chlorophyll a and b from green tea (Camellia sinensis) against tumor promotion in mouse skin. Author(s): Higashi-Okai K, Okai Y. Source: J Uoeh. 1998 September 1; 20(3): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9760704

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Potent suppressive activity of nonpolyphenolic fraction of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against genotoxin-induced umu C gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002), tumor promotor-dependent ornithine decarboxylase induction of BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells, and chemically induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. Author(s): Okai Y, Higashi-Okai K. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1997-98; 17(6): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9485539

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Potent suppressive activity of pheophytin a and b from the non-polyphenolic fraction of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against tumor promotion in mouse skin. Author(s): Higashi-Okai K, Otani S, Okai Y. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 July 17; 129(2): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9719465

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Proconvulsive effect of tea (Camellia sinensis) in mice. Author(s): Gomes A, Das M, Vedasiromoni JR, Ganguly DK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 August; 13(5): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10441775

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Regulation of hazardous exposure by protective exposure: modulation of phase II detoxification and lipid peroxidation by Camellia sinensis and Swertia chirata. Author(s): Saha P, Das S. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 2003; Suppl 1: 313-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616622

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Role of glutathione in the antiulcer effect of hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Maity S, Vedasiromoni JR, Ganguly DK. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 November; 78(3): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9869262

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The distribution of minerals and flavonoids in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Author(s): Ferrara L, Montesano D, Senatore A. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 2001 May-July; 56(5-7): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11482766

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The effect of a component of tea (Camellia sinensis) on methicillin resistance, PBP2' synthesis, and beta-lactamase production in Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Yam TS, Hamilton-Miller JM, Shah S. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1998 August; 42(2): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738838


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Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of Ginkgo biloba flavonol and Camellia sinensis catechin metabolites. Author(s): Pietta P, Simonetti P, Gardana C, Mauri P. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2000 August 1; 23(1): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898173

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Camellia sinensis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Toothache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Chinese Medicine Chuanxiong Chatiao San Alternative names: Chuanxiong Chatiao Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Atropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Camellia sinensis Alternative names: Green Tea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardec DM Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Catechins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1023,00.html Codeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html MAO Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Theophylline/Aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org


General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON CAMELLIA SINENSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Camellia sinensis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Camellia sinensis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Camellia sinensis By performing a patent search focusing on Camellia sinensis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Camellia sinensis: •

Beverage compositions containing green tea solids, electrolytes and carbohydrates to provide improved cellular hydration and drinkability Inventor(s): Kuznicki; James T. (Cincinnati, OH), Turner; Lana S. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,464,619 Date filed: June 3, 1994 Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, preferably in the form of a beverage, whereby cellular hydration and drinkability are enhanced by the combination of green tea solids with selected levels and types of electrolytes and carbohydrates. The compositions comprise (a) from about 0.01% to about 0.35% flavanols; (b) from about 0.01% to about 0.3% sodium ions; (c) from about 0.005% to about 0.08% potassium ions; (d) from about 0.1% to about 20% of a carbohydrate which provides; (i) from about 0.05% to about 10.0% fructose; (ii) from about 0.05% to about 10.0% glucose; and (e) water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition, preferably in the form of a beverage, whereby cellular hydration and drinkability are enhanced by the combination of green tea solids with selected levels and types of electrolytes and carbohydrates. Moderate physical activity, prolonged exercise or working in hot, humid environments causes excessive loss of minerals and body fluids through perspiration and breathing. Physical activity, such as exercise, particularly in the heat, places a great metabolic demand on a human body. Heat generated during exercise is dissipated during sweating. Sweat which is lost from the body during exercise can produce a state of dehydration or hypohydration. Associated with dehydration is an impairment of the body's heat dissipation and performance capacity. It is well known that loss of water, electrolytes, and depletion of carbohydrates are the primary causes of fatigue which can impair work capacity. To maintain performance it is necessary to replace the lost water, electrolytes, carbohydrates and other nutrients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05464619__

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Camellia sinensis extracts that promote the growth of bifidobacterium Inventor(s): Kakuda; Takami (Shizuoka, JP), Parkhurst; Robert M. (Redwood City, CA) Assignee(s): Itoen Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,071,653 Date filed: February 9, 1989 Abstract: Substantially flavorless extracts from the leaves of C. sinensis are provided which promote the growth of Bifidobacterium. Compositions are provided by extracting water or ethanol-soluble solids from C. sinensis leaves with a polar organic solvent that is immiscible with water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to extracts of Camellia sinensis and methods of promoting the growth of Bifidobacterium. Bifidobacterium have long been recognized as a desirable resident of the mammalian digestive tract. Colonization of the

Patents 45

gut by these bacteria is believed to occupy niches that might otherwise be filled by pathogenic microorganisms, particularly gram negative bacteria. Bifidobacterium are also believed to produce many products, such as vitamins, which are beneficial to the host. Promoting the growth of Bifidobacterium in human infants in particular has been recognized as being important to the development of disease resistance. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 2,697,663; U.S. Pat. No. 2,872,382. In order to enhance colonization of the human intestinal tract by Bifidobacterium, a number of products have been developed. For example, live bacteria have been marketed as a medicine or foodstuff. This approach is disadvantageous, however, because the bacteria must be maintained in a viable state. Furthermore, bacteria exogenous to the host often have difficulty in colonization because of competition with native microorganisms. Another approach has been to market sugars, such as fructose oligosaccharides, which are among the beneficial compounds produced by Bifidobacterium. This approach is also undesirable, however, since the manufacture of these compounds is relatively expensive and high dosages are required to achieve an effect comparable to enhanced colonization by Bifidobacterium. Nor does this administration of the these compounds protect the host from colonization by pathogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05071653__ •

Capsules containing freeze-dried, powdered green tea leaves Inventor(s): Rohdewald; Peter (Altenberge, DE) Assignee(s): Freeze Dry Foods, GmbH (Greven, DE) Patent Number: 5,993,867 Date filed: September 4, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a preparation containing the polyphenols of green tea (Thea chinensis) in readily available, unoxidised form, in which fresh green tea leaves are cooled until the activity of the phenol oxidases therein has dropped to at most 1% of the value at normal temperature and at the same time or immediately afterwards the water acting as the reaction medium is removed. Products made by this process are packed in capsules soluble in hot water. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process for the production of a preparation which contains the polyphenols of green tea (Thea chinensis) in readily available, nonoxidised form, which is characterised in that one cools fresh green tea leaves until the activity of the contained phenol oxidases has decreased to at most 1% of the value at normal temperature and simultaneously or immediately thereafter the water effective as reaction medium is removed and products produced according to this process. It is known that unfermented (green) tea, besides the action as enjoyable material, also displays pharmacological properties which are suitable for the prevention of diseases in that, on the one hand, the anti-oxidative capacity of the human or animal organism is increased and, furthermore, the vascular system, especially the capillary system, is protected. The anti-oxidative properties of unfermented tea can be attributed to the ability of the polyphenols contained in the leaves of Thea chinensis, especially the gallocatechins, to inactivate free radicals. Summaries referring to this are to be found in Lit. 1 of the accompanying bibliography. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05993867__

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Cosmetic sunscreen composition containing green tea and a sunscreen Inventor(s): Burger; Allan R. (Passaic, NJ), Dobkowski; Brian J. (Milford, CT), McCook; John P. (Guilford, CT), Meyers; Alan J. (Trumbull, CT) Assignee(s): Elizabeth Arden Co., Division of Conopco, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,306,486 Date filed: March 1, 1993 Abstract: A cosmetic composition is provided which includes green tea and a sunscreen compound which is effective to at least partially block ultraviolet radiation from harming human skin, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a cosmetic composition with an improved sunblock system. A tan long has been considered physically attractive and a status symbol. Especially in northern climates, a winter tan advertises the wearer as a person recently returned from a glorious vacation. Tans are also associated with sufficient leisure time and identifying the person as sports oriented. Unfortunately, recent studies have shown that sunlight can have significant adverse medical effects. Premature skin aging and even cancer have been implicated with exposure to sunlight. These concerns have been heightened by evidence that the earth's ozone layer has suffered severe depletion in recent years. Ozone is recognized as the stratospheric component shielding against the harmful forms of ultraviolet radiation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05306486__

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Effervescent green tea extract formulation Inventor(s): Patel; Dinesh C. (Salt Lake City, UT), Quan; Danyi (Salt Lake City, UT), Xiong; Weihong (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): XEL Herbaceuticals, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 6,299,925 Date filed: June 29, 1999 Abstract: A solid state water soluble formulation in granular or tablet form is provided. The formulation is a natural products formulation containing a green tea plant extract in combination with other ingredients which create an effervescent liquid composition upon dispensing the formulation in a liquid. The liquid form of administration, as well as the effervescent properties of the dissolved formulation increase bioavailability of the advantageous components of the green tea plants such as Polyphenols, by increasing absorption speed and amount in the human body. The formulation may include additional components such as, other plant extracts, vitamins, ionic minerals, and other substances purported to be of a health benefit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a green tea extract formulation which maximizes release and delivery of a therapeutic extract contained therein to the human body. More particularly, it concerns an effervescent tablet containing a green tea extract which is dispensed in a liquid for consumption. Nearly 4,000 years ago, the people of the far east recognized many general health and refreshment benefits from the consumption of green tea. Such recognition has led to a wide spread use of tea which has even gained cultural status and significance in many areas of the world. However, the specific health benefits of green tea consumption have been little understood until recently. Today, scientific evidence has linked certain positive health effects, including

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anti-cancer and anti-heart disease effects, to various components of green tea. Specifically, positive effects in fending off cancer, heart disease, and other health benefits come from the green tea components of Catechins polyphenols, Polysaccharides, Flavonoids, Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, r-Amino Butyric Acid, and Fluoride. Polyphenols, otherwise known as catechins, and particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have shown anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic, and anticarcinogenic effects when administered in significant doses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299925__ •

Green tea beverages manufacturing process Inventor(s): Kinugasa; Hitoshi (Shizuoka, JP), Kobayashi; Izumi (Shizuoka, JP), Matsumoto; Nobuo (Shizuoka, JP), Niino; Hitoshi (Shizuoka, JP), Okanoya; Kazunori (Shizuoka, JP), Sasame; Masami (Shizuoka, JP), Shimaoka; Kenji (Shizuoka, JP), Ueno; Yoko (Shizuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Ito En, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,387,428 Date filed: August 14, 2000 Abstract: In order to produce green tea beverages which have a good flavor and a good balance of the fragrant components and do not form unpleasant precipitates, such green tea beverage are produced by a method including an extracting step consisting of two extraction steps, a first step in which green tea leaves are extracted at an applied pressure to obtain a pressure extract (step 1) and a second step in which green tea leaves are extracted under atmospheric pressure, followed by microfiltration to obtain an atmospheric extract (step 2), and a mixing step in which the pressure extract and the atmospheric extract obtained in the respective step are mixed at a mixing ratio determined on the basis of the weight of the raw tea leaves (step 3). This method can provide the production of drinks which have a good flavor and a good balance of the fragrant components and in addition, do not result in formation of deposits, and are suitable for beverages, in particular, for packing into PET bottles by mixing, at a predetermined ratio, the pressure extract from step 1, which is rich in suitable fragrance but short in astringency and tastiness, and the atmospheric extract from step 2, which is intense in astringency and tastiness and provided with a good color tone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a manufacturing process of green tea beverages having good flavor, in which deterioration in the color tone and unpleasant precipitates do not occur even during storage for a long time, and in particular, green tea beverages which are most suitable for beverages to be packed in transparent containers. As means for increasing the fragrance of green tea beverages, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. Hei 11-262359 discloses methods for fragrance to be given off in which undried tea leaves are roasted in a cauldron. Firing green tea leaves enhances an aroma characteristic of fired tea leaves by heating, improving the flavor of tea. When green tea leaves are fired, however, such a treatment tends to deteriorate the color tone of the extracted solution. In the case of beverages for packing into transparent containers, in particular, therefore the color tone of drinks is an important aspect of product values and this deterioration has been a serious problem in the production of green tea beverages for packing into transparent containers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387428__

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Green tea extract subjected to cation exchange treatment and nanofiltration to improve clarity and color Inventor(s): Bunger; John Robert (Cincinnati, OH), Ekanayake; Athula (Cincinnati, OH), Mohlenkamp, Jr.; Marvin Joseph (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,879,733 Date filed: September 18, 1997 Abstract: Green tea extracts having improved clarity and color. These extracts are obtained by treating the green tea extract with an amount of a food grade cation exchange resin effective to remove metal cations present in the extract. The treated extract is then contacted nanofiltration membrane while the treated extract is at a temperature of from about 100.degree. to about 140.degree. F. (from about 37.8.degree. to about 60.degree. C.) to provide a filtered green tea extract as the permeate. These green tea extracts can be included in a variety of beverages and are especially useful in suppressing the characteristic aftertaste of aspartame in diet beverages. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a process for preparing green tea extracts having improved clarity and color. This application particularly relates to a process for preparing these green tea extracts involving treatment with a cation exchange material, followed by nanofiltration. This application further relates to beverages prepared with these green tea extracts. The extraction of tea material is well known in the art. For example green tea is typically extracted with hot or cold water to form a dilute extract containing soluble tea solids. This green tea extract can be concentrated to form a concentrated extract which is sold in frozen, refrigerated or dried form. This green tea extract can also be combined with other beverage ingredients such as fruit juice, nectar, etc., to provide beverages having at least some of the desired flavor and sensory characteristics of green tea. Green tea extracts initially contain high levels of unoxidized flavanols, especially monomeric catechins such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechingallate and epicatechingallate that impart a desired taste quality (astringency) to the tea beverage. Unfortunately, these catechin components (molecular weight of from about 200 to about 500) can be oxidized to higher molecular weight polyphenols, especially the theaflavins and thearubigins, in the presence of other components in the extract. These other components include metal ions (especially calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, zinc and iron), certain partially oxidized organic intermediates (especially quinones) that are formed when the green tea is initially extracted, and dissolved oxygen. These metal ions in the extract act as a catalyst, and along with the quinones and dissolved oxygen, convert the catechins to oxidized polyphenols that impart a less desirable, lingering astringency to green tea beverages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05879733__

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Herbal extract composition containing gynostemma pentaphyllum, crataegus pinnatifida and Camellia sinensis Inventor(s): D'Jang; Arthur H. K. (Collins, NY) Assignee(s): Sante International Inc. (Jamestown, NY) Patent Number: 5,910,308 Date filed: August 1, 1997

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Abstract: Provided is an herbal extract-based composition comprising an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn leaves or berries), and an extract of Camellia sinensis (green tea). Also provided is a process for preparing a herbal extract-based composition which comprises separately extracting each of hawthorn berries, green tea leaves, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaves; drying extraction eluates obtained from the extracting of each of hawthorn berries, green tea leaves, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaves to obtain organic residues in forming a hawthorn berry extract powder, green tea extract powder, and a Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract powder; and combining the green tea extract powder, the Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract powder, and the hawthorn berry extract powder in desired proportions to form the herbal extract-based composition which has health promoting effects including potent inhibition of free radicals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an herbal extract-based composition comprised of a combination of three components: an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida, and an extract of Camellia sinensis. The present invention also provides a method of making the composition for therapeutic uses, and as a dietary supplement for promoting health. Generally, herbal supplements are natural, safe when taken as recommended, and less expensive and sometimes more effective alternatives to drugs. These plant-based pharmaceuticals are used for medicinal purposes; and/or dietary supplements for disease prevention, for relief of ailments, and for health maintenance (collectively "health-promoting"). Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Crataegus pinnatifida, and Camellia sinensis have been used individually for particular therapeutic applications. Gynostemma pentaphyllum, also known as 5-leaf ginseng or jiaogulan or southern ginseng, is from the cucumber family and has traditionally been grown in a mountainous region in South Central China. This herb, a completely different plant than ginseng, is rich in special saponins termed "gypenosides" which are similar, and some identical, to the ginsenosides found in ginseng, but at a level several fold higher. These saponins have been shown to have antioxidant/cell protective effects. More particularly, the saponins protected cell membranes and cytosols, from oxidative injury, neutralize free radicals, helped preserve immune function during irradiation, lowered blood pressure, reduced vascular resistance, effects anti-platelet-aggregation, and reduced levels of serum triglycerides and total cholesterol (Gormley et al., 1997, Better Nutrition 59:42). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05910308__ •

Lipid-soluble green tea catechin antioxidant solutions Inventor(s): Todd, Jr.; Paul H. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): Kalamazoo Holdings, Inc. (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,527,552 Date filed: December 9, 1994 Abstract: The water-soluble and fat-insoluble polyphenolic antioxidants (catechins) present in green tea are made into solution in an edible nonionic lipid-soluble solvent for the tea catechins selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, inclusive, preferably 12 to 14 carbon atoms, inclusive, and a non-ionic surface active agent selected from the group consisting of glyceryl mono-oleate, liquid mono- and di-glycerides, acylated mono- and di-glycerides, benzyl alcohol, triacetin, caproic-caprylic acid polyglycerides, polysorbate, especially glyceryl mono-oleate, and mixtures thereof, which solutions are effective antioxidants in fats, oil, foods, and

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ingredients of foods without imparting undesirable flavors, aromas, and precipitates. Since it is known that tea polyphenols have positive effects on human health, the resulting stabilized lipids can be considered to have nutritional qualities superior to the same lipid stabilized with common synthetic antioxidants. Unexpectedly strong synergistic effects with other natural antioxidants and with phosphates are also shown. Excerpt(s): Green tea catechins as antioxidants, especially for fats, oils, foods, and ingredients of foods, in the form of a solution thereof in an edible non-ionic lipid-soluble solvent for the tea catechins selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, inclusive, preferably 12 to 14 carbon atoms, inclusive, and a non-ionic surface active agent selected from the group consisting of glyceryl mono-oleate, liquid mono- and di-glycerides, acylated mono- and di-glycerides, benzyl alcohol, triacetin, caproic-caprylic acid polyglycerides, polysorbate, especially glyceryl mono-oleate, and mixtures thereof. Oxidation of fats, vegetable oils, carotenoids and their biologically active derivatives, Vitamin A, and of essential oils and other flavorings results in degradation of their quality, and is deleterious to foodstuffs containing the oxidized products. The art shows many methods of inhibiting lipid oxidation by adding fat-soluble antioxidants to the substrate. The art does not show the stabilization of fats, oils, fatty foods and ingredients of foods employing green tea catechins in a form effective for such purpose. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05527552__ •

Method for anticancer therapy using an herbal extract composition Inventor(s): DJang; Arthur H. K. (Jamestown, NY) Assignee(s): Sante International Inc. (Jamestown, NY) Patent Number: 6,168,795 Date filed: June 7, 1999 Abstract: Provided is a method of anticancer therapy comprising administering to an individual an herbal extract-based composition comprising an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida (hawthorn leaves or berries), and an extract of Camellia sinensis (green tea). In one embodiment, the anticancer therapy comprises administering to a tumor bearing individual a therapeutically effective amount of the composition. In a second embodiment, the anticancer therapy comprises administering to an individual, at risk of developing a tumor, a prophylactically effective amount of the composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of using an herbal extract-based composition in therapy against tumors. More particularly, provided is a method of anticancer therapy comprising administering either a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount, of a composition comprising an extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, an extract of Crataegus pinnatifida, and an extract of Camellia sinensis. Any one individual is at risk of developing cancer. The occurrence of cancer increases with aging over a life time ("lifetime risk"). For example, in the U.S., men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing cancer, and women have a 1 in 3 risk. Other risk factors are believed to include genetics, diet, and environmental exposure (e.g., to mutagenic chemicals, radiation, transforming viruses, etc.). It is estimated by the World Health Organization that about 10 million new cancer cases are occurring now annually around the world. That number is expected to reach 15 million by the year 2015, with two thirds of these new cases occurring in developing countries (World

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Health 48:22, 1995). For example, it is estimated that there is about 600,000 new cases of lung cancer per year worldwide; approaching 1 million new cases of breast cancer per year; and for head and neck cancer (the sixth most frequently occurring cancer worldwide) an incidence of 500,000 new cases annually. The National Cancer Institute estimates the overall annual costs for cancer at $107 billion. Treatment costs account for approximately $40 billion. While new therapeutics are being developed and tested for efficacy against tumors, many of the currently available cancer treatments are relatively ineffective. It has been reported that chemotherapy results in a durable response in only 4% of treated patients, and substantially prolongs the life of only an additional 3% of patients with advanced cancer (Smith et al., 1993, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:1460-1474). Many of the current anticancer drugs are both cost-prohibitive, and present with major toxicity. Regarding the latter and depending on the drug or drug combination used, systemic chemotherapy may result in one or more toxicities including hematologic, vascular, neural, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, otologic, and lethal. For example, tamoxifen has been used in women for 25 years to limit breast cancer recurrence. A trial launched in 1992 has shown that tamoxifen is not only effective as a therapeutic agent, but also has a very substantial benefit in cancer prevention (a breast cancer preventative agent). However, in that study, tamoxifen use was shown to have adverse effects in healthy women; i.e., an increased risk of developing uterine cancer or pulmonary blood clots (Science News, 1998, 153:228). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06168795__ •

Method for isolation of caffeine-free catechins from green tea Inventor(s): Bailey; David T. (Boulder, CO), Yuhasz; Ralph L. (Denver, CO), Zheng; BoLin (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Hauser, Inc. (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 6,210,679 Date filed: January 7, 1999 Abstract: The process of the present invention relates to the isolation and purification of caffeine-free mixtures catechins from various different biomass sources, preferably from green tea leaves. More particularly, the present invention relates to a four-step process whereby highly pure, caffeine-free EGCG is isolated in high yields. These catechins may be used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic products. Excerpt(s): This patent application references Disclosure Document No. 436778, filed May 22, 1998, entitled Method for the Purification of Catechins and Caffeine from Green Tea Extract Solids Using Chromatography on Polyamide. The present invention relates to a process for the isolation and purification of caffeine-free catechins from a number of different biomass sources. More particularly, the present invention relates to a four-step process whereby highly pure, caffeine-free EGCG is isolated and purified in high yields from plant materials such as green tea leaves. Many laboratory studies have demonstrated inhibitory effects of tea preparations and tea polyphenols against tumor formation and growth. This inhibitory activity is believed to be mainly due to the antioxidative and possible antiproliferative effects of polyphenolic compounds, and in particular the major catechins EGCG, EGC, ECG and EC in green tea. The major constituent and possibly the most powerful of these catechins is EGCG. These catechins may also inhibit ,carcinogenesis by blocking the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds, suppressing the activation of carcinogens, and trapping of genotoxic agents (Yang, C. and Wang, Z.-Y., J. National Cancer Institute 85:1038 (1993)).

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210679__ •

Method for producing green tea in microfine powder Inventor(s): Shibata; Toshio (Shizuoka-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Kaiken (Shizuoka-Ken, JP) Patent Number: 6,416,803 Date filed: December 16, 1999 Abstract: Crude green tea is pulverized with a ball mill to screen a microfine powder of 1 micron or less with a sieve. The screened green tea microfine powder is spread in a flat box, on which distilled water is sprayed to a final moisture content of 7.5 to 8.0%, followed by agitation. The flat box is arranged in an infrared irradiation chamber, where the green tea microfine powder is heated with infrared rays at a temperature of 40.degree. C. to 60.degree. C. for 130 minutes to 180 minutes. In such manner, the microfine powder with a high ratio of nutrient digestion and absorption and with high active oxygen-eliminating potency due to SOD contained therein can be provided, together with a method for producing the same. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to powdery green tea prepared by pulverizing crude green tea; more specifically, the invention relates to a method for producing green tea in a microfine powder, comprising a modified pulverizing process and modified processes thereafter, and green tea in a microfine powder as prepared by the method. Green tea contains enormous amounts of nutrients, such as vitamins E, C and A, catechin and theanine. It has been said in recent years that active oxygen is one of the factors affecting disadvantageously human health and promoting aging. Meanwhile, green tea contains a higher content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as an enzyme eliminating active oxygen. SOD was discovered in 1969 by J. M. McCord and I. Fridovich. In Modern Medicine, Vol. 28, No. 8, 1996, SOD is presented to function as a preventive system against oxidative damage. Hence, not only green tea drinking in general fashion but also the intake of green tea per se has been recommended; for example, powdery green tea prepared by pulverizing dried crude green tea with a grinder or the like has been developed. Herein, crude green tea is prepared by steaming fresh green tea leaves and subjecting the resulting green tea leaves to processes for coarse rubbing, rubbing and twisting, moderate rubbing and fine rubbing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416803__

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Process for extracting polyphenol fractions of tea and compositions produced therewith Inventor(s): Bombardelli; Ezio (Milan, IT), Morazzoni; Paolo (Milan, IT), Mustich; Giuseppe (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Indena S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,989,557 Date filed: September 8, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of novel polyphenol fractions of Camellia sinensis (tea), the use thereof and formulations containing them. The invention relates specifically to the preparation of extracts deprived of caffeine but

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containing the polyphenols deriving from epigallocatechin in a natural ratio. The use of these novel extracts, alone or in combination with other active principles, is of interest to the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry, especially to treat cytotoxic and oxidative conditions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel polyphenol fractions of Camellia sinensis (tea), the process for the preparation and use thereof, as well as to formulations containing such fractions. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for preparing substantially caffeine-free extracts containing polyphenols derived from epigallocatechin in their natural ratio. Caffeine is known to have undesirable effects on the cardiovascular system as well as a mutagenic effect, and it is usually removed from such polyphenol fractions by extraction with carbon dioxide under hypercritical condition or with chlorinated solvents. However, the above techniques are not intended to, nor are they capable of, producing extracts with reproducible amounts of the polyphenyl compounds responsible for benificial biological effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05989557__ •

Process for making a stable green tea extract and product Inventor(s): Ekanayake; Athula (Cincinnati, OH), Kirksey; Sanford T. (Cincinnati, OH), Pultinas, Jr.; Edmund P. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,427,806 Date filed: August 8, 1994 Abstract: A process for the production of green tea extracts is disclosed comprising the steps of (a) extracting tea materials with an acidified aqueous solution comprising erythorbic acid or ascorbic acid and citric acid and mixtures thereof at specified ratios, (b) separating extract from residual tea material (c) mixing the extract containing solution with gelatin, and (d) separating the precipitates formed under a nitrogen blanket. The resultant tea extracts are stable against precipitation, have reduced bitter and astringent flavors, low levels of polymerized or oxidized flavanols and resist browning. The extracts are especially suitable for use in beverages with added colorant where brown color is not desired. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing green tea extracts having the color and flavor suitable for incorporating into non-tea beverage matrixes. The extraction of tea material is well known in the art. For example green tea and black tea are typically extracted with hot or cold water to form a dilute extract containing soluble tea solids. The extract is concentrated to form a concentrated extract which is sold in frozen, refrigerated or dried form. Black tea solids are typically used in tea containing beverages for flavor reasons and because they can be made stable by known processes. In particular green tea extracts are very unstable. Green tea contains high levels of unoxidized flavanols and black tea contains low levels of unoxidized flavanols and high levels of oxidized flavanols. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05427806__

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Process for making green tea solids Inventor(s): Tsai; Chee-Hway (West Chester, OH) Assignee(s): Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 4,935,256 Date filed: October 31, 1989 Abstract: A process for isolating and purifying green tea solids in good yield is described. The process uses food approved solvents and provides flavanols with less green/grassy flavor. A less bitter and less astringent flavanol pectin complex is also prepared using pectins, cellulose, gums or sugars. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for isolating green tea solids, in particular catechins, epicatechins and other flavanols in a good yield. Also disclosed is a process for co-drying these flavanols with cellulose, pectins, or gums or sugars, to mask their bitter flavor. Teas, both green and black teas, contain caffeine, but the caffeine in these drinks does not appear to be as physiologically available as in coffee. In fact, green tea is believed to have a relaxing benefit owing to the flavanols (i.e., the catechins and epicatechins) present in green tea. Green tea has had several other physiological benefits attributed to it. It is believed to lower blood pressure and to have other soothing and healing benefits. It is believed that the flavanols are responsible for these benefits. The catechins and epicatechins, also known as flavanols, are obtained by the extraction of plants, e.g. green tea and related plants. Plants containing catechins are known to those skilled in the art. These flavanols are natural substances present in a variety of plants including green teas and herb teas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04935256__

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Therapeutic uses of green tea polyphenols for sickle cell disease Inventor(s): Ohnishi; Tsuyoshi (502 King of Prussia Rd., Radnor, PA 19087) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,538,023 Date filed: September 15, 2000 Abstract: The method of therapeutic management of sickle cell anemia involving oral administration to the patient of an effective dose of green tea polyphenols. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the therapeutic efficacy of green tea polyphenols for patients of sickle cell anemia (SCA). SCA is a serious disease generally found in a specific ethnic group, namely, African Americans and inhabitants of the African continent and nearby countries. In America, 1 out of every 500 of African descents suffers, but in Africa, the ratio is ten times higher. Approximate patient numbers are around 100,000 in the United States, but several millions in Africa. When sickle cell crisis occurs, the patients experience severe pain which is caused by the occlusion of blood vessels jammed with red blood cells. Since the average life span of their red blood cells is only about two weeks as opposed to about 120 days for normal subjects, the patients suffer from chronic anemia. Frequently observed symptoms are: acute chest syndromes, splenic infarction; cardiomegaly; neurological disorders such as hemiplegia, convulsions, coma and stupor; pathologic bone abnormalities such as marrow expansion, avascular necrosis, and osteomyelitis; and leg ulceration. In Africa, SCA causes high mortality in infants and children. Their survival rate to adulthood in Africa

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is less than 50%. Even though the patients' survival to adulthood is not uncommon in the United States, SCA is a disastrous disease. Considering the demographics of SCA, the best hope for the majority of patients would be a low cost self-administered oral therapy. Currently, one such hope for these patients is oral administration of hydroxyurea. This is designed to increase the level of fetal hemoglobin which does not polymerize under deoxygenation. Hydroxyurea therapy has been shown to have beneficial effects, but it is still not free of side effects including bone marrow suppression. If the suppression develops, the patients have to stop the medication until the bone marrow could recover. Since SCA is a genetic disease, any drugs would have to be taken for life-long. There is no guarantee that the prolonged administration of hydroxyurea might cause undesirable side effects. Therefore, a safer method is urgently needed. The inventor found from in vitro experiments that green tea polyphenols could inhibit dense cell formation by inhibiting K-Cl cotransport phenomenon across the sickle red blood cell membrane. This K-Cl cotransport is the major mechanism by which sickle cells are dehydrated in the circulation. It has been shown that the formation of dense cells is the triggering cause for sickle cell crisis (Ballas, S. K. and Smith, E. D. Blood 79:2154-2163, 1992; Fabrey, M. E., Benjamin, L., Lawrence, C. and Nagel, R. L. Blood 64:559-563, 1984). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06538023__ •

Use of a content of catechins or a content of green tea extract in cosmetic preparations for tanning the skin Inventor(s): Max; Heiner (Hamburg, DE), Schonrock; Uwe (Nahe, DE) Assignee(s): Beiersdorf AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 6,399,046 Date filed: March 5, 2001 Abstract: The use of catechins or gallic esters of catechins or aqueous or organic extracts from plants or parts of plants which have a content of catechins or gallic esters of catechins, for example the leaves of the plant family Theaceae, in particular of the species Camellia sinensis (green tea) or a typical ingredient thereof (such as, e.g. polyphenols or catechins, caffeine, vitamins, sugars, minerals, amino acids, lipids), for intensifying natural skin tanning or for stimulating melanogenesis in human skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetic and dermatological preparations for tanning the skin, in particular to those which also offer protection against UV radiation. The harmful effect of the ultraviolet part of solar radiation on the skin is generally known. While rays having a wavelength of less than 290 nm (the UVC region), are absorbed by the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere, rays in the range between 290 nm and 320 nm, the UVB region, cause erythema, simple sunburn or even burns of varying severity. The erythema activity maximum of sunlight is given as the relatively narrow region around 308 nm. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399046__

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Weight loss composition containing green tea, hydroxycitric hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, picolinate and lactobacillus

acid,

5-

Inventor(s): Gorsek; Wayne F. (Springfield, IL) Assignee(s): Vitacost.Com, Inc. (Boynton Beach, FL) Patent Number: 6,383,482 Date filed: August 24, 2000 Abstract: A powerful formulation for weight loss containing green tea extract, hydroxycitric acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, chromium picolinate, and Lactobacillus acidophilus is disclosed. The formulation boasts metabolic rates, suppresses appetite and helps burn fat. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for permanent weight management. The composition burns fat, boost metabolic rate, controls appetite, eliminates sugar cravings and eating binges. An orally ingested composition is provided which contains effective amounts of vitamins, minerals, herbs and natural extracts. The composition contains no dangerous stimulants like Ephedrine, commonly known as Ma Huang. The process by which weight is controlled is so complex that even most talented scientists do not understand it. Prior formulations such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,849 fall short of the unique blend which requires 5-hydroxytryptophan as a key nutrient to provide a feeling of satiation and a calming effect for healthy weight management. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383482__

Patent Applications on Camellia sinensis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Camellia sinensis: •

Analogs of green tea polyphenols as chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents Inventor(s): Bensari, Ahlem; (Redwood City, CA), Chao, Wan-Ru; (Sunnyvale, CA), Zaveri, Nurulain; (San Jose, CA) Correspondence: Reed & Eberle Llp; 800 Menlo Avenue, Suite 210; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20040110790 Date filed: December 6, 2002 Abstract: Novel compounds useful as chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents are provided. The compounds are analogs of polyphenol catechins that occur in green tea, such as epigallocatichin-3-gallate (EGCG), and have the structure of formula (I) 1wherein R.sup.1 through R.sup.11 are defined herein. Preferred R.sup.4 moieties are selected from O, S, NH and CH.sub.2, and in exemplary compounds, R.sup.4 is O and R.sup.5 is a tri-substituted aroyloxy substituent, such as a 3,4,5-substituted benzoyloxy group. Pharmaceutical compositions are provided as well, as are methods of chemotherapy and chemoprevention.

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to analogs of polyphenol catechins that occur in green tea. More particularly, the invention pertains to novel analogs of the catechin, ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and to their use as chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. Current pharmacological treatments for cancer utilize a toxic dose of a compound that is administered in a precise dosing range to preferentially destroy the cancerous cells (chemotherapy), and minimize damage to healthy tissue. Despite efforts to focus the toxic effects on the cancerous tissues, severe or even life-threatening adverse effects may occur, such as serious disorders of the blood, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, and other organs. Most current anticancer drugs thus have a narrow therapeutic window: the range between the therapeutic dose and the maximum tolerated dose is very small. Due to this toxicity, as well as the fact that most anticancer drugs are administered intravenously, nearly all cancer chemotherapy must be administered in a hospital or clinic. An additional problem with most current cancer chemotherapy is that cancers frequently develop resistance to the drugs, so that recurrence of disease is common. It is a goal of cancer researchers to discover efficacious anticancer agents while avoiding the adverse effects of chemotherapy treatments. Epidemiology offers some clues in this regard, and has led to the discovery of safe anticancer agents. By examining the practices of cultures exhibiting a lower incidence of cancer and investigating the possible sources of the decreased incidence of disease, researchers may be able to discover that the food or drink consumed by the people of that culture contains compounds that have anticancer properties. These dietary compounds possessing anticancer properties can then be modified to enhance their anticancer effects while retaining their safety. Of particular interest in this regard are certain polyphenols that occur in green tea. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Catechins and green tea extract for the treatment of amyloidosis in alzheimer's disease and other amyloidoses Inventor(s): Castillo, Gerardo; (Seattle, WA), Choi, Paula Y.; (Bothell, WA), Snow, Alan D.; (Lynnwood, WA) Correspondence: Patrick M. Dwyer; Proteotech, INC.; Suite 114; 1818 Westlake Avenue N; Seatle; WA; 98109; US Patent Application Number: 20020086067 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: Green tea and other natural and synthetic sources of catechins, and bioflavanoids, flavanols, flavandiols, flavanoids, and tannins or derivatives thereof, are disclosed for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition or dietary supplement for the treatment, prevention or management of amyloidosis in a mammalian subject susceptible to, or afflicted by, such a disease. Use of the green tea and its constituents and methods of use are also disclosed. Methods for promoting, maintaining or enhancing in a patient one or more of the mental or cognitive qualities selected from the group of mental or cognitive qualities consisting of mental acuity, mental alertness, cognitive well being, normal brain function, cognitive ability, mental performance, memory, concentration, mental sharpness, mental clarity, short term memory, normal brain function, and learning, the method comprising the step of administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of plant matter from a plant of the genus Camellia, species sinensis are also disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions and methods for treating Alzheimer's Disease and other amyloidoses, and to methods for isolating pharmaceutical agents from plant matter, more particularly, it relates to uses, compositions and methods for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidoses and in Lewy body and Parkinson's disease using plant matter and derivatives thereof. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of a 39-43 amino acid peptide termed the beta-amyloid protein or A.beta., in a fibrillar form, existing as extracellular amyloid plaques and as amyloid within the walls of cerebral blood vessels. Fibrillar A.beta. amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease is believed to be detrimental to the patient and eventually leads to toxicity and neuronal cell death, characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Accumulating evidence implicates amyloid as a major causative factor of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. A variety of other human diseases also demonstrate amyloid deposition and usually involve systemic organs (i.e. organs or tissues lying outside the central nervous system), with the amyloid accumulation leading to organ dysfunction or failure. In Alzheimer's disease and "systemic" amyloid diseases, there is currently no cure or effective treatment, and the patient usually dies within 3 to 10 years from disease onset. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Glutathione, green tea, grape seed extract to neutralize tobacco free radicals Inventor(s): Hersh, Rebecca; (Atlanta, GA), Hersh, Theodore; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Malcolm B. Wittenberg; Crosby, Heafey, Roach & May; Suite 2000; Two Embarcadero Center; San Francisco; CA; 94111; US Patent Application Number: 20020117180 Date filed: May 11, 2001 Abstract: A composition for inclusion within a cigarette, cigar, pipe or smokeless tobacco. The composition can be included within the tobacco itself, a filter for filtering tobacco smoke once burned or even within the paper or wrapper surrounding the tobacco product. In the cigarette filter, be it internal or external filters, the antioxidant complex is capable of scavenging and neutralizing the free radicals emanating from the burning or heated tobacco and passing through the filter as the smoker inhales. The composition is also capable of reducing free radical damage to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs resulting from tobacco smoke. The composition includes glutathione and preferaby L-glutathione and green tea and/or grape seed extract. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/185,172 filed Nov. 3, 1998 which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/933,696, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,449. The present invention deals with the combination of various synergistic antioxidants, enzymatic co-factors and amino acids in appropriate delivery vehicles employed in cigarette filters and in external filters such as cigarette and cigar "holders," in "pipe filters" and in tobacco, wrappers and papers and in so-called smokeless tobacco as a means of preventing or ameliorating signs and symptoms and complications to the oro-pharyngeal cavity, respiratory tract and lungs from damage by tobacco smoke and tobacco chewed induced free radical species. The present invention can be employed in filter cigarettes, unfiltered cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco products. The deleterious effects of tobacco abuse are well known and regulatory agencies as well as the public constantly react to these scientific and epidemiologic evidences. Tobacco is indeed a worldwide public health hazard

Patents 59

accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Although smoking places an abundant oxidant insult to the oral cavity, respiratory tract and lungs, evidence supports the notion that the oxidant burden is on the entire organism of the smoker. Smoking promotes development or enhancement of atherosclerosis, causing cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recently labeled "smoker's lung," cutaneous damage, especially to the face, called "smoker's face," and various forms of cancer, including carcinomas of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and lung. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Green tea composition and molding matter thereof, and process for producing them Inventor(s): Omura, Teijiro; (Shizuoka-Shi, JP) Correspondence: William R. Evans; Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61 Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20020028281 Date filed: April 26, 2001 Abstract: A green tea composition comprising 100 parts by weight of green tea leaf, and 0.01 to 30 parts by weight of trehalose; a process for producing a green tea composition, comprising the steps of heat-treating fresh tea leaf, drying the heat-treated leaf, and crushing the dried leaf, wherein the fresh leaf is brought into contact with trehalose before or after or simultaneously with the heat treatment of the fresh leaf; a molding matter of a green tea composition, obtained by molding a green tea composition comprising 35 to 80% by weight of granulated or powdered green tea (component (A)), 10 to 60% by weight of maltose (component (B)), and 1 to 20% by weight of trehalose (component (C)); and a process for producing a molding matter of a green tea composition, comprising the step of molding the above green tea composition. The green tea composition and the molding matter thereof undergo neither oxidation nor discoloration, so that they can preserve their green colors for a long period of time. In addition, they contain catechins at concentrations high enough to show the pharmacological effects of catechins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates not only to green tea compositions and molding matter thereof that retain the taste and the color characteristic of green tea after fresh green tea leaves have been treated with heat and trehalose for the prevention of oxidatio and discoloration and that can fully exhibit the pharmacological effects of catechins and chlorophylls by retaining them at high concentrations, but also to the methods of producing them. A recent report has attracted particular attention that catechins contained in green tea have various pharmacological effects, that is, an antioxidant effect for preventing aging, an antimicrobial, antiviral effect, a bloodcholesterol-controlling effect, an anti-vassopressor effect, a hypoglycemic effect, an antidiabetic effect, a platelet aggregation inhibitory effect, a thrombus formation preventing effect, an antineoplastic effect, and an anticarcinogenic effect. However, the catechins in green tea are converted to brownish substances after undergoing nonenzymatic oxidation although they are converted to theaflavins and other orange-red substances to show bright colors by enzymatic oxidation when green tea leaves are oxidized to black tea by fermentation. This explains a reason that green tea itself is discolored or remains yellowish when hot water is poured on. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Liquid compositions comprising non-digestible oligosaccharides and green tea catechins, method and uses thereof Inventor(s): Dong, Cunji; (St-Laurent, CA), Simmons, Donald L.; (Dollard Des Ormeaux, CA) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec; PO Box 37428; Raleigh; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20040047921 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: A method and liquid compositions for restoring and/or maintaining colon functionality and/or for helping to prevent cancer such as colon cancer. The method consisting in administering to a human being a liquid composition including an effective amount of a non-digestible oligosaccharide, at least one green tea catechin and a buffering agent mixture, said liquid composition being in a pH range of from about 4.7 to about 5.0. A method for making the liquid compositions is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/390,150, filed on Jun. 21, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This invention relates to liquid compositions comprising a combination of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) and the green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and methods of making thereof. The invention also relates to the uses of such compositions for the restoration and the maintenance of colon health. In recent years, the functional food concept has moved away from mineral and vitamin supplementation towards the situation where improved gut functionality is the main driving force. The key focus is a need to restore and maintain intestinal microbial balance in favor of friendly bacteria and to scavenge free radicals generated by metabolic processes. The colon is the most intensely populated and active microflora region (>10.sup.12 cells per gram of dried contents) of the gastrointestinal tract and is therefore the main target for such dietary intervention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for the treatment and prevention of overweight in mammals Inventor(s): Raggers, Rene John; (Amsterdam, NL), Verlaan, George; (Wageningen, NL) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030175368 Date filed: March 11, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the prevention and/or treatment of overweight in mammals. More particularly the invention is concerned with such a method comprising the enteral administration to a mammal of a preparation comprising an effective amount of a combination of dill or an isolate thereof and one or more components capable of stimulating in vivo lipolysis. Suitable examples of components capable of stimulating in vivo lipolysis include methylxanthines, adrenergic amines, Paullinia cupana or an isolate thereof, Zingziber officinale or an isolate thereof, Camellia sinensis or an isolate thereof, Ilex paraguayiensis or an isolate thereof.Another aspect of the invention relates to a solid or semi-solid unit dosage, preferably selected from the group consisting of tablets, pills, microparticles, microspheres, suppositories,

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capsules, caplets and the like, that is suitable for enteral unitary administration to human subjects and other mammals comprising:a. dill or an isolate thereof in an amount equivalent to between 5 mg and 20 g dill andb. a component capable of stimulating in vivo lipolysis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the prevention and/or treatment of overweight comprising the enteral administration of a component capable of stimulating in vivo lipolysis. Additionally the present invention provides unit dosages, which can suitably be used for the prophylactic and curative treatment of overweight. Obesity is very common in nowadays society. Approximately 25% to 35% of the population of the Western world is overweight. Overweight is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Obesity is the second preventable death cause in de US and a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II. A reduction of body weight with 10% has shown to decrease the risk for coronary heart disease with 20%. Besides this, overweight and/or excess body fat is generally considered a problem, influencing social satisfaction and perception of health. Attempts to combat overweight are often focussed on alteration of the diet or manipulation of the appetite in order to reduce caloric intake. However, there is accumulating evidence that low energy output predisposes individuals to weight gain and obesity, whether the low energy output is caused by low metabolic rate, physical inactivity or both. Increased energy metabolism therefore is an attractive target for treating overweight. Additionally, it allows people to maintain food intake at socially acceptable levels. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for the treatment of human or animal cells, tissue cultures and/or organs outside the human or animal body Inventor(s): Flachsmann, Rene; (Richterswil, CH), Kreuter, Mathis-Heinrich; (Walenstadt, CH) Correspondence: William L. Mathis; Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020127286 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of human or animal cells, tissue cultures and/or organs outside the human or animal body, wherein said human or animal cells, tissues and/or organs are in need of:(i) prevention or considerable reduction of the formation of tissue necrosis and/or atrophy and/or the prevention or considerable reduction of the premature mortification of vascularized and non-vascularized cells and cellular tissues/colonies, and(ii) prevention or considerable reduction of adhesion of a human or animal cell to cells or cell unions of different nonhistocompatible tissue types while promoting adhesion of said cell to cells or cell unions of the same tissue type;comprising administering to said human or animal cells, tissue cultures and/or organs outside the human or animal body and in need of treatment a medicament, a medical care product, a food product or an ingredient for tissue culture media, which comprises a treatment-effective amount of a partial extract of nonfermented Camellia sinensis L., obtained by extracting non-fermented Camellia sinensis L. with a mixture of alcohol and water, wherein said extract comprises phenylchroman derivatives, caffeine, theobromine, glutaminic acid-ethylamide, flavonoides and plant acids.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of human or animal cells, tissue cultures and/or organs outside the human or animal body. Preparations of Camellia sinensis L. for medical and cosmetic applications are known; see "Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis", Vol. 4, Drogen A-D, SpringerVerlag, (1992), pages 628 - 640. Due to its content compounds Camellia sinensis L. has a central stimulating, moderate diuretic, in dependence of the extraction time more or less strong constipatory/anti-diarrhoeal, the heart activity promoting and possibly antiarteriosclerotic effect, see Stagg G. V., Millin D. J., (1975), J. Sci. Food. Agric. 26, pages 1439-1459. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

METHOD OF PROCESSING GREEN TEA LEAVES TO PRODUCE BLACK TEA THAT CAN BE BREWED IN COLD WATER Inventor(s): Bhardwaj, Ashok; (Uttaranchal, IN), David, Pulikkottil Jose; (Kerala, IN), Ramakrishna, Palacharla; (Kakinada, IN), Ravi, Sankararaman; (Chennai, IN) Correspondence: Michael J. Colitz, Iii; Holland & Knight Llp; Suite 4100; 100 North Tampa Street; Tampa; FL; 33602-3644; US Patent Application Number: 20040018273 Date filed: July 18, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of processing green tea leaves to produce black tea particles which can be brewed in Cold Water. The method also is designed to produce cold water brewing tea of a suitable size and grade for use within a tea bag. The method also is designed to produce high polyphenol cold brew tea or conventional tea of any suitable size and grade. Thus, by way of the method of the present invention, a black tea is produced that can be brewed in cold water and further which can be used in tea bags. This is achieved without sacrificing any color quality or taste. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of processing green tea leaves. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of processing green tea leaves to produce Black Tea that can be brewed in cold water. The method is also designed to produce tea that can be brewed in cold water and of a suitable size and grade for use within a tea bag. The method also is designed to produce high polyphenol Black Tea that can be brewed in cold water or conventional hot tea of any suitable size and grade. Tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Most tea beverages are brewed from black tea. Black tea is manufactured by processing plucked green tea leaves. This process typically includes withering, maceration, fermention, and drying operations. The manufacturing process results in black tea particles of varying sizes, which are sieved into grades according to their sizes and market requirement. Tea of various grades and sources are blended to get required taste and packed bulk in Tea Bag. For the reasons stated above, traditionally black teas are usually brewed in hot or boiling water. Namely, the required amount of tea, either loose or in tea bag form, is brewed in boiling water for 2 or 3 minutes, strained and used as a hot beverage. This avoids the problem of cold water insoluble components and also generates a tea beverage of acceptable color and taste. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Camellia sinensis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Camellia sinensis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Camellia sinensis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Camellia sinensis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON CAMELLIA SINENSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Camellia sinensis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Camellia sinensis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Camellia sinensis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Camellia sinensis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Camellia sinensis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Carmilla and Green Tea [UNABRIDGED] by Sheridan Le Fanu; ISBN: 999860835X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999860835X/icongroupinterna

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Gensong, Japanese Green Tea Tune by Vario Cdorh 0368009022 Audiogenetics; ISBN: 6307675470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/6307675470/icongroupinterna

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Grapefruit Flavoured Green Tea Time by Strike Boys Cdcdis Sd083; ISBN: 6306891412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/6306891412/icongroupinterna

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The 2000-2005 Outlook for Asian Green Tea in the Middle East by Inc. Icon Group International; ISBN: 0757675565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757675565/icongroupinterna

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The 2000-2005 World Outlook for Asian Green Tea (Strategic Planning Series) by The Research Group, The Asian Green Tea Research Group; ISBN: 0757651453; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757651453/icongroupinterna

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The Green Tea Lifestyle by Keith Bales, Gillian Bales; ISBN: 1412015138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1412015138/icongroupinterna

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Camellia sinensis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 330 0 382 0 1 713

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “Camellia sinensis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Camellia sinensis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Camellia sinensis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Camellia sinensis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Camellia sinensis”:

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Antioxidants http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Weight Loss and Dieting http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/weightlossanddieting.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Camellia sinensis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Camellia sinensis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Camellia sinensis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Camellia sinensis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Camellia sinensis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Camellia sinensis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Camellia sinensis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Camellia sinensis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

85

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

87

CAMELLIA SINENSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among

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simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal

Dictionary 89

glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU]

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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is

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found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benomyl: A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bifidobacterium: A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacterium that is a genus of the family Actinomycetaceae. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

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Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in

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the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomegaly: Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water

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and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph

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nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a

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water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such

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as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

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[NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

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Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH]

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Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most

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species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

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Far East: A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, and Taiwan. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Hemoglobin: The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by leukemia and several types of anemia. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH]

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Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic transcription: The process by which the genetic information encoded in the gene, represented as a linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides, is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of ribonucleotides known as messenger RNA. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH]

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Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH]

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Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin H: An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. It is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. This abnormality results in alpha-thalassemia. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain

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collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave

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frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insect Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal

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constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Matrilysin: The smallest member of the matrix metalloproteinases. It plays a role in tumor progression. EC 3.4.24.23. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,

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(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methicillin Resistance: Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of methicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin derivative. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH]

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Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the

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axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitric-Oxide Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen to citrulline, nitric oxide, and NADP+. The enzyme found in brain, but not that induced in lung or liver by endotoxin, requires calcium. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.14.13.39. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Nonmelanoma skin cancer: Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the skin). [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in

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both the free and bound form. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis: An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity. [NIH]

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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheophytins: Chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phorbol Esters: Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from croton oil (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH]

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Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylates: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH]

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Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]

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Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]

Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive

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substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH]

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Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satiation: Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary

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sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of

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bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH]

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Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an

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agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetanus Toxin: The toxin elaborated by Clostridium tetani. It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 150,000, probably consisting of two fragments, tetanolysin being the hemolytic and tetanospasmin the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal convulsions. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Training Support: Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin

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damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used

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together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

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INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 56, 87 A Abdominal, 87, 99 Acatalasia, 87, 94 Acceptor, 87, 108, 113 Acetylcholine, 87, 112 Acrylonitrile, 87, 119 Acuity, 57, 87 Adaptability, 87, 94 Adenosine, 87, 91, 93, 106, 115 Adenovirus, 15, 87 Adrenal Glands, 87, 89 Adrenergic, 60, 87, 99, 101, 122 Adverse Effect, 51, 57, 87, 90, 120 Aerobic, 87, 110 Affinity, 87, 88, 120 Agar, 88, 97 Agonist, 88, 90, 99, 123 Aldehydes, 88, 126 Alertness, 57, 88, 92 Algorithms, 88, 92 Alkaline, 5, 88, 93, 96 Alkaline Phosphatase, 5, 88 Alpha Particles, 88, 117 Alternative medicine, 88 Aluminum, 48, 88 Ameliorating, 58, 88 Amino Acids, 20, 55, 58, 88, 90, 114, 115, 116, 119, 125 Amyloid, 58, 88 Amyloidosis, 57, 88 Anaerobic, 16, 89 Anaesthesia, 89, 106 Anaphylatoxins, 89, 96 Anatomical, 89, 95, 100, 106 Androgens, 16, 89 Anemia, 54, 89, 102 Animal model, 4, 89 Anions, 89, 107, 122 Antagonism, 89, 93 Antiangiogenic, 12, 89 Antibiotics, 24, 89 Antibodies, 89, 113 Antibody, 88, 89, 90, 96, 106, 107, 111, 113, 118, 126 Anticarcinogenic, 4, 59, 89 Antidepressant, 87, 89

Antidiabetic, 59, 89 Antiepileptic, 87, 89 Antifungal, 89, 124 Antigen, 87, 89, 90, 96, 106, 113 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 90, 96 Anti-infective, 90, 105 Antimicrobial, 8, 29, 30, 34, 59, 90 Antineoplastic, 59, 90, 103, 106 Antioxidant, 5, 8, 19, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 49, 58, 59, 90, 103, 113 Antiproliferative, 7, 51, 90 Antiviral, 15, 59, 90, 114 Anus, 90, 96, 107 Apomorphine, 12, 90 Apoptosis, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 90, 93 Aqueous, 22, 29, 33, 53, 55, 90, 91, 98, 105 Arginine, 89, 90, 112, 113, 117 Arterial, 90, 106, 108, 116, 122 Arteries, 90, 92, 97, 111 Arterioles, 90, 92, 93, 125 Artery, 9, 20, 90, 97, 100 Ascorbic Acid, 53, 90, 106 Aspartame, 48, 90 Aspartic Acid, 90 Assay, 91, 96, 124 Astringent, 53, 54, 91 Atmospheric Pressure, 47, 91 ATP, 91, 99, 103, 115, 117 Atrophy, 61, 91, 111 Attenuated, 91, 99 B Bacteria, 45, 60, 90, 91, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 108, 110, 118, 121, 124 Bactericidal, 91, 101 Bacterium, 16, 91, 105 Basal cells, 91, 112 Base, 91, 102, 107, 124 Benomyl, 24, 91 Benzyl Alcohol, 49, 50, 91 Beta-pleated, 88, 91 Bifidobacterium, 44, 91 Bile, 91, 108, 121 Bioassay, 4, 91 Bioavailability, 5, 46, 91 Biochemical, 5, 8, 10, 11, 19, 27, 91, 102, 119 Biomass, 51, 92 Biosynthesis, 92, 113, 119

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Camellia sinensis

Biotechnology, 6, 22, 31, 32, 71, 92 Bladder, 10, 92, 116, 125 Blood Coagulation, 92, 93 Blood Glucose, 92, 105, 106 Blood pressure, 49, 54, 92, 93, 106, 110, 112, 120 Blood vessel, 54, 58, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100, 105, 107, 120, 121, 123, 125 Body Fluids, 44, 92, 120 Body Mass Index, 92, 113 Bone Marrow, 55, 92, 103, 109, 111 Brachytherapy, 92, 107, 117, 126 Bradykinin, 92, 112 Bronchi, 92, 101, 124 Bronchial, 15, 92 Bronchitis, 92, 95 C Caffeine, 19, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 92, 117 Calcium, 48, 93, 96, 109, 112, 116, 120 Caloric intake, 61, 93 Capillary, 45, 92, 93, 94, 113, 125 Capillary Fragility, 93, 94 Capsules, 45, 61, 93 Carbohydrate, 44, 93, 104, 115 Carbon Dioxide, 53, 93, 98, 118 Carcinogenesis, 4, 5, 34, 51, 93, 95 Carcinogenic, 3, 47, 93, 107, 121 Carcinogens, 51, 93, 95 Carcinoma, 7, 10, 93, 97 Cardiac, 92, 93, 101, 108, 111, 112, 121 Cardiomegaly, 54, 93 Cardiovascular, 53, 59, 93, 119 Cardiovascular disease, 59, 93 Cardiovascular System, 53, 93 Carotenoids, 50, 93 Caspase, 14, 93 Catalase, 19, 87, 93 Catechin, 8, 11, 15, 22, 35, 48, 49, 52, 57, 60, 94 Catecholamine, 94, 99 Cathode, 94, 100 Cations, 48, 94, 107 Cause of Death, 57, 94 Cell Cycle, 4, 5, 94, 125 Cell Death, 58, 90, 94, 111 Cell Differentiation, 94, 120 Cell Division, 30, 91, 94, 110, 115 Cell membrane, 5, 49, 55, 94, 98, 115 Cell proliferation, 4, 13, 94, 120 Cell Respiration, 94, 110, 118 Cell Size, 94, 102 Cell Survival, 10, 15, 94

Central Nervous System, 58, 87, 92, 94, 104, 111, 119 Cerebral, 58, 94, 97, 101, 105 Cerebrovascular, 93, 94 Cerebrum, 94 Cervical, 7, 19, 94, 105 Cervix, 95 Chemoprevention, 4, 5, 9, 56, 95 Chemopreventive, 4, 5, 19, 29, 56, 57, 95 Chemotactic Factors, 95, 96 Chemotherapy, 8, 29, 34, 51, 56, 57, 95 Chin, 23, 95, 110 Chlorine, 95, 106 Chlorophyll, 24, 33, 95 Cholesterol, 9, 37, 49, 59, 91, 95, 97, 106, 121, 123 Chondrocytes, 14, 95 Chromatin, 90, 95, 109 Chromium, 56, 95 Chronic, 36, 54, 59, 95, 106, 117, 122, 125 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 59, 95 Clinical Medicine, 95, 116 Clinical trial, 3, 71, 95, 118 Cloning, 92, 95 Coenzyme, 90, 95 Cofactor, 96, 116 Collagen, 23, 29, 94, 96, 101, 109, 115, 116 Colon, 36, 60, 96, 108 Comet Assay, 17, 96 Complement, 4, 89, 96 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 41, 96 Complementary medicine, 27, 96 Computational Biology, 71, 97 Congestion, 97, 101 Conjugated, 97, 98 Connective Tissue, 90, 92, 96, 97, 102, 109, 117 Contraindications, ii, 97 Convulsions, 54, 97, 123 Corneum, 97, 100 Coronary, 9, 20, 61, 93, 97, 111 Coronary heart disease, 61, 93, 97 Coronary Thrombosis, 97, 111 Cortex, 97, 113 Culture Media, 61, 88, 97 Curative, 61, 97, 123 Cutaneous, 59, 97, 113 Cyclic, 93, 97, 104, 112 Cyproterone, 97, 102 Cysteine, 16, 97

129

Cystine, 97 Cytochrome, 31, 98 Cytokine, 9, 98 Cytoplasm, 90, 94, 98, 104, 109, 111 Cytotoxic, 53, 98, 118, 120 Cytotoxicity, 10, 98 D Decarboxylation, 98, 113, 117 Degenerative, 98, 109 Dehydration, 44, 98 Deletion, 90, 98 Dental Caries, 28, 98 Depolarization, 98, 120 Detoxification, 34, 98 Deuterium, 98, 105 Developing Countries, 50, 98 Diabetes Mellitus, 36, 61, 98, 104, 105 Diagnostic procedure, 43, 98 Diaphragm, 30, 99 Diastolic, 99, 106 Diffusion, 99 Digestion, 52, 91, 99, 108, 121 Digestive tract, 44, 99 Dihydrotestosterone, 99, 118 Dilution, 15, 99 Diploid, 99, 115 Direct, iii, 5, 95, 99, 118, 122 Disinfectant, 99, 101 Diuresis, 92, 99 Diuretic, 62, 99 DNA Topoisomerase, 99, 103 Dopamine, 12, 90, 99, 112, 114 Duodenum, 91, 99, 121 Dyes, 88, 99, 102 Dyspnea, 99, 117 E Effector, 87, 96, 99 Efficacy, 51, 54, 99 Elasticity, 99, 120 Elastin, 96, 99, 101 Electrolysis, 89, 94, 100 Electrolyte, 100, 116, 120 Electrons, 90, 91, 94, 100, 107, 113, 117, 118 Electrophoresis, 96, 100 Embolus, 100, 106 Embryo, 94, 100, 106 Emetic, 90, 100 Emphysema, 95, 100 Enamel, 98, 100, 108 Endogenous, 51, 99, 100, 124 Endothelium, 100, 112 Endothelium-derived, 100, 112

Endotoxin, 100, 112 Environmental Exposure, 50, 100 Environmental Health, 70, 72, 100 Enzymatic, 58, 59, 93, 96, 98, 100 Eosinophilic, 8, 100 Epidemiological, 3, 100 Epidermal, 10, 14, 16, 100, 108, 109 Epidermis, 23, 91, 97, 100, 105, 108 Epinephrine, 87, 99, 100, 112, 124 Epithelial, 11, 13, 101 Epithelial Cells, 11, 13, 101 Epithelium, 6, 100, 101 Erythema, 36, 55, 101 Erythrocytes, 89, 92, 101, 118 Esophagus, 59, 99, 101, 114, 121 Estrogen, 97, 101, 119, 123 Ethanol, 31, 44, 101, 102 Excitation, 101, 102, 111 Exogenous, 45, 100, 101 External-beam radiation, 101, 107, 117, 126 Extracellular, 10, 58, 88, 97, 101, 109, 120 Extracellular Matrix, 97, 101, 109 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 101, 109 Extraction, 23, 32, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 62, 101 Extrapyramidal, 99, 101 Extremity, 101, 108, 113 Eye Infections, 87, 101 F Family Planning, 71, 101 Far East, 46, 102 Fat, 49, 50, 56, 61, 92, 97, 100, 102, 108, 113, 120, 124 Fatigue, 44, 102, 105 Feces, 91, 102, 121 Fermentation, 59, 102 Fetal Hemoglobin, 55, 102 Fetus, 102, 109, 125 Fibrosis, 102, 117 Flow Cytometry, 5, 102 Fluorescence, 102 Fluorescent Dyes, 102 Flutamide, 16, 102 Fold, 49, 102 Forearm, 92, 102 Forestry, 22, 102 Fractionation, 7, 102 Frameshift, 102, 103, 124 Frameshift Mutation, 103, 124 Free Radicals, 45, 49, 58, 60, 90, 103 Freeze-dried, 45, 103 Fructose, 44, 45, 103, 104

130

Camellia sinensis

Fungicide, 91, 103 G Gallate, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 32, 47, 56, 57, 60, 103 Gas, 93, 95, 99, 103, 105, 112 Gastric, 18, 103 Gastrointestinal, 51, 57, 60, 92, 101, 103, 119, 122 Gastrointestinal tract, 57, 60, 101, 103, 119 Gene, 6, 7, 12, 33, 34, 87, 92, 103, 113 Gene Expression, 6, 7, 33, 34, 103 Gene Therapy, 87, 103 Genetic transcription, 103, 116, 124 Genetics, 50, 103 Genistein, 9, 103 Ginseng, 23, 49, 103 Gland, 104, 109, 116, 119 Glucose, 16, 44, 90, 92, 95, 98, 104, 105, 119 Glucose Intolerance, 98, 104 Glutathione Peroxidase, 104, 119 Glycoprotein, 11, 23, 104 Glycosaminoglycans, 101, 104, 117 Glycoside, 104, 119 Glycosidic, 104, 112 Governing Board, 104, 116 Gp120, 104, 114 Grade, 48, 62, 104 Gram-positive, 91, 104, 108 Granulocytes, 104, 120 Guanylate Cyclase, 104, 112 H Haploid, 104, 115 Headache, 93, 104 Heart attack, 93, 105 Heart failure, 105, 117 Hemiparesis, 105 Hemiplegia, 54, 105 Hemoglobin, 89, 101, 102, 105 Hemoglobin H, 102, 105 Hemolytic, 105, 123 Hepatic, 33, 105 Heredity, 103, 105 Histology, 105, 109 Hormonal, 91, 105 Hormone, 91, 100, 105, 120, 123 Horny layer, 100, 105 Hydration, 44, 105 Hydrogen, 10, 19, 23, 87, 91, 93, 98, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110, 112, 113, 117, 122 Hydrogen Peroxide, 10, 19, 23, 93, 104, 105, 108, 122 Hydrolysis, 105, 108, 115, 117

Hydroxylysine, 96, 105 Hydroxyproline, 96, 106 Hydroxyurea, 55, 106 Hypercholesterolemia, 37, 106, 114 Hyperreflexia, 106, 123 Hypersensitivity, 106, 113 Hypertension, 61, 93, 104, 106 Hypochlorous Acid, 31, 106 Hypoglycemic, 59, 106 Hypotension, 97, 106 Hypoxanthine, 106, 126 I Impairment, 44, 101, 106 Implant radiation, 106, 107, 117, 126 In situ, 5, 106 In vitro, 5, 12, 13, 23, 24, 29, 55, 103, 106, 123 In vivo, 5, 22, 60, 61, 103, 106 Induction, 10, 15, 34, 89, 106 Infarction, 54, 106 Infection, 15, 17, 37, 95, 101, 106, 108, 109, 114, 122 Inflammation, 6, 17, 92, 101, 102, 106, 113, 115, 117 Infrared Rays, 52, 106 Infusion, 31, 107 Ingestion, 10, 18, 107, 115 Initiation, 27, 107, 116, 124 Inotropic, 99, 107 Insect Control, 23, 107 Interleukin-1, 14, 107 Interleukin-2, 107 Internal radiation, 107, 117, 126 Interstitial, 92, 107, 126 Intestinal, 45, 60, 107, 108 Intestines, 87, 91, 102, 103, 107 Intracellular, 93, 106, 107, 112, 116, 119, 120 Intravenous, 107 Ionizing, 88, 100, 107, 118 Ions, 44, 48, 91, 100, 105, 107 Irradiation, 49, 52, 107, 126 Ischemia, 91, 107 K Kb, 70, 107 Keratin, 107, 108 Keratinocytes, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16, 108 Keratolytic, 98, 108 L Labile, 96, 108 Laceration, 108, 123 Lactobacillus, 56, 108

131

Large Intestine, 99, 107, 108, 118 Leg Ulcer, 54, 108 Lesion, 108, 124 Lethal, 51, 91, 108 Leukemia, 8, 102, 103, 108 Libido, 89, 108 Lidocaine, 91, 108 Ligament, 108, 116, 121 Lipid, 5, 23, 24, 30, 34, 49, 50, 108, 113, 124 Lipid Peroxidation, 5, 23, 24, 30, 34, 108, 113 Lipolysis, 60, 61, 108 Liver, 24, 30, 31, 57, 87, 88, 91, 102, 105, 108, 112, 125 Localized, 88, 98, 105, 106, 108, 113, 115, 123, 124 Locomotion, 108, 115 Lymph, 94, 100, 108, 109 Lymph node, 95, 109 Lymphatic, 100, 106, 108, 109, 121 Lymphocytes, 90, 107, 109, 121 M Maceration, 62, 109 Macrophage, 107, 109 Malignant, 90, 109, 111, 113, 118 Malnutrition, 91, 109 Mammary, 109, 123 Manifest, 105, 109 Matrilysin, 16, 109 Matrix metalloproteinase, 14, 16, 109 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 57, 109 Mediate, 99, 109 Medicament, 61, 109 MEDLINE, 71, 109 Melanocytes, 109, 112 Melanoma, 109, 124 Membrane, 5, 16, 48, 94, 96, 98, 101, 104, 109, 115, 116, 120 Memory, 57, 109 Meninges, 94, 110, 121 Mental, iv, 3, 57, 70, 72, 95, 102, 109, 110, 117 Mental Health, iv, 3, 70, 72, 110, 117 Mercury, 102, 110 Metabolite, 13, 32, 110 Metastasis, 109, 110, 111 Metastatic, 7, 110 Methicillin Resistance, 34, 110 Microbe, 110, 124 Microorganism, 96, 110, 125 Micro-organism, 98, 110 Microscopy, 30, 110

Microspheres, 60, 110 Mitochondria, 14, 23, 30, 110 Mitochondrial Swelling, 110, 111 Mitosis, 90, 110 Molecular, 5, 13, 17, 19, 33, 48, 71, 73, 89, 92, 97, 110, 114, 119, 122, 123, 124 Molecule, 12, 90, 91, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 110, 113, 117, 118, 120, 125 Monitor, 110, 112 Monoclonal, 107, 111, 118, 126 Monocytes, 107, 111 Mononuclear, 22, 29, 111 Morphine, 90, 111 Motor Activity, 97, 111 Multidrug resistance, 23, 111 Mutagenesis, 31, 34, 111 Mutagenic, 47, 50, 53, 111 Mutagens, 103, 111 Myocardial infarction, 20, 97, 111 Myocardium, 111 N Necrosis, 54, 61, 90, 106, 111 Neoplasms, 90, 93, 111, 118 Nervous System, 94, 111, 114, 122, 125 Neural, 51, 88, 111 Neuroblastoma, 14, 111 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 8, 111 Neuronal, 58, 111 Neurons, 111, 122 Neurotoxic, 111, 123 Neurotoxicity, 14, 111 Neurotransmitter, 87, 91, 92, 99, 111, 112, 120, 122 Neutrons, 88, 107, 112, 117 Nitric Oxide, 14, 112 Nitric-Oxide Synthase, 13, 112 Nitrogen, 53, 89, 101, 112, 124 Nitroprusside, 14, 112 Nonmelanoma skin cancer, 9, 112 Norepinephrine, 87, 99, 112 Nuclear, 16, 100, 111, 112 Nucleic acid, 106, 111, 112, 117, 121 Nucleus, 90, 95, 97, 98, 109, 111, 112, 117, 121 O Obstetrics, 109, 112 Oligosaccharides, 45, 60, 112 Operon, 113, 116 Organ Culture, 113, 123 Ornithine, 10, 34, 113, 117 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 10, 34, 113 Osteogenic sarcoma, 113

132

Camellia sinensis

Osteomyelitis, 54, 113 Osteosarcoma, 4, 113 Overweight, 25, 60, 61, 113 Oxidation, 50, 59, 87, 90, 97, 98, 104, 108, 113 Oxidative Stress, 18, 31, 113 P Palliative, 97, 113, 123 Paresis, 105, 113 Parkinsonism, 90, 113 Particle, 113, 124 Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis, 32, 113 Pathologic, 54, 90, 97, 106, 114, 121 Pathologic Processes, 90, 114 Pectins, 54, 114 Pelvic, 114, 116 Penicillin, 89, 110, 114 Peptide, 58, 108, 114, 115, 116, 117 Peptide T, 58, 114 Perception, 61, 114 Peripheral blood, 22, 29, 114 Peripheral Nervous System, 105, 111, 112, 114, 122 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 105, 114 Perspiration, 44, 114 Pharmacokinetic, 4, 114 Pharmacologic, 114, 124 Pharynx, 59, 114 Phenylalanine, 90, 114, 124 Pheophytins, 33, 114 Phorbol, 114, 116 Phorbol Esters, 114, 116 Phosphates, 50, 114 Phospholipases, 115, 120 Phospholipids, 102, 115, 116 Phosphorus, 93, 115 Phosphorylates, 115, 116 Phosphorylation, 12, 115, 117 Physiologic, 88, 92, 115, 118 Pigment, 109, 112, 115 Pilot study, 15, 115 Plants, 3, 46, 54, 55, 91, 93, 94, 103, 104, 112, 114, 115, 119, 124, 125 Plasma, 4, 10, 89, 94, 104, 105, 115, 119 Platelet Activation, 115, 120 Platelet Aggregation, 59, 89, 112, 115 Platelets, 9, 112, 115, 119, 123 Pneumonia, 97, 115 Poisoning, 90, 110, 115 Polymerase, 115, 116 Polypeptide, 96, 102, 115

Polysaccharide, 90, 115, 117 Postsynaptic, 115, 120 Potassium, 44, 116 Potentiates, 107, 116 Potentiation, 116, 120 Practice Guidelines, 72, 116 Precancerous, 95, 116 Precipitation, 53, 116 Precursor, 17, 87, 99, 100, 112, 114, 116, 121, 124 Progression, 5, 89, 109, 116 Progressive, 94, 111, 115, 116, 117 Proline, 96, 106, 116 Promotor, 34, 116 Prospective Studies, 12, 18, 116 Prostate, 7, 17, 18, 116 Protein Kinase C, 4, 116 Protein S, 17, 92, 116 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 103, 117 Proteoglycan, 23, 29, 117 Proteolytic, 13, 96, 117 Protons, 88, 105, 107, 117 Psychiatry, 117, 121 Psychic, 108, 110, 117 Public Health, 58, 72, 117 Public Policy, 71, 117 Pulmonary, 17, 51, 92, 95, 100, 117 Pulmonary Artery, 92, 117 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 17, 117 Purifying, 54, 117 Purines, 117, 119, 126 Putrescine, 113, 117, 121 Pyogenic, 113, 117 Pyridoxal, 113, 117 Q Quinones, 48, 117 R Radiation, 5, 20, 50, 55, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 117, 118, 124, 126 Radiation therapy, 101, 102, 107, 117, 126 Radioactive, 105, 106, 107, 112, 117, 118, 126 Radiolabeled, 107, 118, 126 Radiotherapy, 92, 107, 118, 126 Randomized, 9, 99, 118 Reactive Oxygen Species, 18, 118 Receptor, 33, 90, 99, 104, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120 Rectum, 90, 96, 99, 103, 108, 116, 118 Recurrence, 51, 57, 95, 118 Red blood cells, 54, 101, 105, 118, 119 Reductase, 33, 118

133

Refer, 1, 96, 108, 112, 118, 124 Regimen, 99, 118 Remission, 118 Respiration, 93, 110, 118 Reversion, 118, 124 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 106, 118 Rigidity, 113, 115, 118 Risk factor, 50, 61, 118 Rod, 91, 108, 118 Rubber, 22, 87, 119 S Saphenous, 18, 119 Saphenous Vein, 18, 119 Saponins, 22, 28, 49, 119, 121 Satiation, 56, 119 Scatter, 119, 125 Screening, 95, 119 Secretion, 114, 119 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 119, 122 Selenium, 11, 26, 119 Semen, 116, 119 Sequence Homology, 114, 119 Serine, 116, 119 Serotonin, 87, 112, 119, 124 Serum, 22, 24, 49, 89, 96, 119 Sex Characteristics, 89, 119, 123 Sharpness, 57, 120 Side effect, 55, 87, 120, 123 Signal Transduction, 4, 11, 120 Signs and Symptoms, 58, 118, 120 Skeletal, 89, 120 Skin Aging, 46, 120 Smooth muscle, 12, 89, 92, 111, 120, 122 Sodium, 14, 44, 120, 122 Soft tissue, 92, 120 Solar radiation, 55, 120 Solvent, 44, 49, 50, 101, 120 Specialist, 77, 120 Species, 55, 57, 58, 101, 102, 108, 110, 111, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126 Spectrum, 106, 120 Sperm, 89, 121 Spermidine, 113, 121 Spinal cord, 94, 95, 105, 110, 111, 114, 121 Spinal Cord Diseases, 105, 121 Spinous, 100, 108, 121 Spleen, 88, 109, 121 Sporadic, 111, 121 Squamous, 112, 121 Squamous cells, 112, 121

Stabilization, 50, 121 Steroid, 119, 121 Stimulant, 92, 121 Stomach, 7, 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 114, 121 Stool, 96, 108, 121 Strained, 62, 121 Strand, 96, 115, 121 Stress, 8, 93, 94, 113, 119, 121 Stroke, 70, 93, 121 Stupor, 54, 121 Styrene, 119, 121 Subacute, 106, 122 Subclinical, 106, 122 Subspecies, 120, 122 Substance P, 110, 119, 122 Substrate, 50, 122 Superoxide, 52, 122 Superoxide Dismutase, 52, 122 Supplementation, 60, 122 Suppression, 12, 55, 122 Suppressive, 24, 33, 34, 122 Survival Rate, 54, 122 Sweat, 44, 114, 122 Sympathomimetic, 99, 100, 112, 122 Symphysis, 95, 116, 122 Synapse, 87, 122, 124 Synaptic, 112, 120, 122 Synergistic, 50, 58, 122 Systemic, 51, 58, 88, 91, 92, 101, 106, 107, 117, 122, 125, 126 Systolic, 106, 122 T Tamoxifen, 51, 119, 122 Testosterone, 118, 123 Tetani, 123 Tetanic, 123 Tetanus, 27, 123 Tetanus Toxin, 27, 123 Therapeutics, 5, 13, 14, 19, 51, 123 Thoracic, 99, 123, 126 Threonine, 114, 116, 119, 123 Threshold, 106, 123 Thrombin, 115, 123 Thrombocytes, 115, 123 Thrombosis, 13, 116, 121, 123 Tissue Culture, 61, 62, 123 Tone, 47, 123 Tonus, 123 Topical, 91, 101, 105, 123 Torsion, 106, 123

134

Camellia sinensis

Toxic, iv, 57, 98, 100, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124 Toxicity, 17, 51, 57, 58, 109, 110, 124 Toxicology, 5, 72, 124 Toxin, 100, 123, 124 Trace element, 95, 124 Trachea, 92, 114, 124 Training Support, 5, 124 Transcription Factors, 5, 124 Transduction, 4, 120, 124 Transfection, 92, 103, 124 Translocation, 5, 124 Transmitter, 87, 99, 112, 124 Trauma, 104, 111, 124 Trees, 119, 124 Triacetin, 49, 50, 124 Triglyceride, 124 Tryptophan, 96, 119, 124 Typhimurium, 28, 33, 34, 124 Tyrosine, 99, 117, 124 U Ulcer, 29, 124, 125 Ultraviolet radiation, 46, 120, 124 Urea, 113, 122, 125 Urethra, 116, 125 Urinary, 125, 126 Urine, 4, 92, 99, 125 Uterus, 95, 109, 125

V Vagina, 91, 95, 108, 125 Varicose, 108, 125 Varicose Ulcer, 108, 125 Vascular, 45, 49, 51, 100, 106, 112, 113, 121, 125 Vascular Resistance, 49, 125 Vasodilator, 92, 99, 112, 125 Vector, 124, 125 Vegetative, 92, 125 Vein, 107, 112, 119, 125 Venous, 36, 108, 116, 125 Venules, 92, 93, 125 Veterinary Medicine, 71, 125 Viral, 38, 124, 125 Virulence, 16, 91, 124, 125 Virus, 104, 124, 125 Vitro, 5, 125 Vivo, 5, 31, 60, 126 W Windpipe, 114, 126 Wound Healing, 109, 126 X Xanthine, 32, 126 Xanthine Oxidase, 32, 126 Xenograft, 89, 126 X-ray, 94, 102, 107, 112, 117, 118, 126 X-ray therapy, 107, 126

135

136

Camellia sinensis

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