Caesaris Augusti Res gestae et Fragmenta

CAESARIS AVGVSTI

RES GESTAE ET FRAGMENTA

CLASSICAL STUDIES Pedagogy Series GENERAL EDITOR

Norma Goldman Wayne State University

ADVISORY EDITORS

Herbert W. Bernario Emeritus, Emory University

Sally Davis Wakefield High School Arlington, Virginia

Judith Lynn Sebesta University of South Dakota

Meyer Reinhold Boston University

BOOKS IN THIS SERIES

Caesaris Augusti Res Gestae et Fragmenta Second edition, revised and enlarged by Herbert W. Benario, 1990 Roman Letters: History from a Personal Point of View By Finley Hooper and Matthew Schwartz, 1990 Cicero's Verrine Oration II.4: With Notes and Vocabulary By Sheila K. Dickison, 1992 The Two Worlds of the Poet: New Perspectives on Vergil Edited by Robert M. Wilhelm and Howard Jones, 1992

Res Publica Conquassata: Readings on the Fall of the Roman Republic Selected and edited by James K. Finn and Frank J. Groten, Jr., 1998

CAESARIS AVGVSTI RES GESTAE ET FRAGMENTA

Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary

Robert S. Rogers Kenneth Scott Margaret M. Ward Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged

Herbert W. Benario y^

Wayne State University Press Detroit

Originally published in 1935, by D. C. Heath and Company. Second edition, revised and enlarged, copyright © 1990 by Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 48201. All rights are reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without formal permission. 10 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6

7 6 5 4 3

Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 63 B.C.-14 A.D. [Res gestae] Caesaris Augusti Res gestae ; et, Fragmenta / with introduction, notes, and vocabulary, Robert S. Rogers, Kenneth Scott, and Margaret M. Ward. — 2nd ed., rev. and enl. / by Herbert W. Benario. p. cm. — (Classical studies pedagogy series) Latin text; commentary in English. ISBN 0-8143-2137-2. — ISBN 0-8143-2138-0 (pbk.) 1. Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 63 B.C.-14 A.D. 2. Rome—History—Augustus, 30 B.C.-14 A.D. 3. Latin language—Readers. I. Rogers, Robert Samuel, d. 1968. II. Scott, Kenneth. III. Ward, Margaret M. IV. Benario, Herbert W. V. Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 63 B.C.-14 A.D. Fragments. 1990. VI. Title. VII. Title: Res gestae. VIII. Series. PA6220.A85A7 1990 937'.07'092—dc20 89-25021 CIP

To Emile B. de Sauze friend of the classics and

Janice M. Benario uxori dilectissimae

Ancient Critics on Augustus' Style "Augustus cultivated a style of speaking which was chaste and elegant. . . . His chief objective was to express his thoughts with the utmost clarity." (Augustus, 86) Suetonius Tranquillus, private secretary to the Emperor Hadrian, and author of the Lives of the Caesars. "Augustus adheres to his father's (Julius Caesar's) elegance of diction." (Nodes Atticae, x, 24) Aulus Gellius, critic of literature and language, and author of the Attic Nights. "Augustus' eloquence is facile and fluent, and such as befits a prince." (Annales, xiii, 3) Tacitus, the greatest orator of his time and the greatest historian of the Roman Empire. "In my judgment Augustus . . . spoke with taste and employed the Latin tongue with its charm still unimpaired." (Epistulae, ed. Mai, p. 119) Fronto, the most distinguished orator of the Antonine period and tutor of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. "The deified Augustus spoke with elegance." (Controversiae, ii, 5, 20) The Elder Seneca, a famous teacher of literature and rhetoric, and a tremendous admirer of Cicero. And, from a later period, "Augustus wrote a book of epigrams and another of letters to his friends. The work was composed with the most elegant severity and most distinguished brevity." (Rerum Memorandarum, i, 2, 3) Petrarch, illustrious Italian poet and humanist, and inaugurator of the Renaissance in Italy.

PREFACE To THE FIRST EDITION THE need of fresh material for elementary Latin reading has long been apparent and was recently stressed in the Report of the Classical Investigation [ 1924]. This Latin should be genuine, not artificial, and it should furthermore belong to the period when the so-called Classical Latin, the prose of Caesar, Cicero, and Livy, was spoken and written. At the same time material is required which will be free from the complicated and lengthy periods of these authors. There is one author who meets these requirements, and only one; and he happens to be the most important historical character of the Roman Empire, its founder, Caesar Augustus. His style is crystal clear, equaling or surpassing that of his uncle, Julius. His sentences, moreover, in contrast with the lengthy periods of the Commentaries, are simple and concise, affording examples of almost every common phase of Latin syntax, especially of numerals and of passive periphrastic, infinitival, and participial constructions. But they do not, as is often the case with Caesar, hurl these constructions all at once upon the reader. The Res Gestae, an autobiographical sketch of the emperor's life, gives in clear-cut form the historical background of the Augustan Age, a background indispensable as a preparation for subsequent reading of Vergil, Horace, Ovid, Propertius, Tibullus, and Livy. It provides also an excellent introduction to Roman public life, an understanding of which is so necessary in the Cicero year. Furthermore, scarcely a word is used which is not Ciceronian; and likewise a large part of the vocabulary is found in the word lists of the College Entrance Board. The letters, jests, and other fragments provide a similar introduction to Roman private life and afford an intimate and personal glimpse of the Roman imperial family and of some of Augustus' friends, as his prime minister Maecenas and the poet Horace. vn

viii

Preface to the First Edition

For the text of the Res Gestae the editors have followed the recent edition of C. Barini (Milano, 1930); no attempt has been made to indicate what part of the text represents restoration of the lacunae by editors, since that is of no value for elementary students. For the fragments the editors have followed H. Malcovati's Caesaris Augusti Imperatoris Operum Fragmenta (Torino, 1928), and they have sometimes taken the liberty of changing indirect to direct discourse. Grateful acknowledgment is made of an obvious indebtedness to the commentaries of Mommsen, Hardy, and Barini; and for the descriptions of coins to Mattingly's Catalogue of Roman Coins in the British Museum. This book not only may be used to precede or supplement Caesar, but would form a valuable addition to the Cicero or Vergil course; it likewise lends itself to use for supplementary or sight reading in college. It may be remarked that this is the only English edition of the Res Gestae or of the fragments annotated for use in the schools. No other edition in English or any other language is accompanied by a vocabulary. The editors have collaborated throughout to the extent that their respective contributions can hardly be differentiated. This book in experimental form has aroused much enthusiasm in classes at Glenville High School, Cleveland, where it has been tested. Particularly striking has been the reaction of the weaker students, whose interest is generally less easily stimulated; their command of grammar and ability to understand Latin have been more rapidly promoted than by the usual books designed for the use of second-year students. And all students manifest enjoyment of the subject matter. The editors wish to acknowledge gratefully the kindness of Sig. Riccardo Davico, Secretary of the American Academy in Rome, in supplying illustrations of the Forum of Augustus and the Theater of Marcellus; and of Professor W. L. Carr, General Editor of this series, and Dr. John F. Gummere of the William Penn Charter School, who read the book in proof and made valuable suggestions. R. S. R. K. S. M. M. W. January, 1935

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION THE revision and republication of this book serve as an act of pietas, to the emperor himself and to the memory of Professor Rogers, whom I knew well for many years before his untimely death in 1968 and from whom, in conversation and from his many writings, I learned a great deal. There is once again available a skillfully designed text for students at an early stage of reading and comprehension. I have undertaken to maintain the character of the book as much as possible, while expanding and occasionally correcting, to make it as suitable for the student of the 1990s as it was for the student of the 1930s. I have added two items to the Fragmenta and chosen new illustrations. The text of the Res Gestae is now based upon that of V. Ehrenberg and A. H. M. Jones, Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (Oxford: Clarendon Press 19552). Although macrons (long marks) appear in both text and vocabulary, I have omitted them in the notes, so that the student may become accustomed to plain Latin. I have profited from the comments of my wife, who, as always, has been a searching yet loving critic, and from Wayne State University Press's referee. H. W. B. March, 1990

IX

This page intentionally left blank

CONTENTS

Preface to the First Edition

vii

Preface to the Second Edition

ix

List of Illustrations

xiii

Introduction

xv

RES G E S T A E

3

FRAGMENTA

23

Notes on RES G E S T A E

47

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

63

Chronological Table

87

Genealogical Tables

91

Vocabulary

95

XI

This page intentionally left blank

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Temple of Rome and Augustus, Ankara

2

The beginning of the inscription of the Res Gestae

2

Augustus as Imperator, from the Villa at Priina Porta

4

Augustus as Pontifex Maximus

6

Ara Pacis Augustae

8

Ara Pacis Augustae, procession with Augustus

8

Dedication to Lucius Caesar, aged fourteen, as princeps iuventutis and consul designate

9

Bridge at Narni

11

Forum of Augustus, with temple of Mars Ultor

12

Model of the Forum of Augustus, with temple of Mars Ultor

12

Theater of Marcellus

13

Arch of Augustus at Susa, in the Cottian Alps

15

The tropaeum Augusti at La Turbie in southern France

16

Model of the tropaeum Augusti

17

Augustus with the corona civica (Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek Miinchen)

20

Livia

22

The deified Augustus, from an altar in Ravenna

45

Xlll

This page intentionally left blank

INTRODUCTION AUGUSTUS, like his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar, was a master of the Latin language and keenly interested in literature. He was the author of a lost hexameter poem on Sicily, probably a geographical work, of epigrams of which two examples survive, and of ribald poems called Fescennini sent to Asinius Pollio. His Ajax, a tragedy, did not satisfy him; ultimately, when asked how it was getting on, Augustus replied, "My Ajax has fallen on the sponge." Upon the death of his stepson Drusus in 9 B.C., he composed the poetic tomb inscription as well as a prose outline of his life. The letters of the emperor to members of his family or to his friends are a revelation of the human side of a great ruler and statesman. They show sincerity, directness of style, and a delightful sense of humor, which must have had much to do with endearing Augustus to his subjects, and further examples of which are recorded, notably by the Elder Seneca, Quintilian, and Macrobius. Four other prose works, like the letters, have almost completely perished. We know that he wrote "rescripts to Brutus on Cato" and "exhortations to philosophy." Much more important was his autobiography in thirteen books, which covered the years until 25 B.C.; one considerable fragment dealing with the appearance of the Julian comet was cited by the Elder Pliny and is included here. He also wrote a military handbook known as Disciplina, of which one excerpt is also included. Of Augustus' further compositions the biographer Suetonius says: "In one of the three rolls [which he had deposited for safekeeping with the Vestal Virgins, who after his death produced them in the Senate where they were read] he included directions for his funeral; in the second, an account of what he had accomplished, which he desired to have cut upon bronze tablets and set up at the entrance to the Mausoleum [the tomb on xv

xvi

Introduction

the field of Mars which he had built for himself and his family]; in the third, a summary of the conditions of the whole empire" (Augustus 101, Rolfe's translation). These three documents were lost to later times, until in 1555 a Dutch scholar named Buysbecche discovered on the walls of the temple of Rome and Augustus at Ankara (Ancyra) in Turkey a Latin copy of the Res Gestae, the contents of the second roll, and a Greek translation. Later, fragmentary copies of the Greek translation were found at Apollonia and of the Latin version at Antioch in Pisidia. Both places were part of the province of Galatia, as was Ancyra, and one can only wonder why the text was so extensively published in central Asia Minor. This great inscription, also known as the Monumentum Ancyranum, has been called the "queen of Latin inscriptions." It consists of three parts: chapters 1-14 enumerate the offices and honors conferred upon Augustus and his grandsons; chapters 15-24 record his achievements for the Roman people, such as his expenditures, buildings, and festivals; and chapters 25-35 are the res gestae proper, his political deeds in peace and his successes in war. It has been called "a posthumous political manifesto in the retrospective form of a dignified narrative of the emperor's public career" (J. E. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy [Cambridge 19272] 259). Yet it is much more than that. In the words of one of the greatest interpreters of Roman history of this century, it would be imprudent to use the document as a sure guide for history, petulant and pointless to complain of omission and misrepresentation. No less vain the attempt to discover ultimate derivation and exact definition as a literary form. While the Princeps lived, he might, like other rulers, be openly worshipped as a deity in the provinces or receive in Rome and Italy honours like those accorded to gods by grateful humanity: to Romans he was no more than the head of the Roman State. Yet one thing was certain. When he was dead, Augustus would receive the honours of the Founder who was also Aeneas and Romulus, and, like Divus Julius, he would be enrolled by vote of the Roman Senate among the gods of Rome for his great merits—and for reasons of high politics. None the less, it will not help to describe the Res Gestae as the titledeeds of his divinity. If explained they must be, it is not with

Introduction

reference to the religions and kings of the Hellenistic East but from Rome and Roman practice, as a combination between the elogium of a Roman general and the statement of accounts of a Roman magistrate. Like Augustus, his Res Gestae are unique, defying verbal definition and explaining themselves. (R. Syme, The Roman Revolution [Oxford 1939] 523-24)

xvii

This page intentionally left blank

CAESARIS AVGVSTI RES GESTAE ET FRAGMENTA

Temple of Rome and Augustus, Ankara (J. M. Conant)

The beginning of the inscription of the Res Gestae (R. V. Schoder, S. J.)

RES GESTAE RERUM gestarum divi August!, quibus orbem terrarum imperio popuh Roman! subiecit, et impensarum quas in rem publicam populumque Romanum fecit, incisarum in duabus ahenels pills, quae sunt Romae positae, exemplar subiectum. 1 Annos undevlgintl natus exercitum private consilio et privata impensa comparavi, per quem rem publicam a dominatione factionis oppressam in llbertatem vindicavi. Eo nomine senatus decretis honorificis in ordinem suum me adlegit, C. Pansa et A. Hirtio consulibus, consularem locum sententiae dicendae tribuens, et imperium mihi dedit. Res publica ne quid detrimentl caperet, me propraetore simul cum consulibus providere iussit. Populus autem eodem anno me consulem, cum cos. uterque in bello cecidisset, et triumvirum re! publicae constituendae creavit. 2 QuI parentem meum trucldaverunt, eos in exilium expull iudicils legitimls ultus eorum facinus, et postea bellum inferentis rel publicae vlcl bis acie. 3 Bella terra et man clvllia externaque toto in orbe terrarum saepe gessi, victorque omnibus veniam petentibus civibus pepercl. Externas gentes, quibus tuto ignosci potuit, conservare quam excidere malul. MQlia clvium Romanorum sub sacramento meo fuerunt circiter quingenta. Ex quibus deduxT in colonias aut remlsl in municipia sua stlpendis emeritls mlllia aliquanto plura quam trecenta, et ils omnibus agros adsignavi aut pecuniam pro praemils mllitiae dedl. Naves cepT sescentas praeter eas, si quae minores quam triremes fuerunt. 4 Bis ovans triumphavl et tris egT curulls triumphos et appellatus sum vlciens et semel imperator, decernente pluris triumphos mihi senatu, qui3

Augustus as Imperator, from the Villa at Prima Porta (Museo Vaticano)

RES G E S T A E

5

bus omnibus supersedi. Laurum de fascibus deposul in Capitolio, votTs quae quoque bello nuncupaveram solutis. Ob res a me aut per legates meos auspicls meis terra manque prospere gestas qumquagiens et quinquiens decrevit senatus supplicandum esse dis immortalibus. Dies autem, per quos ex senatus consulto supplicatum est, fuere DCCCLXXXX. In triumphls meis ductl sunt ante currum meum reges aut regum llberi novem. Consul fueram terdeciens, cum scrfbebam haec, et eram septimum et tricensimum tribunlciae potestatis. 5 Dictaturam et apsentl et praesentl mihi delatam et a populo et a senatu, M. Marcello et L. Arruntio consulibus non recepi. Non sum deprecatus in summa frumentl penuria curationem annonae, quam ita administravl, ut intra dies paucos metu et periclo praesentl civitatem universam llberarem impensa et cura mea. Consulatum quoque turn annuum et perpetuum mihi delatum non recepl. 6 Consulibus M. Vinicio et Q. Lucretio et postea P. Lentulo et Cn. Lentulo et tertium Paullo Fabio Maximo et Q. Tuberone senatu populoque Romano consentientibus ut curator legum et morum summa potestate solus crearer, nullum magistratum contra morem maiorum delatum recepl. Quae turn per me gen senatus voluit, per tribumciam potestatem perfeci, cuius potestatis conlegam et ipse ultro quinquiens a senatu depoposcl et accepi. 7 Triumvirum rel publicae constituendae ful per continues annos decem. Princeps senatus ful usque ad eum diem quo scripseram haec per annos quadraginta. Pontifex maximus, augur, XV virum sacris faciundis, VII virum epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetialis ful. 8 Patriciorum numerum auxl consul qulntum iussu popull et senatus. Senatum ter legl, et in consulatu sexto censum popull conlega M. Agrippa egi. Lustrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum feel, quo lustro clvium Romanorum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum mlUia et sexaginta tria mlllia. Turn iterum consular! cum imperio lustrum solus feel C. Censorino et C. Asinio cos., quo lustro censa sunt clvium Romanorum capita quadragiens centum mlllia et ducenta triginta tria mlllia. Et tertium consular! cum imperio lustrum conlega Tib. Caesare filio meo fee! Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio cos., quo lustro censa sunt clvium Romanorum capitum quadragiens centum millia et nongenta triginta et septem millia.

Augustus as Pontifex Maximus (H. W. Benario)

RES G E S T A E

7

Legibus novis me auctore latls multa exempla maiorum exolescentia iam ex nostro saeculo reduxi et ipse multarum rerum exempla imitanda posteris tradidl. 9 Vota pro valetudine mea suscipl per consules et sacerdotes quinto quoque anno senatus decrevit. Ex iis votis saepe fecerunt vivo me ludos aliquotiens sacerdotum quattuor amplissima collegia, aliquotiens consules. Privatim etiam et municipatim universl elves unanimiter continenter apud omnia pulvlnaria pro valetudine mea supplicaverunt. 10 Nomen meum senatus consulto inclusum est in saliare carmen, et sacrosanctus in perpetum ut essem et, quoad vlverem, tribunlcia potestas mihi esset, per legem sanctum est. Pontifex maximus ne fierem in vlvl conlegae mel locum, populo id sacerdotium deferente mihi quod pater meus habuerat, recusavl. Quod sacerdotium aliquod post annos, eo mortuo qui clvllis motus occasione occupaverat, cuncta ex Italia ad comitia mea confluente multitudine, quanta Romae nunquam fertur ante id tempus fuisse, recepT, P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibus. 11 Aram Fortunae Reducis ante aedes Honoris et Virtutis ad portam Capenam pro reditu meo senatus consacravit, in qua pontifices et virgines Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit eo die quo, consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio, in urbem ex Syria redieram, et diem Augustalia ex cognomine nostro appellavit. 12 Ex senatus auctoritate pars praetorum et tribunorum plebi cum consule Q. Lucretio et principibus viris obviam mihi missa est in Campaniam, qui honos ad hoc tempus neminl praeter me est decretus. Cum ex Hispania Galliaque, rebus in iis provincis prospere gestls, Romam redl, Ti. Nerone P. Quintilio consulibus, aram Pacis Augustae senatus pro reditu meo consacrandam censuit ad campum Martium, in qua magistratus et sacerdotes virginesque Vestales anniversarium sacrificium facere iussit. 13 lanum Quirinum, quern claussum esse maiores nostri voluerunt cum per totum imperium popull Roman! terra manque esset parta victoriis pax, cum, priusquam nascerer, a condita urbe bis omnino clausum fuisse prodatur memoriae, ter me principe senatus claudendum esse censuit.

Ara Pacis Augustae (Fototeca Unione, at the American Academy in Rome, neg. 1038)

Ara Pacis Augustae, procession with Augustus (Fototeca Unione, at the American Academy in Rome, neg. 3246)

RES G E S T A E

9

14 FTlios meos, quos iuvenes mihi eripuit fortuna, Gaium et Lucium Caesares honoris me! caussa senatus populusque Romanus annum quintum et decimum agentls consules designavit, ut eum magistratum inlrent post quinquennium, et ex eo die quo deduct! sunt in forum ut interessent consilils publicis decrevit senatus. Equites autem Roman! universi principem iuventutis utrumque eorum parmls et hastls argenteis donatum appellaverunt. 15 Plebei Romanae viritim HS trecenos numerav! ex testamento patris me! et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellorum manibiis consul quintum ded!, iterum autem in consulatu decimo ex patrimonio meo HS quadringenos congiar! viritim pernumerav!, et consul undecimum duodecim frumentationes frumento privatim coempto emensus sum, et tribumcia potestate duodecimum quadringenos nummos tertium viritim ded!. Quae mea congiaria pervenerunt ad hominum millia numquam minus quinquaginta etducenta. Tribunlciae potestatis duodevlcensimum, consul XII, trecenfis et v!gint! millibus plebis urbanae sexagenos denarios viritim ded!. Et coloms

Dedication to Lucius Caesar, aged fourteen, as princeps iuventutis and consul designate (Fototeca Unione, at the American Academy in Rome, neg. 1315)

10

RES GESTAE

militum meorum consul qulntum ex manibils vintim millia nummum singula dedi; acceperunt id triumphale congiarium in colonis hominum circiter centum et vlgintl millia. Consul tertium decimum sexagenos denarios plebel quae turn frumentum publicum accipiebat dedi; ea millia hominum paullo plura quam ducenta fuerunt. 16 Pecuniam pro agris quos in consulatu meo quarto et postea consulibus M. Crasso et Cn. Lentulo Augure adsignavT mllitibus solvi municipis; ea summa sestertium circiter sexsiens mflliens fuit quam pro Italicls praedis numeravl, et circiter bis mllliens et sescentiens quod pro agris provincialibus solvi. Id primus et solus omnium quT deduxerunt colonias militum in Italia aut in provincls ad memoriam aetatis meae feel. Et postea, Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus itemque C. Antistio et D. Laelio cos. et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus et L. Lentulo et M. Messalla consulibus et L. Canmio et Q. Fabricio cos., mllitibus quos emeriteis stipendTs in sua municipia deduxi praemia numerato persolvl, quam in rem sestertium quater mllliens circiter impend!. 17 Quater pecunia mea iuvl aerarium, ita ut sestertium mllliens et qufngentiens ad eos qul praerant aerario detulerim. Et M. Lepido et L. Arruntio cos. in aerarium militare, quod ex consilio meo constitutum est ex quo praemia darentur mflitibus qul vlcena aut plura stipendia emeruissent, HS mllliens et septingentiens ex patrimonio meo detuli. 18 Ab eo anno quo Cn. et P. Lentull consules fuerunt, cum deficereht vectigalia, turn centum millibus hominum turn pluribus multo frumentarios et nummarios tributus ex horreo et patrimonio meo edidl. 19 Curiam et continens el Chalcidicum templumque Apollinis in Palatio cum porticibus, aedem divi lull, Lupercal, porticum ad circum Flaminium, quam sum appellari passus ex nomine eius qul priorem eodem in solo fecerat, Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum, aedes in Capitolio lovis Feretri et lovis Tonantis, aedem Quirim, aedes Minervae et lunonis Regmae et lovis Libertatis in Aventino, aedem Larum in summa sacra via, aedem deum Penatium in Velia, aedem luventatis, aedem Matris Magnae in Palatio feel.

RES G E S T A E

11

20 Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensa grandi refecl sine ulla Inscriptione nominis mel. Rivos aquarum compluribus locis vetustate labentes refecl, et aquam quae Marcia appellatur duplicavi fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. Foram lulium et basilicam quae fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturn!, coepta profligataque opera a patre meo, perfect et eandem basilicam consumptam incendio, ampliato eius solo, sub titulo nominis ffliorum meorum incohavl, et, si vivus non perfecissem, perfici ab heredibus mels iussi. Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sextum ex auctoritate senatus refecl nullo praetermisso quod eo tempore reficl debebat. Consul septimum viam Flaminiam ab urbe Ariminum refecl pontesque omnes praeter Mulvium et Minucium. 21 In private solo Martis Ultoris templum forumque Augustum ex manibiis feci. Theatrum ad aedem Apollinis in solo magna ex parte a privatis empto feci, quod sub nomine M. Marcelli generi mel esset. Dona ex manibiis in Capitolio et in aede dlvi lull et in aede Apollinis et in aede Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consacravi, quae mihi constiterunt HS

Bridge at Narni (H. W. Benario)

Forum of Augustus, with temple of Mars Ultor (Fototeca Unione, at the American Academy in Rome, neg. 447)

Model of the Forum of Augustus, with temple of Mars Ultor (H. W. Benario)

RES OESTAE

13

Theater of Marcellus (Fototeca Unione, at the American Academy in Rome, neg. 541) circiter milliens. Aim coronan pondo triginta et quinque millia municipils et colonls Italiae conferentibus ad triumphos meos quintum consul remisi, et postea, quotienscumque imperator appellatus sum, aurum coronarium non accept decernentibus municipils et colonls aeque benigne adque antea decreverant. 22 Ter munus gladiatorium dedt meo nomine et qumquiens ffliorum meorum aut nepotum nomine, quibus muneribus depugnaverunt hominum circiter decem millia. Bis athletarum undique accitorum spectaculum populo praebul meo nomine et tertium nepotis meT nomine. Ludos feci meo nomine quater, aliorum autem magistratuum vicem ter et vlciens. Pro conlegio XV virorum magister conlegil collega M. Agrippa ludos saeclares C. Furnio C. Sllano cos. feel. Consul XIII ludos Martiales primus

14

RES GESTAE

feci, quos post id tempus deinceps insequentibus annls s.c. et lege fecerunt consules. Venationes bestiarum Africanarum meo nomine aut ffliorum meorum et nepotum in circo aut in foro aut in amphitheatris populo dedl sexiens et vlciens, quibus confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tria millia et qulngentae. 23 Navalis proel! spectaclum populo dedl trans Tiberim in quo loco nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato solo in longitudinem mille et octingentos pedes, in latitudinem mille et ducentl, in quo triginta rostratae naves triremes aut biremes, plures autem minores inter se confllxerunt; quibus in classibus pugnaverunt praeter remiges millia hominum tria circiter. 24 In templis omnium civitatium provinciae Asiae victor ornamenta reposui quae spoliatis templis is cum quo bellum gesseram privatim possederat. Statuae meae pedestres et equestres et in quadrigeis argenteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse sustull, exque ea pecunia dona aurea in aede Apollinis meo nomine et illorum qui mihi statuarum honorem habuerunt posui. 25 Mare pacavl a praedonibus. Eo bello servorum qui fugerant a dorninls suls et arma contra rem publicam ceperant triginta fere millia capta dominls ad supplicium sumendum tradidl. luravit in mea verba tola Italia sponte sua, et me belli quo vlcl ad Actium ducem depoposcit; iuraverunt in eadem verba provinciae Galliae, Hispaniae, Africa, Sicilia, Sardinia. Qui sub signls mels turn mllitaverint fuerunt senatores plures quam DCC, in ils qui vel antea vel postea consules factl sunt ad eum diem quo scripta sunt haec LXXXIII, sacerdotes circiter CLXX. 26 Omnium provinciarum popull RomanI quibus finitimae fuerunt gentes quae non parerent imperio nostro fines auxl. Gallias et Hispanias provincias, item Germaniam, qua includit Oceanus a Gadibus ad ostium Albis fluminis pacavi. Alpes a regione ea quae proxima est Hadriano man ad Tuscum pacificavl nulll genti bello per iniuriam inlato. Classis mea per Oceanum ab ostio Rhem ad solis orientis regionem usque ad fines Cimbrorum navigavit, quo neque terra neque marl quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adit, Cimbrique et Charydes et Semnones et eiusdem tractus alii Germanorum popull per legates amlcitiam meam et popull RomanI petierunt.

Arch of Augustus at Susa, in the Cottian Alps (H. W. Benario)

The tropaeum Augusti at La Turbie in southern France (H. W. Benario)

Model of the tropaeum Augusti (H. W. Benario)

18

RES GESTAE

Meo iussu et auspicio ductl sunt duo exercitus eodem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Arabiam quae appellatur Eudaemon, magnaeque hostium gentis utriusque copiae caesae sunt in acie et complura oppida capta. In Aethiopiam usque ad oppidum Nabata perventum est, cui proxima est Meroe; in Arabiam usque in fines Sabaeorum processit exercitus ad oppidum Mariba. 27 Aegyptum imperio populi Romani adiecl. Armeniam maiorem interfecto rege eius Artaxe cum possem facere provinciam malul maiorum nostrorum exemplo regnum id TigranI regis Artavasdis filio, nepoti autem Tigranis regis, per Ti. Neronem tradere, qui turn mihi prlvignus erat. Et eandem gentem postea desciscentem et rebellantem domitam per Gaium filium meum regi Ariobarzani regis Medorum Artabazi filio regendam tradidi, et post eius mortem filio eius Artavasdl; quo interfecto Tigranem qui erat ex regio genere Armeniorum oriundus in id regnum mlsl. Provincias omnis quae trans Hadrianum mare vergunt ad orientem Cyrenasque, iam ex parte magna regibus ea possidentibus, et antea Sicilian! et Sardinian! occupatas bello servill reciperavl. 28 Colonias in Africa, Sicilia, Macedonia, utraque Hispania, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensi, Pisidia nrQitum deduxl. Italia autem XXVIII colonias quae vivo me celeberrimae et frequentissimae fuerunt mea auctoritate deductas habet. 29 Signa militaria complura per alios duces amissa devictls hostibus recepi ex Hispania et Gallia et a Dalmateis. Parthos trium exercitum Romanorum spolia et signa reddere mihi supplicesque amlcitiam populi Romani petere coegl. Ea autem signa in penetrall quod est in templo Martis Ultoris reposul. 30 Pannoniorum gentes, quas ante me principem populi Romani exercitus nunquam adit, devictas per Ti. Neronem, qui turn erat privignus et legatus meus, imperio populi Romani subiecl, protullque fines IllyricI ad ripam fluminis Danui. Citra quod Dacorum transgressus exercitus mels auspicls victus profllgatusque est, et postea trans Danuvium ductus exercitus meus Dacorum gentes imperia populi Romani perferre coegit. 31

Ad me ex India regum legationes saepe missae sunt non vlsae ante

RES G E S T A E

19

id tempus apud quemquam Romanorum ducem. Nostram amicitiam appetlverunt per legates Bastarnae Scythaeque et Sarmatarum qui sunt citra flumen Tanaim et ultra reges, Albanorumque rex et Hiberorum et Medorum. 32 Ad me supplices confugerunt reges Parthorum Tiridates et postea Phrates regis Phratis fTlius, Medorum Artavasdes, Adiabenorum Artaxares, Britannorum Dumnobellaunus et Tincommius, Sugambrorum Maelo, Marcomanorum Sueborum . . . rus. Ad me rex Parthorum Phrates Orodis fTlius fflios suos nepotesque omnes misit in Italiam non bello superatus, sed amicitiam nostram per llberorum suorum pignora petens. Plurimaeque aliae gentes expertae sunt p. R. fidem me principe quibus antea cum populo Romano nullum extiterat legationum et amlcitiae commercium. 33 A me gentes Parthorum et Medorum per legates principes earum gentium reges petltos acceperunt: Parthi Vononem, regis Phratis filium, regis Orodis nepotem, Medi Ariobarzanem, regis Artavazdis filium, regis Ariobarzanis nepotem. 34 In consulatu sexto et septimo, postquam bella clvllia exstinxeram, per consensum universorum potitus rerum omnium, rem publicam ex mea potestate in senatus popullque Roman! arbitrium transtull. Quo pro merito meo senatus consulto Augustus appellatus sum et laurels postes aedium mearum vestlti publice coronaque clvica super ianuam meam fixa est et clupeus aureus in curia lulia positus, quern mihi senatum populumque Romanum dare virtutis clementiaeque et iustitiae et pietatis caussa testatum est per eius clupel inscrlptionem. Post id tempus auctoritate omnibus praestitl, potestatis autem nihilo amplius habul quam ceteri qui mihi quoque in magistratu conlegae fuerunt. 35 Tertium decimum consulatum cum gerebam, senatus et equester ordo populusque Romanus universus appellavit me patrem patriae, idque in vestibule aedium mearum inscribendum et in curia lulia et in foro Aug. sub quadrigls quae mihi ex s.c. positae sunt censuit. Cum scrips! haec annum agebam septuagensumum sextum. Appendix written after Augustus' death 1 Summa pecuniae quam dedit vel in aerarium vel plebe! Romanae vel d!miss!s militibus: denarium sexiens milliens.

Augustus with the corona civica (Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek Munchen)

RES G E S T A E

21

2 Opera fecit nova aedem Martis, lovis Tonantis et Feretn, Apollinis, dlvl lull, QuirinI, Minervae, lunonls Reglnae, lovis Libertatis, Larum, deum Penatium, luventatis, Matris Magnae, Lupercal, pulvmar ad circum, curiam cum Chalcidico, forum Augustum, basilicam luliam, theatrum MarcellT, porticum Octaviam, nemus trans Tiberim Caesarum. 3 Refecit Capitolium sacrasque aedes numero octoginta duas, theatrum Pompel, aquarum rivos, viam Flaminiam. 4 Impensa praestita in spectacula scaenica et munera gladiatorum atque athletas et venationes et naumachiam et donata pecunia coloms, municipils, oppidls terrae motu incendioque consumptis aut vintim amlcls senatoribusque quorum census explevit innumerabilis.

Livia (H. W. Benario)

FRAGMENTA

i Augustus gave this reason for divorcing his first wife, Scribonia: "Morum perversitatem eius pertaesus sum." (Suetonius, Augustus, 62) 2 Letter to his wife, Livia Collocutus sum cum Tiberio, ut mandastl, mea Livia, quid nepoti tuo Tiberio faciendum esset ludls Martialibus. Consentit autem uterque nostrum semel nobls esse statuendum, quod consilium in illo sequamur. Nam si est artius, ut ita dlcam, holocleros, quid est quod dubitemus, quin per eosdem articulos et gradus producendus sit, per quos frater eius productus sit? Sin autem T|\aTT(Ji>cr6ai [to be wanting] sentlmus eum et pepAa<J>9cu KOtl eis T7]v TOU CTwjjiaTos Kal eis TTJV TT^S ila'xinw vocrrijcrounev, f^f^ Trepioi8e vofjaau. [If he be my comrade, even from blazing fire We both should return, for he knows good counsel.] (Suetonius, Tiberius, 21) 14 Letter to Tiberius Attenuatum te esse continuatione laborum cum audio et lego, dl me perdant nisi cohorrescit corpus meum; teque oro ut parcas tibi ne, si te languere audierimus, et ego et mater tua explremus et summa imperi sul populus R. periclitetur. (Suetonius, Tiberius, 21) 15 Letter to Tiberius Nihil interest valeam ipse necne, si tu non valebis. (Suetonius, Tiberius, 21) 16 Letter to Tiberius Deos obsecro ut te nobis conservent et valere nunc et semper patiantur, si non p. R. perosl sunt. (Suetonius, Tiberius, 21) 17 Letter to his daughter, Julia MIsi tibi denarios ducentos qulnquaginta, quos singulls convlvls dederam, si vellent inter se inter cenam vel tails vel par impar ludere. (Suetonius, Augustus, 71)

FRAGMENTA

27

18 Julia's hair began to turn prematurely, and her imperial father once surprised her while her maids were pulling out the gray hairs, though he at first pretended not to have noticed. He finally turned the conversation to the subject of age and asked her, "Utrum post aliquot annos cana esse mavis an calva?" She answered, "Ego, pater, cana esse malo," and Augustus replied: "Quid ergo istae te calvam tam cito faciunt?" (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 5, 7) 19 Augustus at first rather prided himself upon Julia's high spirits and gaiety which, while rather extreme, he considered were nevertheless pardonable. And so he once said to his friends: "Duas habeo fflias delicatas, quas necesse habeo ferre, rem publicam et luliam." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 5, 4) 20 At a gladiatorial show Li via and Julia had been accompanied, the former by numerous men of dignity, the latter by a group of young bloods. Whereupon Augustus sent his daughter a note of rebuke, which contained the following: "Vide quantum inter duas principes feminas intersit." To this the disrespectful young lady made the apt reply: "Et hi mecum senes fient."

'

(Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 5, 6) 21 A puritanical parent, Augustus insisted upon strait-laced conduct on the part of his daughter and granddaughters. On one occasion he wrote to Lucius Vinicius, a young man of distinguished family: "Parum modeste fecistl quod flliam meam Baias salutatum venisti." (Suetonius, Augustus, 64) 22 When Julia's immoral conduct could no longer be ignored, Augustus exiled her, and, carried away by his anger, made public the details of her misconduct. Later, overcome by shame and regret, he often exclaimed: "Horum mihi nihil accidisset, si aut Agrippa aut Maecenas vixisset." (Seneca, De Beneficiis, vi, 32)

28

fFRAGMENTA

23 Upon the downfall and disgrace of Julia, a freedwoman named Phoebe, one of her accomplices, hanged herself. When Augustus heard of this he said: "Maluissem Phoebes pater esse." (Suetonius, Augustus, 65) 24 At every mention of Agrippa Postumus or of the Julias (his daughter and granddaughter), Augustus would groan and paraphrase Homer's Iliad,, iii, 40: al6' 6c|>e\ov cryafjuSs T' c|xevou or/ovos T' diroXeaOaL [Would that I had been unwed or had died without children!] And he always referred to them as "tris vomicas ac tria carcinomata mea." (Suetonius, Augustus, 65) 25 Letter to his grandson, Gains Caesar Quoniam innumerabilia incidunt assidue quae scribl ad alterutrum oporteat et esse secreta, habeamus inter nos notas, si vis, tales ut, cum aliquid notis scribendum erit, pro unaquaque littera scribamus sequentem hoc modo: pro a b, pro b c et deinceps eadem ratione ceteras; pro x autem littera redeundum erit ad duplex a. (Suetonius, De Viris Illustribus, 117) 26 Letter to Gains Caesar

IX Kal. Octobris. Ave, mi Gal, meus asellus iucundissimus, quern semper medius Fidius desidero, cum a me abes. Sed praecipue diebus talibus, qualis est hodiernus, ocull mei requirunt meum Gaium, quern, ubicumque hoc die fuisti, spero laetum et bene valentem celebrasse quartum et sexagesimum natalem meum. Nam, ut vides, KXL(xaKTf|pa [critical point] communem seniorum omnium tertium et sexagesimum annum evasimus. Deos autem oro ut, mini quantumcumque superest temporis, id salvis nobis traducere liceat in statu reipublicae felicissimo, avSpccyaOouvTcov TJJXWV Kai 8ia8exou,evwv [while you serve bravely and relieve me of] stationem meam. (Aulus Gellius, Nodes Atticae, xv, 7, 3)

FRAGMENTA

29

27

Letter to his granddaughter, Agrippina Puerum Gaium XV Kal. lun., si dil volent, ut ducerent Talarius et Asillius, heri cum ils constitul. Mitto praeterea cum eo ex servls mels medicum, quern scripsl Germanico, si vellet, ut retineret. Valebis, mea Agrippina, et dabis operam ut valens prevenias ad Germanicum tuum. (Suetonius, Caligula, 8)

28 Upon the death of his stepson, Drusus, whom he had dearly loved and greatly admired, Augustus said in a public funeral oration: "Deos precor, ut similes tibi Caesares meos faciant mihique tarn honestum quandoque exitum dent quam tibi dederunt." (Suetonius, Claudius, 1) 29 After the Senate had made use of the young Octavian and felt that it could now dispense with his services, Cicero said: "Laudandus adulescens, ornandus, tollendus." Octavian, when he heard of this, remarked: "Non committam ut toll! possim!" (Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, xi, 20, 1)

30 Letter to Maecenas Ante ipse sufficiebam scrlbendis epistulis amlcorum, nunc occupatissimus et infirmus Horatium nostrum a te cupio abducere. Veniet ergo ab ista parasitica mensa ad hanc regiam et nos in epistulis scrlbendis adiuvabit. (Suetonius, Horace)

31 Letter to the poet Horace Sume tibi aliquid Juris apud me tamquam si convictor mihi fueris; recte enim et non temere feceris, quoniam id usus mihi tecum esse volui, si per valetudinem tuam fieri possit. (Suetonius, Horace)

30 30 30 30

fFRAGMENTA

32 Letter to Horace Tul qualem habeam memoriam poteris ex Septimio quoque nostro audlre; nam incidit ut illo coram fieret a me tul mentio. Neque enim, si tu superbus amicitiam nostram sprevistl, ideo nos quoque av(hmepT|<J>avou(ji,ev [shall be haughty in return]. (Suetonius, Horace) 33 Letter to Horace IrascI me tibi sclto, quod non in plerisque eius modi scriptls mecum potissimum loquaris; an vereris ne apud posteros mfame tibi sit, quod videaris familiaris nobls esse? (Suetonius, Horace) 34 Letter to Horace Pertulit ad me Onysius libellum tuum, quem ego ut excusantem, quantuluscumque est, bonl consulo. Vereri autem mihi videris ne maiores libelll tul sint, quam ipse es; sed tibi statura deest, corpusculum non deest. Itaque licebit in sextariolo scribas, quo circuitus voluminis tul sit 6"yKw8eaTaTos [very fat], sicut est ventricull tul. (Suetonius, Horace) 35 Letter to Vergil Vergil had hardly commenced his Aeneid before its fame began to spread. Augustus sent him a letter of entreaty and jocular threat, containing the command: "Mihi de Aeneide vel prima carminis hypographa vel quodlibet colon mitte." (Suetonius, Vergil, 31) 36 Augustus' friend, Cornelius Gallus, was driven by the denunciations of accusers and by decrees of the Senate to such despair that he committed suicide. Augustus praised the loyalty and zeal of the Senate on his behalf and thus tearfully bewailed his lot: "Mihi soli non licet amlcis, quatenus velim, IrascI." (Suetonius, Augustus, 66)

FRAGMENTA

31

37

The historian Timagenes indulged in language abusive of Augustus, Livia, and the whole imperial house. After repeated warnings Augustus finally banished him from court. In spite of this mark of disfavor Timagenes was welcomed to the home of Asinius Pollio, where he continued his attacks on the emperor and still escaped social ostracism. Augustus, meeting Pollio, said: "9T|pioTpo4>e!s [You're boarding a wild beast]"; and added, before Pollio could make excuses, "Fruere, ml Pollio, fruere!" Thereupon Pollio said: "SI iubes, Caesar, statim illl domo mea interdlcam"; to which Augustus replied: "Hoc me putas facturum, cum ego vos in gratiam reduxerim?" alluding to a former occasion upon which he had brought about a reconciliation between Timagenes and Pollio. (Seneca, De Ira, iii, 23) 38 Cato Uticensis had been a staunch Republican opposed to Julius Caesar. While Augustus was staying in a house which had once been the residence of Cato, Strabo the geographer, to flatter the emperor, spoke slightingly of the stubbornness of this republican hero. Augustus rebuked him with the words: "Quisquis praesentem statum clvitatis commutari non volet, et clvis et vir bonus est." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 18) 39 When Cassius Severus accused Augustus' intimate friend, Nonius Asprenas, of murder by poison, Augustus asked the Senate what was the proper thing for him to do, saying: "Cunctor enim ne, si supersim, eripere legibus reum, sin desim, destituere ac praedamnare amlcum existimer." By the consent of the whole Senate he sat on the court benches for several hours, but said nothing. (Suetonius, Augustus, 56) 40 In A.D. 9 one of the generals of Augustus, Publius Quintilius Varus, and three whole legions were annihilated in the swamps of the Teutoburg Forest by the German tribes. Upon receipt of the news the aged emperor as a sign of mourning let his hair and beard grow, and at times would dash his head against the doorposts with the cry "Qulntill Vare, legiones redde!" (Suetonius, Augustus, 23)

32

fFRAGMENTA

41 From an edict of Augustus Ita mihi salvam ac sospitem rem p. sistere in sua sede liceat atque eius rei fructum percipere, quern peto, ut optiml status auctor dlcar et moriens ut feram mecum spem mansura in vestigio suo fundamenta rei p. quae iecero. (Suetonius, Augustus, 28)

42 When the Senate conferred upon Augustus the honorary title of pater patriae it commissioned Valerius Messalla to notify the emperor of this distinction. By the Senate's instruction Messalla said: "Quod bonum faustumque sit tibi domulque tuae, Caesar Auguste! Sic enim nos perpetuam fellcitatem rei publicae et laeta huic precari existimamus: Senatus te consentiens cum populo Romano consalutat patriae patrem." The emperor, moved to tears, replied: "Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscriptl, quid habeo aliud deos immortales precari, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum finem vltae mihi perferre liceat?" (Suetonius, Augustus, 58) 43 In a letter to the Senate, in which he had promised that his retirement would be neither without dignity nor at variance with his former fame, Augustus wrote: "Sed ista fieri speciosius quam promittl possunt. Me tamen cupido temporis optatissiml mihi provexit ut, quoniam rerum laetitia moratur adhuc, praeciperem aliquid voluptatis ex verborum dulcedine." (Seneca, Dialogi, x, 4) 44 Augustus never commended his sons without adding: "SI merebuntur." (Suetonius, Augustus, 56)

45 Augustus set up statues of distinguished Romans in his forum, and at their dedication said: "Hoc commentus sum ut ad illorum vltam velut ad exemplar et ego, dum vlvam, et insequentium aetatium principes exigamur a civibus." (Suetonius, Augustus, 31)

FRAGMENTA

33

46 A letter of Augustus to his fellow priests, the Quindecimviri, concerning the forthcoming secular games (17 B.C.), was inscribed on stone, and some fragments have been preserved, of which the following is the most readable: " . . . pueros virginesque patrimos matrimosque ad carmen canendum chorosque habendos frequentes convenire itemque ad ea sacrificia atque ad eos ludos parandos diligenter meminerint." (Corpus Inscriptionwn Latinarum, vi, 32323)

47 In a year of famine Augustus expelled from the city of Rome many gladiators, foreigners, and slaves, and was in principle so bitterly opposed to the dole system that he wrote: "Impetus me cepit frumentationes publicas in perpetuum abolendl, quod earum fiducia cultura agrorum cessat; neque tamen perseveravl, quia certum habeo posse per ambitionem quandoque restitul." (Suetonius, Augustus, 42) 48 When the populace grew insistent about a promised dole, Augustus answered them: "Bonae fide! sum." But when they demanded a dole which he had not promised, he rebuked their shameless insolence in an edict with the words: "Non dabo, quamvls dare destinarem." (Suetonius, Augustus, 42) 49 Edict issued by Augustus in A.D. 8 Quaestiones neque semper in omnl causa et persona deslderari debere arbitror, et, cum capitalia et atrociora maleficia non aliter explorar! et investlgari possunt quam per servorum quaestiones, efficacissimas eas esse ad requlrendam veritatem existimo et habendas censeo. (Paulus, Digest, 48, 18, 8 pr.)

50 In his "Military Handbook," the Disciplina, Augustus warned against excessive use of soldiers for construction projects: "EtsT scio fabrilibus operibus exerceri mllites non esse alienum, vereor tamen, si quicquam permlsero, quod in usum meum aut tuum fiat, ne modus in ea re non adhibeatur, qui mihi sit tolerandus." (Macer, Digest, 49, 16, 12, 1) .

34

FRAGMENTA

F

51 Edict of Octavian as triumvir concerning privileges for the veterans Imperator Caesar dlvi fflius triumvir rel publicae constituendae iterum die it: VIsum est edicendum mihi veteranis dare omnibus ut . . . ipsls parentibus llberisque eorum et uxoribus qul sunt quique erunt immunitatem omnium rerum dare, utlque optimo iure optimaque lege elves Roman! sint; immunes sunto, liberi sunto militiae, muneribus publicls fungendl vocatio, item in quavls tribu suprascripta suffragium ferendi censendique potestas esto et si absentes voluerint censeri; . . . que iuraque sacerdotia quosque honores quaeque praemia beneficia commoda habuerunt item ut habeant, utantur, fruanturque permitto, invltls ils neque magistrates ceteros neque laegatum neque procuratorem neque emptorem tributorum esse placet. . . . (Papyrus, Berlin Museum, 628 verso) 52 Part of a copy of an edict of Augustus providing for the maintenance and regulation of an aqueduct constructed to supply the town of Venafrum in Samnium QuT rivi specus saepta fontes . . . aquae ducendae reficiundae causa supra Infrave llbram factl aedificati struct! sunt, sive quod aliut opus eius aquae ducendae reficiundae causa supra infrave llbram factum est, uti quidquid earum rerum factum est, ita esse habere itaque reficere reponere restituere resarcire semel saepius, fistulas canales tubos ponere, aperturam committere, sive quid aliut eius aquae ducendae causa opus erit, facere placet: dum qui locus ager in fundo, qul Q. Sirim L. f. Ter. est esseve dicitur, et in fundo, qul L. Pompei M. f. Ter. Sullae est esseve dicitur, maceria saeptus est, per quem locum subve quo loco specus eius aquae pervenit, ne ea maceria parsve quae eius maceriae aliter diruatur tollatur, quam specus reficiundi aut inspiciendi causa: neve quid ibi privati sit, quominus ea aqua Ire fluere duclve possit. . . . Dextra sinistraque circa eum rivom circaque ea opera, quae eius aquae ducendae causa facta sunt, octonos pedes agrum vacuom esse placet; per quem locum Venaframs eive, qul Venafranorum nomine opus sumet, iter facere eius aquae ducendae operumve eius aquae ductus faciendorum reficiendorum causa, quod eius sine dolo malo flat, ius sit liceatque, quaeque earum rerum cuius faciendae reficiendae causa opus erunt, quo proxume poterit advehere adferre

FRAGMENTA

35

adportare, quaeque inde exempta erunt. quam maxime aequaliter dextra sinistraque pedes VIE iacere, dum ob eas res damn! Infect! iurato promittatur. Earumque rerum omnium ita habendarum colonis Venaframs ius potestatemque esse placet, dum ne ob id opus dominus eorum cuius agri loclve, per quern agrum locumve ea aqua Ire fluere ducive solet, invius fiat; neve ob id opus minus ex agro suo in partem agri quam translre transferee transvertere recte possit; neve cui eorum per quorum agros ea aqua ducitur, eum aquae ductum corrumpere abducere avertere facereve, quominus ea aqua in oppidum Venafranorum recte duel fluere possit, liceat. Quaeque aqua in oppidum Venafranorum it fluit ducitur, earn aquam distribuere dlscrlbere vendundi causa, aut el rei vectigal imponere constituere Hviro Ilviris praefecto praefectls eius coloniae ex maioris partis decurionum decreto, quod decretum ita factum erit, cum in decurionibus non minus quam duae partes decurionum adfuerint, legemque el dlcere ex decreto decurionum, quod ita ut supra scriptum est decretum erit, ius potestatemve esse placet: dum ne ea aqua, quae ita distributa discripta deve qua ita decretum erit, aliter quam fistulls plumbels dum taxat ab rivo pedes L ducatur; neve eae fistulae aut rivos nisi sub terra, quae terra itineris viae publicae limitisve erit, ponantur conlocentur; neve ea aqua per locum privatum invito eo, cuius is locus erit, ducatur. Quamque legem el aquae tuendae operibusve, quae eius aquae ductus ususve causa facta sunt erunt, tuendls Hviri praefectT ex decurionum decreto, quod ita ut supra scriptum est factum erit, dixerint, earn . . . firmam ratamque esse placet . . . (Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, x, 4842)

53 When the populace complained of the high price of wine, Augustus' comment was: "Satis provisum est a genero meo Agrippa perducfls pluribus aquls, ne homines sitlrent." (Suetonius, Augustus, 42) 54 When Agrippa died in 12 B.C., Augustus delivered a eulogy of him. Part of the Greek version of this laudatio was discovered on a papyrus and first published in 1970. Reverse translation offers the following text: "Enimvero tribunlcia tibi potestas in qulnque annos ex senatus consulto

36

FFRAGMENTA

P. et Cn. Lentuhs consulibus data est atque iterum eadem in alterum lustrum consulibus Ti. Nerone et Quintilio Varo generis tuls addita est. Et quascumque te in provincias res publica Romana attraxisset, nullius in els ut esset imperium maius tuo per legem sanctum est. Dignatus summo fastlgio . . . " (the text becomes too fragmentary). (M. W. Haslam, Classical Journal 75 [1979-80] 193-99, and E. Badian, CJ 76 [1980-81] 97-109) 55 Commentarii de Vita Sua Ipsis ludorum meorum diebus sldus crinitum per septem dies in regione caell sub septemtrionibus est conspectum. Id oriebatur circa undecimam horam diel clarumque et omnibus e terns conspicuum fuit. E6 sidere significari vulgus credidit Caesaris animam inter deorum immortalium numina receptam, quo nomine id insigne simulacra capitis eius, quod mox in foro consecravimus, adiectum est. (Pliny, Historia Naturalis, ii, 93) 56 Augustus in his autobiography brought the following charge against Mark Antony: "(Antonius) legiones suas apud Cleopatram excubare eiusque nutu et iussu parere iussit." (Servius, Ad Vergili Aeneiden, viii, 696)

57 Letter to Antony Tuque dubitas Cimberne Annius an Veranius Flaccus imitandl sint tibi, ita ut verbls, quae Crispus Sallustius excerpsit ex Orlginibus Catonis, utaris? An potius Asiaticorum oratorum inanis sententiis verborum volubilitas in nostrum sermonem transferenda? (Suetonius, Augustus, 86) 58 Augustus, having listened to Gavius Silo pleading cases in Tarragona and disapproving of his oratorical style as too labored and obvious, said of him: "Numquam audlvl patrem familiae disertiorem." (Seneca, Controversiae, x, praef., 14)

FRAGMENTA

37

59 In a letter in which he praised the talent of his granddaughter Agrippina, Augustus wrote: "Sed opus est dare te operam ne moleste scrlbas et loquaris." (Suetonius, Augustus, 86) 60 Letter to Claudius Scribis enim perviam avii TOV (instead of) obiter. (Charisius, Institutio Grammatica, ii, p. 271 ed. Barwick) 61 "Eat, drink, and be merry" Convlvae, tetricas hodie secludite curas, ne maculent niveum nubila corda diem: omnia sollicitae vertantur murmura mentis, ut vacet indomitum pectus amlcitiae. Non semper gaudere licet: fugit hora, iocemur: difficile est falls subripuisse diem. (Codex Bernensis, 109, fol. 136) 62 The biographer Suetonius, in dealing with Augustus' belief in certain auspices and omens, states that he considered it a bad sign if in the morning he put a shoe on the wrong foot. In the following account written by the emperor we may very likely have the reason for his belief in this superstition: "Laevus mihi calceus praepostere inductus est quo die seditione mllitan prope affllctus sum." (Pliny, Historia Naturalis, ii, 24) 63 From a letter Dum lectlca ex regia domum redeo, panis unciam cum paucis acinls uvae duracinae comedi. (Suetonius, Augustus, 76) 64 From a letter Nos in essedo panem et palmulas gustavimus. (Suetonius, Augustus, 76)

38

FFRAGMENTA

65 When, in the course of the Sicilian War against Sextus Pompey, Octavian's fleet had been almost completely destroyed by a storm, he exclaimed, "Edam invlto Neptuno victoriam adiplscar." (Suetonius, Augustus, 16)

66 It is alleged that after the battle of Philippi Augustus railed at the captives, and in reply to one suppliant's prayer for decent burial said: "Ista volucrum erit potestas." Again, after the fall of Perusia, in 40 B.C., when captives begged forgiveness, he answered all with the words: "Moriendum est." (Suetonius, Augustus, 13 and 15) 67 Of the Rome which he had beautified and improved Augustus boasted: "Marmoream relinquo, quam latenciam accepl." (Suetonius, Augustus, 28)

68 Augustus complained that the color of some crimson cloth which he had purchased was too dark, whereat the dealer said: "Erige altius et suspice." The emperor replied with this jest: "Quid? Ego, ut me populus Romanus dicat bene cultum, in solario ambulaturus sum?" (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 14) 69 A certain Vatinius who was crippled with gout wished to give the impression that he had thrown off his complaint and boasted that he could walk a mile. Augustus remarked: "Non mlror; dies aliquanto sunt longiores." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 16)

70 Until his death a Roman knight had succeeded in concealing the fact that his debts exceeded twenty million sesterces. At the auction sale in settlement of his estate a pillow was purchased on the emperor's order. Everyone was amazed, but Augustus explained: "Habenda est ad somnum culcita in qua ille, cum tantum deberet, dormlre potuit." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 17)

FRAGMENTA

39

71 Augustus wished to restore to common use the white toga, which the Romans of his day were abandoning. At the sight of citizens at an assembly clad in dark clothes he cited in indignation the following line from Vergil's Aeneid: "En 'Romanes, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam!'" (Suetonius, Augustus, 40) 72 As presiding judge in a case in which the defendant was clearly guilty of having murdered his father, Augustus, wishing to forestall that penalty which the law imposed only if the culprit confessed, thus worded his question to the defendant: "Certe patrem tuum non occldisti?" (Suetonius, Augustus, 33) 73 A soldier who bore a noticeable scar from a wound in the forehead, but boasted of his military exploits, was thus sarcastically advised by Augustus: "At tu, cum fugies, numquam post te respexeris." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 7) 74 Pacuvius Taurus once asked Augustus for a gift of money and added the comment that it was common gossip that Augustus had already given him no small sum of money. The emperor drily replied: "Sed tu noli credere." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 4) 75 A certain Galba, who was a hunchback, was pleading a case before Augustus and said repeatedly: "Corrige in me si quid reprehendis." At length the emperor said: "Ego te monere possum, corrigere non possum." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 8) 76 A man named Vettius ploughed up his father's grave, and Augustus remarked: "Hoc est vere monumentum patris colere!" (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 9) 77 When numerous defendants accused by Cassius Severus were acquitted, and when the architect of Augustus' forum was taking forever to

40

F FRAGMENTA

finish the job, the emperor made this joke: "Vellem Cassius et meum forum accuset!" (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 9)

78 As a rule Augustus would accept any invitation to dinner. On one occasion his host provided a very poor and ordinary meal. The emperor on departing avenged himself by whispering in the host's ear: "Non putabam me tibi tam familiarem." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 13) 79 Augustus had been writing a tragedy called Ajax, and, being asked by Lucius Varius, a tragic dramatist, how the play was progressing, he replied: "In spongiam incubuit." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 2; cf. Suetonius, Augustus, 85)

80 During a trip to Egypt Octavian is said to have visited the tomb of Alexander the Great and paid him homage. Then he was asked whether he wished also to see the dead Ptolemy. Whereupon he replied: "Regem volu! videre, non mortuos." (Suetonius, Augustus, 18) 81 At a banquet a senator named Rufus became intoxicated and was guilty of uttering hostile remarks concerning Augustus. The next day, sober and conscience-stricken, he craved the emperor's pardon and obtained it. Then Rufus said: "Nemo credet te mecum in gratiam redlsse, nisi aliquid mihi donaveris," and asked the gift of a considerable sum. Augustus gave it to him, saying, "Mea causa dabo operam ne unquam tibi Irascar." (Seneca, De Beneficiis, iii, 27, 3)

82 A soldier and a certain Marcianus once approached Augustus with petitions at the same time. The soldier presented his first, and Augustus, suspecting that Marcianus' request would be as improper as was that of

FRAGMENTA

41

the soldier, said so that Marcianus would overhear: "Non magis faciam, commllito, quod petis, quam quod Marcianus a me petlturus est." (Quintilian, Institutio Oratorio, vi, 3, 94) 83 The Gauls had bestowed upon Augustus as a decoration a gold chain weighing a hundred pounds. Dolabella, in jest but half hoping for profit, said: "Imperator, torque me dona." Augustus countered with another jest: "Malo te clvica donare." (Quintilian, Institutio Oratorio, vi, 3, 79) 84 By his forgetfulness the servant whose duty it was to remind Augustus of the names of persons whom he met afforded frequent cause for complaint. And so once, when he had asked the emperor, "Numquid ad forum mandas?" Augustus replied: "Accipe commendatlcias, quia illlc neminem nostl." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 15) 85 When a cavalry officer had been relieved of his command but still asked for his salary, saying, "Non lucrl causa dari hoc mihi rogo, sed ut iudicio tuo munus videar impetrasse et ita officium deposuisse," Augustus replied: "Tu te accepisse apud omnes adfirma, et ego dedisse me non negabo." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 5) 86 A young officer whom Augustus was dishonorably discharging asked: "Quid respondebo patri meo?" Augustus replied: "Die me tibi displicuisse." (Quintilian, Institutio Oratorio, vi, 3, 64) 87 When an accuser charged Aemilius Aelianus of Corduba with expressing an unfavorable opinion of Caesar, Augustus replied with mock anger: "Velim hoc mihi probes; faciam sciat Aelianus et me linguam habere; plura enim de eo loquar." (Suetonius, Augustus, 51)

42

FRAGMENTA F

88 When Augustus heard that Herod, King of the Jews, had ordered the death of all boys under two years of age, including Herod's own son, he said: "Mallem Herodis porcus esse quam filius." (Macrobius, Saturnalia, ii, 4, 11) 89 When the people of Tarraco in Spain reported to Augustus that a palm had sprouted on his altar, he remarked: "Apparet quam saepe accendatis." (Quintilian, Institutio Oratorio, vi, 3, 77) 90 Augustus said of a certain Haterius who talked too rapidly: "Haterius noster sufflaminandus est." (Seneca, Controversiae, iv, praef. 7) 91 To an awe-struck soldier who was tendering a petition: "Noll, tamquam assem elephanto des." (Quintilian, Institutio Oratorio, vi, 3, 59) 92 To a knight who was drinking in the theater Augustus sent this message: "Ego, si prandere volo, domum eo." The knight replied: "Tu enim non times ne locum perdas." (Quintilian, Institutio Oratorio, vi, 3, 63) 93 To describe persons who would never pay their debts, Augustus used the phrase: "Ad Kalendas Graecas solvebunt." To advise contentment with one's present lot, whatever it be, Augustus said: "ContentI simus hoc Catone." To express the speed of a hasty action he would say: "Celerius quam asparagl cocuntur." "He continually used baceolus (dolt) for stultus (fool), for pullus (dark) pulleiaceus (darkish), and for cerritus (mad) vacerrosus (blockhead); also vapide se habere (feel flat) for male se habere (feel badly), and betizare

FRAGMENTA

43

(be like a beet) for languere (be weak), for which the vulgar term is lachanlzdre (to be like a vegetable). Besides he used simus for sumus and domos in the genitive singular instead of domuos. The last two forms he wrote invariably, for fear they should be thought errors rather than a habit."—J. C. Rolfe in Loeb translation of Suetonius, Life of Augustus. (Suetonius, Augustus, 87) 94 Some favorite expressions of Augustus cnrevSe (3pa8ews [Make haste slowly!] daXf|s "yap ear' otfjieCvtov T| Opacrus crrparnXaTins [For better is a safe commander than a bold one.] Sat celeriter fit quidquid fit satis bene. Minima commoda non minimo sectantes discrimine similes sunt aureo hamo piscantibus, cuius abrupt! damnum nulla captura pensarl potest. (Suetonius, Augustus, 25) 95 The End

When Augustus was about to dispatch Tiberius to Illyricum and to accompany him as far as Beneventum, he was delayed at Rome by press of cases in the law courts. He finally lost patience and exclaimed: "Non si omnia morabuntur, amplius posthac Romae ero." As this incident occurred very shortly before his death, it was subsequently regarded as an omen of his approaching end. (Suetonius, Augustus, 97) 96 In a last conversation with intimate friends Augustus said: "Ecquid vobls videor mimum vitae commode transegisse?" and then quoted from a Greek comedy the lines: e^rei 8e TIGLW KaXws ireiraiCTTai, 8oT6 KPOTOV Kai iravres T)(JUXS u>6Ta xapots TrpoTrefji^aTe. [Since well I've played my part, all clap your hands, And from the stage dismiss me with applause.] (Suetonius, Augustus, 99) 97 On his deathbed Augustus held a secret conference with Tiberius, and after the latter had departed the chamberlains reported having heard the

44

F FRAGMENTA

emperor say: "Miserum populum Romanum, qui sub tam lentis maxillis erit!" (Suetonius, Tiberius, 21) 98 Augustus' Last Words Livia, nostri coniugii memor vive, ac vale. (Suetonius, Augustus, 99) 99 The Opening Sentence of Augustus' Will Quoniam atrox fortuna Gaium et Lucium filios mihi eripuit, Tiberius Caesar mihi ex parte dlmidia et sextante heres esto. (Suetonius, Tiberius, 23)

100 Of the legacies in Augustus' will the three following items are known to us: gausapes lodlces purpureas colorias meas (Charisius, Institutio Grammatica, i, p. 132 ed. Barwick.)

The deified Augustus, from an altar in Ravenna (H. W. Benario)

This page intentionally left blank

NOTES ON RES GESTAE

divi: many deceased emperors were made gods by senatorial decree and called the "deified." incisarum: modifying rerum and impensarum. Romae: in front of his mausoleum, in the northern part of the Campus Martius. subiectum: i.e., perhaps by the provincial governor. 1 a: the idea of personal agent implied from factionis. factionis: refers to the domination of Marcus Antonius. Note that Augustus never mentions, here or elsewhere, any of his enemies by name. ordinem: Cicero frequently uses the word ordo without modifier to refer to the senatorial class. The other ordo was the so-called equestrian class. C. Pansa et A. Hirtio consulibus: the year is 43 B.C. This is the way a year is normally dated, by an ablative absolute with the consuls' names. consularem locum sententiae dicendae: Octavian had held no public office, and thus could not, under normal circumstances, become a member of the Senate. Further, he was far too young for membership. Adlection (selection for admission) by the Senate eliminated these obstacles, and the privilege of speaking among the senior members of the senatorial order ensured his influence. Men normally spoke only in order of their rank as determined by the magistracies they had held. Junior men rarely had the opportunity to speak. imperium: in this context, the right and authority to raise and command an army are paramount. Res publica . . . caperet: this is the normal wording of the Sen47

48

Notes on RES GESTAE

ate's "decree of martial law." It was first used against Gaius Gracchus and his followers in 121 B.C. The subject of the ne-clause is placed first for emphasis. detriment!: partitive genitive; note the official phraseology of the Senate's decree, often used by Cicero. propraetore: as "propraetor," he had the imperium of a praetor, the second highest office in the regular cursus honorum. This occurred before he was twenty years old. consulem: the date was August 19, 43; his twentieth birthday followed on September 23. bello: near Mutina (the modern Modena) in the Po valley against the forces of Antonius. triumvirum: Octavian's colleagues in the triumvirate were Marcus Antonius and Marcus Lepidus. rei publicae constituendae: dative of purpose. creavit: the triumvirate was established by the Lex Titia of November 27, 43. 2 parentem meum: Octavian was adopted as Julius Caesar's son by the latter's will. Roman law recognized no difference between natural and adoptive relationship. eos: note that Augustus does not mention the assassins by name. iudiciis legitimis: the Lex Pedia of 43. In the Res Gestae Augustus attempts to present his career in the best light—hence the emphasis on legality. inferentis: modifying eos. The ending -Is is an alternative for -es. bis acie: these were the two battles in 42 in Philippi, in eastern Macedonia, about three weeks apart. Cassius committed suicide after the first, Brutus after the second. Antonius was chiefly responsible for the victories. 3 Bella . . . civilia: Suetonius in chapter 9 of his Life of Augustus relates that he waged five civil wars: at Mutina, Philippi, Perusia, in Sicily, and at Actium. The first and last were against Marcus Antonius, the second against Brutus and Cassius, the third against Lucius Antonius,

Notes on RES G E S T A E

49

the triumvir's brother, the fourth against Sextus Pompeius, the son of Pompey the Great. The dates were 43, 42, 41, 36, and 31 B.C. Bella . . . externa: in Illyria between 35 and 33 B.C., in northern Italy against Celtic and Ligurian tribes, against Moesian and Dacian tribes in 29-28 by Licinius Crassus, and against the Cantabrians in northwestern Spain, finally defeated by Agrippa in 19. veniam: this is a noun, object of petentibus. civibus: note the use of the dative with parco and the similar use of quibus with ignosci. ignosci: like all intransitive verbs, it is used impersonally in the passive. deduxi, etc.: the promise of land grants after discharge from military service was the principal means of recruiting. Deduco is the normal verb for establishing, i.e., "leading out," a colony. colonias . . . municipia:: colonies were newly established communities for veterans, all Roman citizens, sometimes with the inclusion of some civilians from the neighborhood. MunicipiaA were Italian communities which enjoyed full Roman citizenship. stipendis emeritis: emerere stipendium = "to earn a year's pay," hence "to serve a year's campaign." Note that sometimes second declension nouns in -ius and -ium contract in the dative and ablative plural as well as in the genitive singular. cepi: principally from Sextus Pompeius at Mylae and Naulochus, in Sicily, in 36 and from Marcus Antonius at Actium in 31 B.C. 4 Bis: for the peace of Brundisium with Antonius in 40 and the Sicilian War of 36. ovans: an ovation was a minor triumph, in which the commander entered Rome on foot or on horseback. tris: in 29 B.C., for the Illyrian, Actian, and Alexandrian campaigns. curulis triumphos: in a curule triumph the commander rode in a chariot drawn by four horses. For the form curulis, see note on inferentis in chapter 2. These triumphs are brilliantly described in Vergil's Aeneid, 8, 714-723. viciens et semel: most of the numbers in this chapter are distrib-

50

Notes on RES GESTAE

utive adverbs, meaning "on separate occasions," i.e., here, "on twentyone occasions." quibus: dative with compound verb. Laurum de fascibus: in the triumph the fasces were decorated with a laurel wreath. legates: use of the preposition per rather than the ablative of agent reduces the legati to the level of instruments, means by which Augustus produced his achievements. auspicis meis: "under my supreme command." The auspices represented the approval of the gods. For the form auspicis see note on stipendis in chapter 3. gestas: with res. novem: four have been identified: Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, children of Cleopatra, Alexander, brother of the king of Emesa, and Adiatorix of Heraclea. tribuniciae potestatis: descriptive genitive. Under the Republic, the tribune had the right to initiate legislation and veto the acts of other magistrates as well as legislation. This power, without the office, was conferred upon the Roman emperors, who dated their years of rule by its possession, as here. Augustus' tribunician power began in 23 B.C.; see note at the end of the Chronological Table. 5 penuria: in 22 B.C., aggravated by the overflow of the Tiber and by pestilence. curationem annonae: this became one of the most important of imperial responsibilities, later under the jurisdiction of an equestrian appointment of high rank, the praefectus annonae. civitatem . . . liberarem: compare the first sentence of chapter 1, rem publicam . . . in libertatem vindicavi. Consulatum: he had held nine consecutive consulates when, in 23, he resigned the office during the year. Augustus knew the danger of receiving a magistracy for life; at the minimum, the sensibilities of the aristocracy would have been outraged. Further, annual tenure of the consulship reduced the opportunity for other senators to attain the office, for whom it was a necessary step to the proconsulship of important provinces. Caesar had been less cautious when he was designated dictator perpetuus, and this was one of the causes of the "Ides of March."

Notes on RES G E S T A E

51

6 Consulibus: this word forms an ablative absolute with the three following pairs of names. The years are 19, 18, and 11 B.C. ut . . . crearer: purpose clause, with consentientibus. potestate: ablative of description. conlegam . . . quinquiens: first Agrippa, in 18 B.C. for five years and again in 13, then Tiberius in 6 for five years, again in A.D. 4, and finally in 13. 7 Triumvirum: partitive genitive; some second declension nouns have either -urn or -orum in the genitive plural. annos decem: the first grant ran from November 27, 43, to December 31, 38. It lapsed for some months but was then renewed and made retroactively effective to the beginning of 37. The last day of the triumvirate's tenure was December 31, 33. Octavian was a privatus the following year. The word continues is thus somewhat misleading. Pontifex maximus: from 12 B.C. until his death Augustus was the head of the state religion. Lepidus, the former triumvir, kept the office, even after his disgrace in 36, until he died in 12 B.C. XV virum = quindecimvirum: genitive plural. The quindecimviri sacris faciundis were responsible for state festivals. VII virum = septemvirum: the septemviri epulonum were in charge of public banquets. frater arvalis: thefratres Arvales, consisting of twelve members, an ancient college, were particularly concerned with worship of the Dea Dia and other old, traditional divinities. sodalis Titius: the sodales Titii were a minor priesthood connected with the Sabine king Titus Tatius. fetialis: the fetiales were responsible for making treaties and declaring war. The pontifices, the augures, the quindecimviri, and the septemviri were the four great priestly colleges. 8 Patriciorum: a number of religious offices could be held only by patricians. It was therefore important to maintain a steady supply of those who could fill them.

52

Notes on RES GESTAE

numerum: the body of the patricians had been depleted by the proscriptions and the civil wars. consul quintum: 29 B.C. Lustrum: this was the ceremony of purification which concluded the enrollment of Roman citizens. Although Augustus emphasized (chapter 6) that he did not hold the office of censor, he performed the duties thereof with his consular imperium. The lustral ceremony occurred in 28 B.C. The last previous lustrum had been in 70. quadragiens centum millia: 40 x 100,000. C. Censorino et C. Asinio cos.: 8 B.C. Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio cos.: A.D. 14. Legibus . . . latis: best taken as an ablative of means. exempla: Augustus often read whole works to the Senate to point a moral. ex nostro saeculo: depends on exolescentia. posteris: depends grammatically on tradidi, but is also construed with imitanda. 9 quoque: note the use of quisque with ordinals as with superlatives. amplissima collegia: see the note at the end of chapter 7. pulvinaria: couches on which statues of the gods were placed, on holidays.

10 ut: introduces a jussive noun clause which begins with sacrosanctus, dependent upon sanctum est. conlegae: M. Lepidus, who became chief pontiff after Caesar's death. aliquod: = aliquot. Actually the period was almost a third of a century, from 44 to 12. eo mortuo: Lepidus died at last in 12. civilis motus: the confusion after the murder of Caesar. P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibus: 12 B.C. 11 ad portam Capenam: at this gate began the Via Appia, the great highway to the south. It was here that Augustus entered the city, returning from Campania, the conclusion of the long trip from Syria.

Notes on RES G E S T A E

eo die: October 12. consulibus Q. Lucretio et M. Vinicio:

53

19 B.C.

12 plebi: genitive. Ti. Nerone P. Quintilio consulibus: 13 B.C. Tiberius Nero is the future emperor Tiberius. aram Pacis Augustae: this altar, now reconstructed, stands near the Mausoleum of Augustus, in the northern reaches of the Campus Martius. Its original location was about a half mile away, along the Via Flaminia. 13 lanum Quirinum: the name of the divinity is here used for the structure. It was an arched gate located over the street known as the Argiletum, which led from the Roman forum to the Subura, between the Curia and the Basilica Aemilia. parta: perfect participle of pario. a condita urbe: the participle contains the main idea; translate "from the founding of the city." The phrase was probably intended to recall the title of Livy's history. bis: under King Numa and again in 235, shortly after the First Punic War and the struggles that immediately followed it. ter: the first closing was on January 11, 29, after the end of the civil war, the second in 25, for victory over the Cantabrians in Spain, the third perhaps in 8 or 7 B.C. me principe: princeps = "first citizen." Augustus here uses the title by which he was best known, from which comes our word, principate, to describe the form of government which he established. Its antecedents are republican, since the leading man in the Senate had long been known as the princeps senatus. 14 Filios: Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa and Augustus' daughter Julia, were adopted by Augustus as his sons. eripuit: they died young. Gaius, born in 20 B.C., died in A.D. 4, Lucius, born in 17, died in A.D. 2. agentis: modifying F filios.

54

Notes on RES GESTAE

consules: predicate accusative agreeing -withfilios. designavfri Gaius in 6 B.C. and Lucius in 3. deduct!. . . forum: the introduction of a Roman boy in the forum at about his fourteenth year marked his coming of age. donatum: here the past participle with utrumque may be translated as a verb parallel to appellaverunt. 15 HS: abbreviation for sestertii. consul quintum: 29 B.C. consulatu decimo: 24 B.C. consul undecimum:: 23 B.C.; this year and the following were marked by shortage of grain. tribunicia potestate duodecimum: 12-11 B.C. tertium: parallel to iterum a few lines above. hominum: partitive genitive. Tribuniciae potestatis: an unusual genitive, perhaps best taken as descriptive. One would expect an ablative, as a few lines above. consul XII: 5 B.C.; together with the tribunician power just mentioned, the period is, more precisely, the first half of the year. sexagenos denarios: 240 sesterces; a denarius = four sesterces. nummum: = nummorum. Consul tertium decimum: 2 B.C. plebei: sometimes fifth declension, as here. It is impossible, in an age which has for decades been afflicted by inflation, to indicate what a sesterce would today be worth in purchasing power. In the earlier years of this century, when a nation's currency was tied to gold, a sesterce could be equated with a nickel. Nowadays, one would be worth more than a dollar, but we must realize that in Rome the sesterce remained a small coin.

16 consulatu meo quarto: 30 B.C. consulibus M. Crasso et Cn. Lentulo Augure: 14 B.C. sexsiens milliens: large numbers are expressed by the distributive numeral or numerals with an understood centena milia, 100,000; this figure therefore is 6,000 x 100,000 = 600,000,000 sesterces.

Notes on RES G E S T A E

55

praedis and agris: the land was used for the settlement of discharged soldiers; in other words, as a land bonus. bis milliens et sescentiens: 2,600 x 100,000 = 260,000,000. Pasieno: misspelling for Passieno. cos.: these consulships were respectively in the years 7, 6, 4, 3, and 2 B.C.; Caninius and Fabricius held office only the last month of the year 2. emeriteis stipendis: at this period legionaries served twenty years. The ending -eis is an archaic alternative of the long -is. quater milliens: 4,000 x 100,000 = 400,000,000. 17

Quater: 28 and 16 B.C. are the two known occasions. aerarium: the aerarium was the state treasury, under the jurisdiction of the Senate. milliens et quingentiens: 1,500 x 100,000 = 150,000,000. qui praerant: in the Republic this had been the responsibility of the quaestors. Under Augustus two praetors were in charge. The verb is a contracted form of praeerant. M. Lepido et L. Arruntio cos.: A.D. 6. milliens et septingentiens: 1,700 x 100,000 = 170,000,000. 18

eo anno: 18 B.C. patrimonio: the patrimonium was his personal wealth.

19 Curiam: this is the senate-house, the reconstruction of which had been begun by Julius Caesar, after it was destroyed by fire in 52 B.C. templum Apollinis: this had been vowed already in 36 and was well under way by the time of the battle of Actium. Afterwards it was closely linked with Augustus' victory there, which he claimed to have won through the aid of Apollo. aedem divi luli: on the spot in the forum where the dictator's body had been cremated. Lupercal: this was evidently a monumental entrance to the cave. eius: this is Cn. Octavius, who won a naval battle over King Perseus of Macedon in 168 B.C.

56

Notes on RES GESTAE

Octaviam: the portions Octavia has left no trace and should not be confused with the portions Octaviae, which bore the name of Augustus' sister. They were in approximately the same location. pulvinar: a sort of state box on the Palatine side of the Circus; from it the imperial family watched the races. lovis Tonantis: vowed by Augustus because of his miraculous escape from a lightning bolt during his Spanish campaign. aedem Quirini: i.e., aedem Romuli. aedem Larum: the temple of the state Lares. summa: note that the idiom summa via means "the top of the street," "the highest point of the street"; via summa would mean "the highest street." in Velia: the same locality as the summa sacra via. 20 Capitolium: the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. Pompeium theatrum: built of stone in 55 B.C. , the first permanent theater in Rome. aquarum: the aqueduct work was actually accomplished by Agrippa, in the year 33 and subsequently. In addition to the expansion of the Marcia, the aqua Virgo was put into service in 19. Marcia: the aqueduct was constructed by Q. Marcius Rex in 144. lulium: to be taken with both nouns. consumptam: we do not know the date of the destruction by fire. Reconstruction must have begun before A.D. 2, since both Gaius and Lucius were still alive. See chapter 14. urbe: i.e., Roma. consul sextum: 28 B.C. Consul septimum: 27 B.C. viam Flaminiam: this is the great highway which ran northward from Rome and terminated at Ariminum (modern Rimini). Among the new bridges was one at Narni, a large span of which still survives. Mulvium: the pons Mulvius (or Milvius) carries the road over the Tiber just north of Rome. Minucium: nothing further is known of this bridge. 21 private solo: the list just terminated is that of public monuments which stood on state land.

Notes on RES G E S T A E

57

Martis Ultoris templum: in commemoration of the avenging of Caesar's murder. The temple stood in the forum Augustum; dedication of temple and forum occurred in 2 B.C. empto: modifies solo. M. Marcelli: Marcellus, both nephew and son-in-law of the princeps, died in 23 and was lamented by Vergil in the Aeneld, 6, 86Iff. esset: expresses purpose. milliens: 1,000 x 100,000 = 100,000,000. Auri coronari: it was customary for provincial cities to present gold crowns or the equivalent in money to a triumphing governor. Augustus wished to discourage a similar practice on the part of Italian communities on the occasions of his triumphs. triginta et quinque millia: the noun understood with these numbers is libras, "pounds." One libra was the equivalent of 4,200 sesterces. The sum remitted therefore is 147,000,000 sesterces. quintum consul: 29 B.C. quotienscumque:: Augustus was hailed as imperator twenty-one times (see chapter 4). The last occasion was in A.D. 12 or 13. adque: = atque.

22 filiorum: Gaius and Lucius Caesar, adopted in 17 B.C., their brother, Agrippa Postumus, and Tiberius, both adopted in A.D. 4. nepotum: Germanicus, Drusus' son, and Drusus, the son of Tiberius. conlegio XV virorum: see note to chapter 7. ludos saeclares: for this occasion, Horace composed the hymn, the carmen saeculare. C. Furnio C. Silano cos.: 17 B.C. Consul XIII: 2 B.C. ludos Martiales: in conjunction with the dedication of the temple of Mars Ultor (see chapter 21). s.c.:: senatus consulto. trans Tiberim:

23 this is the part of Rome today known as Trastev-

ere. nemus . . . Caesarum: Caesar.

laid out in honor of Gaius and Lucius

58

Notes on RES GESTAE

ducenti: the stonecutter should have inscribed ducentos. millia . . . tria: = tria millia. 24 civitatium: the /-stem genitive plural is not uncommon. is: Marcus Antonius (see note onfactionis in chapter 1). XXC: more commonly written LXXX. sustuli: mainly from religious motives, because a silver statue was a divine honor unbecoming a man like Augustus, who wanted the Romans to think him devoted to the constitution. in aede Apollinis: the temple on the Palatine which Augustus built and dedicated (see chapter 19), not the one in the Campus Martius which had been dedicated in the fifth century.

25 praedonibus: Sextus Pompeius and his supporters were considered pirates by Augustus and his adherents. militaverint: a subjunctive of characteristic. senatores: in the late 30s B.C. the Senate consisted of about one thousand members. quo scripta sunt: in A.D. 13. 26 parerent: subjunctive of characteristic. If the gentes would not accept the domination of Rome, they were conquered. Gallias: Aquitania, Gallia Belgica, and Gallia Celtica; see the opening words of Caesar's Gallic War: Gallia est omnis divisa in paries tres. Hispanias: Citerior and Ulterior, "Hither and Farther Spain." Tuscum: sc. mare. genti: dative with the compound verb inlato. navigavit: in A.D. 5. ducti sunt: the Ethiopian adventure was a punitive expedition against Queen Candace, who had invaded Egypt. The Arabian venture was an attempt to open commercial relations with India. eodem fere tempore: 25 or 24 B.C. Meroe: almost 1,650 miles south of Cairo.

Notes on RES G E S T A E

59

27 adieci: 30 B.C. Armeniam maiorem: south of the Caucasus range, as distinct from Lesser Armenia, which lies between Cappadocia, Pontus, and the western edge of Greater Armenia. Artaxe: see Genealogical Table I (3). Tigrani: see Genealogical Table I (4). Artavasdis: see Genealogical Table I (2). Tigranis: see Genealogical Table 1(1). tradere: 20 B.C. domitam: A.D. 4. Ariobarzani: see Genealogical Table II (8). Artabazi: see Genealogical Table II (7). Artavasdi: see Genealogical Table II (9). Tigranem: see Genealogical Table HI (10). Provincias . . . Cyrenasque: districts lost to the Roman Empire under Marcus Antonius. bello servili: against Sextus Pompeius. For the importance of the word servili, see the second sentence of chapter 25. 28 utraque Hispania: see note to chapter 26. militum: construed with Colonias. 29 a Dalmateis: for the -ei ending see note to chapter 16. A subordinate of Caesar had been defeated by them and so also Gabinius at a later date. We know of no other reverses. trium exercitum: under Crassus at Carrhae in 53 B.C. and under Antonius in 40 and 36. Exercitum is a contracted form of exercituum. reddere: the recovery of the standards lost by Crassus is the central scene on the cuirass of the statue of Augustus from Prima Porta. coegi: 20 B.C. reposui: when the temple was dedicated in 2 B.C. 30 Pannoniorum gentes: Pannonia is approximately equivalent to modern Hungary and northern Yugoslavia.

60

Notes on RES GESTAE

ante me principem: "before my principate"; see the last definition under princeps in the vocabulary. adit: contracted from adiit. devictas: a reference to the aggressive policy of 13 to 9 B.C. which resulted in the conquest of Pannonia. quod: the antecedent IS isfluminis. transgressus: probably in 10 B.C. auspicis: = auspiciis. ductus: perhaps in A.D. 6. 31 missae sunt: apparently in 26 or 25 B.C. and again in 20; both missions were probably concerned with the commercial ambitions which gave rise to the Arabian expedition (chapter 26). 32 Tiridates: a pretender set up by the Parthians upon the expulsion of Phrates IV. See Genealogical Table IV (12). Phrates: see Genealogical Table IV (14). Phratis: see Genealogical Table IV (12). Artavasdes: see Genealogical Table II (9). . . . rus: probably the ending of some name lost in our present text. Phrates: see Genealogical Table IV (12). Orodis: see Genealogical Table IV (11). filios: see Genealogical Table IV (last line). misit: 10 B.C. pignora: it was not uncommon for foreign kings to send children or other relatives to Rome. These persons served as pledges of good behavior, they received a Roman upbringing which might later prove useful, and, occasionally, the monarchs felt it an easy means of removing potential rivals from their homelands. 33

gentium: with principes. reges: these were among the pignora mentioned in the previous chapter, who, after domicile in Rome, returned to their people as kings. Vononem: see Genealogical Table IV (13).

Notes on RES G E S T A E

61

Phratis: see Genealogical Table IV (12). Orodis: see Genealogical Table IV (11). Ariobarzanem . . . nepotem: see Genealogical Table II (8), (7), (6) for these rulers. 34 In consulatu sexto et septimo: 28 and 27 B.C. per consensum universorum: Augustus held no office in the crucial year 32, when the final split with Antonius occurred. He claimed that, in this struggle between east and west, tola Italia demanded him as its leader (dux). See chapter 25. Vergil so represents him on Aeneas' shield in Aeneid 8:

hinc Augustus agens Italos in proelia Caesar cum patribus populoque, penatibus et magnis dis. (678-79) rerum: potior sometimes governs the genitive rather than ablative. transtuli: this occurred at a meeting of the Senate on January 13, 27 B.C. clupeus aureus: a replica of this shield, in stone, has been found at Aries, in southern France, dated to the following year. The inscription reads: Senatus populusque Romanus imp(eratori) Caesari Divi f(ilio) Augusto co(n)s(uli) VIII dedit clupeum virtutis clementiae iustitiae pietatis erga decs patriamque. testatum est: a difficult usage. The verb is impersonal, the following prepositional phrase is equivalent to a subject: "The inscription of this shield recorded. . . . " Quern is the object of dare. auctoritate: "prestige," "influence." potestatis: "magisterial power." quoque: the ablative of quisque, not the adverb quoque, with a short -o.

35 Tertium decimum consulatum: 2 B.C. Cum scrips!: Augustus began his seventy-sixth year on September 23, A.D. 13. The document must have been completed between July 1, 14 (see chapter 4) and his death on the following August 19.

62

Notes on RES GESTAE

AppendixX i aerarium: see note to chapter 17. denarium: genitive plural. sexiens milliens: 6,000 x 100,000 = 600,000,000. This sum, in denarii, equals 2,400,000,000 sesterces. Augustus used the word denarius only twice (see chapter 15) in preference to sestertius.

Caesarum:

2 construed with nemus.

4 census explevit: if a senator's wealth fell below the minimum of 1,000,000 sesterces, he was subject to expulsion from the senatorial order. To prevent this, Augustus presented many individuals with the necessary sum to maintain their status. innumerabilis: an appropriate and effective word to underscore his enormous expenditures for the public weal.

It is clear that this appendix was not part of the inscription in Rome. Why a provincial magistrate chose to add it to the copy in Ankara is a mystery. Since the references are almost entirely to the city of Rome, a reader in the province of Galatia would not have been very interested.

NOTES ON FRAGMENTA i Scribonia::: related by marriage to Sextus Pompeius. She was married in 40 to Octavian, who was her third husband. He had been previously married to Clodia (Claudia), daughter of P. Clodius Pulcher and Fulvia, in 43, but he dismissed her in 41 without having consummated the marriage. He divorced Scribonia in 39, shortly after the birth of their daughter, Julia. Scribonia accompanied Julia into exile in 2 B.C., and we hear of her as late as A.D. 16. 2 Tiberio: Livia's son and later Augustus' adopted son, the future emperor Tiberius. His full name was Tiberius Claudius Nero. mandasti:: shortened form for mandavisti. nepoti tuo Tiberio: dative of reference, not of agent. This is the future emperor Claudius, who was considered mentally deficient by his family. He was the younger son of Drusus, the younger brother of Tiberius. See Genealogical Table V. ludis Martialibus: these games were celebrated in connection with the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor, on August 1, 2 B.C. nostrum: partitive genitive, the plural of ego. in illo: "in his case." si est artius . . . holocleros: the meaning is "if he has all his senses." ut ita die-am: "so to speak." quid est quod: "what reason is there that." quin: introduces the clause after a negative or interrogative verb of doubt. frater: Germanicus. 63

64

Notes on FRAGMENTA

Pepxdifr&cu: educated Romans were bilingual. The use of Greek words and phrases by the Romans corresponds to the once-popular use of French words and expressions by the English. The Greek infinitive serves as the verb of an indirect statement in place of a Latin infinitive. est: with praebenda. hominibus: dative of indirect object, not agent. £iu>ft6(Ji,v: a participle in the dative plural, agreeing with hominibus. TrpovTroKei|xevoTj: the Greek genitive absolute substitutes for the Latin ablative absolute. arbitremur: verb of an alternative indirect question, with the introductory word, utrum or an, omitted: "whether . . . or not" (necne). eum: subject of posse. In praesentia: "with regard to the present matters." consulis: verb. Silvani filio: probably M. Plautius Silvanus, praetor in A.D. 24, the son of M. Plautius Silvanus, consul in 2 B.C., the year of the letter. circenses: chariot races in the Circus Maximus. fronte prima: "the forefront," "the first row." Albanum montem: modern Monte Cavo, principal peak of the Alban hills to the south of Rome. On this mount was a temple of Jupiter to which a procession was made on the occasion of the Latin festival, which was held annually but not at a fixed date. Latinarum: sc. feriarum, the Latin Festival. praeficitur urbi: "put in charge of the city"; in other words, serve as praefectus urbi, deputy to Augustus, a post necessary during the Latin Festival since the emperor and the consuls would all be absent from Rome. setnel de tota re: "once for all." Antoniae: the mother of Claudius, younger daughter of Marcus Antonius and Octavia, Augustus' sister.

3 Tiberium: Claudius. Sulpicio: perhaps Sulpicius Flavus, who tutored Claudius in historical composition. Athenodoro: this man may be the Stoic philosopher from Tarsus. Qui vellem . . . deligeret: "I wish that he chose"; the subjunctive

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

65

without ut is normal after the forms velim, malim, vellem, and mallem; the qui, whose antecedent is Tiberium, is subject of deligeret. imitaretur: subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose. aberravit: the perfect is sometimes used to express a general truth. 4 Tiberium: Claudius. peream: subjunctive of wish (volitive or optative). qui: relative pronoun. loquatur: attracted into the subjunctive by possit. loquatur . . . declamat: the contrast is between normal speech and formal oratory. Obviously, in the latter case, Claudius was prepared and perhaps used notes. qui: "how," introducing an indirect question depending on video. aa9ws: adverb depending upon dicere. 5 fisco: either a dative or ablative of separation. "Thefiscus was the imperial treasury, into which the revenues from the imperial provinces flowed, while the aerarium was the senatorial treasury. 6 aliter . . . quam si: "otherwise than if" = "unless." dabo: sc. civitatem, as also with petendi. quam: adverb meaning "how," introducing an indirect question. 7 Livia's son and Augustus' adopted son; the future emperor

Tiberi: Tiberius. isdem: "the usual crowd." Vinicius: probably Lucius Vinicius, who was triumvir monetalis in 16 B.C. and suffect consul in 5 B.C. Silius pater: "the elder Silius." Publius Silius Nerva, consul in 20 B.C., was governor of Hispania Citerior and of Illyricum and conquered the Pannonians and Alpine tribes. canem: a throw of all aces, unlucky like the senio. in ... denarios: "a denarius for every die."

66

Notes on FRAGMENTA

Venerem: "the Venus throw." This was the highest throw at dice, when each die showed a different number. 8 Nos: the royal "we." Quinquatrus: a festival in honor of Minerva, which ran from March 19 to 23. Prater tuus: Nero Claudius Drusus, Livia's younger son. He died on active duty in Germany in 9 B.C. See Genealogical Table V. magnis . . . gessit: "carried on his play with loud outcries"; that is, "he complained loudly of his luck." sed: "for." retractum est: this impersonal passive should be translated actively and personally: "he recouped," "he staged a comback." nummum: genitive plural. Nummus is the same as sestertius. sed cum: "but that was because." quas manus: equivalent to eas manus quas. cuique: dative of disadvantage; translate "from." ad caelestem gloriam: either Augustus anticipated his deification or he may be speaking humorously with regard to his benignitas, which is a virtue, though not one of the canonical imperial ones. 9 Aetati: dative with a compound verb. Translate "youth." loquatur: subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic. hoc: defined by the following -ne clause. 10 horam primam: the Roman day and night each consisted of twelve hours, but the length of each hour varied with the season, ranging from about 43 minutes to about 77 minutes. The first hour of night would begin at about 4:20 at the winter solstice and about 7:45 at the summer solstice. prius quam: followed by an anticipatory subjunctive.

feliciter rem gere:

11 "good luck!"

MOUCTOUS: probably a reference to Tiberius' interest in literature. OTpoLTn-ycov: the participle agrees with Tiberi.

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

ita sim felix: vo(xi(JLO)TaTe:

67

optative subjunctive; the clause is in effect an oath. the vocative adjective agrees with dux.

12 aestivorum: the specific campaign is unknown. It would have been either in Germany or Illyricum. inter . . . difficultates: = inter tot res difficiles. non . . . se: the word order for translation is non quemquam prudentius se gerere potuisse. versum ilium: "that famous line." The original line from Ennius' Anriales referred to Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator, for his policy of not engaging Hannibal in regular battle after the disaster at Cannae in 216 B.C.: unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem. Vergil "quoted" the line in the Aeneid, changing the verb from third person to second, so that the original was well known when Augustus used it here, with the change of only one word. 13 sit cogitandum: subjunctive of characteristic. medius Fidius: a mild oath. ille: cf. the meaning of ilium in the note to fragment 12. 14 di me perdant: "may the gods destroy me"; an oath. mater tua: Livia. summa imperi sui: "their future emperor (commander-in-chief)." populus R.: = populus Romanus. 15 valeam: subjunctive in an alternative question; see note on arbitremur in fragment 2. 16 te: understood also with valere. p.R.: : accusative case. perosi sunt: deponent; the verb is perfect with present meaning.

68

Notes on FRAGMENTA

17 talis: sc. ludere, "to play (with) dice." par impar: the game consisted in guessing whether your opponent held in his closed hand an odd or even number of dice or similar objects. 18 Utrum . . . an: an alternative question. istae: i.e., the maids. 19

necesse habeo:

"I must."

20 principes feminas: "women of imperial rank." intersit: "what a difference." Et: = etiam. Suetonius (Augustus, 84) says that Augustus sent written notes to people, even to his wife, to avoid the danger in speaking ex tempore of saying more or less than he intended. 21 quod . . . venisti: substantival clause. filiam: object of salutatum, referring to Julia. Baias: accusative, rather than ablative, because of the motion involved in the verb venisti. It was the most famous resort on the Bay of Naples, with a notorious reputation. salutatum: accusative supine to express purpose, after a verb of motion.

22 Agrippa: Augustus' closest friend and associate and, finally, sonin-law. He died in 12 B.C. Maecenas: a close friend and advisor until 23 B.C., when his relationship with Augustus cooled. He died in 8 B.C. He is best known as the patron of Vergil and Horace. 23 Maluissem: conclusion of a contrary-to-fact condition; the protasis, if expressed, would be "if I had had the choice" or something similar. Phoebes: Greek genitive.

Notes o n F R A G M E N T A

69

24 Agrippa Postumus was the last child of Agrippa and Julia, born after his father's death, and hence the name Postumus. He was exiled by his grandfather because of his loutish character. 25 In this letter Augustus proposes a simple code or cipher. notas: "secret characters." 26 IX Kal. Octobris.: abbreviated for ante diem nonum Kalendas Octobris; i.e., "on the ninth day before October first," which was September 23, since the Romans counted inclusively. meus . . . iucundissimus: the nominative is sometimes used for the vocative. ubicumque:: Gaius, now about twenty-one years old, was in Syria on his grandfather's birthday. natalem meum: the year is A.D. 2. stationem: note the military language. Gaius was on active service.

27 Gaium: Caligula; he was now about twenty-one months old. XV Kal. lun.: ante diem quintum decimum Kalendas lunias; i.e., May 18; the year is A.D. 14. quern: object of retineret. Germanico: Gaius' father; he was now along the Rhine. Valebis, dabis: the future indicatives are equivalent to imperatives, as sometimes in English. Agrippina: Agrippina, born after 17 B.C., the daughter of Augustus' daughter Julia and Agrippa, was the wife of Germanicus Caesar and mother of the later Emperor Gaius and of eight other children. In A.D. 29 she was exiled for conspiracy against Tiberius and four years later committed suicide. 28 tibi: i.e., Drusus, to whom the following tibi likewise refers. Drusus died in 9 B.C. in Germany, after a fall from his horse. Caesares: Gaius and Lucius.

70

Notes on FKAGMENTA

29 Laudandus: sc. est. adulescens: the year is 43 B.C. The young Octavian was now nineteen years old; use of the word adulescens is thus insulting, since he was properly a iuvenis. tollendus: Cicero plays on the two meanings of the word: "to exalt" and "to put out of the way." The following tolli in Octavian's remark has only the second meaning. 30 epistulis: dative with a verb compounded with sub. amicorum: objective genitive. Horatium: the poet Horace. He refused Augustus' invitation to serve as a kind of private secretary. Veniet: compare the note on Valebis in fragment 27. parasitica . . . regiam: the intent of the former word is humorous, as is the contrast between the two adjectives. Augustus uses regiam with tongue in cheek, since the word rex and all words connected with it were anathema to the Roman mind.

31 iuris: partitive genitive; translate "privilege." apud me: "at my house." feceris: future perfect indicative; equivalent to the apodosis of a condition, whose protasis is implied in Sume. id usus: "these relations"; usus is partitive genitive depending on id. 32 Tui: objective genitive, as is also the tui below. Septimio: a Roman knight, friend and army comrade of Horace, to whom Horace dedicates one of his Odes (II, 6) and for whom he writes a letter of introduction to Tiberius (Epistle, I, 9). illo coram: an example of anastrophe, with the preposition following the noun or pronoun. Neque: introduces the Greek verb. amicitiam: a reference to the position offered by Augustus (see fragment 30), which Horace declined.

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

71

33 Irasci: Augustus pretends to be angry. scito: future imperative, singular, which is to be translated just like the present. eius modi scriptis: the allusion is to Horace's Satires. 34 Onysius: probably one of Horace's slaves. libellum: the use of the diminutive word in place of liber sets the mood for comments about the volume's size and Horace's. ut excusantem: "as presenting your excuses." boni consulo: boni is a genitive of indefinite value; translate "I am satisfied with." corpusculum: may be translated "corpulence"; the expression is humorously sarcastic. sextariolo: the pint measure was squat. quo: introduces a purpose clause without a comparative. 36 Cornelius Gallus: born at Frejus in southern France in 69 B.C., friend of Vergil and himself a poet of distinction, raised by Augustus to high equestrian rank and appointed commander against Antonius. Subsequently as Augustus' first governor of Egypt, he conquered rebellious tribes and allowed statues in his honor to be set up in Egypt and his achievements to be recorded in monumental inscriptions. He was recalled and accused of treasonous intent because of such conduct in Egypt. Augustus did no more than cut off personal relations between Gallus and himself, i.e., amicitiam renuntiavit. This was a private act, but others then set upon Gallus and brought about events of public concern. The Senate convicted him of treason, and he committed suicide. Hence Augustus' lament that he alone could not have private disputes. Gallus was mentioned in Vergil's tenth Eclogue and fourth Georgic, but this last passage was replaced by another after Gallus' downfall. Ovid also mentions him. velim: quatenus with the meaning "how far" or "as far as" introduces a subjunctive; when used with the causal meaning "since," it takes the indicative.

72

Notes on FRAGMENTA

37 Pollio: Gaius Asinius Pollio, born 76 B.C., consul 40, because of his friendly relations with Antonius refused to ally himself with Octavian in the Actian War, but remained neutral. He was a very distinguished orator and literary patron. Tradition has it that when Vergil lost his estate during the confiscations of the late 40s, Pollio's influence recovered it for him. Vergil dedicated the fourth Eclogue to him; Horace also wrote an ode in his honor. Fruere: second person singular present imperative, with an understood eo: "Enjoy him." interdicam: the verb governs a dative of the person forbidden and an ablative of separation of the thing forbidden. facturum:: + esse. 38 the seventeen books of his geography, written in Greek,

Strabo: survive. bonus: with both substantives.

39 Cassius Severus: cf. note on fragment 77. Nonius Asprenas: Lucius Nonius Asprenas, nephew on his mother's side of Publius Quintilius Varus (cf. fragment 40), under whom he commanded two legions. He evidently was acquitted by the court, because we know that he was governor of Africa in A.D. 14 and spoke in the Senate in 20. ne: introducing existimer, upon which depend the three infinitives. 41 rem p.: = rem publicam. sede: note the alliteration of the initial letter s in salvam ac sospitem . . . sistere in sua sede. liceat: subjunctive of wish or prayer. frue turn: explained by the following ut clauses. optimi status: cf. praesentem statum civitatis in fragment 38. auctor: there is a connection between this word and the title Augustus, both being derived from auger e. mansura: + esse.

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

73

fundamental subject accusative of the indirect statement, which depends upon the noun spem. iecero: "shall have laid." 42 Messalla: Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, born in 64 B.C., was during the Civil Wars a notorious turncoat, serving with and deserting in turn the parties of Brutus and Cassius and of Antonius, and finally going over to Octavian. He was a very successful commander and was highly honored by the emperor, with whom he shared the consulship of 31, which Antonius was to have held. He was the first man to be prefect of the city of Rome and also the first to be curator of the aqueducts. With Asinius Pollio (cf. fragment 37) he ranked as the leading orator of his day. He was a patron of Ovid and friend of Tibullus, and was himself the author of some historical and grammatical works. He died in A.D. 8. sit: optative subjunctive. Sic: referring to the foregoing prayer. nos . . . precari: indirect statement. laeta: substantive. huic: sc. urbi. patriae patrem: cf. Res Gestae, chapter 35. The year is 2 B.C. quid . . . aliud: these words are taken together, with the comparison introduced by quam. perfer re: " enj oy." liceat: subjunctive in a substantive clause, the object of precari. 43 ista: apparently requests or suggestions made by the Senate which the emperor felt could be fulfilled but concerning which he was unwilling to make any promises. temporis: of retirement. mini: dative of reference with optatissimi. rerum: "accomplishment" in contrast to "mere words" (verborurri).

merebuntur: and commentary.

44 Gaius and Lucius Caesar; cf. Res Gestae, chapter 14

74

Notes on FRAGMENTA

45 Hoc: the erection of the statues. commentus sum: from comminiscor. dum: means "as long as" with the future. 46 patrimos matrimosque: the adjectives are construed with both nouns; translate "with both parents living." carmen: sc. saeculare; the hymn was composed by Horace and is still extant. The inscription elsewhere records this fact: CARMEN COMPOSUIT Q. HORATIUS FLACCUS. Cf. Res Gestae, chapter 22. canendum: the form is either gerund or gerundive, but is in all likelihood gerundive, to parallel habendos and parandos. convenire: depending on some such word as iusserint, parallel to the following jussive subjunctive, meminerint. The subject of both verbs was presumably certain officials in charge of arrangements for the celebration. sacrificia: to be taken, along with ludos, with parandos. 47 depends on impetus; on the whole passage cf. Res Ges-

abolendi: tae, chapter 15. earum: objective genitive withfiducia, which is ablative of cause. posse: the subject is frumentationes.

fidei:

48 genitive of description; translate, "I am a man of my word." 49

Quaestiones: sc. servorum. neque: equivalent to et non, and correlative to the second following et; of the three independent clauses the first (neque . . . arbitror) is negative, while the second (et . . . existimo) and the third (et . . . censeo) are affirmative. servorum quaestiones: under Roman law the testimony of slaves was admissible when taken under torture.

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

75

50 exerceri: the infinitive serves as the subject of the indirect statement. ne: introduces a positive clause after a verb of fearing; hence the need for non. modus: "a proper limit." mihi: dative of agent. 51 dare: sc. me as subject. ut: introducing a subjunctive clause or clauses; there is a gap of some three lines on the papyrus wherein would have appeared subject(s) and verb(s). ipsis: sc. Us; i.e., "the veterans." parentibus: note the asyndeton, but the following pair of nouns is connected. qui: masculine, because it refers to all three preceding nouns. rerum: genitive of separation. dare: construction as above. uti(que) . . . sint: object of dare. iure . . . lege: ablatives of description. sunto: future imperative, third person plural, of sum. militiae: genitive of separation instead of ablative. This construction had been poetic but now was making its way into prose. fungendi: objective genitive, in sense very like separation here. vocatio: evidently a misspelling for vacatio: the verb is the imperative esto below. suprascripta: in the part omitted in the text. censendi . . . censeri: this refers to registration in the census. que: evidently a misspelling for quae. invitis iis: some odd Latin follows, since an eos must be understood as subject of esse. Consequently, the ablative absolute refers to the same persons as the accusative, which violates normal prose usage. laegatum: for legatum. On the rewards to veterans, cf. Res Gestae, chapter 16.

52 Instead of commentary on the first half of this passage, which is made difficult by its technical language, a fairly literal translation is substituted.

76

Notes on FRAGMENTA

Whatever open channels, covered channels, sluices, springs . . . have been made, built, constructed above or below the water-poise, in order to.build or repair the aqueduct, or whatever other structure has been built above or below the waterpoise in order to build or repair this aqueduct, as any of these works has been built, it is decreed that so it should be and continue, and it is also decreed so to rebuild, replace, restore, repair once or more often, to put in place pipes, conduits, tubes, to undertake clearing, or to do whatever else shall be necessary for the purpose of conducting this water: provided, whatever place or field on the estate which belongs or is said to belong to Quintus Sirinius, the son of Lucius, of the Terentine tribe, or on the estate which belongs or is said to belong to Lucius Pompeius Sulla, the son of Marcus, of the Terentine tribe, is enclosed by a fence, through which place or under which place the covered channel of this aqueduct passes, that that fence or any part of that fence be not destroyed or removed except for the purpose of rebuilding or inspecting that covered channel, and provided there be nothing privately owned to prevent this stream from being able to flow or be conducted. To right and to left on both sides of this stream and these works which have been built for the purpose of this aqueduct, it is decreed that the ground be unencumbered for eight feet; through which place it shall be lawful and right for the citizens of Venafrum or for the person who shall undertake the work in the name of the citizens of Venafrum, to build a road for the purpose of building the aqueduct or of building or rebuilding the works pertaining to this aqueduct, which shall be done without any fraud on his part; and what shall be needed for the purpose of building or rebuilding any of these things it is decreed that they or he shall bring, carry and transport as close as possible, and what shall be removed from that place they or he shall throw equally so far as possible to right and left for eight feet, provided that a promise be made under oath to provide indemnity for possible damage on account of these things. It is also decreed that the right and power of thus maintaining all these works belong to the citizens of Venafrum pro-

Notes on F R A G M E N T A A A

7777

vided that on account of that work no owner of any field or place through which field or place this water is accustomed to pass, flow or be conducted, be deprived of access to his property; and provided that on account of this work he shall not be less able than is right to pass, transport or direct from his field into a part thereof; and provided that it be not permitted to anyone of those through whose fields this water is conducted, to injure, draw from, divert this aqueduct, or to do anything whereby this water is prevented from being able properly to be conducted and to flow into the town of the Venafrani. The final paragraph of the text, as far as it is here given, has been left for interpretation by the student with the help of the notes which follow. distribuere: this infinitive and those following are dependent upon ius potestatemve esse placet, almost six lines below. vendundi: this archaic spelling of the gerund (and gerundive) with a u is not surprising in legal language. Hviro: i.e., duumviro; duumvir was the commonest title for the chief magistrate of a municipality; praefectus was the title borne by a person for any reason serving in place of a duumvir. cum . . . adfuerint:: provision for a quorum. duae partes: "two thirds." ei: dative of reference referring to the water. dum ne: introducing ducatur, in a negative proviso clause, and continued by neve . . . neve; translate "provided that . . . not." erit: with distributa and discripta as well as with decretum. rivos: archaic spelling for rivus. iegem: object of dixerint. aquae tuendae operibusve . . . tuendis: datives of purpose. earn: sc. Iegem. This document is included here as an example from many issued for Augustus and in his name. It was, of course, composed by a secretary or other subordinate and then read and approved by Augustus. Remains of this aqueduct along its fourteen-mile course from the town, which is near Cassino, to the source of the river Volturnus have survived. Also boundary stones marking the open ground on either side of the aq-

78

Notes on FRAGMENTA

ueduct have been found; they bear the inscription: iussu imperatoris Caesaris Augusti circa eum rivom qui aquae ducendae causa factus est, octonos pedes ager dextra sinistraque vacuus relictus est. (Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, X, 4843 = Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 5744) 53 pluribus aquis: Agrippa at his own expense had repaired the Aqua Marcia in 34 B.C., and as aedile in the following year had constructed a new aqueduct which he named Aqua lulia in honor of Augustus' family; and again in 19 B.C. he had added another which was called the Aqua Virgo. We know that he also built numerous public fountains in the city and willed to Augustus the gang of slaves (about 240 in number) which he had developed for the maintenance of his aqueducts.

54 tribunicia . . . potestas: the grant of the powers of a tribune of the people, which was first given Augustus in 23 B.C. Subsequently grants were made first to Agrippa and later to Tiberius. ex senatus consulto: "in accordance with a decree of the Senate." Lentulis consulibus:: 18 B.C. data est: an ablative such as lege must be understood. eadern: sc. potestas. lustrum: "a five year period"; this was the interval between the end of one censorial term and that of the next. consulibus Ti. Nerone et Quintilio Varo: 13 B.C. nullius: genitive of nemo. eis: sc. provineUs. ut: the clause is the subject of sanctum est. 55 ludorum: these games, the ludi victoriae Caesaris, were celebrated by Octavian at his own expense in mid July, 44 B.C. horam: at this season, the eleventh hour would have ended about 6:00 P.M. Cf. fragment 10. deorum . . . numina: = simply decs immortales. receptam: + esse. quo nomine: "for which reason."

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

79

56

nutu et iussu: datives; in the Augustan age this form in -u was as common as that in -ui. 57 dubitas: "to be uncertain" rather than "to doubt," followed by an alternative indirect question, introduced by -ne . . .an. Cimber: Titus Annius Cimber, a follower of Marcus Antonius, through whose influence he became praetor. He was fond of using obsolete words. Veranius: apparently also given to the use of archaic diction. Crispus: Gaius Sallustius Crispus (86-35 B.C.) was expelled from the Senate in 50 on grounds of immorality. He was, however, reinstated as a result of his support of Caesar in the Civil War. Under Caesar he served in Africa and subsequently governed Numidia, where he was probably guilty of extortion. His ill-gotten wealth he spent in a life of luxury. He was the author of monograph histories of the conspiracy of Catiline and the war with Jugurtha, which are preserved, and of a history of the period 78-67 B.C., of which we have some fragments. These works entitle him to a place among the greatest Roman historians. Catonis: Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.) was censor in 184, in which office he was so severe that he was ever afterwards known as "The Censor." He was intensely nationalistic and strenuously opposed the growing Greek influence upon Rome. In Latin literature he was the founder of the encyclopaedic method and the author of a Roman history called the Origines, of about 150 speeches, and of a very important treatise on scientific farming entitled De Agri Cultura, which is extant. An: introducing a direct and indignant question. Asiaticorum: the Asiatic style was characterized by abundant use of ornamental and rhetorical devices. It was florid and extravagant. sententiis: ablative of respect or specification with inanis. transferenda: + est. According to Suetonius (Augustus, 86, 2), Augustus censured Antonius as a madman for writing what men would admire rather than understand. 58 Tarragona is in Spain.

80

Notes on FRAGMENTA

patrem familiae: this designation indicates that Augustus does not even classify him as an orator at all.

Agrippina:

59 cf. commentary on fragment 27.

60 perviam: the sense is "by the way." dvTi TOU: by a coincidence Augustus uses a Greek phrase and we routinely use the phrase "in lieu of" containing a French word. 61 The meter is elegiac couplet, which consists of a dactylic hexameter followed by a pentameter, namely, a six-foot line followed by a five-foot line. The basic metrical foot is the dactyl, ---, for which a spondee, --, may be substituted in any foot, except, normally, the fifth foot of the hexameter and the second half of the pentameter. The pattern is as follows:

A caesura (the word means "cutting") divides the two halves of the pentameter; in the hexameter, it most often appears after the first syllable of the third foot, with the next most common position after the first syllable of the fourth foot, usually paired with a weaker caesura in the second foot. The first couplet scans as follows: C6nvl]vae, tetricas || hodl|e se|cludlte curas, ne macu|lent nive urn || nubila corda di em. vertantur: jussive subjunctive. iocemur: hortatory subjunctive. difficile est: since the final syllable of the first word is a vowel which is followed by a vowel beginning the next word, the final -e is elided (dropped for purposes of scansion).

Notes O n F R A G M E N T A

81

63 regia . . . panis: the contrast is marked, and perhaps intended to be satiric, between the significance of the Regia, the official seat of the Pontifex Maximus, and the simplicity of the food. 65 cf. Res Gestae, chapters 3, 25, and 27. The year

Sicilian War: was 36 B.C. Neptuno: god of the sea and patron divinity of Sextus Pompeius, who even identified himself with the deity.

66 Philippi: cf. Res Gestae, chapter 2. The year was 42 B.C. volucrum: subjective genitive. According to Ulpian (Digest, 48, 24, 1), the third century A.D. Roman jurist, Augustus claimed, in the tenth book of his autobiography, never to have refused burial for a slain enemy. Perusia: Lucius Antonius, brother of Marcus, was besieged in this city for several months by Octavian in 41 B.C. Moriendum: cf. Res Gestae, chapter 3.

Marmoream:

67 understand Romam or urbem.

70 The census of a senator was one million sesterces, that of a knight four hundred thousand. This was clearly a quite enormous debt. 71 Romanes . . . togatam: Aeneid, 1, 282. Augustus subsequently ordered the aediles to prevent anyone not dressed in a toga from entering the forum or the Circus Maximus. 73 respexeris: subjunctive of prohibition, introduced by numquam, here equivalent to ne umquam.

82

Notes on FRAGMENTA

74 Pacuvius Taurus: Sextus Pacuvius Taurus, as tribune of the people in 27 B.C., proposed in the popular assembly the bill which provided that the month Sextilis be renamed Augustus, an honor which has survived in the calendar to the present. But it was not until 8 B.C. that the month's name was officially changed. 75 Galba: Servius Sulpicius Galba, the father of the later emperor of the same name (A.D. 68-69), and a distinguished orator. Corrige: the sense is that of "straighten me out." corrigere: such jesting at the expense of physical deformity was in bad taste, but not uncommon among the ancients.

colere:

76 note the play on the literal and figurative meanings.

77 Cassius: a distinguished orator who was ultimately banished by Augustus about A.D. 12 because of his libelous attacks upon distinguished men and women of Roman society. In 24 he was again tried for the same sort of offense and again banished. Vellem: potential subjunctive, which with its dependent clause expresses a wish unfulfilled in present time. Cf. note on Qui vellem . . . deligeret, fragment 3. 78 me:

sc. esse.

79 Varius: Lucius Varius Rufus, author of a tragedy, Thyestes, for which he is said to have received from Augustus an honorarium of a million sesterces. He likewise wrote elegies, including one on the death of Julius Caesar and another in praise of Augustus. He was an intimate of Maecenas, to whom he first introduced the poet Horace, and also of Vergil. These two poets admired his poetry and highly respected his critical judgment. Together with Plotius Tucca as heir of Vergil, he edited and published the Aeneid.

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

83

spongiam: a jocular reference to erasure. The legendary Ajax had fallen upon his sword. 80 mortuos: Augustus means the dynasty of the Ptolemies, who had ruled Egypt since the death of Alexander, almost three hundred years. Cleopatra was the last of the Ptolemies. Augustus shows a somewhat typically Roman contempt for oriental monarchy. 81 donaveris: this verb governs either accusative and dative, as here, or ablative and accusative, as in fragment 83. Mea causa: "for my own sake." 83 Dolabella: perhaps Publius Cornelius Dolabella, consul A.D. 10, a distinguished legate under Augustus and Tiberius. However, the joke would have more bite if Dolabella were a worthless and cowardly individual; if so, his identity remains unknown. dona: cf. note on donaveris, fragment 81. civica: sc. corona. The corona civica was Rome's highest military honor, granted to one who had saved the life of a fellow-citizen in battle. It was merely a crown of oak leaves and would, therefore, cost Augustus nothing. Cf. Res Gestae, chapter 34. 84 commendaticias: sc. litter as. nosti: "you know"; syncopated form of novisti, from nosco. 85 dari: the use of the infinitive instead of an M?-clause with rogo is most unusual. 87 hoc: i.e., the charge. probes: see note on Qui vellem . . . deligeret in fragment 3. faciam: the apodosis of a future less vivid condition implied in the preceding sentence.

84

Notes on FRAGMENTA

sciat:

verb of a jussive noun clause, with the introductory ut omit-

ted. et:

"too."

88 Cf. Matthew ii, 16-18. porcus: being Jewish, Herod had nothing to do with pork; hence the animal had nothing to fear. Augustus commended Gaius Caesar because, on passing by Judaea, he had not offered sacrifice in Jerusalem. (Suetonius, Augustus, 93.) 89 accendatis: Augustus thus administers a whimsical rebuke to the people of Tarraco, who were supposed to make frequent burnt offerings to him as a god. At the same time he makes light of his divine honors. 90 sufflaminandus: a very rare verb, here meaning something like "put the brakes on." A sufflamen was a drag-chain used to slow the motion of a wheel. 91 Noli: sc.facere. assem: the modern equivalent would be a peanut. 93 Kalendas Graecas: i.e., never, since there was no such thing, the Roman calendar being different from those of the Greeks. hoc Catone: "this present Cato"; cf. the saying, "Better the devil you know than the devil you don't know." On Cato cf. fragment 38. cocuntur: coquuntur. simus: Augustus also wrote heri (cf. fragment 7) instead of here (Quintilian, I, 7, 22), and once censured Gaius Caesar for saying "calidus" for "caldus," because the former, though correct Latin, was "overcareful" (Id., I, 6, 19). domuos: an archaic spelling for domus.

Notes on F R A G M E N T A

85

94 acrcpctXfis etc.: from Euripides' Phoenissae, 599. commoda: object of sectantes. sectantes: subject of sunt; translate "those who chase after." discrimine::: ablative of attendant circumstance. piscantibus:: dative with similes; translate "to those who fish." 95 Romae: locative. One wonders also whether the initial similarity of the verbs moror and morior was interpreted as prophetic. 96

minium: the mime was a very popular form of simple drama, eirel 8e etc.: the author is unknown. The English version is by J. C. Rolfe in the Loeb edition of Suetonius' Augustus. 97 populum: accusative of exclamation. maxillis: an allusion to the grim severity of the future emperor. 98

coniugii: the marriage lasted for more than half a century, from 39 B.C. to A.D. 14. She survived Augustus by some fifteen years, reaching the age of eighty-six. 99

eripuit: Lucius died in A.D. 2 at Marseilles of illness, Gaius in 4 at Limyris in Lycia, in Asia Minor, of the effects of a wound received two years before in fighting against the Armenians. ex parte . . . sextante1 "to the extent of one-half and one-sixth;" i.e., two-thirds. The remaining third was bequeathed to Livia, who was also adopted into the Julian gens and became Julia Augusta. 100

gausapes: this and the other nouns are objects of some verb meaning "I bequeath." colorias: sc. vestes.

This page intentionally left blank

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Year B.C.

Chapter 63 44

43

42 40 36 35-33 33 32 31 30 29

Cicero's consulship. C. Octavius C. f. born September 23. Julius Caesar assassinated March 15. C. Octavius, adopted by Caesar's will, becomes C. Julius Caesar Octavianus. Octavianus raises an army at his own expense. C. Pansa, A. Hirtius consuls. Octavianus propraetor, January 7. D. Brutus besieged in Mutina, Antonius defeated. Octavianus consul, August 19. Lex Pedia. M. Antonius, M. Lepidus, Octavianus triumviri, November 27. Battles of Philippi, in October and November. Octavianus celebrates ovation for victory at Philippi. Sicilian war against Sex. Pompeius. Octavianus celebrates ovation for victory over Sex. Pompeius. Wars in Illyria. Octavianus consul II. Italy's oath to Octavianus. Octavianus consul III. Battle of Actium, September 2. Octavianus consul IV. Egypt added to the Roman Empire. Octavianus consul V. Wars in Dacia and Moesia. Octavianus celebrates triple triumph for

87

(1) (1) (1) (3) (1) (2) (1,7) (2) (4) (25, 27) (4) (3) (25) (3) (16) (27) (8, 15, 21) (3)

88

Chronological Table

Year

28 27

27-24 26 25-24 25 24-23 24 23

22 22-19 20 19 18 17 16—13 14 13-9 13 12 11 9

Chapter victories in Illyria, at Actium, and at Alexandria. Revision of the Senate. Octavianus consul VI. Census. Octavianus consul VII. Octavianus restores the State to the Senate. Octavianus receives honorary title of Augustus, January 16. Augustus in Spain and Gaul. Augustus consul VIII. Expedition into Arabia. Augustus consul IX. Expedition into Ethiopia. Augustus consul X. Augustus consul XI; tribunician power begins to be registered annually. Famine conditions in Rome. Death of Marcellus, Augustus' nephew and son-in-law. M. Marcellus, L. Arruntius consuls. Famine conditions in Rome. Augustus in the East. Recovery of standards from Parthia. Q. Lucretius, M. Vinicius consuls. Augustus returns from Syria, October 12. Cn. Lentulus, P. Lentulus consuls. Agrippa receives the tribunician power for five years. C. Furnius, C. Silanus consuls. Adopts Gaius and Lucius Caesar. Ludi Saeculares. Augustus in Gaul, Agrippa in the East. M. Crassus, Cn. Lentulus Augur consuls. Wars in Pannonia. Tib. Nero, P. Quintilius consuls. Agrippa receives the tribunician power again for five years. P. Sulpicius, C. Valgius consuls. Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus. Death of Agrippa. Paullus Fabius Maximus, Q. Tubero consuls. Conquest of Pannonia by Tib. Nero. Revision of the Senate. Death of Drusus.

(4) (8) (8, 20, 34) (8) (34) (34) (34) (26) (26) (15) (15)

(5) (29) (11) (11) (18) (6) (22) (22) (16) (12) (6) (10) (10) (6) (30) (8)

Chronological Table

Year

Chapter 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

A.D.

89

2 4 6 9 13

14

C. Censorinus, C. Asinius consuls. Census. Tib. Nero, Cn. Piso consuls. C. Antistius, D. Laelius consuls. Tib. Nero receives the tribunician power for five years. Augustus consul XII. C. Calvisius, L. Passienus consuls. L. Lentulus, M. Messalla consuls. Augustus consul XIII. L. Caninius, Q. Fabricius consuls. Temple of Mars Ultor dedicated. Augustus receives the title of Pater Patriae. Death of L. Caesar. Conquest of Armenia. Death of C. Caesar. Tib. Nero receives the tribunician power again for ten years. M. Lepidus, L. Arruntius consuls. Defeat of Quintilius Varus in Teutoburg Forest. Tiberius Caesar (formerly Tiberius Nero) receives the tribunician power again for ten years. Revision of the Senate Sex. Pompeius, Sex. Appuleius consuls. Census. Death of Augustus, August 19.

(8) (8) (16) (16) (6) (15) (16) (16) (15, 22, 35) (16) (21) (35) (14) (27) (14) (6) (17) (Fr. 40) (6) (8) (8) (8)

NOTE. The year of Augustus' tribunician power was July 1 to June 30. Augustus first used the title as a means of dating in 23 B.C. Tribunician power I was, then, July 1, 23 B.C., to June 30, 22 B.C.; II was 22-21 B.C., and so on, XXXVII beginning July 1, A.D. 14.

This page intentionally left blank

GENEALOGICAL TABLES I. Armenian Tigranes 1(1) Artavasdes (2) Artaxes (3)

Tigranes II (4) Tigranes III (5)

II. Median Ariobarzanes (6) Artabazus (or Artavasdes) (7) Ariobarzanes (8) Artavasdes (9)

91

92

Genealogical Tables

III. Cappadocian-Armenian Archelaus (King of Cappadocia) ___^

his wife, daughter of an Armenian king

Glaphyra Tigranes IV (10)

IV. Parthian Orodes (died 37 B.C.) (11) Phrates IV (died circa 2 B.C.) (12)

Vonones (13)

Seraspadanes

Rhodaspes

Phrates (14)

V. Part of the Imperial Family C. Julius Caesar

r^

M. Atius Balbus = Julia

C. Julius Caesar (the dictator)

C. Octavius = Atia

C. Marcellus = Octavia Scribonia = C. Octavius = Li via = Tib. Claudius Nero (Augustus)

M. Marcellus

Gaius

M. Agrippa = Julia

Lucius

Tib. Claudius Nero (Tib. Julius Caesar)

Agrippina = Germanicus Gaius (Caligula)

NOTE: Those whose names appear in bold-faced type are mentioned in the text.

Nero Claudius Drusus = Antonia

Tib. Claudius Drusus (the Emperor Claudius)

This page intentionally left blank

VOCABULARY NOTE. The meanings indicated for the Latin words in this vocabulary are limited to their use in this book.

A A, a indecl. n. first letter of the Latin alphabet A. for Aulus, —I m. Roman praenomen a or ab prep, with abl. by, from abduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum to take away, to draw off abed, -Ire, -il or -IvI, -Hum to go away aberro, -are, -avl, -atum to wander aboleo, -ere, -evl (ui), -itum to abolish abrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum to break off absum, -esse, aful, afuturus to be away from ac or atque conj. and accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum to come accendo, -ere, -cendl, -censum to kindle a fire accido, -ere, -cidl to occur, to happen accio, -Ire, -Ivl, -Hum to gather, to summon accipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum to receive, to accept accuso, -are, -avl, -atum to accuse, to make complaint against Achaea, -ae/. Achaia, Greece acies, -el/, battle acinus, -I m. berry Actium, -I n. town in Epirus ad prep, with ace. to, at, as far as, according to, on addo, -ere, addidl, additum to add, to renew

adeo, -ire, -il, -itum to go to, to approach adfero, -ferre, attull, adlatum to bring adfirmo, -are, -avl, -atum to assert adhibed, -ere, -ui, -itum to apply, to set adhuc adv. thus far Adiabeni, -drum m. an Assyrian tribe on the upper Tigris adicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum to add adigo, -ere, -egi, -actum to bind (as by an oath) adiplscor, -i, adeptus sum to obtain adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum to assist adlego or allege, -ere, -leg!, -Iectum to enroll administro, -are, -avl, -atum to manage admiror, -art, -atus sum to be astonished at admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum to advise adporto, -are, -avl, -atum to convey, to bring adque/or atque conj. and; with aeque as (idea of comparison) adquo adv. as much as adsigno or assigno, -are, -avl, -atum to assign, to confer adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurum to be present adulescens, -entis m. youth, young man adveho, -ere, -vexl, -vectum to conduct aedes, -is/, temple; in pi. dwelling (for man), house

95

96

VocabularyY

aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum to build, to erect Aegyptus, -I/. Egypt Aelianus, -1 m. Roman surname Aeneis, -idos /. the Aeneid (of Vergil) aequaliter adv. evenly aeque adv. equally aerarium, -I n. public treasury aestlva, -orum n. summer campaign aestud, -are, -avi, -atum to be agitated, "to be in a stew" aetas, -atis/. age, time Aethiopia, -ae/. Ethiopia (in eastern Africa) affinis, -e adj. related by marriage affligo, -ere, -fllxl, -fllctum to overthrow Africanus, -a, -um adj. African ager, agrl m. land, field ago, -ere, egi, actum to celebrate, to make, to take, to act; with annum to be a certain age Agrippa, -ae m. Roman surname (M. Agrippa, consul with Augustus in 28 B.C.) Agrippina, -ae/. daughter of M. Agrippa and Julia, granddaughter of Augustus, wife ofGermanicus, and mother of emperor Caligula aheneus/or aeneus, -a, -um adj. of bronze Albani, -orum m. people on the Caspian Sea Albanus, -a, -um adj. pertaining to the town Alba, Alban Alois, -is m. the Elbe (river of Germany) aleator, -oris m. player with dice alienus, -a, -um adj. unsuitable, inappropriate aliquanto adv. somewhat aliqui, aliqua, aliquod adj. some aliquis, aliquid pron. someone, anyone, something, anything aliquod alternative spelling for aliquot aliquot indef. indecl. adj. several aliquotiens adv. several times aliter adv. otherwise alius, -a, -ud adj. other aliut alternative spelling for aliud Alpes, -Him/, the Alps alter, -era, -erum adj. the other (of two)

alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum adj. the one or the other altus, -a, -um adj. high ambitiO. -onis /. desire for popularity ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum to walk amicitia, -ae/. friendship amlcus, -I m. friend amitto, -ere, -mis!, -missum to lose amphitheatrum, -! n. amphitheater amplio, -are, -avi, -atum to enlarge amplior, -ius comp. adj. more amplus, -a, -um adj. honorable an con;, or anima, -ae/. soul animus, -f m. mind Annius, -I m. name of a Roman gens anniversarius, -a, -um adj. yearly annona, -ae/. grain supply annus, -I m. year annuus, -a, -um adj. annual ante prep, with ace. before, near antea adv. previously Antistius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (C. Antistius, consul in 6 B.C.) Antonia, -ae/. woman's name (mother of Tiberius Claudius) apertura, -ae/. opening Apollo, -inis m. sun god appareo, -ere, -ul, -itum to appear appello, -are, -avi, -atum to salute, to call, to give a title to appeto, -ere, -m or -ii, -Hum to seek, to desire Appuleius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Sex. Appuleius, consul in A.D. 14) apsens for absens, -entis adj. absent apud prep, with ace. at, at the camp of, at the home of, among aqua, -ae/. water, aqueduct ara, -ae/. altar Arabia, -ae/. Arabia arbitrium, -i n. control, power arbitror, -art, -atus sum to think argenteus, -a, -um adj. silver Ariminum, -i n. town in Umbria on shore of Adriatic Ariobarzanes, -is m. son of Artavasdes, king of Media Atropatene; also son of Artabazus

Vocabulary

arma, -orum n. arms Armenia, -ae/. a country in northeastern Asia Minor Armenius, -I m. Armenian Arruntius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (L. Arruntius, consul with M. Marcel lus in 22 B.C.; his son, consul with M. Lepidus in A.D. 6) Artabazus, -I m. king of Medes, father of Ariobarzdnes Artavasdes or Artavazdes, -is m. king of Armenia and son of Tigrdnes, who was an ally of Pompey: also son of Ariobarzdnes; also father of another Ariobarzdnes Artaxares, -is m. king of the Assyrian tribe, the Adiabeni Artaxes, -is m. Armenian king, son of Artavasdes articulus, -J m. point, degree artius Gk. adj. sound arvalis, -e adj. pertaining to the Arval Brothers (a college of 12 priests in charge of yearly offerings to the fieldLares) as, assis m. penny asellus, -1 m. little donkey Asia, -ae/. Asia A.siaticus, -a, -urn adj. Asiatic Asillius, -I m. name of a Roman gens Asinius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (C. Asinius, consul in 8 B.C.) asparagus, -I m. asparagus assidue adv. constantly assigno see adsigno at conj. but Athenodorus, -I m. Roman surname athleta, -ae m. athlete, wrestler atque conj. and atrox, -ocis adj. dreadful attenuo, -are, -avi, -atum to weaken attraho, -ere, attraxl, attractum to bring, to lead auctor, -oris m. founder, proposer, promoter auctoritas, -atis,/. command, will, rank, dignity audio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum to hear Aug. for Augustus

97

augeo, -ere, auxt, auctum to increase, to extend augur, -uris m. augur Augustalia, -him n. name given to the day of Augustus' return to Rome from Syria, Oct. 12, 19 B.C. Augustus, -I m. name of the Roman emperor aureus, -a, -um adj. golden aurum, -I n. gold auspicium, -i n. auspices (right to take omens in order to determine the will of the gods, a privilege which under the empire belonged to the emperor) aut conj. or; aut . . . aut correl. conjj. either . . . o r autem, conj. moreover, however Aventinus, -I m. the Aventine, one of seven hills of Rome aveo, -ere to be well; imperative hail or farewell averto, -ere, -vert!, -versum to divert, to steal

B B, b indecl. n. second letter of the Latin alphabet Baiae, -arum/, small town on the bay of Naples balineum/or balneum, -I n. bath basilica, -ae/ public building with double colonnades, in forum, used for judicial tribunals and as exchange Bastarnae, -arum m. German tribe whose abode extended from the lower Danube to its mouth bellum, -I n. war bene, adv. well, very beneficium, -I n. favor benigne adv. kindly benignitas, -atis/ generosity bestia, -ae/. wild beast biremis, -e adj. having two groups of rowers bis adv. twice bonum, -I n. value, quality bonus, -a, -um adj. good Britannus, -I m. Briton bucca, -ae/. morsel, mouthful

98

VocabularyY

C C, c indecl. n. third letter of the Latin alphabet C. for Gaius, -I m. Roman praenomen cado, -ere, cecidf, casum to fall caedo, -ere, cecldi, caesum to cut in pieces caelestis, -e adj. divine caelum, -I n. sky Caesar, -aris m. Roman surname (Tib. Caesar, adopted son of Augustus; C. and L. Caesar, grandsons and adopted sons of Augustus, who died at an early age) calceus, -I m. shoe calfacio for calefacio, -ere, -feel, -factum to make warm, to keep hot Calvisius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (C. Calvisius, consul in 4 B.C.} calvus, -a, -um adj. bald Campania, -ae/. district in middle Italy, of which Capua and Naples were leading cities campus, -I m. plain; with Martins, a place of assembly for the comitia centuriata canalis, -is m. conduit, water channel Caninius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (L. Caninius, consul in 2 B.C.) canis, -is m. or f. dog; with mitto dogthrow, the worst throw with dice cano, -ere, cecinl, cantum to sing canus, -a, -um adj. white-haired Capenus, -a, -um adj. of Capena (a Tuscan town)', with porta gate to Rome, entered from the south by the Appian Way capio, -ere, cepi, captum to receive, to seize, to capture, to take up capitalis, -e adj. capital Capitolium, -I n. Capitol (temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill) captura, -ae/. catch (offish) caput, -itis n. head, person; in pi. population carcinoma, -atis n. cancer carmen, -inis n. hymn, poem Cassius, -I m. name of a Roman gens Castor, -oris m. son of Spartan king,

Tyndarus, and Leda; as star, with Pollux, guide to mariners Cato, -onis m. Roman surname causa, -ae/. lawsuit, reason causa or caussa postpositive word for the sake of, in behalf of, in recognition or commemoration of cavo, -are, -avl, -atum to excavate, to hollow out celeber, -bris, -bre adj. famous celebro, -are, -avl, -atum to solemnize, to celebrate celeriter adv. quickly cena, -ae/. course, dinner ceno, -are, -avl, -atum to dine censeo, -ere, -ui, censum to estimate, to count, to order, to decree, to vote Censorlnus, -I m. Roman surname (C. Censorinus, consul in 8 B.C.) censum, -i n. wealth census, census m. property, census-rating (requirement for a senator, 1,000,000 sesterces), census centum num. adj. one hundred certe adv. certainly certus, -a, -um adj. sure cesso, -are, -avl, -atum to stop ceterus, -a, -um adj. the other Chalcidicum, -i m. portico adjoining senate-house Charydes, -um m. a German tribe chorus, -I m. choral dance Cimber, -bri m. Roman surname Cimbrl, -drum m. a German tribe living in what is now Denmark circa prep, with ace. about, around circenses, -ium m. games in the circus circiter adv. about circuitus, -us m. girth circus, -I m. circus, race-course cito adv. soon, quickly citraprep. with ace. on the nearer or this side (i.e., nearer Rome); with ultra on both sides clvicus, -a, -um adj. civic clvilis, -e adj. pertaining to citizens, civil clvis, -is m. citizen civitas, -atis/. state, citizenship clamor, -oris m. shout

Vocabulary

clarus, -a, -urn adj. clear, bright classis, -is/, fleet claudo, -ere, clausl, clausum (or claussi, claussum) to shut, to close, to border dementia, -ae/. mercy Cleopatra, -ae /. Cleopatra (queen of Egypt) clupeus or clipeus, -I m. shield CD. for Gnaeus, -I m. Roman praenomen coe'md, -ere, -emi, -emptum to buy coepi, -isse, coeptum to begin cogito, -are, -avl, -atum to ponder cognomen, -inis n. surname cogo,. .-ere, coegl, coactum to compel cohorresco, -ere, -horrui to shiver collegium or conlegium, -I n. college colloquor see conloquor cold, -ere, -ul, cultum to cultivate, to dress, to cherish colon, -I n. member, part (of a poem) colonia, -ae/. colony colonus, -I m. colonist colorius, -a, -um adj. colored comedo, -ere, -edl, -esum to eat comitia, -orum n. election commendatlcius, -a, -um adj. with litterae letters of introduction commercium, -i n. interchange commilito, -onis m. fellow-soldier comminlscor, -I, -mentus to devise committo, -ere, -mlsi, -missum to act so, to connect commode adv. rightly, well commodum, -I n. advantage, privilege communis, -e adj. public commute, -are, -avl, -atum to change comparo, -are, -avl, -atum to assemble, to raise complures, -ium adj. many compos, -otis adj. with votorum having obtained one's wish condo, -ere, -didl, -ditum to found confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum to contribute conficio, -ere, -fed, -fectum to kill, to slay confiteor, -erl, -fessus sum to avow confligo, -ere, -flixi, -fllctum to meet in conflict

99

confluo, -ere, -fluxi to flock together confugio, -ere, -fugi to take refuge congiarium, -1 n. gift divided among the people, gratuity coniugium, -I n. marriage conlega, -ae m. colleague conlegium see collegium conloco, -are, -avl, -atum to place conloquor, -i, -locutus sum to converse consacro or consecro, -are, -avl, -atum to consecrate consaluto, -are, -avl, -atum to hail, to greet consensus, -us m. consent, accordance consentio, -ire, -sens!, -sensum to agree unanimously conservo, -are, -avl, -atum to save consilium, -I n. authority, initiative, counsel, advice conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum to see; in passive to attract attention conspicuus, -a, -um (/(//. visible constitud, -ere, -ui, -utum to establish, to settle, to organize consto, -are, -stitl, -statum to cost consul, -is m. consul (one of the two highest officials of the Roman state}', abbr. cos. consularis, -e adj. of or belonging to the consular office consulatus, -us m. consulship consulo, -ere, -ul, -turn to ask advice of, to consider consul turn, -I n. with senatus decree of the Senate; abbr. s.c. consumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum to destroy contentus, -a, -um adj. contented continens, -entis adj. adjoining continenter adv. without ceasing continuatio, -onis/. succession continuus, -a, -um adj. consecutive contra prep, with ace, opposed to, inconsistent with, against convenio, -ire, -venl, -ventum to assemble convictor, -oris m. familiar friend convlvae, -arum m. and f. guests copiae, -arum/, troops

100

VocabularyY

coquo, -ere, coxi, coctum to cook cor, cordis n. heart cdram prep, with abl. in one's presence corona, -ae /. crown of oak leaves (with clvica reward of soldier who had saved the life of a citizen) cordnarius, -a, -um adj. coronary, of or pertaining to a wreath or crown corpus, -oris n. body corpusculum, -I n. small body corrigd, -ere, -rexi, -rectum to correct corrumpd, -ere, -rupl, -ruptum to injure cos. see consul cotidie adv. daily Crassus, -I m. Roman surname (M. Crassus, consul in 14 B.C.) credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum to believe cred, -are, -avi, -atum to elect crinltus, -a, -um adj. hairy Crispus, -1 m. Roman surname culcita, -ae/. pillow cultura, -ae/. cultivation cum prep, with abl. with (as enclitic after personal, interrogative, and relative pronouns) cum con/, when, since, although; with turn whenever functor, -an, -atus sum to hesitate cunctus, -a, -um adj. all cupldd, -inis/. desire cupidus, -a, -um adj. desiring cupio, -ere, -Ivl, -itum to desire cura, -ae/. trouble, administration curatid, -onis/. charge. curator, -oris m. overseer, superintendent curia, -ae /. senate-house (Curia Julia, dedicated in 29 B.C.) curd, -are, -avi, -atum to care for, to take charge of currus, -us m. chariot curulis, -e adj. curule Cyrenae, -arum/, province in Lybia

D D.for Decimus, -I m. Roman praenomen Dad, -drum m. Dacians (inhabitants of

the country which is now part of Hungary and Romania) Dalmatae, -arum m. Dalmatians (a people on the eastern coast of the Adriatic) dainnum, -I n. loss Danuus or Danuvius, — I m. the Danube Ac prep, with abl. from, down from debed, -ere, -ui, -itum to owe, ought decernd, -ere, -crevi, -cretum to decree, to order decem or decim num. adj. ten decimus, -a, -um adj. tenth declamd, -are, -avi, -atum to speak oratorically decretum, -1 n. decree, resolution decurid, -onis m. decurion (member of the local senate of a municipality) deduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum to settle, to introduce, to conduct deferd, -ferre, -tuli, -latum to offer, to pay deficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum to fall short deinceps adv. since that time, thereafter delibero, -are, -avi, -atum to consider delicatus, -a, -um adj. luxurious, spoiled deligo, -ere, -leg!, -lectum to choose, to select demum adv. at last denarius, -I m. Roman silver coin worth about 16 cents gold depend, -ere, -posul, -positum to deposit, to lay down deposed, -ere, -poposci, -poscitum to ask for, to request, to demand deprecor, -an, -atus sum to ward off by earnest prayer, to beseech release from depugno, -are, -avi, -atum to fight derided, -ere, -risl, -rlsum to ridicule desclsco, -ere, descii, descitum to revolt describo, -ere, -scrips!, -scrlptum to apportion deslderd, -are, -avi, -atum to long for, to desire designd, -are, -avi, -atum to designate destind, -are, -avi, -atum to intend destitud, -ere, -ui, -utum to desert desum, -esse, -ful, -futurum to be lacking, to be absent

Vocabulary

detraho, -ere, -traxl, -tractum to take away detrimentum, -I n. harm, loss deus, -i m. god devinco, -ere, -vlcl, -victum to conquer dextra, -ae/. right side dico, -ere, dlxl, dictum to say, to proclaim, to tell; with sententias to vote dictators, -ae/. dictatorship dies, -el m. day difficilis, -e adj. difficult difficulties, -atis/. difficulty digno, -are, -avi, -alum to deem worthy dlligenter adv. carefully dlmidius, -a, -um adj. half dimitto, -ere, -misl, -missum to discharge diruo, -ere, -rui, -rutum to destroy discrlbo, -ere, -scrlpsl, -scrlptum to assign discrimen, -inis n. risk, danger disertus, -a, -um adj. well-spoken, fluent displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itum to displease distribud, -ere, -ui, -utum to distribute divus, -a, -um adj. divine, deified do, dare, dedi, datum to give, to pay dolus, -I m. fraud dominatio, -onis/. tyranny dominus, -I m. master domo, -are, -ui, -itum to subdue domus, -us/, home dono, -are, -avi, -atum to present with gifts, to give donum. -I n. offering, gift dormid, -Ire, -Ivi or -il, -itum to sleep dubito, -are, -avi, -atum to doubt, to be uncertain ducenti, -ae, -a num. adj. two hundred duco, -ere, duxl, ductum to lead, to conduct, to build ductus, -us m. a leading; with aquae aqueduct dulcedo, -inis/. agreeableness dum conj. while, as long as, provided that; with taxat as far as Dumnobellaunus, -I m. king of Trinobantes, tribe in Britain duo, -ae, -o num. adj. two

101

duodecim num. adj. twelve duodecimum adv. for the twelfth iime duodevicensimum adv. for the eighteenth time duovir, -viri m. member of commission of two men, title of chief magistrate (or duumvir) in a municipality duplex, -icis adj. double duplico, -are, -avi, -atum to double the capacity of duracinus, -a, -um adj. hardberried dux, ducis m. leader

E e or ex prep, with abl. out of, by, of, in accordance with, for ecquid interrogative adverb without an English equivalent edico, -ere, -dixl, -dictum to decree edo, edere, edidi, editum to give out effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum to exalt efficax, -acis adj. effectual effuse adv. lavishly ego pron. I elephantus, -I m. elephant emereo, -ere, -ui, -itum to serve out or complete emetior, -iri, emensus sum to measure out emo, -ere, emi, emptum to buy emptor, -oris m. purchaser en interj. behold enim conj. truly, indeed enimvero conj. certainly eo, Ire, il or Ivi, itum to go epistola or epistula, -ae/. written communication, letter epulo, -onis m. sacred feast eques, -itis m. knight equester, -tris, -tre, adj. equestrian, on horseback ergo adv. therefore erigo, -ere, -rexl, -rectum to raise eripio, -ere, -ui, -reptum to snatch away essedum, -I n. two-wheeled war-chariot (of Gauls and Britons, used by Romans for pomp and show)

102

VocabularyY

et conj. and; also; et . . . et correl. conjj. both . . . and etiam adv. in addition, even, also etsl conj. although Eudaemon, -onis m. orf. a Greek name for southern part of Arabia, "Happy" evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum to escape ex see e excerpo, -ere, -cerpsi, -cerptum to select excido, -ere, -cldl, -clsum to destroy, to annihilate excubo, -are, -ul, -itum to keep watch excuso, -are, -avi, -atum to excuse exemplar, -aris n. copy, model exemplum, -I n. tradition, precedent exerceo, -ere, -ul, -itum to occupy, to keep busy exercitus, -us m. army exigo, -ere, exegi, exactum to exact payment, to measure exilium, -i n. exile eximo, -ere, -end, -emptum to take away existimo, -are, -avi, -atum to think exitus, -us m. end of life exolesco, -ere, -olevl, -oletum to fall into disuse expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum to drive experior, -irl, expertus sum to experience explro or exsplro, -are, -avi, -atum to breathe one's last expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum to fill; with census to raise to the census rating explore, -are, -avi, -atum to examine expono, -ere, -posui, -positum to expose exstinguo or extinguo, -ere, -stinxi, stinctum to extinguish externus, -a, -um adj. foreign exto or exsto, -are, -stitl, -staturum to exist

F Fabius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Paulus Fabius Maximus, consul in 11 B.C.)

Fabricius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Q. Fabricius, consul in 2 B.C.)

fabrilis, -e adj. relating to construction, building facilius adv. more readily facinus, -oris n. deed, crime facio, -ere, feel, factum to do, to build, to make, to cause; with impensas to expend; with sacra to perform; with lustrum or ludos to celebrate factio, -onis/. faction (Antony's party) familia, -ae/. household establishment familiaris, -e adj. friendly, intimate fasces, -ium m. fasces (bundle of rods and ax carried before a high magistrate) fastigium, -il, n. dignity, rank fatum, -1 n. fate faustus, -a, -um adj. auspicious felicitas, -atis/. good fortune fellciter adv. successfully felix, -Icis adj. prosperous, happy femina, -ae/. woman fere adv. about, nearly Feretrius, -i m. subduer of enemies (surname of Jupiter) fero, ferre, lull, latum to give, to take, to endure, to bear; to report; with leges to pass fetialis, -is m. Fetialis (member of college of priests who sanctioned treaties) fides, -ei/. faith Fidius, -I m. surname of Jupiter; with medius by the god of truth fiducia, -ae/. reliance, assurance figo, -ere, fixi, fixuni to fix filia, -ae/. daughter filius, -I m. son finis, -is m. boundary, frontier, end; in pi. territory, land finitimus, -a, -um adj. neighboring fio, fieri, factus sum to be carried out, to be administered, to be made, to become firmus, -a, -um adj. binding fiscus, -1 m. treasury fistula, -ae/. water-pipe Flaccus, -I m. Roman surname Flaminius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (C. Flaminius Nepos, censor in 220B.C.; built a circus and a road) Flaminius, -a, -um adj. Flaminian

Vocabulary

fluctuor, -an, -atus sum to waver flumen, -inis n. river fluo, -ere, fluxl, fluxum to flow fons, -tis m. spring fortuna, -ae/. fortune forum, -I n. forum forus, -I m. gaming-board frater, -tris m. brother frequens, -entis adj. populous, in great numbers frons, -tis/. front; with prfma the forefront fructus, -us m. fruit, reward frumentarius, -a, -um adj. of grain frumentatio, -onis/. distribution of food, dole frumentum, -i n. grain fruor, -I, fructus sum to enjoy fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum to run away, to flee fundamentum, -i n. foundation fundus, -I m. estate fungor, -I, functus sum to perform Furnius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (C. Furnius, consul in 17 B.C.)

G Cades, -ium /. town in Spain, modern Cadiz Gaius, -I m. Roman praenomen; (emperor Gaius Caligula, son of Agrippina, who was the granddaughter of Augustus) Gallia, -ae/. Gaul gaudeo, -ere, gavlsus sum to be joyful gausapes, -is m. woolen garment gener, -eri m. son-in-law gens, gentis/. nation, race, tribe genus, -eris n. race, stock Germania, -ae/. Germany Germanicus, -I m. husband of Agrippina, who was the granddaughter of Augustus Germanus, -I m. German gerfl, -ere, gessl, gestum to do, to accomplish, to undertake, to wage, to administer, to conduct; with honores to hold

103

geronticos Gk. adv. like old men gladiatorius, -a, -um adj. gladiatorial, of gladiators gloria, -ae/. honor gradus, -us m. step Graecus, -a, -um adj. Greek grandis, -e adj. enormous gratia, -ae/ friendship gusto, -are, -avl, -alum to take a slight meal

H habed, -ere, -ul, -itum to hold, to pay, to possess, to have, to continue habitus, -us m. appearance Hadrianus, -a, -um adj. with mare Adriatic hamus, -I m. fish-hook hasta, -ae/ spear Haterius, -1 m. name of a Roman gens heres, -edis m. heir heri adv. yesterday Herodes, -is m. Herod (king of Judea) Hiberl, -orum m. Iberians or Spaniards (or, as in ch. 31, a tribe living in what is now Georgia on the Caspian Sea) hie, haec, hoc adj. and pron. this Hirtius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (A. Hirtius, consul in 43 B.C.) Hispania, -ae/. Spain hodie adv. today hodiernus, -a, -um adj. today's holocleros Gk. adj. complete Homericus, -a, -um adj. of or belonging to Homer homo, -inis m. man, person honestus, -a, -um adj. noble honor or bonds, -oris m. office, honor honorificus, -a, -um adj. laudatory, complimentary hora, -ae/ hour Horatius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Q. Horatius Flaccus, famous Augustan poet) horreum, -I, n. granary hostis, -is m. enemy hypographum, -I n. rough draft

104

Vocabulary

I iaceo, -ere, -ul, -itum, to lie iacio. -ere, ieci, iactum to throw iacto, -are, -avi, -atum to throw iunua, -ae/. door lanus, -i m. Janus (name of old Italian deity) ibi adv. in that place, there idem, eadem, idem adj. the same ideo adv. therefore ieiunium, -I n, fast ignosco, -ere, -novl, -notum to pardon ille, ilia, illud adj. and pron. that illic adv. in that place Illyricum, -1 n. country on Adriatic Sea, modern Yugoslavia imitor, -ari, -atus sum to imitate immortalis, -e adj. immortal immunis, -e adj. exempt from public services immunitas, -atis/ exemption impar, imparis adj. odd, uneven impendo, -ere, -pendl, -pensum to expend impensa, -ae/. sum, amount of money, cost, expense imperator, -oris m. imperator (title given in an acclamation for military success) imperium. -1 n. rule, empire, sovereignty, command; "imperium," constitutional right to command soldiers impetro, -are, -avi, -atum to obtain impetus, -us m. violent impulse impono, -ere, -posul, -positum to lay, to impose in prep, with ace. on, upon, in, into; with abl. on, upon, in inanis. -e adj. empty incendium, -I n. fire incessus, -us m. walk inchod or incoho, -are, -avi, -atum to begin incidfl, -ere, -cidi, -casum to occur incido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum to engrave incipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum to begin includo, -ere, -cliisi. -clusum to include, to insert incumbo, -ere, -ubui, to fall upon inde adv. from that place

India, -ae/. India indignor, -ari, -atus sum to be angry at indomitus, -a, -um adj. unrestrained, fierce indued, -ere, -duxl, -ductum to put on indulged, -ere, -dulsl, -dultum to give way to ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum to enter upon infamis, -e adj. disreputable, of bad repute infectus, -a, -um adj. anticipated, but not yet having occurred infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum to wage, to bring upon infirmus, -a, -um adj. weak infra prep, with ace. below iniuria, -ae/. wrong; with per wantonly, unjustly inmitto or immitto, -ere, -misi, -missum to turn into innumerabilis, -e adj. incalculable inquam, inquit, etc. defective verb I say, etc. inscribe, -ere, -scrips!, -scrlptum to inscribe inscrlptio, -onis/. inscription insequor, -I, -secutus sum to follow in succession insigne, -is n. symbol, sign inspicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum to examine inter prep, with ace. between interdlco, -ere, -dm, -dictum to forbid, to banish interficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum to murder intersum, -esse, -ful, -futurum to be different, to take part in; impers. with nihil it makes no difference intra prep, with ace. within investigo, -are, -avi, -atum to trace out invito, -are, -avi, -atum to invite invltus, -a, -um adj. unwilling invius, -a, -um adj. impassable, inaccessible iocor, -art, -atus sum to jest, to joke ipse, ipsa, ipsum adj. (intens.) "self" irascor, -i, iratus sum to be angry at is, ea, id adj. this, that; as pron. he, she, it

Vocabulary

iste, ista, istud adj. andpron. that of yours ita adv. so, in such a manner Italia, -ae/. Italy Italicus, -a, -um adj. of Italy itaque conj. and so item adv. likewise iter, itineris n. road, passage iterum adv. again, a second time iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum to order iucunde adv. agreeably iucundus, -a, -um adj. d e l i g h t f u l , charming ludaeus, -i m. Jew iudicium, -I n. court, decision lulia, -ae/. Julia (daughter of Augustus) lulius, -I m. name of a Roman gens; with divus refers to Julius Caesar lunius, -a, -um adj. pertaining to the sixth month, June luno, -onis /. Juno (queen of the gods) luppiter, lovis m. Jupiter (chief god of the Romans) iurato adv. under oath iuro, -are, -avi, -atum with in verba to take a prescribed form of oath of allegiance ius, iuris n. right iussus, -us m. order iustitia, -ae/. justice iiistus, -a, -um adj. just iuvenis, -is m. young man, youth iuventas. -atis/. youth iuventus, -utis/. youth iuvo, -are, iuvl, iutum to help, to aid

K Kalendae, -arum/. Kalends (the first day of the month)

L L./or Lucius, -i m. a Roman praenomen labor, -I, lapsus sum to fall into decay labor, -oris m. toil Laelius, -1 m. name of a Roman gens (D. Laelius, consul in 6 B.C.) laetitia, -ae/. pleasure laetus, -a, -um adj. happy laevus, -a, -um adj. left

105

langueo, -ere to be faint or weary Lares, -um or -ium m. Lares (household gods) latericius, -a, -um adj. built of bricks Latinus, -a, -um adj. pertaining to Latium, Latin latitude, -inis/. width laudo, -are, -avi, -atum to praise laurea, -ae /. laurel branch (symbol of victory) laurus, - i f . laurel lectica, -ae/. sedan, litter legatio, -onis/. embassy legatus, -1 m. subordinate officer, envoy legio, -onis/. legion legitimus, -a, -um adj. appointed by law, legal lego, -ere, legi, lectum to read, to call off, to read the roll Lentulus, -i m. Roman surname (Cn. Lentulus and P. Lentulus, consuls in 18 B.C.) lentus, -a, -um adj. slow-grinding Lepidus, -I m. Roman surname (M. Lepidus, consul in A.D. 6) lex, legis/. law libellus, -I m. pamphlet, small book liber, -er! m. child liber, -era, -erum adj. free llberalis, -e adj. generous llbero, -are, -avi, -atum to free, to relieve llbertas, -atis/. freedom, liberty libra, -ae/. water-poise, level licet, -ere, licuit, licitum est it is permitted limes, -itis m. path lingua, -ae/. tongue littera, -ae /. letter of alphabet LIvia, -ae /. Drusilla (third wife of Augustus) locus, -I m. place, position, rank lodix, -icis/. blanket longitudo, -inis/. length longus, -a, -um adj. long loquor, -I, locutus sum to speak Lucius, -I m. Roman praenomen Lucretius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Q. Lucretius, consul in 19 B.C.)

106

VocabularyY

lucrum, -i n. profit ludo, -ere, lusi, lusuni to play ludus, -1 m. game Lupercal, -alls n. grotto on Palatine hill, sacred to she-wolf and twins lustrum, -I n. expiatory offering (made after a census, once in five years); census; five-year period lusus, -us m. game

M M. for Marcus, -1 m. Roman praenomen Macedonia, -ae/. Macedonia maceria, -ae/. wall, fence tnaculo, -are, -avl, -atum to make spotted Maecenas, -atis m. Roman surname (C. Cilnius Maecenas, friend of Augustus and patron of Horace and Vergil) Maelo, -onis m. king ofSugambri, a German tribe magis adv. more magister, -tri m. master magistratus, -us m. power, office, magistrate magnus, -a, -um adj. great maior, -ius adj. greater maiores, -um m. ancestors male adv. ill, wrongly maleficium, -I n. crime malo, malle, malu! to prefer malus, -a, -um adj. evil mando, -are, -avl, -atum to order, to enjoin manduco, -are, -avF, -atum to chew maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum to remain manibiae or manubiae, -arum /. spoils of war manus, -us/, stake (in throwing dice) Marcellus, -i m. Roman surname (M. Marcellus, consul in 22 B.C.) Marcianus, -I m. Roman surname Marcius, -a, -um adj. Marcian, of Marcius (name of a Roman gens) Marcomani or Marcomannl, -drum m. part of the Suebi, a German tribe mare, -is n. sea Mariba town in southern Arabia

marmoreus, -a, -um adj. of marble Mars, -tis m. god of war Martialis, -e adj. of Mars Mart ius, -a, -um adj. pertaining to Mars mater, matris / mother materia, -ae/. material matrimus, -a, -um adj. that has a mother living maxilla, -ae/. jawbone maximus, -a, -um adj. greatest Maximus, Roman surname medicus, -1 m. physician medium, -I n. with conferre to put down or in the pool (in gaming) medius. -i m. (from dius or deus, joined with personal pron. me) with Fidius by the god of truth Medus, -I m. Mede meminl, -isse to be mindful of, to remember memor, -oris adj. mindful of memoria, -ae/. memory mens, mentis/, mind mensa, -ae/ dining table mentio, -onis/. mention mereor, -eri, -itus sum to deserve meritum, -i n. service Meroe, -es /. a Kingdom along the Nile Messala or Messalla, -ae m. Roman surname (M. Messalla, consul in 3 B.C.) metus, -us m. fear meus, -a, -um adj. my miles, -itis m. soldier mllitaris, -e adj. military militia, -ae/. military service mllito, -are, -avi, -atum to serve as a soldier mille (pi. millia or milia) adj. one thousand mllliens or millies adv. thousand times Milvius see Mulvius mlmus, -I m. farce Minerva, -ae /. goddess of wisdom minimus, -a, -um adj. very small minor, minus adj. smaller Minucius, -a, -um adj. Minucian, of Minucius (name of a Roman gens) minus adv. less mlror, -ari, -atus sum to wonder at

Vocabulary

misellus, -i m. poor fellow miser, -era, -erum adj. unfortunate mitto, -ere, misl, missum to send modeste adv. discreetly modus, -i m. manner; limit moleste adv. affectedly moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum to advise mons, montis m. mountain monumentum, -I n. memorial morior, -!rl or -I, mortuus sum to die moror, -ari, -atus sum to delay mors, mortis/, death mortuus, -a, -urn adj. dead mos, mflris m. manner, tradition, character mot us, -us m. motion; with terrae earthquake mox adv. soon multitude, -inis/. multitude multus, -a, -urn adj. much, many; multo adv. by much, by many Mulvius or Milvius, -a, -um adj. Mulvian; with pons name of bridge across Tiber municipatim adv. publicly, by municipalities municipium, -I n. town, municipality munus, -eris n. show, gift, duty murmur, -uris n. murmuring, humming

N Nabata or Napata town in Ethiopia, a little north of Meroe nam con/, for Narbonensis, -e adj. belonging to Narbo (a city in Gaul) nascor, -I, natus sum to be born; natus, -a, -um adj. with specifications of time old, of the age of natalis, -is m. birthday naumachia, -ae/. mock naval battle navalis, -e adj. naval navigo, -are, -avi, -atum to sail

navis, -is/, ship

-ne interrog. enclitic panicle ne con/, in order that not, lest; adv. with quidem not even

107

necesse neuter adj. unavoidable necne adv. or not used in second half of disjunctive interrogation nego, -are, -avi, -atum to deny nemo, nulllus m. no one nemus, -oris n. grove nepos, -otis m. grandson neptis, -is/, granddaughter Neptunus, -I m. Neptune (god of the sea) neque . . . neque correl. conjj. neither . . . nor Nero, -onis m. Roman surname (Tib. Nero, consul in 13 B.C.) nihil adv. in no respect; as subst. nothing nihilum, -1«. nothing; abl. with comparative no nimium adv. too, exceedingly nisi cony, if not niveus, -a, -um adj. snowy nolo, nolle, nolui to be unwilling nomen, -inis n. account, reason, name non adv. not nongenti, -ae, -a num. adj. nine hundred nosed, -ere, novl, notum to be acquainted with noster, -tra, -trum adj. our nota, -ae /. cipher of code novem num. adj. nine novus, -a, -um adj. new nox, noctis/. night nubilus, -a, -um adj. cloudy, overcast nullus, -a, -um adj. no num interrog. adv. with quid anything further? (commonly said at leave-taking) numen, -inis n. divinity numeratum, -i n. cash numero, -are, -avi, -atum to pay numerus, -I m. number numniarius, -a, -um adj. of money nummus, -I m. sesterce (Roman silver coin) numquam or nunquam adv. never nunc adv. now nuncupo, -are, -avi, -atum to pronounce publicly, to offer nunquam see numquam nutus, -us m. will, command

108

VocabularyY

O ob prep, with ace. on account of, because of obiter adv. in passing along, on the way obsecro, -are, -avl, -atum to implore obviam adv. towards, to meet occasid, -onis/. opportunity occldd, -ere, -cldi, -clsum to kill occupatus, -a, -um adj. busy occupd, -are, -avl, -atum to seize Oceanus, -I m. ocean Octavius, -a, -um adj. of Octavius octingentl, -ae, -a num. adj. eight hundred October, -bris adj. of or belonging to the eighth month, October octoginta num. adj. eighty octdnl, -ae, -a distrib. num. adj. eight each, eight at a time oculus, -I m. eye officium, -I n. appointment, office omnlnd adv. in all omnis, -e adj. all, every Onysius, -i m. Greek name opera, -ae/. with do to take care, to give attention to oportet, -ere, oportuit it is necessary oppidum, -I n. town opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum to oppress, to crush optatissimus, -a, -um adj. most agreeable optimus, -a, -um adj. best opus, -eris n. work; with esse there is need orator, -dris m. speaker, orator orbis, -is m. circle; with terrarum the circle of the world, the earth, the universe ordo, -inis m. order, rank, captaincy Origines, -um /. title of a Roman history by Cato orior, -Irl, ortus sum to rise oriundus, -a, -um adj. sprung, descended ornamentum, -I n. ornament, jewel ornd, -are, -avl, -atum to commend drd, -are, -avl, -atum to entreat Orddes, -is m. king ofParthians, who took Crassus a prisoner and put him to death in 53 B.C.

ostium, -I n. mouth ovd, -are, -atum to celebrate an ovation (a lesser triumph) P P. for Publius, -I m. Roman praenomen pacified, -are, -avl, -atum to pacify, to bring peace to pacd, -are, -avl, -atum to restore peace to Palatium, -1 n. Palatine (one of the seven hills of Rome) palmula, -ae/. date panis, -is m. bread Pannonius, -I m. Pannonian, inhabitant of Pannonia (country lying between Dacia, Noricum, and lllyria) Pansa, -ae m. Roman surname (C. Pansa, consul in 43 B.C.) par, paris adj. even paraslticus, -a, -um adj. parasitic pared, -ere, peperci, parsum to spare parens, -entis m. or f. parent pared, -ere, -ui, -itum to obey, to be subject to parid, -ere, peperi, partum or paritum to obtain, to secure parma, -ae/. shield pard, -are, -avl, -atum to prepare pars, -tis/. part ParthI, -drum m. Parthians (a Scythian people situated south of the Caspian Sea, in the general area of modern Iran) parum adv. not very Passienus, -I m. name of a Roman gens (L. Passienus consul in 4 B.C.) pater, patris m. father; with familiae head of the household pa tier, -I, passus sum to allow patria, -ae/. country patricius, -I m. patrician, member of Roman nobility patrimdnium, -I n. paternal estate, inheritance patrimus, -a, -um adj. that has a father living paucl, -ae, -a adj. few paulatim adv. gradually paulld or pauld adv. a little

Vocabulary

Paullus or Paulus, -i m. Roman praenomen pax, pads/, peace pectus, -oris n. breast, feelings pecunia, -ae/. money pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. on foot, standing Penates, -ium m. Penates (old Latin guardian deities of household) penetrate, -is n. inner shrine penso, -are, -avi, -atum to make good, to allay penuria, -ae/. scarcity per prep, with ace. by means of, by, during, throughout percipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum to reap, to gather in perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum to lose, to destroy perduco, -ere, -duxl, -ductum with aqua to build an aqueduct pereo, -Ire, -ii, -itum to die perfero, -ferre, -lull, -latum to submit to, to bring perficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum to accomplish, to complete periclitor, -arl, -atus sum to be in danger of losing (with abl.) perlclum or perlculum, -I n. danger permitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missum to allow, to grant pernumero, -are, -avi, -atum to pay out perodl, -odisse, -osus sum defective to detest perpetuus, -a, -um adj. permanent; in perpetum or perpetuum forever persevere, -are, -avi, -atum to abide by, to persist persolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum to pay, to bestow persona, -ae/. person (a being having legal rights) persuaded, -ere, -suasi, -suasum to persuade pertaedet, -ere, -taesum est or pertaesus sum to be disgusted pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum to reach, to penetrate perversitas, -atis/. perversity

109

perviam adv. accessible pes, pedis m. foot peto, -ere, -IvI, -Itum to seek, to sue tor Phoebe, -es/. name of a freed-woman, one of Julia's accomplices Phrates or Phraates, -ae or -is m. son of king of Parthia, who fled to Augustus in 20 B.C.; also king of Parthians; a/so son of Orodes, a king of the Parthians pietas, -atis/. sense of duty, loyalty, and affection for gods and men pignus, -oris or -eris n. pledge plla, -ae/. pillar, tablet piscor, -arl, -atus sum to fish Pisidia, -ae /. country in Asia Minor PIso, -onis m. Roman surname (Cn. Piso, consul in 7 B.C.) placed, -ere, -ul, -itum to please, to be decreed plebs, plebis, or plebes, -el/, common people plerlque, pleraeque, pleraque adj. very many plerumque adv. very frequently plumbeus, -a, -um adj. made of lead plurimi. -ae, -a adj. numerous plus, pluris adj. more; in pi. many Pollio, -onis m. Roman surname Pompeius, -a, -um adj. of or belonging to Pompey Pompeius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Sex. Pompeius, consul in A.D. 14) pondo abl. in weight (with numerals) pono, -ere, posul, positum to set up, to place pons, -tis m. bridge pontifex, -icis m. priest; with maximus high priest populus, -I m. people porcus, -I m. pig porta, -ae/. gate porticus, -us/, portico possideo, -ere, -sedl, -sessum to take possession of possum, posse, potul to be able, can post prep, with ace. after, behind postea adv. afterwards poster!, -orum m. later generations posthac adv. henceforth

110

VocabularyY

postis, -is m. door-post postquam conj. after potestas, -atis /. power potior, -In, -Itus sum to gain control of (with gen.) potissimum adv. in preference to ail others potius adv. rather p. R. for populus Rflmanus etc. praebed, -ere, -ui, -itum to furnish, to provide praecipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum to obtain in advance praecipue adv. especially praeda, -ae/. land, estate praedamno. -are, -avl, -atum to condemn beforehand praedo, -onis m. pirate praefectus, -I m. prefect praeficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum to place in charge praemium, -I n. reward, gratuity praepostere adv. in reverse order, the left instead of the right praesens, -entis adj. present praesto, -are, -stitl, -statum or -stitum to exceed, to take precedence, to furnish, to spend praesum, -esse, -fui, -futurum to be in charge of praeter prep, with ace. besides, in addition to, except, beyond praeterea adv. besides praetermitto, -ere, -misi, -missum to omit praetor, -oris m. praetor (Roman magistrate) prandeo, -ere, prandl, pransum to eat precor, -arl, -atus sum to pray, to beseech primus, -a, -um adj. first princeps, -cipis adj. chief, leading, imperial princeps, -cipis m. leader, chief; with senatus ranking senator (with right of speaking first in debate); with iuventutis prince of the youth (honorary title given to son of the emperor); in abl. abs. with pers. pron. in one's principate

prior, prius adj. earlier priusquam conj. before prlvatim adv. individually, privately, personally prlvatus, -a, -um adj. personal, own privatus, -i m. private owner prlvignus, -I m. step-son pro prep, with abl. in place of, for, as, in behalf of probo, -are, -avi, -atum to prove procedo, -ere, -cessl, -cessum to advance procurator, -oris m. overseer prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum to record, to hand down produce), -ere, -dfixi, -ductum to advance proelium, -1 n. battle profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum to extend profligo, -are, -avl, -atum almost to finish, to crush, to destroy promitto, -ere, -misi, -missum to promise prope adv. nearly propraetor, -oris m. propraetor prospere adv. successfully proveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum to lead on provided, -ere, -vidi, -visum to see, to take measures, to take care provincia, -ae/. province provincialis, -e adj. of or belonging to the province proximus or proxumus. -a, -um adj. nearest prudentius comp. adv. more intelligently publice adv. by public act, publicly publicus, -a, -um adj. public, of or belonging to the state or community puer, -1 m. boy pugno, -are, -avl, -atum to fight pulvinar, -aris n. couch or shrine of gods, state box; see note on Res Gestae, 19 purpureus, -a, -um adj. purple puto, -are, -avl, -atum to think, to believe

Q Q. for Quintus, -i m. Roman praenomen qua adv. as far as, where

Vocabulary

quadragensimus or quadragesimus, -a, -um adj. fortieth quadragiens adv. forty times quadraginta num. adj. forty quadrigae, -arum/, chariot quadringenl, -ae, -a distrib. num. adj. four hundred each quaestio, -onis /. examination, interrogation qualis, -e rel. adj. with correl. tails, as; interrog. adj. what sort of quam adv. how; in comparisons as; with superlatives as possible quam conj. than quamvls conj. although quandoque adv. at some time quantuluscumque, quantulacumque, quantulumcumque adj. however little quantumcumque, quantlcumque n. however much quantus, -a, -um interrog. adj. how great quartus, -a, -um adj. fourth quatenus adv. to what extent quater adv. four times quattuor num. adj. four -que enclitic conj. and qui interrog. adv. how qui, quae, quod rel. pron. who, which quia conj. because qulcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque indef. adj. any whatever quidem adv. with ne not even quflibet, quaelibet, quidlibet indef. pron. any you please quln conj. that (introduces clause after negative expression of doubt) quindecimvir, -1 m. member of a board of fifteen men quingenti, -ae, -a num. adj. five hundred qumgenties or quingentiens, adv. five hundred times quinquagiens adv. fifty times quinquaginta num. adj. fifty Quinquatrus, -uum /. festival in honor of Minerva; the greater from 19th to 23rd of March, and the lesser on the 13th of June qulnque num. adj. five quinquennium, -I n. period of five years

111

qulnquiens adv. five times Qulntilius, -1 m. name of a Roman gens (P. Quintilius, consul in 13 B.C.) quln turn adv. for the fifth time qulntus, -a, -um adj. fifth Quirlnus, -I m. epithet of Janus; epithet of deified Romulus quis, quid interrog. pron. who, what, why; indef. pron. anyone, anything; indef. adj. any, some quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or quidquam indef. pron. anyone, anything quisque, quaeque, quodque indef. adj. each quisquis, quidquid indef. pron. whoever, whatever qulvis, quaevls, quodvis indef. adj. any you wish quo adv. whither quoad conj. as long as quod conj. because quominus conj. that not quoniam adv. since quoque adv. also quotiescumque or quotienscumque adv. however many times

R ratio, -onis/. fashion, way ratus, -a, -um adj. established rebello, -are, -avi, -atum to rebel, to make an insurrection recipero, -are, -avi, -atum to recover recipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum to accept, to recover recte adv. properly recuso, -are, -avi, -atum to refuse reddo, -ere, -didl, -ditum to restore, to give back redeo, -Ire, -il, -itum to return reditus, -us m. return reduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum to restore redux, -cis adj. which leads or brings back reficio, -ere, -feel, -fectum to rebuild, repair regia, -ae/. the Regia (ancient edifice in forum used by the Pontifex Maximus)

112

VocabularyY

regina, -ae/. queen regio, -onis/. region, quarter regius, -a, -um adj. royal regnum, -1 n. kingdom rego, -ere, rexi, rectum to rule relinquo, -ere, -IiquI, -lictum to leave remex, -igis m. rower, oarsman remitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missum to send back; with manus to throw up the stakes (in playing dice) repono, -ere, -posui, -positum to replace, to deposit reprehends, -ere, -prehendi, -prehensum to find fault with require, -ere, -quTsivI, -qufsitum to search for, to look in vain for res, rei/. thing, purpose; in pi. with gestae accomplishments; in sing, with publica state, republic resarcio, -Ire, -sarsi, -sartum to mend again respicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum to look back responded, -ere, -spondi, -spdnsum to answer restituo, -ere, -ui, -utum to restore retineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum to keep back retraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum to draw back reus, -I m. defendant rex, regis m. king Rhenus, -1 m. Rhine river ripa, -ae/. bank rlvus, -I m. channel rogo, -are, -avi, -atum to ask Rom. for Romanus etc. Roma, -ae/. Rome Romanus, -a, -um adj. Roman rostratus, -a, -um adj. beaked

S Sabaei, -drum m. people in southern Arabia sabbatum, -I n. Sabbath sacer, sacra, sacrum adj. sacred; with via name of street in Rome sacerdos, -otis m. priest

sacerdotium, -I n. priesthood sacra, -drum n. sacred rites sacramentum, -I n. military oath sacriflcium, -I n. sacrifice sacrosanctus, -a, -um adj. sacred saeclaris or saecularis, -e adj. secular saeculum, -I n. age, generation saepe adv. often saepio, -Ire, saepsl, saeptum to enclose saeptum, -I n. sluice, flood-gate Saliaris, -e adj. of or belonging to the Salil (priests of Mars) Sallustius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Gaius Sallustius Crispus, a Roman writer) sahito, -are, -avi, -atum to pay one's respects salvus, -a, -um adj. well, in good health, safe sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum to ordain, to decree Sardinia, -ae/. Sardinia Sarmatae, -arum m. Slavic people living between the Vistula and the Don sat or satis adv. enough Saturnus, -I m. most ancient king of Latium, honored as god of civilization in general s.c. for senatus consultum etc. scaenicus, -a, -um adj. theatrical scio, scire, scivi, scitum to know scrtbo, -ere, scrlpsl, scrlptum to write scrip turn, -I n. writing, book Scythae, -arum m. nomadic tribes of Europe and Asia beyond the Black Sea secludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum to shut up secretus, -a, -um adj. secret sector, -ari, -atus sum to pursue, to chase after sed con/', but sedes, -is/, seat, foundation seditio, -onis/. insurrection, mutiny seme! adv. once Semnones, -um m. people of northern Germany, between the Elbe and Oder semper adv. always senator, -oris m. senator senatus, -us m. senate senex, -is adj. old

Vocabulary

senio, -onis m. number six on dice senior comp. for senex, senis m. elderly person sententia, -ae/. opinion, decision, idea, meaning sentio, -Ire, sens!, sensum to realize septem num. adj. seven Septemptriones, Septemtriones or Septentriones, -um m. the North septemvir, -I m. member of a board of seven men Septimius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (Titus Septimius, poet and friend of Horace) septimum adv. for the seventh time Septimus, -a, -um adj. seventh septingenti, -ae, -a num. adj. seven hundred septingentiens adv. seven hundred times septuagensumus or septuagensimus, -a, -um adj. seventieth sequor, -I, secutus sum to follow sermo, -onis m. discourse, conversation servflis, -e adj. servile; with helium against pirates servo, -are, -avl, -atum to observe servus, -I m. slave sescentl, -ae, -a num. adj. six hundred sescentiens or sescenties adv. six hundred times sestertius, -I m. sesterce (a small coin worth about 4~2 cents gold) Sex. for Sextus, -i m. Roman praenomen sexagenl, -ae, -a distrib. num. adj. sixty each sexagesimus, -a, -um adj. sixtieth sexaginta num. adj. sixty sexiens, sexsiens, or sexies adv. six times sextans, -antis adj. sixth part sextariolus, -I m. a small measure, about a pint sextum adv. for the sixth time sextus, -a, -um adj. sixth si conj. if, in case that sic adv. thus Sicilia, -ae/. Sicily sldus, -eris n. star; with crinltum comet significo, -are, -avl, -atum to indicate signum, -I n. standard

113

Sllanus, -i m. Roman surname (C. Silanus, consul in 17 B.C.) Sllius, -i m. name of a Roman gens Silvanus, -I m. Roman surname similis, -e adj. like simul at the same time; with cum along with simulacrum, -i n. likeness, statue sin conj. but if sine prep, with abl. without singull, -ae, -a distrib. num. adj. one apiece, individual, separate sinistra, -ae/. left side Sirinius, -I m. Roman name sisto, -ere, stiti, statum to set up, to establish sitio, -ire, -ivl or -ii to be thirsty slve . . . sive, correl. conj. whether . . . or, if . . . or if sodalis, -is m. companion, fellow-member of college of priests sol, -is m. sun; with oriens east solarium, -I n. flat house-top, balcony (exposed to the sun) soleo, -ere, -itus sum to be accustomed sollicitus, -a, -um adj. troubled solum, -i n. site, ground solus, -a, -um adj. alone, only solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum to perform, to pay somnus, -I m. sleep sospes, -itis adj. safe, sound speciosius adv. more brilliantly spectaculum, -I n. exhibition, spectator's seat specto, -are, -avl, -atum to look at, to view specus, -us m. covered channel sperno, -ere, sprevl, spretum to despise, to reject spero, -are, -avl, -atum to hope

spes, -el/, hope spolio, -are, -avl, -atum to despoil, to rob spolium, -i n. spoil spongia, -ae/. sponge sponte abl. f. voluntarily (with mea, tua, sua) statim adv. immediately statio, -onis/. military post

114

VocabularyY

statua, -ae/. statue statud, -ere, -ul, -utum to enact, to decree statura, -ae/. height, stature status, -us m. condition, form of government stipendium, -I n. military service (mostly in pi.) std, -are, -stetl, statum to stand stomachor, -art, -atus sum to be vexed at strud, -ere, struxl, structum to construct sub prep, with abl. under, subject to, beneath subicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectum to bring under, to place under subiectus, -a, -urn adj. lying under subripid or surripid, -ere, -ul, -reptum to snatch away secretly succurrd, -currere, -curri, -cursum to come into the mind Suebi, -drum m. a German tribe sufficid, -ere, -feel, -fectum to be sufficient, to meet the need of sufflamind, -are, -avl, -atum to check, to repress suffragium, -I n. vote SugambrI, -drum m. German tribe living near the Rhine sul gen. self (reflexive 3rd personal pronoun} Sulla, -ae m. Roman surname Sulpicius, -i m. name of a Roman gens (P. Sulpicius, consul in 12 B.C.) sum, esse, ful, futurum to be summa, -ae /. amount; summa inipcrl commander-in-chief summus, -a, -urn adj. greatest, highest point of; ad summum on the whole sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum to take, to undertake; with supplicium to inflict super prep, with ace. above superbus, -a, -urn adj. haughty superd, -are, -avl, -atum to conquer superseded, -ere, -sedi, -sessum to set aside, to refuse supersum, -esse, -ful to remain, to support supplex, -ids m. suppliant

supplicium, -i n. punishment supplied, -are, -avl, -atum to render thanks, to sacrifice supra prep, with ace. above surripio see subripio suscipid, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum to undertake suspicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum to look up at suus, -a, -um reflexive adj. his, her, its, their Syria, -ae/. Syria

T Talarius, -I m. Roman name (from adj. meaning "belonging to or of dice") talis, -e adj. of such a kind talus, -I m. a die (orig. made from knucklebones of certain animals) of oblong shape, rounded at the ends, and marked only on the four sides. Four tali were used in playing. tarn adv. so tamen adv. nevertheless tamquam conj. as though, as if Tanais, -is m. the Don tantum, -In. so much taxat see dum temere adv. indiscreetly templum, -I n. temple tempus, -oris n. time ter adv. three times terdeciens adv. thirteen times Terentlnus, -a, -um adj. Terentine terra, -ae/. land tertius, -a, -um adj. third testamentum, -I n. will testor, -art, -atus sum to testify, to bear witness to tetricus or taetricus, -a, -um adj. gloomy t heat rum, -I n. theater Ti. or Tib. for Tiberius Tiberis, -is m. Tiber river Tiberius, -i m. Roman praenomen Tigranes, -is m. king of Armenia, ally of Antony; also grandson of this Tigranes timed, -ere, -ul to fear Tincommius, -1 m. king of Trinobames, a tribe of Britain

Vocabulary

Tiridates, -ae m. king of Partitions who fled to Augustus in 26 B.C. Titius, -a, -urn adj. pertaining to Sabine worship of king Titus titulus, -I m. inscription togatus, -a, -um adj. toga-clad tolero, -are, -avi, -atum to support tollo, -ere, sustull, sublatum to remove, to exalt Tonans, -antis m. god of thunder torquis (or -es), -is m. or f. necklace tot adj. so many tot us, -a, -urn adj. whole tractus, -us m. territory trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum to hand down, to hand over, to deliver traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum to pass, to spend trans prep, with ace. across, beyond transeo, -Ire, -Ivi or -il, -itum to cross transfero, -ferre, -tull, -latum to transfer, to copy, to bring over transgredior, -I, -gressus sum to cross transigo, -ere, -egl, -actum to complete, to perform transverto, -ere, -vertl, -versum to direct across trecen!, -ae, -a distrib. num. adj. three hundred each trecenti, -ae, -a num. adj. three hundred tres, tria num. adj. three tribunicius, -a, -um adj. tribunician, pertaining to a tribune trihuo, -ere, -ul, -utum to bestow, to assign tribus, -us/, tribe tribiitum, -I n. (apparently treated by Augustus as fourth declension, if the restoration in Res Gestae, 18, is correct) contribution, tribute trlcensimum adv. for the thirtieth time triclinium, -I n. banquet triginta num. adj. thirty triremis, -e adj. with three groups of rowers tris or treis, see tres triumphalis, -e adj. triumphal triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum to celebrate a triumph

115

triumphus, -I m. triumph triumvir, -1 m. triumvir trucldo, -are, -avi, -atum to butcher, to slay tu pron. you Tubero, -onis m. Roman surname (Q. Tubero, consul in 11 B.C.) tubus, -I m. pipe, tube tueor, -eri, tutus sum to protect turn adv. then; cum . . . turn not only . . . but also; turn . . . turn sometimes . . . sometimes tumultus, -us m. civil strife Tuscus, -a, -um adj. Tuscan, Etrurian tuto adv. with safety tuus, -a, -um adj. your (ref. to one person)

u ubi conj. when ubicumque adv. wheresoever ulciscor, -I, ultus sum to avenge, to punish ullus, -a, -um adj. any ultimus, -a, -um adj. uttermost ultor, -oris m. avenger ultra prep, with ace. and adv. on the farther side ultro adv. of one's own accord umquam adv. ever unanimiter adv. unanimously uncia, -ae/. twelfth part, trifle undecimum adv. for the eleventh time undecimus, -a, -um adj. eleventh undevlgintl num. adj. nineteen undique adv. from all quarters unguo or ungo. -ere, OnxT, unctum to anoint universus, -a, -um adj. whole, entire, all Onus, -a, -um num. adj. one unusquisque, unaquaeque, Qnumquodque adj. everyone urbanus, -a, -um adj. of or belonging to the city urbs, -is/, city usque adv. all the way usus, -us m. use, enjoyment

116

VocabularyY

ut or uti con/, that, so that, in order that; as uterque, utraque, utrumque adj. each (of two) utor, -i, usus sum to use utrum adv. introducing an alternative question the second part of which is introduced by an Ova, -ae/. grape-cluster uxor, -oris/ wife

V vacatio, -onis/. freedom, immunity vaco, -are, -avi, -atum to be free from vacuus, -a, -urn adj. clear, empty valde adv. intensely valens, -entis adj. hearty valeo, -ere, -ul, -Hum to be healthy; imperative farewell valetudo, -inis/. health Valgius, -1 m. name of a Roman gens (C. Valgius, consul in 12 B.C.) Varus, -I m. Roman surname -ve enclitic particle or vectlgal, -alis n. tax vel con/', or, at least, even; with numerals fully; vel . . . vel correl. conjj. either . . .o r Velia, -ae /. the low hill connecting the Palatine and the Oppian velut or veluti adv. just as Venafranus, -a, -um adj. of Venafrum, Venafran venatio, -onis/. hunt, hunting vendo, -dere, -didl, -ditum to sell venia, -ae/. pardon venio, -Ire, venl, ventum to come ventriculum, -I n. or -us, -i m. stomach Venus, -eris /. goddess of love; highest throw at dice, when the top side of each of the four dice presents a different number Veranius, -I m. name of a Roman gens verbum, -I n. word vere adv. really vereor, -erl, -itus sum to be afraid verge, -ere to extend veritas, -atis/. truth

vero adv. certainly versus, -us m. verse verto, -ere, verti, versum to overturn, to destroy Vesta, -ae/ goddess of the hearth, particularly of the state Vestalis, -e adj. Vestal vester, -tra, -trum adj. your (ref. to more than one person) vestibulum, -I n. vestibule vestigium, -I n. footstep, place vestio, -Ire, -IvI, -Hum to deck, to cover vestis, -is/ garment veteranus, -I m. a veteran soldier vetustas, -atis/ age via, -ae/ highway, street vicem adv. with gen. in the place of, for the sake of vlceni, -ae, -a distrib. num. adj. twenty each vlcies or vlciens adv. twenty times victor, -oris m. conqueror victoria, -ae/ victory video, -ere, vldl, visum to see; in passive to seem vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum to be watchful vlgintl num. adj. twenty vinco, -ere, vici, victum to conquer, to defeat, to win vindico, -are, -avi, -atum with in Hbertatem to set free Vinicius, -I m. name of a Roman gens (M. Vinicius, consul in 19 B.C.) vir, -I m. man virgo, -inis/ virgin virltim adv. per man virtus, -utis/ virtue vita, -ae/. life vivo, -ere, vlxl, victum to be alive vlvus, -a, -um adj. alive volo, velle, volul to wish volubilitas, -atis /. with verborum verbosity, talkativeness volucris, -is/ bird volumen, -inis n. volume voluptas, -atis/ delight vomica, -ae/ boil Vonones, -is m. king of Parthia, son of Phrdtes, and grandson of Orodes

Vocabulary

votum, -i n. vow; with compos having obtained one's wish vulgo, -are, -avi, -atum to make common

vulgus, -I n. crowd, common people

117

X X, x indecl. n. last letter of Augustus' alphabet; Y and Z in his time were used only in the transliteration of foreign words.

Herbert W. Benario is professor emeritus of classics at Emory University. He holds the B.A. degree from the City College of New York, the M.A. from Columbia University, and the Ph.D. from The Johns Hopkins University. He has taught at Columbia University, Sweet Briar College, and the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome. Dr. Benario has also served as director of the Vergilian Society summer school in Italy. In addition to articles in scholarly journals, his publications include Tacitus Agricola, Germany, Dialogue on Orators (1967), An Introduction to Tacitus (1975), A Commentary on the Vita Hadriani in the Historia Augusta (1980), Tacitus Annals 11 and 12 (1983), and The Classical Association of the Middle West and South: A History of the First Eighty Years (1989). The book was designed by Mary Krzewinski. The typeface for the text is Times Roman. The display face is Meridien. The book is printed on 50 Ib. Spring Forge paper. The cloth edition is bound in Roxite B-grade cloth and the paper cover material is 10 pt CIS. Manufactured in the United States of America.