Budesonide - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BUDESONIDE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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BUDESONIDE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Budesonide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00188-8 1. Budesonide-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on budesonide. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUDESONIDE ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Budesonide .................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUDESONIDE ................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding Nutrition Studies on Budesonide................................................................................... 63 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUDESONIDE ............................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 67 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 70 General References ....................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BUDESONIDE ............................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Dissertations on Budesonide........................................................................................................ 73 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BUDESONIDE.......................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patents on Budesonide ................................................................................................................. 75 Patent Applications on Budesonide ............................................................................................. 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BUDESONIDE ............................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Chapters on Budesonide............................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BUDESONIDE ............................................................. 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 101 Newsletters on Budesonide ........................................................................................................ 105 Academic Periodicals covering Budesonide ............................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 107 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 115 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 117 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 119 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 121 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 123 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 123

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 123 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 129 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 129 BUDESONIDE DICTIONARY.................................................................................................... 131 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 173

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with budesonide is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about budesonide, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to budesonide, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on budesonide. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to budesonide, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on budesonide. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUDESONIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on budesonide.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and budesonide, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Budesonide Treatment for Collagenous Colitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial Source: Gastroenterology. 123(4): 978-984. October 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.gastrojournal.org. Summary: Collagenous colitis is an idiopathic (of unknown cause) microscopic colitis characterized by chronic watery diarrhea, a typical subepithelial collagen layer, and lymphoplasmacellular infiltration. This article reports on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study that investigated the effect of budesonide on symptoms and histology in patients with collagenous colitis. Patients with chronic diarrhea and histologically proven collagenous colitis were randomized to receive either

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oral budesonide 9 milligrams per day for 6 weeks, or placebo; 45 patients were available for per protocol analysis. The rate of clinical remission was significantly higher in the budesonide group than in the placebo group. Histologic improvement was observed in 14 patients of the budesonide group (60. 9 percent) and in 1 patient of the placebo group (4.5 percent). Two patients in the budesonide group (7.7 percent) and 1 patient in the placebo group (4.0 percent) discontinued treatment prematurely because of side effects. The authors conclude that oral budesonide (Entocort capsules) is an effective and safe treatment modality for patients with collagenous colitis. Long-term follow up of these patients is necessary to investigate whether clinical and histologic remission is sustained. 2 figures. 5 tables. 34 references. •

Effectiveness of Budesonide Therapy for Crohn's Disease Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16(8): 1509-1517. August 2002. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: This article reports on a literature review undertaken to assess the effectiveness and safety of budesonide in comparison to corticosteroids, 5 aminosalicylic acid (5 ASA), or placebo for inducing remission of active Crohn's disease and for maintaining remission. Randomized, controlled trials comparing budesonide to corticosteroids, 5-ASA products, or placebo were included. Budesonide was more likely to induce remission than placebo, or 5ASA, although only one trial compared Budesonide to 5ASA products. Although Budesonide induced remission less frequently than conventional corticosteroids, there was no significant difference between conventional corticosteroids and Budesonide for inducing remission among patients with a low disease activity. Budesonide was significantly less likely to cause corticosteroid-associated adverse events than conventional corticosteroids. No significant difference in total adverse events or corticosteroid-associated adverse events was demonstrated between Budesonide and 5ASA or placebo. Budesonide is ineffective in maintaining remission. 3 tables. 36 references.

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Budesonide Increased Remission Rates More Than Mesalamine in Active Crohn Disease (commentary) Source: ACP Journal Club. 130(2): 35. March-April 1999. Contact: Available from American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP-ASIM). 190 North Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 191061572. Summary: This brief article offers a summary of a recent research study, with an accompanying commentary. The study was undertaken to determine the efficacy and safety of controlled ileal release budesonide compared with slow release mesalamine in patients with active Crohn's disease. The study comprised 182 patients (aged 18 to 74 years) randomized to budesonide (n = 93) or mesalamine (n = 89). In the budesonide group, 77 patients (83 percent) were able to complete 16 weeks of treatment; 50 patients (56 percent) in the mesalamine group completed the treatment. At 16 weeks, the budesonide group had a higher remission rate than the mesalamine group and a shorter median time to remission. Fewer patients in the budesonide group had severe adverse events (defined as incapacitating events that led to inability to work or participate in normal activities). The brief commentary notes that patients who were likely to respond had done so by 8 weeks. Subgroups with ileal or milder disease seemed to benefit more,

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although the study lacked the power for such comparisons. Budesonide should be considered before conventional steroids for patients with diabetes or osteopenia. Patient concerns about adverse effects of conventional steroids and the willingness of third party payers to reimburse costs may also play a role in treatment selection. 1 table. 4 references. •

Budesonide for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is It A Magic Bullet? Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 331(13): 873-874. September 29, 1994. Summary: This editorial, which serves as an introduction to two clinical research reports in the same journal, considers the use of budesonide to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The author describes conventional drug therapy for IBD, including its long-term drawbacks; considers the corticosteroid analogues currently under study (budesonide is one); and explains the results obtained in the two studies under consideration. The central conclusions of the two studies are that budesonide is better than placebo and comparable to prednisolone in the treatment of active Crohn's disease, with fewer side effects and less suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, the author of this editorial contends that these results are less encouraging than they might seem at first glance. The author considers efficacy of budesonide, side effects rates, and adrenal suppression issues. He concludes that the important issue in the management of IBD is not finding another corticosteroid to induce short-term remissions but to maintain remissions in the long term. 13 references.

Federally Funded Research on Budesonide The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to budesonide. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to budesonide. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore budesonide. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for budesonide: •

Project Title: ADHERENCE & TREATMENT OUTCOME IN ADOLESCENTS IN CAMPCS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bender, Bruce G.; Head and Professor of Psychiatry; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: CAMP/CAMPCS is the largest study of childhood asthma ever conducted, and hence presents a unique opportunity to examine the hypothesis that adherence in this clinical trial is highly variable and mediates the dose-response relationship between treatment and outcomes. Recently analyzed data from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) has revealed that average budesonide adherence was 77 percent in the first year but dropped to 55 percent in year four of this multicenter pediatric asthma clinical trial, with the most dramatic drop in adherence occurring among African-American children. The CAMP Continuation Study (CAMPCS) is a 4.5 year observational followup study of 907 children who were enrolled in CAMP, many of whom remain on anti- inflammatory medication. Scheduled for completion on April 30, 2004, the objective of this landmark study is to further understand the role of inflammation and its' treatment in the progression of childhood asthma. This proposal seeks to conduct an ancillary study to CAMPCS which will help achieve this objective. Medication adherence estimations will be used to clarify dose-response relationships in the evaluation of the effect of ongoing anti-inflammatory treatment upon lung function, airway responsiveness, physical growth, respiratory symptoms, health care utilization, lens opacities, and quality of life. The proposed study will evaluate adherence to controller medicine in these children through monthly telephone interviews over a period of six months, which inquire about adherence on the previous day. Adherence assessments based upon short-term recall via telephone interviews by outside personnel have been shown in studies involving other chronic conditions to provide accurate adherence estimates. Our group has recently piloted 24-hour telephone interviews about children's use of asthma medications and found that these results correlated.77 with information obtained with the use of an electronic adherence monitor on the child's metered dose inhaler. The telephone-interview approach is very cost-effective, does not burden staff at the eight CAMPCS sites, and unlike electronic monitors is not limited to a subset of ICS inhalers. In the final telephone interview, participants will be asked a series of questions about their asthma and its' treatment in order to determine whether nonadherence is related to strength of the caregiver-patient relationship, perceived effectiveness of the medication, psychological distress, family support, illness severity, or coping capacity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASTHMA CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK (ACRN) Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, Stephen P.; Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application, submitted in response to NHLBI RFA HL-02-029, the Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN), proposes to use the unique combination of clinical, genomic, epidemiological, and basic scientific resources located at Wake Forest University (WFU), in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Cloverdale Pulmonary Clinical Research Center, the Center for Human Genomics, and the Department of Public Health Sciences, in support of a Clinical Site for the Asthma Clinical Research Network. We propose two general sets of Specific Aims, the first of which describes two specific protocols for consideration by the ACRN for implementation, and the second which strives to add additional resources and value as the ACRN evolves during its second decade. Protocols: 1) The PAST Protocol (Patient-Directed versus Standard Therapy with an Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting Beta-Agonist Combination in Persistent Asthma) will test the hypothesis that patient-directed therapy using patient adjusted doses of an inhaled

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corticosteroid/long acting beta-agonist combination (budesonide 160 mu g/formoterol 4.5 mu g) will provide improved asthma control at less cost with increased patient satisfaction than standard, fixed-dose combination therapy (2 puffs twice a day of budesonide 160 mu g /formoterol 4.5 mu g with albuterol used as the rescue medication). 2) The SAFE Protocol (Treatment of Severe Asthma with Anti-TNF, AntiIgE, and a Leukotriene Modifier) will test the hypothesis that treatment of patients with severe asthma, defined as those symptomatic on fluticasone 500 mu g/salmeterol 50 mu g (Advair(R) 500/50) bid, with anti-IgE (omalizumab) and/or an anti-TNF (soluble TNF receptor, etanercept) will provide better asthma control than treatment with a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA, montelukast), and permit Advair(R) dose reduction to fluticasone 100 mu g/salmeterol 50 mu g in more patients in the anti-IgE and/or anti-TNF groups, than in the leuktriene receptor antagonist group. We further offer WFU resources and expertise: 1) in the Center for Human Genomics for the determination of patient genotypes and haplotypes for genetic epidemiological analysis and pharmacogenetic studies, for DNA isolation and storage, for sequencing, genotyping and haplotyping candidate genes, and determination of levels of gene expression in bronchoscopy samples; 2) identified in the Department of Public Health Sciences (PHS) to a) assist in the analysis of data collected in main ACRN protocols to answer "ancillary" questions which could be posed with the available data sets, and b) in the PHS Division of Social Science and Public Health Policy to investigate issues of health economics and patient-centered outcomes, particularly satisfaction and trust; and 3) contained within our basic science laboratories to develop and validate improved non-invasive bio-markers of airway inflammation for use in multi-center clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CAMP CONTINUATION STUDY / PHASE 2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Tonascia, James A.; Professor; Biostatistics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: This application is for the Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for the Childhood Asthma Management Program Continuation Study/Phase 2 (CAMPCS/2). CAMPCS/2 will be carried out by 8 clinical centers and the DCC. The objectives, specific aims, and research plan for CAMPCS/2 are provided in the CAMPCS/2 application from Washington University (Robert Strunk, Principal Investigator), one of the 8 CAMP clinical centers submitting proposals. This application provides the objectives, specific aims, and research plan for the DCC. In CAMPCS/2, we propose following CAMP (Childhood Asthma Management Program) participants for an i additional 3.75 years. CAMP was a randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 3 therapies for childhood asthma inhaled albuterol alone, inhaled budesonide with albuterol, inhaled nedocromil with albuterol). CAMP participants were age 5-13 at randomization; follow-up during the trial phase lasted 3.5-5.5 years. Participants are currently being followed in an observational phase (CAMP Continuation Study or CAMPCS). Participants will be age 13 to 23 at the close of CAMPCS. At the end of CAMPCS/2 followup, participants will be age 16 to 27, with 91% of males and 92% of females age 18 or older. These data will answer questions in 3 areas: (1) the long-term effects of anti-inflammatory treatment for asthma on height and lung function in young adulthood; (2) the natural history of asthma from childhood into young adulthood; and (3) the genetics of asthma. The DCC will provide leadership, coordination, communication, organization, data management, quality assurance, facilitation, and biostatistical design and analysis expertise to support the CAMPCS/2 research team to complete patient follow-up and report findings. This

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application reviews the performance of the team in terms of data quality and quantity and publication of findings. Methods and procedures for CAMPCS/2 are I proposed with the aim of preserving the quality and comparability of measurements over time as was achieved in CAMP/CAMPCS. We outline the statistical methods needed for analysis of the CAMPCS/2 longitudinal data and show the adequacy of the sample size for addressing the scientific aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION IN MICE AFTER TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Witschi, Hanspeter R.; Professor, Associate Director; None; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): In former smokers, "suppressing" chemopreventive agents, i.e. agents which have chemopreventive activity when given after the carcinogen, would appear to most useful. We have established that strain A mice exposed for five months to tobacco smoke and then kept for another four months in air develop significantly more lung tumors than do animals kept in air. We further have shown that a diet containing a mixture of myoinositol (10 g/kg diet) and dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg diet) successfully prevents lung tumor development in mice exposed to tobacco smoke. The chemopreventive regimen is even effective when the animals are fed the myoinositol-dexamethasone diet once they have been removed from the smoke atmosphere. Thus we have an animal model that mimics "former smokers" and where other suppressing chemopreventive agents or treatment modes may be evaluated. Since myoinositol is a food constituent with no known toxicity, it will be explored whether myoinositol alone, fed in the diet, will give chemoprevention to mice that have "quit" smoking. In a second series of experiments we will examine whether the topical administration to the tissues of the respiratory tract of other suppressing agents (budesonide- epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), isotretinoin, or lovastatin) may increase their efficacy while at the same time reducing their potential systemic toxicity in mice previously exposed to tobacco smoke. Eventually, these preclinical studies in an animal model of "former smokers" will help to evaluate the potential usefulness and also possible dosage regimens of chemopreventive agents characterized by their suppressing action. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF EARLY PULMONARY LESIONS IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Malkinson, Alvin M.; Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): At UCHSC, we have assembled mature Genomics and Proteomics and mouse carcinogenesis groups to study preclinical chemoprevention of lung cancer in former-smokers. Our rationale is that anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit chemically-induced lung tumorigenesis, early lung lesions are reversible, and no verified biomarkers exist for human lung neoplasia. Mouse hyperplastic foci and microadenomas model the small nodules present in the lungs of former smokers, and a better understanding of the progression to cancer will lend insight into human lung

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cancer chemoprevention. A two-stage carcinogenesis regimen, in which 3methylcholanthrene (MCA) is injected ip followed by four weekly ip doses of butylated hydroxytolulene (BHT), induces these lung lesions in male BALB mice. Budesonide, a synthetic glucocorticoid, and three other anti-inflammatory drugs, each with a unique mechanism of action, will be administered (orally) singly and in combination after foci and microadenomas have developed. The three other drugs are LM4111 (a COX-2 specific inhibitor), PBIT (an iNOS-specific inhibitor), and Iloprost (a stable prostacyclin agonist). The number of foci, and the number and sizes of microadenomas and pleural surface adenomas will be quantified at established time points up to 20 weeks after the MCA injection. Several proteins whose expression increases in early mouse lung lesions will be examined by immunohistochemistry to see if they can predict successful chemoprevention. These include pro-inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, and iNOS) and hnRNP proteins (AUF1 , HuR, and A1). We have combined two global strategies, genomics and proteomics, as discovery tools for novel surrogate markers. RNA and protein expression patterns will be examined by microarray, LC/MS/MS, and 2DPAGE/MS analyses, respectively. Expression in normal lungs will be compared with dissectable adenomas, and then our analyses will move proximally to examine samples more practically obtainable from humans (bronchoalveolar lavage cells and fluid, and serum). Our goals are: (1) to successfully inhibit lung tumor progression when antiinflammatory drugs are applied after early lesions have forms; and (2) to identify novel early-stage predictive biomarkers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF PULMONARY CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wattenberg, Lee W.; Professor; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: The long-term objectives of the present proposal are to obtain data from chemopreventive studies in the hamster that will be useful in identifying agents likely to have efficacy in preventing cancer of the respiratory tract in the human. One specific aim is to evaluate three agents administered as single compounds for their capacity to inhibit squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the Syrian Golden hamster. The three agents and their routes of administration are: green tea extract powder administered in the drinking water, budesonide administered by aerosol and myo-inositol administered in the diet. A second specific aim is to evaluate the efficacy of administration of combinations of two agents on their capacity to inhibit squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the Syrian Golden hamster. The combinations will be selected from the agents enumerated above and also aerosol difluoromethylornithine which previously has been shown to have an inhibitory effect in the hamster model. The use of agent combinations can be valuable in decreasing the dose of individual compounds and thus possibly reducing adverse effects. The sequence of studies of agent efficacy will be selected so as to coordinate their use in the Clinical Trials Section-Project 1. A third aim is to determine molecular changes during squamous cell carcinogenesis of the upper respiratory tract of the hamster and to compare these with squamous cell carcinogenesis of the respiratory tract in the human. The hamster model employed entails six intratracheal administrations of the carcinogen MNU. With this procedure approximately 90% of the animals receiving carcinogen but no protective agent develop infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory tract, inhibition of the occurrence of these cancers would indicate that the chemopreventive

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agent has considerable potency and is a potential compound to further evaluate for use in the human. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF TOBACCO RELATED CANCER IN ANIMALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pereira, Michael A.; Director; Pathology; Medical College of Ohio at Toledo Research & Grants Admin. Toledo, Oh 436145804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our overall goal is to develop biomarkers for chemoprevention studies of cigarette smoke-related cancers that can be translated to clinical studies in former smokers. To obtain this aim, we propose: Specific Aim 1: Develop biomarkers for chemoprevention of lung cancer in former smokers using a mouse model for lung cancer and related biological and molecular alterations; and Specific Aim 2: Develop biomarkers for chemoprevention of bladder cancer in exsmokers using a rat model for urinary bladder cancer and associated biological and molecular alterations. Our hypothesis is that chemopreventive agents will decrease cancer incidence by modulating and reversing biological and molecular alterations in phenotypically normal tissue, precancerous tissues and tumors. Further, we hypothesize that the modulation of the biological and molecular alterations can be developed as biomarkers for chemoprevention in animal and clinical studies including studies in former smokers. To accomplish Aim 1, lung tumors will be induced in strain A mice by exposure to cigarette smoke, benzo(a)pyrene and 4-(Methyl nitrosamino)-1-(3- pyridyl)1-butanone (NNK) and to accomplish Aim 2, bladder tumors will be induced in F344 rats by N-butyl-N-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN). After exposure to the carcinogens including cigarette smoke has ceased the animals will be administered the chemo-preventive agents: budesonide and the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, R115777 in the lung studies and budesonide, ketoprofen and sulindac in the bladder study. Biological and molecular alterations of cell proliferation, apoptosis, methylation of genes (both hypomethylation of protooncogenes and hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes) and alteration in mRNA and protein expression will be determined in phenotypically normal tissues, precancerous lesions and tumors at different times during the progression to cancer. The ability of the chemopreventive agents to modulate and reverse these biological and molecular alterations in tissue and lesions will be determined in parallel with the ability of the agents to prevent cancer. Thus, biological and molecular alterations that are modulated in parallel with the prevention of cancer by the chemopreventive agents will be indicated as biomarkers for chemoprevention studies including those in former smokers where the agents will similarly be administered after exposure to cigarette smoke had ceased. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHILDHOOD ASTHMA MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Strunk, Robert C.; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The childhood asthma management program (CAMP) is a multicenter, masked, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial carried out in 945 children with asthma aged 5-12 years. The trial is designed to determine the long-term effects of 3 treatments (two classes of anti- inflammatory agents [budesonide or neodocromil] and

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placebo) on pulmonary function as measured by normalized FEV 1 over a 5-6 1/2 years period. Every patient will use an intermittent (as needed) short-acting beta2-agonist (albuterol). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFICACY OF LIPOSOMAL BUDESONIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Konduri, Kameswari S.; Vgsk, Llc 12605 W North Ave, Pmb 299 Brookfield, Wi 53005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 30-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Asthma is the most common chronic illness in childhood and affects 5 to 10% of the population. The disease is characterized by acute bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation, and airway remodeling which may lead to progressive, irreversible lung damage. Current asthma therapy is directed at reducing the lung inflammation with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as inhaled corticosteroids. If administered early in the course of the disease, they may prevent progression of the disease. However, current treatment regimens are limited by toxicity and non-compliance by the patients. Compliance is critical in interrupting the chronic inflammation and subsequent progression of asthma. Problems with compliance lead to increased hospitalizations and risk of sudden death. We propose to investigate the hypothesis that when budesonide, a frequently prescribed inhaled steroid, is encapsulated into sterically-stabilized "stealth" liposomes, it prevents inflammation of asthma in lower doses given at less frequent intervals compared to conventional daily steroid therapy. The hypothesis will be tested in a mouse model of asthma. Initial studies will define the optimal doses and frequency of dosing intervals to decrease lung inflammation, airway responsiveness to methacholine challenge, as well as toxicity of frequent dosing of the drug-liposome complex. Studies will also be performed to evaluate the stability of the drug-liposome complex. Liposomes, which are lipid bi-layer vesicles will be sterically stabilized with polyethylene glycol to encapsulate the steroid. Then the drug-encapsulated liposome will be tested in the asthma model. Asthma model will be produced in C57BI/6 mice using ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. Experiments will be conducted on day 25, after sensitization is completed (baseline). The sensitized animals will receive aerosolized: 1) budesonide encapsulated in stealth liposomes weekly; 2) budesonide (without liposomes) either daily or weekly; 3) empty stealth liposomes (without drug) weekly. All treatment groups will be compared to 1) untreated sensitized 2) unsensitized normal mice. Histopathological examination of the lung tissues and serial measurements of eosinophil-peroxidase activity, peripheral blood eosinophil counts, and total serum IgE levels will be obtained weekly. Airway responsiveness to methacholine challenge on spontaneously breathing, intubated conscious mice will be obtained every two weeks, for sixteen weeks. Levels of budesonide will also be evaluated in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, blood, and urine from treated animals using high performance liquid chromatography. This will be the first study, aimed at developing a slow release drug delivery system for inhaled steroids using stealth liposomes, with a potential to reduce toxicity and improve compliance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LUNG DRUG DELIVERY WITH CARBON DIOXIDE AEROSOL INHALERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hansen, Brian N.; Aerophase, Inc. 401 Mountain View Ave Longmont, Co 80501

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-MAR-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Asthma is one of the most common and costly illnesses in the United States, and drug formulation delivered via metered inhalers (MDIs) represent the primary treatment method for asthma sufferers. A key current issue in this arena is that the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants traditionally used in MDIs are being phased out by the government due to their high ozone-depletion potential--thus presenting a need for a replacement that is safe, effective, and economical. Although hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants were thought to be a good candidate, potential problems include toxicity, incompatibility with devices, incompatibility with FDAapproved inhaler surfactants, and reduced bioavailability of some drugs. During Phase I Aerophase clearly demonstrated the feasibility of using CO2 as the next-generation propellant for pulmonary aerosol delivery of pharmaceuticals. Advantages include zero ozone-depletion potential, low toxicity, and the ability to administer to the lungs lipophilic drugs that cannot currently be delivered by any other method. A novel, high performance MicroBurst MDI design was tested successfully. The Phase II project proposed here would allow Aerophase to optimize candidate CO2-based formulations (e.g. albuterol, beclomethasone dipropionate, and budesonide) and to complete the design, development, and validation of the one or more MDIs in preparation for FDA approval and ultimate commercialization. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Beyond the initial goal of producing CO2-based drug formulations and MDIs for the effective treatment of asthma, the system we are pursuing could also be used effectively to deliver antibiotics to reduce death from pneumonia, possibly replace the need to inject insulin, deliver drugs that cannot be administered by any other method, provide targeted lung cancer therapy, and deliver rapid intervention against chemical warfare agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM /EFFICACY /CHEMOPREVENTION AGENTS /LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Marshall W.; Director; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in the US with 160,000 deaths and 178,000 new cases diagnosed in 1997. Our long-term goal is to develop chemoprevention strategies to prevent the progression of lung tumorigenesis in high-risk current and former smokers. This Project will focus on the agents budesonide, Polyphenon E (a green tea extract), difluoromethylornitihine (DFMO) and myo-inositol as these agents are 1) effective in the post-initiation phase of lung tumorigenesis; 2) effective in rodent lung adenocarcinoma models and 3) have a history of therapeutic or dietary use. The Project will test the hypothesis that the efficacy of these compounds in combinations during adenoma formation and progression of adenomas to dysplasias and adenocarcinomas of lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice will be greater than the efficacy of any single agent with the goal of lowering doses, and potentially harmful side effects, without decreasing efficacy. As budesonide, a glucocorticoid agonist, and (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, the major component of Polyphenon E) are known to block activation by the AP-1 and NF-kB family of transcription factors, the levels of AP1 and NF-kB activity in mouse lung adenocarcinomas will be determined with and without treatment with chemopreventive agents using AP-1 or NF-kB responsive reporter genes in transgenic mice. The second hypothesis that AP-1 and NF-kB inhibition is a major mechanism of lung cancer chemoprevention will be tested directly

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by assaying tumor formation in transgenic animals that inducibly express dominant negative mutants of c-jun (AP-1 pathway) and IkBa (NF-kB pathway) in the respiratory epithelium. Upon completion of this project we will have defined if lower doses of known chemopreventive agents, when used in combination, are less toxic and more effective than single agents and whether AP-1 and/or NF-kB blockade in the respiratory epithelium is an important mechanism for suppression of lung tumor initiation and progression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICENTER TRIAL--BUDESONIDE VS NEDOCROMIL IN MILD CHILDHOOD ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Adkinson, N F.; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SELENIUM PREVENTION OF TOBACCO SMOKE-INDUCED LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Fan, Teresa W.; Associate Professor; None; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The long-term objectives of the proposed work are to understand the biochemical mechanism(s) of supranutritional Se in chemoprevention and to utilize this information for mechanistic clinical studies. A chemopreventive role of selenium (Se) in cancers has been implicated in several clinical and numerous animal studies but whether Se is effective against tobacco smoke (TS)-induced lung cancers is unknown. Nor is it clear in general on the form(s) of Se that are chemopreventive. Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death and TS-induced lung cancer may be on the rise worldwide due to growing smoking habit. Thus, the specific aims of this proposal are: 1) To examine whether dietary Se supplement in the form of selenized yeast (Se-yeast) or its major component selenomethionine (Se-Met) is chemopreventive for mice that have "quit" smoking; 2) To characterize biomarkers of Se action such as apoptotic markers and selenoproteins that have been established in other chemoprevention studies so that Se chemoprevention can be understood better at the molecular level; 3) To investigate whether a synergism exists between Se and other chemopreventive agents such as the glucocorticoid hormone budesonide and retinoid isotretinoin in TS induction of lung cancers. To fulfill these aims, the A/J mice model which is the only animal model for TSinduced lung cancer will be employed. Mice will be pre-exposed to tobacco smoke to induce lung tumors during the recovery phase. The effect of dietary Se-yeast or Se-Met supplement during the recovery phase on tumor incidence and/or multiplicity will be measured to see if Se supplement is effective in reducing tumor formation and if additional Se form(s) in Se-yeast may be active. Major Se metabolites present in Se-yeast in addition to Se-Met will be characterized by a combination of NMR and HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. The Se action will be characterized both immunocytochemically and in lung extracts by a series of apoptotic markers including cytochrome c release, activation of caspases, production of caspase cleavage products, and DNA fragmentation will be measured, along with the activation of selenoprotein,

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thioredoxin reductase. These biomarkers are known to be elicited in other Se chemoprevention studies. A similar approach will be used to investigate any interactive effect of Se-yeast supplement and budesonide or isotretinoin administered via inhalation; the latter two agents are also known to cause apoptosis. Biomarker characterization should reveal whether synergism is mediated via apoptosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SUBCONJUNCTIVAL ROUTE TO PROLONG CORTICOSTEROID DELIVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kompella, Uday B.; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study proposes subconjunctivally injectable biodegradable nano- and micro-particles to sustain the delivery of budesonide, a corticosteroid, to the posterior segment of the eye for a few months. The concept of continuous delivery of ultra-low amounts of budesonide to the posterior segment of the eye will significantly advance the therapy of disorders associated with difficult to reach tissues such as choroid, retina, and vitreous. Budesonide, a very potent corticosteroid with high local activity, low systemic activity, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-inhibitory activity, is likely to find application in treating multiple inflammatory, proliferative, and neovascular disorders of the eye. The proposed study will enable the PI to begin establishing his research with this promising new therapeutic agent for ocular therapies. In this study, budesonide particles will be prepared using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer that has been used in surgical sutures for over 30 years. The proposed research on subconjunctival budesonide-PLGA particles for prolonged budesonide delivery is likely to advance the delivery of other therapeutic agents targeted to the posterior segment. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that subconjunctival injection of budesonide-PLGA particles will sustain budesonide delivery to the posterior segment for up to 4 months. The specific aims of this study are: (1) To prepare and characterize biodegradable particles capable of releasing budesonide for about four months. (2) To determine whether the tissue budesonide levels increase with increasing subconjunctival dose of budesonide-PLGA(poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles, without inducing lens opacities or ocular hypertension. This study entails fabrication of budesonide-PLGA particles and in vivo drug delivery studies. The proposed budesonide-delivery system is likely to benefit several disorders of the eye including proliferative vitreoretinopathy, cystoid macular edema, macular degeneration, uveitis, sarcoidosis, and scleritis. Based on this study, the PI will submit an RO-l proposal to assess subconjunctival budesonide-PLGA particles for the therapy of posterior segment disorders associated with inflammation and/or VEGF elevation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

3

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for budesonide in the PubMed Central database: •

Comparison of potency of inhaled beclomethasone and budesonide in New Zealand: retrospective study of computerised general practice records. by Pethica BD, Penrose A, MacKenzie D, Hall J, Beasley R, Tilyard M.; 1998 Oct 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28684

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Gender comparison in a murine model of allergen-driven airway inflammation and the response to budesonide treatment. by Corteling R, Trifilieff A.; 2004; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=406499

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with budesonide, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for budesonide (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A comparison of budesonide and prednisone for the treatment of active pediatric Crohn disease. Author(s): Levine A, Weizman Z, Broide E, Shamir R, Shaoul R, Pacht A, Dinari G, On A, Weiss B, Bujanover Y; Israeli Pediatric Gastroenterology Association Budesonide Study Group. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 February; 36(2): 24852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548062

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of nasal clearance after treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with budesonide and mometasone. Author(s): Naclerio RM, Baroody FM, Bidani N, De Tineo M, Penney BC. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 February; 128(2): 220-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601318

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A comparison of the lung deposition of budesonide from Easyhaler, Turbuhaler and pMDI plus spacer in asthmatic patients. Author(s): Hirst PH, Bacon RE, Pitcairn GR, Silvasti M, Newman SP. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 September; 95(9): 720-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11575892

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A health-related quality-of-life comparison of formoterol (Oxis) Turbuhaler plus budesonide (Pulmicort) Turbuhaler with budesonide Turbuhaler alone and noncorticosteroid treatment in asthma: a randomized clinical study in Russia. Author(s): Chuchalin AG, Svensson K, Stahl E, Ovcharenko SI, Goriachkina LA, Sidorenko IV, Tsoi AN; EPOCH Study Group. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(5): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12232450

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A pharmacoscintigraphic evaluation of oral budesonide given as controlled-release (Entocort) capsules. Author(s): Edsbacker S, Bengtsson B, Larsson P, Lundin P, Nilsson A, Ulmius J, Wollmer P. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February 15; 17(4): 525-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622761

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A randomized comparison of the effects of budesonide and mometasone furoate aqueous nasal sprays on nasal peak flow rate and symptoms in perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bende M, Carrillo T, Vona I, da Castel-Branco MG, Arheden L. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 June; 88(6): 617-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086370

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A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group, multicenter, dosereduction trial of the minimal effective doses of budesonide and fluticasone drypowder inhalers in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Author(s): Kuna P, Joubert JR, Greefhorst LA, Magnussen H. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 August; 25(8): 2182-97. Erratum In: Clin Ther. 2003 October; 25(10): 2634. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512127

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A single dose of nebulized budesonide decreases exhaled nitric oxide in children with acute asthma. Author(s): Tsai YG, Lee MY, Yang KD, Chu DM, Yuh YS, Hung CH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 September; 139(3): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562625

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A successful switch from prednisone to budesonide for neuropsychiatric adverse effects in a patient with ileal Crohn's disease. Author(s): Nahon S, Pisante L, Delas N. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 June; 96(6): 1953-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419871

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Adding formoterol to budesonide in moderate asthma--health economic results from the FACET study. Author(s): Andersson F, Stahl E, Barnes PJ, Lofdahl CG, O'Byrne PM, Pauwels RA, Postma DS, Tattersfield AE, Ullman A; Formoterol and Corticosteroid Establishing Therapy. International Study Group. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 June; 95(6): 505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11421509

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Additive anti-inflammatory effect of formoterol and budesonide on human lung fibroblasts. Author(s): Spoelstra FM, Postma DS, Hovenga H, Noordhoek JA, Kauffman HF. Source: Thorax. 2002 March; 57(3): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867828

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Adjustable maintenance dosing with budesonide/formoterol compared with fixeddose salmeterol/fluticasone in moderate to severe asthma. Author(s): Aalbers R, Backer V, Kava TT, Omenaas ER, Sandstrom T, Jorup C, Welte T. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2004; 20(2): 225-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006018

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Adrenal suppression in asthmatic children receiving low-dose inhaled budesonide: comparison between dry powder inhaler and pressurized metered-dose inhaler attached to a spacer. Author(s): Goldberg S, Einot T, Algur N, Schwartz S, Greenberg AC, Picard E, Virgilis D, Kerem E. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 December; 89(6): 566-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487221

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Allergic contact dermatitis in response to budesonide reactivated by inhalation of the allergen. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 June; 46(6): 880-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063485

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An individualized, adjustable maintenance regimen of budesonide/formoterol provides effective asthma symptom control at a lower overall dose than fixed dosing. Author(s): Leuppi JD, Salzberg M, Meyer L, Bucher SE, Nief M, Brutsche MH, Tamm M. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2003 May 31; 133(21-22): 302-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861468

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Analysis of the therapeutic efficacy of different doses of budesonide in patients with active Crohn's ileocolitis depending on disease activity and localization. Author(s): Herfarth H, Gross V, Andus T, Caesar I, Vogelsang H, Adler G, Malchow H, Petri A, Gierend M, Scholmerich J; German/Austrian Budesonide Study Group. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2004 March; 19(2): 147-52. Epub 2003 September 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680283

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Angioedema and dysphagia caused by contact allergy to inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Pirker C, Misic A, Frosch PJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 August; 49(2): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641354

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Assessment of adrenal suppression from two new dry powder inhaler formulations of budesonide delivered by Clickhaler compared with the Pulmicort Turbuhaler. Author(s): Kirkpatrick C, Buck H, Ellis S. Source: Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. 2003 Spring; 16(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12737682

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Assessment of the systemic effects of budesonide inhaled from Easyhaler and from Turbuhaler in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Hamalainen KM, Granander M, Toivanen P, Malinen A. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 November; 95(11): 863-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11716199

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Association of HLA-DR genotypes and IL-1ra gene polymorphism with treatment failure of budesonide and disease patterns in Crohn's disease. Author(s): Gelbmann CM, Rogler G, Gierend M, Gross V, Scholmerich J, Andus T. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 December; 13(12): 1431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11742191

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Bronchodilator effect of an inhaled combination therapy with salmeterol + fluticasone and formoterol + budesonide in patients with COPD. Author(s): Cazzola M, Santus P, Di Marco F, Boveri B, Castagna F, Carlucci P, Matera MG, Centanni S. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 May; 97(5): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735659

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Budesonide (Entocort EC Capsules): a review of its therapeutic use in the management of active Crohn's disease in adults. Author(s): McKeage K, Goa KL. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(15): 2263-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12381231

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Budesonide and formoterol in a single inhaler improves asthma control compared with increasing the dose of corticosteroid in adults with mild-to-moderate asthma. Author(s): Lalloo UG, Malolepszy J, Kozma D, Krofta K, Ankerst J, Johansen B, Thomson NC. Source: Chest. 2003 May; 123(5): 1480-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740264

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Budesonide foam vs. hydrocortisone acetate foam in the treatment of active ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Author(s): Bar-Meir S, Fidder HH, Faszczyk M, Bianchi Porro G, Sturniolo GC, Mickisch O, Muller R, Greinwald R, Chowers Y, Grobeta V; International Budesonide Study Group. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 July; 46(7): 929-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847368

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Budesonide inhalation suspension reduces the need for emergency intervention in pediatric asthma: a named-patient case series. Author(s): Chipps BE, Schnepp CM, Briscoe M. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2003 December; 40(8): 895-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14736089

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Budesonide Modulite: improving the changeover to CFC-free treatments. Author(s): Magnussen H. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 November; 97 Suppl D: S1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753245

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Budesonide treatment for collagenous colitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multicenter trial. Author(s): Miehlke S, Heymer P, Bethke B, Bastlein E, Meier E, Bartram HP, Wilhelms G, Lehn N, Dorta G, DeLarive J, Tromm A, Bayerdorffer E, Stolte M. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 October; 123(4): 978-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360457

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Budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with morphometric analysis. Author(s): Bonderup OK, Hansen JB, Birket-Smith L, Vestergaard V, Teglbjaerg PS, Fallingborg J. Source: Gut. 2003 February; 52(2): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12524408

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Budesonide Turbuhaler delivered once daily improves health-related quality of life and maintains improvements with a stepped-down dose in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Author(s): Casale TB, Nelson HS, Kemp J, Parasuraman B, Uryniak T, Liljas B. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 March; 90(3): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12669896

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Budesonide turbuhaler delivered once daily improves health-related quality of life in adult patients with non-steroid-dependent asthma. Author(s): Banov C, Howland WC 3rd, Lumry WR, Parasuraman B, Uryniak T, Liljas B. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 March-April; 24(2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776447

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Budesonide versus mesalamine for maintaining remission in patients refusing other immunomodulators for steroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Author(s): Mantzaris GJ, Petraki K, Sfakianakis M, Archavlis E, Christidou A, ChadioIordanides H, Triadaphyllou G. Source: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 March; 1(2): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017504

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Budesonide/formoterol adjustable maintenance dosing reduces asthma exacerbations versus fixed dosing. Author(s): Stallberg B, Olsson P, Jorgensen LA, Lindarck N, Ekstrom T. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 October; 57(8): 656-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627173

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Budesonide/formoterol for the treatment of asthma. Author(s): Buhl R. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 August; 4(8): 1393-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877646

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Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler (Symbicort) reduces healthcare costs compared with separate inhalers in the treatment of asthma over 12 months. Author(s): Rosenhall L, Borg S, Andersson F, Ericsson K. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 October; 57(8): 662-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627174

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Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler rapidly relieves methacholine-induced moderate-to-severe bronchoconstriction. Author(s): van der Woude HJ, Boorsma M, Bergqvist PB, Winter TH, Aalbers R. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004; 17(2): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15123230

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Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone in the treatment of asthma. Author(s): Tal A, Simon G, Vermeulen JH, Petru V, Cobos N, Everard ML, de Boeck K. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2002 November; 34(5): 342-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357478

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Budesonide/formoterol: in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Reynolds NA, Perry CM, Keating GM. Source: Drugs. 2004; 64(4): 431-41; Discussion 433-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14969576

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Budesonide: a novel treatment for oral chronic graft versus host disease. Author(s): Elad S, Or R, Garfunkel AA, Shapira MY. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 March; 95(3): 308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627101

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Budesonide: its role in Crohn's disease therapy. Author(s): Coleman CI, Reddy P, White CM. Source: Conn Med. 2002 September; 66(9): 523-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12369546

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Budesonide-treated asthmatic adolescents attain target height: a population-based follow-up study from Sweden. Author(s): Larsson L, Gerhardsson de Verdier M, Lindmark B, Norjavaara E. Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2002 December; 11(8): 715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12512249

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Changes in sputum counts and airway hyperresponsiveness after budesonide: monitoring anti-inflammatory response on the basis of surrogate markers of airway inflammation. Author(s): Prosperini G, Rajakulasingam K, Cacciola RR, Spicuzza L, Rorke S, Holgate ST, Di Maria GU, Polosa R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 December; 110(6): 855-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12464950

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Clinical equivalence trial on budesonide delivered either by the Novolizer multidose dry powder inhaler or the Turbuhaler in asthmatic patients. Author(s): Chuchalin AG, Kremer HJ, Metzenauer P, O'Keefe E, Hermann R. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(6): 502-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12457002

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Collagenous colitis treated successfully with budesonide. Author(s): Hawkins JL, Young TL. Source: Tenn Med. 2004 January; 97(1): 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14968684

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Combination therapy with single inhaler budesonide/formoterol compared with high dose of fluticasone propionate alone in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Bateman ED, Bantje TA, Joao Gomes M, Toumbis MG, Huber RM, Naya I, Eliraz A. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Medicine : Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions. 2003; 2(3): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14720008

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Combined budesonide and antibiotic therapy for active Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Steinhart AH, Feagan BG, Wong CJ, Vandervoort M, Mikolainis S, Croitoru K, Seidman E, Leddin DJ, Bitton A, Drouin E, Cohen A, Greenberg GR. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 July; 123(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12105831

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Combined budesonide/formoterol turbuhaler treatment of asthma. Author(s): Remington TL, Heaberlin AM, DiGiovine B. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 December; 36(12): 1918-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452756

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Comparative efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler and budesonide Turbuhaler. Author(s): Carlsson LG, Edsbacker S. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 June; 17(6): 1332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11491182

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Comparative testing with budesonide in petrolatum and ethanol in a standard series. Author(s): Isaksson M, Beck MH, Wilkinson SM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423420

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Comparison of hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone dipropionate Autohaler with budesonide Turbuhaler in asthma control. Author(s): Worth H, Muir JF, Pieters WR. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2001; 68(5): 517-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694816

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Comparison of montelukast and budesonide on bronchial reactivity in subjects with mild-moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Riccioni G, Vecchia RD, D'Orazio N, Sensi S, Guagnano MT. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003; 16(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670780

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Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Maltais F, Ostinelli J, Bourbeau J, Tonnel AB, Jacquemet N, Haddon J, Rouleau M, Boukhana M, Martinot JB, Duroux P. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 March 1; 165(5): 698-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11874817

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Comparison of once-daily mometasone furoate versus once-daily budesonide in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Corren J, Berkowitz R, Murray JJ, Prenner B. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 September; 57(7): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14529054

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of nebulized beclometasone dipropionate and budesonide in severe persistent childhood asthma. Author(s): Delacourt C, Dutau G, Lefrancois G, Clerson P; Beclospin Clinical Development Group. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 February; 97 Suppl B: S27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593525

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Comparison of two budesonide dry powder inhalers in the treatment of asthma in children. Author(s): Vanto T, Hamalainen KM, Vahteristo M, Wille S, Nja F, Hyldebrandt N; Study Group. Source: Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. 2004 Spring; 17(1): 15-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15120009

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Comparison of two budesonide powder inhalers, Easyhaler and Turbuhaler, in steroid-naive asthmatic patients. Author(s): Schweisfurth H, Malinen A, Koskela T, Toivanen P, Ranki-Pesonen M; German Study Group. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 August; 96(8): 599-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195841

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Comparisons of the complementary effect on exhaled nitric oxide of salmeterol vs montelukast in asthmatic children taking regular inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Buchvald F, Bisgaard H. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 September; 91(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533665

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Controlled ileal release budesonide in pediatric Crohn disease: efficacy and effect on growth. Author(s): Kundhal P, Zachos M, Holmes JL, Griffiths AM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 July; 33(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479412

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Cost effectiveness of nasal budesonide versus surgical treatment for nasal polyps. Author(s): Berggren F, Johansson L. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(5): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627988

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of early intervention with budesonide in mild persistent asthma. Author(s): Sullivan SD, Buxton M, Andersson LF, Lamm CJ, Liljas B, Chen YZ, Pauwels RA, Weiss KB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 December; 112(6): 122936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657888

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Cross-reactivity patterns to budesonide. Author(s): Ferguson AD, Emerson RM, English JS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 December; 47(6): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581279

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Delivery of salbutamol and of budesonide from a novel multi-dose inhaler Airmax. Author(s): Zeng XM, O'Leary D, Phelan M, Jones S, Colledge J. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 June; 96(6): 404-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117039

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Deposition and pharmacokinetics of budesonide from the Miat Monodose inhaler, a simple dry powder device. Author(s): Ball DJ, Hirst PH, Newman SP, Sonet B, Streel B, Vanderbist F. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2002 October 1; 245(1-2): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12270249

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Deteriorating diabetic control associated with high-dose inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Faul JL, Cormican LJ, Tormey VJ, Tormey WP, Burke CM. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 July; 14(1): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10489860

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Differential effects of inhaled budesonide and oral prednisolone on serum immunoglobulin G and its subclasses in healthy adult volunteers. Author(s): Van Schoor J, Toogood JH, Pauwels RA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 February; 27(2): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9061219

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Differential effects of inhaled budesonide and oral prednisolone on serum osteocalcin. Author(s): Hodsman AB, Toogood JH, Jennings B, Fraher LJ, Baskerville JC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1991 March; 72(3): 53040. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1997509

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Differential effects of inhaled budesonide on serum osteocalcin in children and adolescents with asthma. Author(s): Wolthers OD, Heuck C. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1998 August; 9(3): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9814730

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Differential regulation of epithelial-derived C-C chemokine expression by IL-4 and the glucocorticoid budesonide. Author(s): Stellato C, Matsukura S, Fal A, White J, Beck LA, Proud D, Schleimer RP. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 November 15; 163(10): 5624-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10553092

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Dosage and time effects of inhaled budesonide on bronchial hyperreactivity. Author(s): Kraan J, Koeter GH, van der Mark TW, Boorsma M, Kukler J, Sluiter HJ, De Vries K. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 January; 137(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3276257

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Dose of inhaled budesonide required to produce clinical suppression of plasma cortisol. Author(s): Gordon AC, McDonald CF, Thomson SA, Frame MH, Pottage A, Crompton GK. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1987 July; 71(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3653299

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Dose titration of nebulized budesonide in young children. Author(s): Vikre-Jorgensen J, Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1997 April; 23(4): 270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141112

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Dose-dependent effects of budesonide aqueous nasal spray on symptoms in a daily nasal allergen challenge model. Author(s): Andersson M, Svensson C, Persson C, Akerlund A, Greiff L. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 October; 85(4): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11061470

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Dose-dependent onset and cessation of action of inhaled budesonide on exhaled nitric oxide and symptoms in mild asthma. Author(s): Kharitonov SA, Donnelly LE, Montuschi P, Corradi M, Collins JV, Barnes PJ. Source: Thorax. 2002 October; 57(10): 889-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12324677

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Dose-proportional pharmacokinetics of budesonide inhaled via Turbuhaler. Author(s): Kaiser H, Aaronson D, Dockhorn R, Edsbacker S, Korenblat P, Kallen A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 September; 48(3): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510140

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Dose-related efficacy of budesonide administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Author(s): Shapiro G, Bronsky EA, LaForce CF, Mendelson L, Pearlman D, Schwartz RH, Szefler SJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 June; 132(6): 976-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627589

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Dose-response comparison of systemic bioactivity with inhaled budesonide and triamcinolone acetonide in asthmatic adults. Author(s): Wilson AM, Brewster HJ, Lipworth BJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 November; 102(5): 751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9819291

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Dose-response evaluation of the therapeutic index for inhaled budesonide in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma. Author(s): Wilson AM, Lipworth BJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 March; 108(4): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014718

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Double blind placebo controlled trial of nebulised budesonide for croup. Author(s): Godden CW, Campbell MJ, Hussey M, Cogswell JJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1997 February; 76(2): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9068309

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Down-regulated IL-5 receptor expression on peripheral blood eosinophils from budesonide-treated children with asthma. Author(s): Hellman C, Lonnkvist K, Hedlin G, Hallden G, Lundahl J. Source: Allergy. 2002 April; 57(4): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906363

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Drug disposition analysis: a comparison between budesonide and fluticasone. Author(s): Kallen A, Thorsson L. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2003 August; 30(4): 239-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650373

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Drug Points: Anaphylactic-like reaction associated with oral budesonide. Author(s): Heeringa M, Zweers P, de Man RA, de Groot H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 October 14; 321(7266): 927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030679

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Early intervention with budesonide in mild persistent asthma: a randomised, doubleblind trial. Author(s): Pauwels RA, Pedersen S, Busse WW, Tan WC, Chen YZ, Ohlsson SV, Ullman A, Lamm CJ, O'Byrne PM; START Investigators Group. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 29; 361(9363): 1071-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672309

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Effect of budesonide enema on remission and relapse rate in distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis. Author(s): Lindgren S, Lofberg R, Bergholm L, Hellblom M, Carling L, Ung KA, Schioler R, Unge P, Wallin C, Strom M, Persson T, Suhr OB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 June; 37(6): 705-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126250

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Effect of high starting dose of budesonide inhalation suspension on serum cortisol concentration in young children with recurrent wheezing episodes. Author(s): Volovitz B, Nussinovitch M. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2003 September; 40(6): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579993

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Effect of montelukast added to inhaled budesonide on control of mild to moderate asthma. Author(s): Vaquerizo MJ, Casan P, Castillo J, Perpina M, Sanchis J, Sobradillo V, Valencia A, Verea H, Viejo JL, Villasante C, Gonzalez-Esteban J, Picado C; CASIOPEA (Capacidad de Singulair Oral en la Prevencion de Exacerbaciones Asmaticas) Study Group. Source: Thorax. 2003 March; 58(3): 204-10. Erratum In: Thorax. 2003 April; 58(4): 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612294

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Effectiveness of budesonide administered via dry-powder inhaler versus triamcinolone acetonide administered via pressurized metered-dose inhaler for adults with persistent asthma in managed care settings. Author(s): Weiss KB, Liljas B, Schoenwetter W, Schatz M, Luce BR. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2004 January; 26(1): 102-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996523

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Effects of 4-week treatment with low-dose budesonide (100 micrograms BID) from a novel inhaler Airmax and from a conventional inhaler on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, lung function and symptoms in patients with mild asthma. Author(s): Frew AJ, Langley SJ, Perrin V, Hertog MG. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 July; 96(7): 542-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194641

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Effects of budesonide inhalation suspension compared with cromolyn sodium nebulizer solution on health status and caregiver quality of life in childhood asthma. Author(s): Murphy KR, Fitzpatrick S, Cruz-Rivera M, Miller CJ, Parasuraman B. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 September; 112(3 Pt 1): E212-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949315

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Effects of intranasal budesonide on symptoms, quality of life, and performance in elite athletes with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, Byth K. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2002 September; 12(5): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394202

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Effects of montelukast and budesonide on airway responses and airway inflammation in asthma. Author(s): Leigh R, Vethanayagam D, Yoshida M, Watson RM, Rerecich T, Inman MD, O'Byrne PM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 November 1; 166(9): 1212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403690

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Efficacy and safety of budesonide inhalation powder (Pulmicort Turbuhaler) during 52 weeks of treatment in adults and children with persistent asthma. Author(s): Tinkelman DG, Bronsky EA, Gross G, Schoenwetter WF, Spector SL. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2003 May; 40(3): 225-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807165

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Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, Menga G, Sansores R, Nahabedian S, Peterson S, Olsson H. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 January; 21(1): 74-81. Erratum In: Eur Respir J. 2003 May; 21(5): 912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12570112

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Efficacy and safety of inhaled budesonide delivered once or twice daily via HFA-134a in mild to moderate persistent asthma in adult patients. Comparison with budesonide CFC. Author(s): Vastagh E, Kuna P, Calistruc P, Bogdan MA; Budesonide HFA MDI Study Group. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 November; 97 Suppl D: S20-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753248

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Efficacy of budesonide in inhaled corticosteroid-naive patients and patients with mild persistent asthma. Author(s): Eigen H. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 July; 24(7): 1035-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182250

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Efficacy of budesonide in moderate to severe asthma. Author(s): O'Connell EJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 June; 24(6): 887-905; Discussion 837. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117080

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Efficacy of nebulized budesonide in hospitalized infants and children younger than 24 months with bronchiolitis. Author(s): Chao LC, Lin YZ, Wu WF, Huang FY. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2003 November-December; 44(6): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14983653

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Efficacy of the topical nasal steroid budesonide on improving sleep and daytime somnolence in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Hughes K, Glass C, Ripchinski M, Gurevich F, Weaver TE, Lehman E, Fisher LH, Craig TJ. Source: Allergy. 2003 May; 58(5): 380-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797340

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Eosinophils and eosinophilic cationic protein in induced sputum and blood: effects of budesonide and terbutaline treatment. Author(s): Aldridge RE, Hancox RJ, Cowant JO, Frampton CM, Town GI, Taylor DR. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 November; 89(5): 492-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452208

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Equivalent asthma control and systemic safety of inhaled budesonide delivered via HFA-134a or CFC propellant in a broad range of doses. Author(s): Grzelewska-Rzymowska I, Malolepszy J, de Molina M, Sladek K, Zarkovice J, Siergiejko Z; Budesonide HFA-134a Jet Study Group. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 November; 97 Suppl D: S10-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753247

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Evaluation of cross-reactivity between budesonide and desonide. Author(s): Foti C, Cassano N, Vena GA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423417

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Evaluation of different inhaled combination therapies (EDICT): a randomised, double-blind comparison of Seretide (50/250 microg bd Diskus vs. formoterol (12 microg bd) and budesonide (800 microg bd) given concurrently (both via Turbuhaler) in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. Author(s): Ringdal N, Chuchalin A, Chovan L, Tudoric N, Maggi E, Whitehead PJ; EDICT Investigators. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 November; 96(11): 851-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12418582

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Failure of budesonide in a pilot study of treatment-dependent autoimmune hepatitis. Author(s): Czaja AJ, Lindor KD. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 November; 119(5): 1312-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11054389

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Feasibility and response to budesonide as topical corticosteroid therapy for acute intestinal GVHD. Author(s): Bertz H, Afting M, Kreisel W, Duffner U, Greinwald R, Finke J. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1999 December; 24(11): 1185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10642806

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Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchial mucosal biopsies in asthmatics undergoing long-term high-dose budesonide aerosol treatment. Author(s): Laursen LC, Taudorf E, Borgeskov S, Kobayasi T, Jensen H, Weeke B. Source: Allergy. 1988 May; 43(4): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3389494

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Fluticasone and budesonide inhibit cytokine release in human lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Author(s): Ek A, Larsson K, Siljerud S, Palmberg L. Source: Allergy. 1999 July; 54(7): 691-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442524

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Fluticasone propionate and budesonide do not influence bone metabolism in the long term treatment of asthma. Author(s): Harmanci E, Colak O, Metintas M, Alatas O, Yurdasiper A. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2001 January-February; 29(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11449531

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Fluticasone propionate compared with budesonide: a double-blind trial in asthmatic children using powder devices at a dosage of 400 microg x day(-1). Author(s): Hoekx JC, Hedlin G, Pedersen W, Sorva R, Hollingworth K, Efthimiou J. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1996 November; 9(11): 2263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8947070

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Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma. Author(s): Adams N, Bestall JM, Jones PW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): Cd002310. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869636

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Four-times-a-day dosing frequency is better than a twice-a-day regimen in subjects requiring a high-dose inhaled steroid, budesonide, to control moderate to severe asthma. Author(s): Malo JL, Cartier A, Merland N, Ghezzo H, Burek A, Morris J, Jennings BH. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 September; 140(3): 624-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2551204

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Galectin-1 is overexpressed in nasal polyps under budesonide and inhibits eosinophil migration. Author(s): Delbrouck C, Doyen I, Belot N, Decaestecker C, Ghanooni R, de Lavareille A, Kaltner H, Choufani G, Danguy A, Vandenhoven G, Gabius HJ, Hassid S, Kiss R. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2002 February; 82(2): 147-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11850528

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Gamma scintigraphic evaluation of a novel budesonide dry powder inhaler using a validated radiolabeling technique. Author(s): Warren S, Taylor G, Smith J, Buck H, Parry-Billings M. Source: Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. 2002 Spring; 15(1): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006142

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Generalized eczematous reaction to budesonide in a nasal spray with cross-reactivity to triamcinolone. Author(s): Poon E, Fewings JM. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 42(1): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11233719

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Glucocorticoid treatment for nasal polyps. The use of topical budesonide powder, intramuscular betamethasone, and surgical treatment. Author(s): Lildholdt T, Rundcrantz H, Bende M, Larsen K. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1997 June; 123(6): 595-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193219

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Greater effect of inhaled budesonide on adenosine 5'-monophosphate-induced than on sodium-metabisulfite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Author(s): O'Connor BJ, Ridge SM, Barnes PJ, Fuller RW. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 September; 146(3): 560-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1519828

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Growth and adrenal responsiveness with budesonide in young asthmatics. Author(s): Ruiz RG, Price JF. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1994 January; 88(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8029508

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Growth and pituitary-adrenal function in children with severe asthma treated with inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Volovitz B, Amir J, Malik H, Kauschansky A, Varsano I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 December 2; 329(23): 1703-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8232459

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Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial. Author(s): Wolthers OD, Pedersen S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 July 20; 303(6795): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1878641

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Gut delivery of budesonide, a locally active corticosteroid, from plain and controlledrelease capsules. Author(s): Edsbacker S, Larsson P, Wollmer P. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 December; 14(12): 1357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468958

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Hay fever treatment with budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate twice daily a clinical comparison. Author(s): Pipkorn U. Source: Rhinology. 1983 December; 21(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6364297

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High dose fluticasone propionate, 1 mg daily, versus fluticasone propionate, 2 mg daily, or budesonide, 1.6 mg daily, in patients with chronic severe asthma. International Study Group. Author(s): Ayres JG, Bateman ED, Lundback B, Harris TA. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 April; 8(4): 579-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7664857

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High dose inhaled budesonide in the treatment of severe steroid-dependent asthmatics. A two-year study. Author(s): Adelroth E, Rosenhall L, Glennow C. Source: Allergy. 1985 January; 40(1): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3977028

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High or standard initial dose of budesonide to control mild-to-moderate asthma? Author(s): Chanez P, Karlstrom R, Godard P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 May; 17(5): 856-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488316

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High-dose inhaled budesonide in treatment of severe steroid-dependent asthma. Author(s): Laursen LC, Taudorf E, Weeke B. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1986 January; 68(1): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3512282

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High-dose inhaled budesonide in treatment of severe steroid-dependent asthmatics. Author(s): Laursen LC, Taudorf E, Weeke B, Glennov C. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1985; 5 Suppl 3: 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3995889

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High-dose inhaled budesonide in treatment of severe steroid-dependent asthmatics. Author(s): Laursen LC, Taudorf E, Weeke B, Glennov C. Source: Lancet. 1983 December 3; 2(8362): 1305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6139644

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High-dose inhaled budesonide may substitute for oral therapy after an acute asthma attack. Author(s): Nana A, Youngchaiyud P, Charoenratanakul S, Boe J, Lofdahl CG, Selroos O, Stahl E. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1998; 35(8): 647-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9860085

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High-dose inhaled steroids in the management of asthma. A comparison of the effects of budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate on pulmonary function, symptoms, bronchial responsiveness and the adrenal function. Author(s): Svendsen UG, Frolund L, Heinig JH, Madsen F, Nielsen NH, Weeke B. Source: Allergy. 1992 April; 47(2 Pt 2): 174-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1514669

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High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of budesonide in bronchoalveolar lavage of asthmatic patients. Author(s): Faouzi MA, Dine T, Luyckx M, Brunet C, Gressier B, Cazin M, Wallaert B, Cazin JC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 February 17; 664(2): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7780604

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How much nebulised budesonide reaches infants and toddlers? Author(s): Lodrup Carlsen KC, Nikander K, Carlsen KH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1992 September; 67(9): 1077-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1417048

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Human liver budesonide sulphotransferase is inhibited by testosterone and correlates with by testosterone sulphotransferase. Author(s): Pacifici GM, Ferroni MA, Temellini A, Gucci A, Morelli MC, Giuliani L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994; 46(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8005186

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Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency as a side-effect of combined treatment of itraconazole and budesonide. Author(s): Skov M, Main KM, Sillesen IB, Muller J, Koch C, Lanng S. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 July; 20(1): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12166560

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Ileum-targeted steroid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of controlled-release budesonide. Author(s): Sheldon P. Source: Rheumatology International. 2003 July; 23(4): 154-8. Epub 2003 March 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12856138

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Immediate effect of topical budesonide on allergen challenge-induced nasal mucosal fluid levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5. Author(s): Linden M, Svensson C, Andersson E, Andersson M, Greiff L, Persson CG. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 November; 162(5): 1705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069800

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Impact of inhaled salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination product versus budesonide on the health-related quality of life of patients with asthma. Author(s): Juniper EF, Jenkins C, Price MJ, James MH. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Medicine : Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions. 2002; 1(6): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14720030

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Impact of intranasal budesonide on immune inflammatory responses and epithelial remodeling in chronic upper airway inflammation. Author(s): Mastruzzo C, Greco LR, Nakano K, Nakano A, Palermo F, Pistorio MP, Salinaro ET, Jordana M, Dolovich J, Crimi DN, Vancheri C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 July; 112(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847477

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Improved asthma control with budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler, compared with budesonide alone. Author(s): Zetterstrom O, Buhl R, Mellem H, Perpina M, Hedman J, O'Neill S, Ekstrom T. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 August; 18(2): 262-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11529282

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Improvement in health-related quality of life with fluticasone propionate compared with budesonide or beclomethasone dipropionate in adults with severe asthma. Author(s): Rutherford C, Mills R, Gibson PG, Price MJ. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 2003 September; 8(3): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911833

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Improvement of asthma therapy by a novel budesonide multidose dry powder inhaler. Author(s): Moller M, Fritsche D, Rivera D, Libertus H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(8): 562-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13677246

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Inhaled beclomethasone versus budesonide for chronic asthma. Author(s): Adams N, Bestall JM, Jones PW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): Cd003530. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869673

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Inhaled budesonide for adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: a randomized placebocontrolled, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Fernandes AL, Faresin SM, Amorim MM, Fritscher CC, Pereira CA, Jardim JR. Source: Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina. 2001 September 6; 119(5): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11723527

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Inhaled budesonide for the treatment of acute wheezing and dyspnea in children up to 24 months old receiving intravenous hydrocortisone. Author(s): Sano F, Cortez GK, Sole D, Naspitz CK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 April; 105(4): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10756218

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Inhaled budesonide in acute asthma? Author(s): Rakes G, Gaston B. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 September; 139(3): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562611

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Inhaled budesonide in the treatment of talc-induced pulmonary granulomatosis. Author(s): Chau CH, Yew WW, Lee J. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2003 July-August; 70(4): 439. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512684

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Inhaled budesonide/formoterol combination. Author(s): McGavin JK, Goa KL, Jarvis B. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(1): 71-8; Discussion 79-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217872

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Inhaled corticosteroids (budesonide): the cornerstone of asthma therapy--what are the options? Author(s): Angus RM. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002; 15(6): 479-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493333

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Inhibition of chemokine production from human airway smooth muscle cells by fluticasone, budesonide and beclomethasone. Author(s): John M, Oltmanns U, Binder C, Meiners S, Gellert K, Chung KF, Witt C. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004; 17(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643170

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Initial therapy for mild to moderate Crohn's disease: mesalamine or budesonide? Author(s): Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ. Source: Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2002; 2 Suppl 2: S9-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12478239

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Intrasinus administration of topical budesonide to allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following surgery. Author(s): Lavigne F, Cameron L, Renzi PM, Planet JF, Christodoulopoulos P, Lamkioued B, Hamid Q. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 May; 112(5): 858-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150618

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In-vitro intra- and inter-inhaler flow rate-dependent dosage emission from a combination of budesonide and eformoterol in a dry powder inhaler. Author(s): Tarsin W, Assi KH, Chrystyn H. Source: Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. 2004 Spring; 17(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15120010

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Is budesonide or nedocromil superior in the long-term management of mild to moderate asthma in children? Author(s): Stella MF, Newton W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 January; 50(1): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11195486

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Jet nebulization of budesonide suspension into a neonatal ventilator circuit: synchronized versus continuous nebulizer flow. Author(s): Pelkonen AS, Nikander K, Turpeinen M. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1997 October; 24(4): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9368262

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Kinetics of the epimeric glucocorticoid budesonide. Author(s): Ryrfeldt A, Edsbacker S, Pauwels R. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1984 April; 35(4): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705451

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Knemometric assessment of systemic activity of once daily intranasal dry-powder budesonide in children. Author(s): Wolthers OD, Pedersen S. Source: Allergy. 1994 February; 49(2): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8172365

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Late patch-test reactions to budesonide need not be a sign of sensitization induced by the test procedure. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2003 September; 14(3): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744407

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Linear growth of very young asthmatic children treated with high-dose nebulized budesonide. Author(s): Reid A, Murphy C, Steen HJ, McGovern V, Shields MD. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 April; 85(4): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740298

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Long term clinical comparison of single versus twice daily administration of inhaled budesonide in moderate asthma. Author(s): Weiner P, Weiner M, Azgad Y. Source: Thorax. 1995 December; 50(12): 1270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8553300

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Longitudinal growth in infants and young children treated with budesonide inhalation suspension for persistent asthma. Author(s): Skoner DP, Szefler SJ, Welch M, Walton-Bowen K, Cruz-Rivera M, Smith JA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 February; 105(2 Pt 1): 259-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10669845

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Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, Brix A, Torre P, Viskum K. Source: Lancet. 1999 May 29; 353(9167): 1819-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10359405

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Long-term effects of budesonide on airway responsiveness and clinical asthma severity in inhaled steroid-dependent asthmatics. Author(s): Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Ramsdale EH, O'Byrne PM, Hargreave FE. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1990 November; 3(10): 1122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2090474

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Long-term safety of budesonide nasal aerosol: a 5.5-year follow-up study. Author(s): Pipkorn U, Pukander J, Suonpaa J, Makinen J, Lindqvist N. Source: Clin Allergy. 1988 May; 18(3): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3396194

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Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Author(s): Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA, Schouten JP, Postma DS, Pride NB, Ohlsson SV. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 June 24; 340(25): 1948-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10379018

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Low dose inhaled budesonide and formoterol in mild persistent asthma: the OPTIMA randomized trial. Author(s): O'Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Runnerstrom E, Sandstrom T, Svensson K, Tattersfield A. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 October 15; 164(8 Pt 1): 1392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704584

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Low dose oral pH modified release budesonide for maintenance of steroid induced remission in Crohn's disease. The Budesonide Study Group. Author(s): Gross V, Andus T, Ecker KW, Raedler A, Loeschke K, Plauth M, Rasenack J, Weber A, Gierend M, Ewe K, Scholmerich J. Source: Gut. 1998 April; 42(4): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9616309

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Low-dose budesonide for asthma. Author(s): Tattersfield AE, Harrison TW. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 29; 361(9363): 1066-7. Erratum In: Lancet. 2003 June 7; 361(9373): 1994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672304

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Low-dose budesonide improves exercise-induced bronchospasm in schoolchildren. Author(s): Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Hultquist C. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2000 May; 11(2): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893016

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Low-dose budesonide treatment for prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: a multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. German Budesonide Study Group. Author(s): Ewe K, Bottger T, Buhr HJ, Ecker KW, Otto HF. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1999 March; 11(3): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10333200

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Low-dose budesonide with the addition of an increased dose during exacerbations is effective in long-term asthma control. On behalf of the Italian Study Group. Author(s): Foresi A, Morelli MC, Catena E. Source: Chest. 2000 February; 117(2): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10669688

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Lung deposition of budesonide from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler attached to a spacer. Author(s): Thorsson L, Edsbacker S. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 December; 12(6): 1340-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9877488

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Lung deposition of budesonide from the novel dry powder inhaler Airmax. Author(s): Hirst RH, Newman SR, Clark DA, Hertog MG. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 June; 96(6): 389-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117037

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Lung deposition of budesonide from turbuhaler in asthmatic children. Author(s): Wildhaber JH, Devadason SG, Wilson JM, Roller C, Lagana T, Borgstrom L, LeSouef PN. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 December; 157(12): 1017-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9877044

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Lung deposition of budesonide from Turbuhaler is twice that from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (P-MDI) Author(s): Fuller RW, Sharma RK, Cripps A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 December; 8(12): 2194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8666119

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Lung deposition of budesonide from Turbuhaler is twice that from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler P-MDI. Author(s): Thorsson L, Edsbacker S, Conradson TB. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1994 October; 7(10): 1839-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7828694

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Lung deposition of budesonide inhaled via Turbuhaler: a comparison with terbutaline sulphate in normal subjects. Author(s): Borgstrom L, Bondesson E, Moren F, Trofast E, Newman SP. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1994 January; 7(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8143834

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Maintenance of Crohn's disease over 12 months: fixed versus flexible dosing regimen using budesonide controlled ileal release capsules. Author(s): Green JR, Lobo AJ, Giaffer M, Travis S, Watkins HC; Freedom Investigator Group. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 September; 15(9): 1331-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552903

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Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Calverley PM, Boonsawat W, Cseke Z, Zhong N, Peterson S, Olsson H. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 December; 22(6): 912-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14680078

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Maximal response plateau to methacholine as a reliable index for reducing inhaled budesonide in moderate asthma. Author(s): Prieto L, Gutierrez V, Morales C. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 June; 13(6): 1236-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445596

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Metabolic acetal splitting of budesonide. A novel inactivation pathway for topical glucocorticoids. Author(s): Edsbacker S, Andersson P, Lindberg C, Ryrfeldt A, Thalen A. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1987 MayJune; 15(3): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2886320

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Metabolic pathways of the topical glucocorticoid budesonide in man. Author(s): Edsbacker S, Jonsson S, Lindberg C, Ryrfeldt A, Thalen A. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1983 November-December; 11(6): 590-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6140145

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Minor acute effect of an inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) on bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in children with asthma. Author(s): van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hop WC, de Jong H, Ferwerda A, Kerrebijn KF. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1993 March; 6(3): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8472829

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Modulation of eosinophilic chemotaxis with azelastine and budesonide in allergic patients. Author(s): Ventura MT, Giuliano G, Di Corato R, Tursi A. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1998 August; 20(3): 383-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9736443

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Nasal budesonide offers superior symptom relief in perennial allergic rhinitis in comparison to nasal azelastine. Author(s): Stern MA, Wade AG, Ridout SM, Cambell LM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 October; 81(4): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9809500

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Nasal inhalation of budesonide from a spacer in children with perennial rhinitis and asthma. Author(s): Pedersen W, Hjuler I, Bisgaard H, Mygind N. Source: Allergy. 1998 April; 53(4): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9574880

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Nasal inhalation of the glucocorticoid budesonide from a spacer for the treatment of patients with pollen rhinitis and asthma. Author(s): Pedersen B, Dahl R, Lindqvist N, Mygind N. Source: Allergy. 1990 August; 45(6): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244675

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Nasal retention of budesonide and fluticasone in man: formation of airway mucosal budesonide-esters in vivo. Author(s): Petersen H, Kullberg A, Edsbacker S, Greiff L. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 February; 51(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11259988

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Nebulised budesonide in severe childhood asthma. Author(s): de Jongste JC, Duiverman EJ. Source: Lancet. 1989 June 17; 1(8651): 1388. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2567399

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Nebulised budesonide in severe infantile asthma. Author(s): Godfrey S, Avital A, Rosler A, Mandelberg A, Uwyyed K. Source: Lancet. 1987 October 10; 2(8563): 851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2889046

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Nebulization of a suspension of budesonide and a solution of terbutaline into a neonatal ventilator circuit. Author(s): Turpeinen M, Nikander K. Source: Respiratory Care. 2001 January; 46(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11175237

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Nebulized budesonide after hospitalization for recurrent bronchial obstruction in children younger than 18 months. Author(s): Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH, Nikander K, Leegaard J, Havnen J, SteenJohnsen J, Winsness A. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 June; 12(3): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11473681

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Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Klassen TP, Craig WR, Moher D, Osmond MH, Pasterkamp H, Sutcliffe T, Watters LK, Rowe PC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 May 27; 279(20): 1629-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613912

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Nebulized budesonide for children with mild-to-moderate croup. Author(s): Klassen TP, Feldman ME, Watters LK, Sutcliffe T, Rowe PC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 August 4; 331(5): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8022437

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Nebulized budesonide for the treatment of moderate to severe asthma in infants and toddlers. Author(s): Wennergren G, Nordvall SL, Hedlin G, Moller C, Wille S, Asbrink Nilsson E. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 February; 85(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8640047

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Nebulized budesonide inhalation suspension compared with cromolyn sodium nebulizer solution for asthma in young children: results of a randomized outcomes trial. Author(s): Leflein JG, Szefler SJ, Murphy KR, Fitzpatrick S, Cruz-Rivera M, Miller CJ, Smith JA. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 May; 109(5): 866-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11986448

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Nebulized budesonide is as effective as nebulized adrenaline in moderately severe croup. Author(s): Fitzgerald D, Mellis C, Johnson M, Allen H, Cooper P, Van Asperen P. Source: Pediatrics. 1996 May; 97(5): 722-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8628614

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Nebulized budesonide versus oral steroid in severe exacerbations of childhood asthma. Author(s): Matthews EE, Curtis PD, McLain BI, Morris LS, Turbitt ML. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 August; 88(8): 841-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10503682

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No effect of inhaled budesonide on the response to inhaled ozone in normal subjects. Author(s): Nightingale JA, Rogers DF, Fan Chung K, Barnes PJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 February; 161(2 Pt 1): 479-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10673189

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Nocturnal asthma: effect of treatment with oral sustained-release terbutaline, inhaled budesonide, and the two in combination. Author(s): Dahl R, Pedersen B, Hagglof B. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 April; 83(4): 811-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2651509

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Nocturnal cortisol secretion in healthy adults before and after inhalation of budesonide. Author(s): Nikolaizik WH, Marchant JL, Preece MA, Warner JO. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 January; 153(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8542169

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Non-pulmonary effects induced by the addition of formoterol to budesonide therapy in patients with mild or moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Centanni S, Carlucci P, Santus P, Boveri B, Tarricone D, Fiorentini C, Lombardi F, Cazzola M. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2000; 67(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705264

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Normal diurnal variation in serum cortisol concentration in asthmatic children treated with inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Volovitz B, Kauschansky A, Nussinovitch M, Harel L, Varsano I. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 December; 96(6 Pt 1): 8748. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8543743

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Normal pregnancy outcomes in a population-based study including 2,968 pregnant women exposed to budesonide. Author(s): Norjavaara E, de Verdier MG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 111(4): 736-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12704351

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Once-daily administration of budesonide Turbuhaler was as effective as twice-daily treatment in patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Mintz S, Alexander M, Li JH, Mayer PV. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 May; 39(3): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043851

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Once-daily budesonide inhalation powder (Pulmicort Turbuhaler) is effective and safe in adults previously treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Author(s): Metzger WJ, Hampel FC Jr, Sugar M. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 February; 39(1): 65-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883741

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Once-daily budesonide inhalation powder (Pulmicort Turbuhaler) maintains pulmonary function and symptoms of asthmatic children previously receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Author(s): Shapiro GG, Mendelson LM, Pearlman DS. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 June; 86(6): 633-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428735

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Once-daily budesonide inhalation suspension for the treatment of persistent asthma in infants and young children. Author(s): Kemp JP, Skoner DP, Szefler SJ, Walton-Bowen K, Cruz-Rivera M, Smith JA. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 September; 83(3): 231-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10507269

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Once-daily budesonide inhalation suspension in infants and children < 4 and > or = 4 years of age with persistent asthma. Author(s): Scott MB, Ellis MH, Cruz-Rivera M, Fitzpatrick S, Smith JA. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 December; 87(6): 488-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770696

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Once-daily budesonide via Turbuhaler improves symptoms in adults with persistent asthma. Author(s): Banov CH, Howland WC 3rd, Lumry WR. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 June; 86(6): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428734

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Once-daily budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler in adults with moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Buhl R, Creemers JP, Vondra V, Martelli NA, Naya IP, Ekstrom T. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 April; 97(4): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693793

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Once-daily budesonide: 400 micrograms once daily is as effective as 200 micrograms twice daily in controlling childhood asthma. PETITE Research Group. Author(s): Campbell LM, Bodalia B, Gogbashian CA, Gunn SD, Humphreys PJ, Powell JP. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 June; 52(4): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9744142

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One-year safety and efficacy of budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler (Symbicort Turbuhaler) for the treatment of asthma. Author(s): Rosenhall L, Elvstrand A, Tilling B, Vinge I, Jemsby P, Stahl E, Jerre F, Bergqvist PB. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 June; 97(6): 702-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814158

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Onset of action of intranasal budesonide (Rhinocort aqua) in seasonal allergic rhinitis studied in a controlled exposure model. Author(s): Day JH, Briscoe MP, Rafeiro E, Ellis AK, Pettersson E, Akerlund A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 March; 105(3): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10719298

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Onset of bronchodilation of budesonide/formoterol vs. salmeterol/fluticasone in single inhalers. Author(s): Palmqvist M, Arvidsson P, Beckman O, Peterson S, Lotvall J. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001; 14(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11162416

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Oral budesonide and ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a prospective double-blind trial. Author(s): Leuschner M, Maier KP, Schlichting J, Strahl S, Herrmann G, Dahm HH, Ackermann H, Happ J, Leuschner U. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 October; 117(4): 918-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10500075

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Oral budesonide approved for active Crohn's disease. Author(s): Thompson CA. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 December 1; 58(23): 2229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11763799

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Oral budesonide as maintenance therapy in Crohn's disease--results of a 12-month study. Global Budesonide Study Group. Author(s): Ferguson A, Campieri M, Doe W, Persson T, Nygard G. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 February; 12(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692692

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Oral budesonide for prevention of postsurgical recurrence in Crohn's disease. The IOIBD Budesonide Study Group. Author(s): Hellers G, Cortot A, Jewell D, Leijonmarck CE, Lofberg R, Malchow H, Nilsson LG, Pallone F, Pena S, Persson T, Prantera C, Rutgeerts P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 February; 116(2): 294-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9922309

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Oral budesonide in the management of Crohn's disease. Author(s): Hofer KN. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 October; 37(10): 1457-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519035

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Oral budesonide in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Author(s): Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, Keach JC, Dickson ER, Smith C, Lindor KD. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2000 February; 31(2): 318-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10655252

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Oral budesonide significantly improves water absorption in patients with ileostomy for Crohn disease. Author(s): Ecker KW, Stallmach A, Seitz G, Gierend M, Greinwald R, Achenbach U. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 March; 38(3): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12737444

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Oral prednisolone followed by inhaled budesonide in newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Finnish Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Study Group. Author(s): Pietinalho A, Tukiainen P, Haahtela T, Persson T, Selroos O. Source: Chest. 1999 August; 116(2): 424-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453872

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Ozone-induced increase in exhaled 8-isoprostane in healthy subjects is resistant to inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Montuschi P, Nightingale JA, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 November 15; 33(10): 1403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12419472

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Patch test results with tixocortol pivalate and budesonide in Germany and Austria. Author(s): Uter W, Geier J, Richter G, Schnuch A; IVDK Study Group, German Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 May; 44(5): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380156

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Patch testing for corticosteroid allergy with low and high concentrations of tixocortol pivalate and budesonide. Author(s): Chowdhury MM, Statham BN, Sansom JE, Foulds IS, English JS, Podmore P, Bourke J, Orton D, Ormerod AD. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May; 46(5): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084094

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Patch testing with budesonide in serial dilutions: the significance of dose, occlusion time and reading time. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M, Goossens A, Lepoittevin JP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 January; 40(1): 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9928801

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Patch testing with budesonide. Author(s): Wilkinson SM, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 July; 39(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9686997

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Patch testing with low concentrations of budesonide detects contact allergy. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M, Matura M, Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 November; 37(5): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9412759

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Patch testing with serial dilutions of budesonide, its R and S diastereomers, and potentially cross-reacting substances. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M, Lepoittevin JP, Goossens A. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 September; 12(3): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11526524

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Patient compliance in a clinical trial with inhaled budesonide in children with mild asthma. Author(s): Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Sodal A, Jonasson C, Mowinckel P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 July; 14(1): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10489843

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Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of budesonide: a new nebulized corticosteroid. Author(s): Szefler SJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 October; 104(4 Pt 2): 17583. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10518844

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action of budesonide in early- and latestage primary biliary cirrhosis. Author(s): Hempfling W, Grunhage F, Dilger K, Reichel C, Beuers U, Sauerbruch T. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 July; 38(1): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12830002

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Pharmacokinetics and retrograde colonic spread of budesonide enemas in patients with distal ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Nyman-Pantelidis M, Nilsson A, Wagner ZG, Borga O. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1994 December; 8(6): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7696451

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Pharmacokinetics and systemic activity of fluticasone via Diskus and pMDI, and of budesonide via Turbuhaler. Author(s): Thorsson L, Edsbacker S, Kallen A, Lofdahl CG. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 November; 52(5): 529-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11736861

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Pharmacokinetics of budesonide controlled ileal release capsules in children and adults with active Crohn's disease. Author(s): Lundin PD, Edsbacker S, Bergstrand M, Ejderhamn J, Linander H, Hogberg L, Persson T, Escher JC, Lindquist B. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 January; 17(1): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492736

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Pharmacokinetics of budesonide controlled-release capsules when taken with omeprazole. Author(s): Edsbacker S, Larsson P, Bergstrand M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17(3): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562453

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Plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate and budesonide following inhalation from dry powder inhalers by healthy and asthmatic subjects. Author(s): Harrison TW, Tattersfield AE. Source: Thorax. 2003 March; 58(3): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612308

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Plasma concentrations of inhaled budesonide and its effects on plasma cortisol are increased by the cytochrome P4503A4 inhibitor itraconazole. Author(s): Raaska K, Niemi M, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 October; 72(4): 362-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386638

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Postallergen inhaled budesonide reduces late asthmatic response and inhibits the associated increase of airway responsiveness to methacholine in asthmatics. Author(s): Paggiaro PL, Dente FL, Morelli MC, Bancalari L, Di Franco A, Giannini D, Vagaggini B, Bacci E, Fabbri LM, Giuntini C. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 June; 149(6): 1447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8004297

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Posterior subcapsular cataracts, bruises and hoarseness in children with asthma receiving long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Agertoft L, Larsen FE, Pedersen S. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 July; 12(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701427

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Preclinical properties of budesonide: translation to the clinical setting. Author(s): Pearlman DS. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003; 25 Suppl C: C75-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642805

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Protective effect of inhaled budesonide against unlimited airway narrowing to methacholine in atopic patients with asthma. Author(s): Booms P, Cheung D, Timmers MC, Zwinderman AH, Sterk PJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 March; 99(3): 330-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9058688

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Quality of life rapidly improves with budesonide therapy for active Crohn's disease. Canadian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group. Author(s): Irvine EJ, Greenberg GR, Feagan BG, Martin F, Sutherland LR, Thomson AB, Nilsson LG, Persson T. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2000 August; 6(3): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10961590

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Quantification of epimeric budesonide and fluticasone propionate in human plasma by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Li N, Tattam B, Brow KF, Seale JP. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 September 25; 761(2): 177-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11587347

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Quantification of the effect of inhaled budesonide on airway inflammation in intermittent asthma by bronchitis index. Author(s): John M, Fietze I, Borges AC, Oltmanns U, Schmidt B, Witt C. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2001 October; 38(7): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11714082

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Randomised controlled trial of budesonide for the prevention of post-bronchiolitis wheezing. Author(s): Fox GF, Everard ML, Marsh MJ, Milner AD. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 April; 80(4): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086941

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Randomised controlled trial of montelukast plus inhaled budesonide versus double dose inhaled budesonide in adult patients with asthma. Author(s): Price DB, Hernandez D, Magyar P, Fiterman J, Beeh KM, James IG, Konstantopoulos S, Rojas R, van Noord JA, Pons M, Gilles L, Leff JA; Clinical Outcomes with Montelukast as a Partner Agent to Corticosteroid Therapy (COMPACT) International Study Group. Source: Thorax. 2003 March; 58(3): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612295

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Randomized, controlled trial of inhaled budesonide as an adjunct to oral prednisone in acute asthma. Author(s): Sung L, Osmond MH, Klassen TP. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1998 March; 5(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9523927

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Rapid induction of clinical response with a short-term high-dose starting schedule of budesonide nebulizing suspension in young children with recurrent wheezing episodes. Author(s): Volovitz B, Soferman R, Blau H, Nussinovitch M, Varsano I. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 April; 101(4 Pt 1): 464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564798

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Rapid onset of control with budesonide Turbuhaler in patients with mild-tomoderate asthma. Author(s): Kemp J, Wanderer AA, Ramsdell J, Southern DL, Weiss S, Aaronson D, Grossman J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 May; 82(5): 463-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353578

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Rapid response to budesonide (Pulmicort) inhaled via the Nebuhaler in asthmatic children. Author(s): McCarthy TP. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 May; 44(5): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2390441

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Rapidly developing Cushing syndrome in a 4-year-old patient during combined treatment with itraconazole and inhaled budesonide. Author(s): De Wachter E, Vanbesien J, De Schutter I, Malfroot A, De Schepper J. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 July; 162(7-8): 488-9. Epub 2003 April 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719971

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Rebound airway obstruction and responsiveness after cessation of terbutaline: effects of budesonide. Author(s): de Jong JW, van der Mark TW, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 January; 153(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8542165

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Recommendation to include budesonide and tixocortol pivalate in the European standard series. ESCD and EECDRG. European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Author(s): Isaksson M, Brandao FM, Bruze M, Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902588

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Rectal pharmacokinetics of budesonide. Author(s): Dahlstrom K, Edsbacker S, Kallen A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 49(4): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8857075

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Reduction of budesonide after a year of increased use: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether improvements in airway responsiveness and clinical asthma are maintained. Author(s): Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Hargreave FE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1991 February; 87(2): 483-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993808

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Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in nasal mucosa by local administration of fluticasone and budesonide. Author(s): Knutsson PU, Bronnegard M, Marcus C, Stierna P. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 February; 97(2): 655-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8621851

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Repeated dose inhaled budesonide versus placebo in the treatment of croup. Author(s): Roberts GW, Master VV, Staugas RE, Raftos JV, Parsons DW, Coulthard KP, Martin AJ. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1999 April; 35(2): 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10365355

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Repetitive usage testing with budesonide in experimental nickel--allergic contact dermatitis in individuals hypersensitive to budesonide. Author(s): Isaksson M, Bruze M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 145(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453905

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Replacement of conventional glucocorticoids by oral pH-modified release budesonide in active and inactive Crohn's disease: results of an open, prospective, multicenter trial. Author(s): Andus T, Gross V, Caesar I, Schulz HJ, Lochs H, Strohm WD, Gierend M, Weber A, Ewe K, Scholmerich J; German/Austrian Budesonide Study Group. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 February; 48(2): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12643618

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Reversible formation of fatty acid esters of budesonide, an antiasthma glucocorticoid, in human lung and liver microsomes. Author(s): Tunek A, Sjodin K, Hallstrom G. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1997 November; 25(11): 1311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9351909

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Review article: Drug development in inflammatory bowel disease: budesonide--a model of targeted therapy. Author(s): Hamedani R, Feldman RD, Feagan BG. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997 December; 11 Suppl 3: 98-107; Discussion 107-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9467984

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Review of the unique properties of budesonide. Author(s): O'Connell EJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003; 25 Suppl C: C42-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642803

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Role of budesonide as maintenance therapy for children with asthma. Author(s): Szefler S, Pedersen S. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2003 July; 36(1): 13-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772218

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Role of budesonide inhalation suspension in children with asthma. Author(s): West KM, Culhane NS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 February; 36(2): 322-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11847955

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Safety of budesonide inhalation suspension (Pulmicort Respules) after up to 52 weeks of treatment in infants and young children with persistent asthma. Author(s): Leflein JG, Gawchik SM, Galant SP, Lyzell E, Young M, Cruz-Rivera M, Walton-Bowen K, Smith JA, Fitzpatrick S. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2001 November-December; 22(6): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775393

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Safety of nasal budesonide in the long-term treatment of children with perennial rhinitis. Author(s): Moller C, Ahlstrom H, Henricson KA, Malmqvist LA, Akerlund A, Hildebrand H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 33(6): 816-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801318

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Safety, tolerability and acceptability of two dry powder inhalers in the administration of budesonide in steroid-treated asthmatic patients. Author(s): Tukiainen H, Rytila P, Hamalainen KM, Silvasti MS, Keski-Karhu J; Finnish Study Group. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 April; 96(4): 221-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12000000

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Sensitivity of a new grading system for studying nasal polyps with the potential to detect early changes in polyp size after treatment with a topical corticosteroid (budesonide). Author(s): Johansson L, Holmberg K, Melen I, Stierna P, Bende M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 January; 122(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876598

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Serum leptin in children with asthma treated with inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Heuck C, Wolthers OD. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1999 April; 93(4): 268-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10464891

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Short-term and long-term safety of budesonide inhalation suspension in infants and young children with persistent asthma. Author(s): Scott MB, Skoner DP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 October; 104(4 Pt 2): 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10518847

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Short-term budesonide dosage. Author(s): van Der Woude HJ, Aalbers R. Source: Chest. 2001 January; 119(1): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11157626

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Short-term lower leg growth rate in children with rhinitis treated with intranasal mometasone furoate and budesonide. Author(s): Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 November; 104(5): 94852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10550737

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Side effects of budesonide in liver cirrhosis due to chronic autoimmune hepatitis: influence of hepatic metabolism versus portosystemic shunts on a patient complicated with HCC. Author(s): Geier A, Gartung C, Dietrich CG, Wasmuth HE, Reinartz P, Matern S. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 December; 9(12): 2681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14669312

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Simultaneous quantification of budesonide and its two metabolites, 6betahydroxybudesonide and 16alpha-hydroxyprednisolone, in human plasma by liquid chromatography negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Wang Y, Tang Y, Moellmann H, Hochhaus G. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2003 March-April; 17(2-3): 158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717805

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Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of therapeutically clinically equivalent doses of inhaled fluticasone propionate and budesonide, given as Diskus or Turbohaler dry-powder inhalers to healthy subjects. Author(s): Mollmann H, Wagner M, Krishnaswami S, Dimova H, Tang Y, Falcoz C, Daley-Yates PT, Krieg M, Stockmann R, Barth J, Lawlor C, Mollmann AC, Derendorf H, Hochhaus G. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 December; 41(12): 1329-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762560

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Sleep disordered breathing and daytime quality of life in children with allergic rhinitis during treatment with intranasal budesonide. Author(s): Mansfield LE, Diaz G, Posey CR, Flores-Neder J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2004 February; 92(2): 240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989393

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SPE/RIA vs LC/MS for measurement of low levels of budesonide in plasma. Author(s): Dimova H, Wang Y, Pommery S, Moellmann H, Hochhaus G. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2003 January; 17(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583000

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Steroid reversibility test followed by inhaled budesonide or placebo in outpatients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Danish Society of Respiratory Medicine. Author(s): Senderovitz T, Vestbo J, Frandsen J, Maltbaek N, Norgaard M, Nielsen C, Kampmann JP. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1999 October; 93(10): 715-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10581660

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Sulfation of budesonide by human cytosolic sulfotransferase, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfotransferase (DHEA-ST). Author(s): Meloche CA, Sharma V, Swedmark S, Andersson P, Falany CN. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 May; 30(5): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950791

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Switch from systemic steroids to budesonide in steroid dependent patients with inactive Crohn's disease. Author(s): Cortot A, Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Lauritsen K, Malchow H, Hamling J, Winter T, Van Gossum A, Persson T, Pettersson E. Source: Gut. 2001 February; 48(2): 186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156638

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Systemic availability and lung deposition of budesonide via three different nebulizers in adults. Author(s): Dahlstrom K, Thorsson L, Larsson P, Nikander K. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 February; 90(2): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602671

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Systemic availability of inhaled budesonide and fluticasone propionate: healthy versus asthmatic lungs. Author(s): Harrison TW. Source: Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy. 2001; 15(6): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520251

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Systemic availability of Rhinocort Aqua (budesonide) nasal spray: importance of formulation and definition of delivered dose. Author(s): O'Dowd L, Thorsson L, Edsbacker S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 109(6): 1037; Author Reply 1037-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063539

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The effect of budesonide on the cytokine pattern in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 November; 91(5): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692430

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The effectiveness of budesonide therapy for Crohn's disease. Author(s): Kane SV, Schoenfeld P, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine W, Hofer T, Feagan BG. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 August; 16(8): 1509-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182751

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The effects of regular inhaled formoterol and budesonide on preformed Th-2 cytokines in mild asthmatics. Author(s): Wallin A, Sandstrom T, Cioppa GD, Holgate S, Wilson S. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 December; 96(12): 1021-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477218

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The formulation and evaluation of a CFC-free budesonide pressurised metered dose inhaler. Author(s): Ganderton D, Lewis D, Davies R, Meakin B, Church T. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 November; 97 Suppl D: S4-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753246

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The impact of budesonide and other inhaled corticosteroid therapies in the management of asthma in children and adults. Author(s): Chapman KR. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003; 25 Suppl C: C2-C14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642800

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The pharmacokinetics of nebulized nanocrystal budesonide suspension in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Kraft WK, Steiger B, Beussink D, Quiring JN, Fitzgerald N, Greenberg HE, Waldman SA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2004 January; 44(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681343

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The role of budesonide in adults and children with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Author(s): Banov CH. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2004 February; 41(1): 5-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15046373

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The role of intracellular esterification in budesonide once-daily dosing and airway selectivity. Author(s): Brattsand R, Miller-Larsson A. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003; 25 Suppl C: C28-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642802

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The skin vasoconstrictor assay does not correlate significantly to airway or systemic responsiveness to inhaled budesonide in asthmatic patients. Author(s): Wilson AM, Coutie WJ, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 58(10): 643-7. Epub 2003 January 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610738

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Therapeutic margin of budesonide in patients with mild to severe asthma. Author(s): Skoner DE. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003; 25 Suppl C: C61-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642804

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Time course of action of two inhaled corticosteroids, fluticasone propionate and budesonide. Author(s): Phillips K, Oborne J, Lewis S, Harrison TW, Tattersfield AE. Source: Thorax. 2004 January; 59(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14694242

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Two multicenter, randomized, single-blind, single-dose, crossover studies of specific sensory attributes of budesonide aqueous nasal spray and fluticasone propionate nasal spray. Author(s): Shah SR, Miller C, Pethick N, Uryniak T, Jones MK, O'Dowd L. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 August; 25(8): 2198-214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512128

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Urine cortisol excretion in children treated with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids: a comparison of budesonide and beclomethasone. Author(s): Pedersen S, Fuglsang G. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1988 May; 1(5): 433-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3169214

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Use of budesonide in severe asthmatics aged 1-3 years. Author(s): Connett GJ, Warde C, Wooler E, Lenney W. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 September; 69(3): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8215545

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Use of budesonide in the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Author(s): Selroos OB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1986; 465: 713-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3014964

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Use of budesonide Turbuhaler in young children suspected of asthma. Author(s): Bisgaard H, Pedersen S, Nikander K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1994 April; 7(4): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8005258

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Vascular effects of glucocorticosteroids, with special reference to budesonide. Author(s): Angelo-Khattar MM, Thulesius O. Source: General Pharmacology. 1983; 14(1): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6826023

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Which factors predict success after discontinuation of inhaled budesonide therapy in children with asthma? Author(s): Bahceciler NN, Barlan IB, Nuhoglu Y, Basaran MM. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 February; 39(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883738

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUDESONIDE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and budesonide.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Budesonide The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “budesonide” (or a synonym): •

Chemoprevention of pulmonary carcinogenesis by brief exposures to aerosolized budesonide or beclomethasone dipropionate and by the combination of aerosolized budesonide and dietary myo-inositol. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and College of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. [email protected] Source: Wattenberg, L W Wiedmann, T S Estensen, R D Zimmerman, C L Galbraith, A R Steele, V E Kelloff, G J Carcinogenesis. 2000 February; 21(2): 179-82 0143-3334

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Effect of budesonide on the methylation and mRNA expression of the insulin-like growth factor 2 and c-myc genes in mouse lung tumors. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA. Source: Tao, L Li, Y Wang, W Kramer, P M Gunning, W T Lubet, R A Steele, V E Pereira, M A Mol-Carcinog. 2002 October; 35(2): 93-102 0899-1987

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Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide or theophylline on lung function, airway reactivity and asthma symptoms. Author(s): Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark. Source: Dahl, R Larsen, B B Venge, P Respir-Med. 2002 June; 96(6): 432-8 0954-6111

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Effects of budesonide and dexamethasone on cell morphology, thymidine incorporation and glutamine synthetase activity in rat primary astroglial culture. Source: Ryrfeldt, A. Hansson, E. Brattsand, R. Alternatives-Lab-Anim-A-T-L-A. Nottingham : Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. March 1989. volume 16 (3) page 263-269. ill. 0261-1929

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Efficacy of inhaled budesonide and oral theophylline in asthmatic subjects. Author(s): SSK Sureyyapasa Center for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Morali, T Yilmaz, A Erkan, F Akkaya, E Ece, F Baran, R J-Asthma. 2001 December; 38(8): 673-9 0277-0903

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Inhaled budesonide regimen enhances serotonin- and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. Author(s): Department of Experimental Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Hasselmark, L Malmgren, R Dumitrescu, A Agents-Actions. 1992 May; 36(1-2): 44-9 0065-4299

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Prevention of mouse lung tumors by budesonide and its modulation of biomarkers. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, HEB, Room 200F, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-5806, USA. [email protected] Source: Pereira, Michael A Li, Yingzhe Gunning, William T Kramer, Paula M Al Yaqoub, Fadel Lubet, Ronald A Steele, Vernon E Szabo, Eva Tao, Lianhui Carcinogenesis. 2002 July; 23(7): 1185-92 0143-3334

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The assessment of the systemic effects of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. The effects of inhaled budesonide vs oral prednisolone on calcium metabolism. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. Source: Jennings, B H Andersson, K E Johansson, S A Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1991; 41(1): 11-6 0031-6970

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The effect of high-dose fluticasone propionate and budesonide on lung function and asthma exacerbations in patients with severe asthma. Author(s): Rigshospitalet, RHIMA Centret, Afd, TA (Medicinsk), Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Heinig, J H Boulet, L P Croonenborghs, L Mollers, M J Respir-Med. 1999 September; 93(9): 613-20 0954-6111

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The effect of treatment with budesonide or PGE2 in vitro on allergen-induced increases in canine bone marrow progenitors. Author(s): Asthma Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Source: Inman, M D Denburg, J A Ellis, R Dahlback, M O'Byrne, P M Am-J-Respir-CellMol-Biol. 1997 November; 17(5): 634-41 1044-1549

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The effects of intranasal budesonide on allergen-induced production of interleukin-5 and eotaxin, airways, blood, and bone marrow eosinophilia, and eosinophil progenitor expansion in sensitized mice. Author(s): Asthma Research Group, Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Source: Shen, Huahao O'Byrne, Paul M Ellis, Russ Wattie, Jennifer Tang, Chibing Inman, Mark D Am-J-Respir-Crit-Care-Med. 2002 July 15; 166(2): 146-53 1073-449X

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Theophylline vs. budesonide in the treatment of mild-to-moderate bronchial asthma. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany. Source: Matthys, H Muller, S Herceg, R Respiration. 1994; 61(5): 241-8 0025-7931

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Topical and oral anti-inflammatory activity of budesonide compared with oral prednisolone in an animal model using allergen-induced gut mucosal exudation of plasma as a marker. Author(s): AstraZeneca R&D Lund, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Gustafsson, B Miller Larsson, A Persson, C G Scand-J-Gastroenterol. 2001 October; 36(10): 1062-6 0036-5521

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUDESONIDE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to budesonide. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to budesonide and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to budesonide: •

Adjuvant post-operative therapy. Author(s): Leiper K, London I, Rhodes JM. Source: Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1998 March; 12(1): 179-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704162

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Antiresorptive therapy in asthmatic patients receiving high-dose inhaled steroids: a prospective study for 18 months. Author(s): Wang WQ, Ip MS, Tsang KW, Lam KS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 April; 101(4 Pt 1): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564795

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Bone turnover during high dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Author(s): Ali NJ, Capewell S, Ward MJ.

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Source: Thorax. 1991 March; 46(3): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2028429 •

Bronchodilators and corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma. Author(s): Vianna EO, Martin RJ. Source: Drugs Today (Barc). 1998 March; 34(3): 203-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094850

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Budesonide reduces multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 expression in an airway epithelial cell line (Calu-1). Author(s): Bandi N, Kompella UB. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 February 15; 437(1-2): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11864633

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Can chronotherapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder improve treatment? Author(s): Koch HJ, Raschka C. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999 October; 246(4): 422. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10610385

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Dietary lipids alter the effect of steroids on the transport of glucose after intestinal resection: Part I. Phenotypic changes and expression of transporters. Author(s): Thiesen AL, Tappenden KA, McBurney MI, Clandinin MT, Keelan M, Thomson BK, Wild GE, Thomson AB. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 February; 38(2): 150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12596094

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Dietary lipids alter the effect of steroids on transport of glucose after intestinal resection: Part II. Signalling of the response. Author(s): Thiesen AL, Tappenden KA, McBurney MI, Clandinin MT, Keelan M, Thomson BK, Wild GE, Thomson AB; Cell and Molecular Biology Collaborative Network in Gastrointestinal Physiology. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 April; 38(4): 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12677569

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Effect of high-dose inhaled budesonide on calcium and phosphate metabolism and the risk of osteoporosis. Author(s): Toogood JH, Crilly RG, Jones G, Nadeau J, Wells GA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 July; 138(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3202401

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Effects of long-term use of high-dose inhaled steroids on bone density and calcium metabolism. Author(s): Boulet LP, Giguere MC, Milot J, Brown J.

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Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 November; 94(5): 796803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7963147 •

Effects of short-term exposure to high-dose inhaled corticosteroids on novel markers of bone metabolism. Author(s): Grove A, McFarlane LC, Jackson CM, Lipworth BJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 50(4): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8803518

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Enhancement of transgene expression by combining glucocorticoids and anti-mitotic agents during transient transfection using DNA-cationic liposomes. Author(s): Nair RR, Rodgers JR, Schwarz LA. Source: Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2002 April; 5(4): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11945073

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Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A: relevant drug interactions in gastroenterology. Author(s): Sagir A, Schmitt M, Dilger K, Haussinger D. Source: Digestion. 2003; 68(1): 41-8. Epub 2003 August 29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949438

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Medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease for the 21st century. Author(s): Robinson M. Source: Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998; (582): 90-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029372

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No effect of high-dose inhaled steroids in pulmonary sarcoidosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Milman N, Graudal N, Grode G, Munch E. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1994 September; 236(3): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8077885

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On the chronotherapy of asthma. Author(s): Koch HJ, Raschka C. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1999 July-August; 53(5): 404. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695113

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Plasma exudation, hyperaemia, and epithelial permeability in rats with oxazoloneinduced colitis: modulatory effects of budesonide. Author(s): Ekstrom GM, Andersson SE.

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Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 February; 35(2): 190-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10720119 •

Review article: immunopathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of autoimmune hepatitis. Author(s): Medina J, Garcia-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 January; 17(1): 1-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492728

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Review article: prevention of postsurgical relapse and recurrence in Crohn's disease. Author(s): Cottone M, Orlando A, Viscido A, Calabrese E, Camma C, Casa A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 June; 17 Suppl 2: 38-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786611

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Severe steroid-dependent asthma with IgG-2 deficiency and recurrent sinusitis: response to treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Author(s): Loza Cortina C. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1999 May-June; 27(3): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10431102

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Substantial activity of budesonide in patients with irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5fluorouracil induced diarrhea and failure of loperamide treatment. Author(s): Lenfers BH, Loeffler TM, Droege CM, Hausamen TU. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1999 October; 10(10): 1251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10586346

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Tolerability of a high dose of budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler in patients with asthma. Author(s): Ankerst J, Persson G, Weibull E. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003; 16(3): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749830

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to budesonide; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BUDESONIDE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to budesonide. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “budesonide” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on budesonide, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Budesonide ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to budesonide. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Lung delivery of budesonide and its efficacy in a tumor model by Bandi, Nagesh; PhD from University of Nebraska Medical Center, 2003, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3100949

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BUDESONIDE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “budesonide” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on budesonide, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Budesonide By performing a patent search focusing on budesonide, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on budesonide: •

Budesonide alone or in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid in the therapy of cholestatic liver diseases Inventor(s): Leuschner; Maria (Frankfurt, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH (Freiburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,858,998 Date filed: September 30, 1997 Abstract: According to the invention it was unexpectedly found that budesonide can be used for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases such as PBC, PSC and AC. In particular budesonide is highly effective when administered together with ursodeoxycholic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of budesonide either alone or in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases, in particular of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune cholangitis. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising immuno suppressives, e.g. corticosteroids such as prednisolone or budesonide are well known for the treatment of hepatic diseases (Danielsson et al., Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 1994, 8, 585-590). Different in many aspects from other hepatic diseases, however, are, cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and autoimmune cholangitis (AC). It was the general belief in the art that the therapy with such immuno suppressives is not promising for the treatment of cholestatic diseases. In particular, there were controlled clinical investigations whether prednisolone can be used for the treatment of PBC (Mitchison et al., Hepatology, 1989, 4, 420-429; Mitchison et al., Journal of Hepatology, 1992, 15, 336-344), however, the therapy with prednisolone is controversially discussed. The activity of prednisolone is not without doubt and, furthermore, severe side effects were observed. For this reason, up to now a therapy of PBC, PSC and AC with glucocorticoids was not considered being helpful (Paumgartner & Beuers, In: Falk Symposium 87, Acute and chronic liver diseases, 1996, 96-106; Rasenack and Gerok in Hepatologie (Ed. Gerok & Blum), 1995, page 435 and 439; Praktische Gastroenterologie, (Ed. Layer et al.), 1996, 397-398). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05858998__

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Budesonide pellets with a controlled released pattern and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Gruber; Peter (Bottmingen, CH), Lach; Hans Joachim (Bahlingen, DE), Otterbeck; Norbert (Uberlingen, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH (Freiburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,932,249 Date filed: July 15, 1996 Abstract: Disclosed are budesonide pellets with a controlled release pattern containing, from the inside to the outside: a) neutral pellets; b) an active principle layer of micronized budesonide and one or more water-soluble auxiliaries; c) a first lacquer coating consisting of 80 to 97% of at least one lacquer insoluble in gastric fluids but

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soluble in intestinal fluids and 3 to 20% of at least one lacquer insoluble in both gastric and intestinal fluids; and d) a second lacquer coating consisting of at least one lacquer insoluble in gastric and intestinal fluids. The invention also relates to a process for producing budesonide pellets with a controlled release pattern. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to budesonide pellets with controlled release profile and to a process for producing them. In particular, it relates to budesonide pellets with a release-controlling membrane comprising two separate lacquer layers. Budesonide (16a, 17-butylidenedioxy-1b,21-dihydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) is a highly active corticosteroid which has been shown to be extremely effective for the treatment of inflammatory processes of the middle and lower intestinal tract. Thus, budesonide in oral slow-release form has brought about remission of active Crohn's disease and has few side effects on adrenocortical function (cf. the pilot study in "Der Kassenarzt, 13, pages 34 to 37, 1993"). A review of the pharmacological properties and the therapeutic efficacy of budesonide for asthma and rhinitis is given in "Drugs 44 (3), 375-407, 1992". The absorption of budesonide is low and it is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism. Since inflammatory processes often affect relatively large sections of the intestinal tract, there is a demand for a pharmaceutical form which spreads reproducibly over wide areas of the intestine and, moreover, releases the active substance only there. An object of the invention is therefore to provide a pharmaceutical composition which ensures optimal distribution of the small amount of active substance (1 to 3 mg/dose) at the site of inflammation. Furthermore, the active substance is to be released neither in the stomach nor in the duodenum or the proximal jejunum but only from the middle jejunum onwards. From this section onwards there should be relatively rapid release (about 80 to 90% in 2 hours), differing distinctly from a slow-release form (for example 90% release in 6 to 8 hours). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05932249__ •

Combination of a bronchodilator and a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of respiratory disorders, as well as its use and the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Carling; Christer Carl Gustav (Dalby, SE), Trofast; Jan William (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (Sodertalje, SE) Patent Number: 5,972,919 Date filed: October 7, 1997 Abstract: Effective amounts of formoterol (and/or a physiologically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof) and budesonide are used in combination for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration by inhalation in the treatment of respiratory disorder. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in the treatment of mild as well as severe asthma and other respiratory disorders. More particularly, it relates to the use of a bronchodilator in combination with a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing the two active ingredients. It emphasizes the use of a long-acting bronchodilator which provides rapid relief of symptoms. There have recently been significant advances in our understanding of asthma. Despite many advances, both in awareness of the disease by doctors and patients alike, coupled with the introduction of very powerful and effective anti-asthma drugs, asthma remains a poorly understood and often poorly treated disease. Previously, contraction of airway smooth muscles has

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been regarded as the most important feature of asthma. Recently there has been a marked change in the way asthma is managed, stemming from the fact that asthma is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease. Uncontrolled airway inflammation may lead to mucosal damage and structural changes giving irreversible narrowing of the airways and fibrosis of the lung tissue. Therapy should therefore be aimed at controlling symptoms so that normal life is possible and at the same time provide basis for treating the underlying inflammation. The most common cause for poor control of asthma is poor compliance with the long-term management of chronic asthma, particularly with prophylactic treatments, such as inhaled steroids, which do not give immediate symptom relief. Patients will readily take.beta.sub.2 -agonist inhalers, since these provide rapid relief of symptoms, but often do not take prophylactic therapy, such as inhaled steroids, regularly because there is no immediate symptomatic benefit. They also counteract down regulation of.beta.sub.2 -adrenoceptor agonists. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972919__ •

Formulation Inventor(s): Nilsson; Hans (Lund, SE), Santesson; Gordon (Horby, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (Sodertalje, SE) Patent Number: 6,686,346 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: A new metered unit dose comprising 40.mu.g or less of budesonide is disclosed as well as a formulation thereof and the use thereof for the treatment of conditions in the nose. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new unit dose of budesonide, a formulation thereof, and its use for the treatment of conditions of the nose. Glucocorticosteroids are widely used for the treatment of seasonal allergic as well as perennial rhinitis. Intranasal glucocorticosteroids reduce inflammation of the nasal mucosa including edema. In addition, they are known to suppress the recruitment of polymorpho-nuclear and mononuclear cells, cytokine production, and, during maintenance treatment, both early and late-phase nasal reactions. One of the glucocorticosteroids known for intranasal use is budesonide, 16.alpha., 17.alpha.butylidenedioxy-11.beta.,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686346__

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Formulation for inhalation Inventor(s): Trofast; Jan (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (SE) Patent Number: 6,027,714 Date filed: January 9, 1998 Abstract: A dry powder composition comprising budesonide and a carrier substance, both of which are in finely divided form, wherein the formulation has a poured bulk density of from 0.28 to 0.38 g/ml is useful in the treatment of respiratory disorders.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a new pharmaceutical formulation, its preparation and its use. Potent drugs for administration by inhalation are generally formulated in association with carriers such as lactose because of the problem of preparing accurate doses. When such drugs are diluted, variations in the weight of the formulation result in a smaller drug dosage variation rate compared with when they are not diluted. These formulations have generally consisted of coarse particles of the carrier with fine particles of the drug, which combination is generally known as an ordered mixture. The invention provides an improved formulation which, in systems designed to imitate inhalation has been found to give an improved dispersion of the drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06027714__ •

High dose liposomal aerosol formulations containing cyclosporin A or budesonide Inventor(s): Black; Melanie B. (The Woodlands, TX), Knight; Vernon (Houston, TX), Waldrep; J. Clifford (The Woodlands, TX) Assignee(s): Research Development Foundation (Carson City, NV) Patent Number: 5,958,378 Date filed: October 16, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a high dose pharmaceutical liposome aerosol composition comprising about 12-30 mg/ml of a pharmaceutical compound, and about 130-375 mg of a phospholipid/ml starting reservoir concentration. Specifically, the present invention is drawn to anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive compounds, anti-fungal compounds, antibiotic compounds, anti-viral compounds, and anti-cancer compounds delivered via a high dose liposome aerosol composition in a phospholipid. More specifically, the invention provides a high dose cyclosporin A liposome aerosol composition comprising up to about 30 mg/ml cyclosporin A in up to about 225 mg of a phospholipid/ml starting reservoir concentration. Also provided is a high dose budesonide-liposome aerosol composition comprising up to about 15 mg/ml budesonide in up to about 225 mg of a phospholipid/ml starting reservoir concentration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of biochemical pharmacology and medicinal chemistry. More specifically, the present invention relates to high dose liposomal aerosol formulations of various pharmaceuticals, including cyclosporin A and budesonide. In the lung, many different diseases have been treated successfully through utilization of aerosol delivery systems used to deposit drugs directly on to the pulmonary surfaces. For delivery in this manner, a variety of devices have been developed (for example, metered dose inhalers and dry powdered inhalers). Jet-nebulizers have been used clinically for aerosol delivery of water soluble drugs and micronized suspensions; however, their use with water insoluble, hydrophobic compounds has been limited. The development of liposomal formulations compatible with aerosol delivery has allowed the jet nebulizer to deliver additional drugs. Utilization of liposomes for aerosol delivery has many advantages, including aqueous compatibility; sustained pulmonary release allowing maintanence therapeutic drug levels, and, further, liposomes facilitate intra-cellular delivery, particularly to alveolar macrophages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05958378__

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Method for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases Inventor(s): Ulmius; Jan (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Aktiebolaget Draco (Sodertalje, SE) Patent Number: 6,423,340 Date filed: September 23, 1998 Abstract: Described herein are methods comprising the oral administration of budesonide for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis in its active phase. The methods can also be applied as relapse preventing therapy for Crohn's colitis in its chronic phase and Crohn's disease in the small intestine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oral pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases and the use of certain glucocorticosteroids in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment by the oral route of certain inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease is the term generally applied to two diseases, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology afflicting only the large bowel and, except when very severe, limited to the bowel mucosa. The course of the disease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe. It is curable by total colectomy which may be needed for acute severe disease or chronic unremitting disease. Most patient with ulcerative colitis are managed medically rather than surgically. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423340__

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Method for treating respiratory diseases Inventor(s): Andersson; Bertil (Bjarred, SE), Conradsson; Thor-Bjorn (Sodra Sandby, SE), Eriksson; Goran (Dalby, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (SE) Patent Number: 6,598,603 Date filed: December 23, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides a novel method of treating respiratory diseases, e.g., pediatric asthma, in a continuing regimen with not more than one daily dose of the drug budesonide using a nebulizer. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the treatment of respiratory diseases. There is significant difficulty in the treatment of young children, including infants, who suffer from respiratory diseases, e.g., asthma. In light of the requirement for frequent and repeated administration of appropriate drugs, issues of compliance and convenience are major aspects of this problem. Furthermore, current methods of intrapulmonary delivery of drugs, e.g., glucocorticosteroids (GCS), are not optimal for use in infants and young children. The invention provides a new method of treating respiratory diseases such as asthma that involves administering a budesonide composition with a nebulizer not more than once per day. This administration regimen improves compliance and convenience, both significant factors in treating these diseases, particularly in infants and young children. Moreover, the nebulizer is readily and effectively used with infants as well as young children. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06598603__

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Pharmaceutical solution aerosol formulations containing fluoroalkanes, budesonide and formoterol Inventor(s): Blondino; Frank E. (Plantation, FL), Brucato; Michael (Miami Shores, FL), Buenafe; Maria W. (Miami Beach, FL), Cavanaugh; Kelly A. (Homestead, FL) Assignee(s): Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 6,004,537 Date filed: December 18, 1998 Abstract: Provided is a solution aerosol formulation adapted for use in a pressurized aerosol container. The aerosol formulation is formulated from a composition containing Budesonide, Formoterol at least one fluoroalkane propellant, and a cosolvent present in an amount that dissolves or solubilizes the Budesonide and Formoterol in the mixture of cosolvent and propellant. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical aerosol formulations containing Budesonide and Formoterol dissolved or solubilized in a fluoroalkane(s) and a cosolvent(s). Chlorohydrocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon propellants used in medical aerosol formulations are generally considered to be environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, these propellants have been largely replaced by hydrofluoroalkanes such as 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane ("HFA -134a") and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3 heptafluoropropane ("HFA227ea") that have been identified as safe for use in pressurized metered dose inhalers. Medicinal aerosol formulations are generally of the solution or suspension type. Each type is composed of at least the medicament and the propellant. The solution type aerosol formulation contains the medicament dissolved or solubilized in the propellant, or a mixture of propellant and cosolvent. The suspension type aerosol formulation contains the medicament in the form of particles which are dispersed in the propellant. The suspension type aerosol formulations usually contains a surfactant, and can also include a cosolvent. Conventional Budesonide aerosol formulations are of the suspension type. Conventional Formoterol aerosol formulations are of the solution and suspension type. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06004537__

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Process for the manufacture of budesonide Inventor(s): Hofstraat; Robert G. (Nijmegen, NL), Raijmakers; Petrus H. (Uden, NL), Vrijhof; Pieter (BX Berghem, NL) Assignee(s): Aktiebolaget Astra (Sodertalje, SE) Patent Number: 5,556,964 Date filed: December 16, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for the manufacture of (22 R,S)-16.alpha., 17.alpha.-butylidenedioxy-11.beta., 21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20 dione (I) by reacting 11.beta., 16.alpha., 17.alpha. 21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene (II) with butanal, CH.sub.3-- CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --CHO, in acetonitrile in presence of ptoluenesulphonic acid as a catalyst. Excerpt(s): According to a previously known process disclosed in GB patent no. 1 429 922 Budesonide is manufactured by reacting 16.alpha.-hydroxyprednisolone with butanal in dioxane and with perchloric acid as a catalyst. The product is recovered by diluting the reaction mixture with methylene chloride, and neutralizing by washing

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with aqueous potassium carbonate and water evaporating the solvent followed by crystallization from ether/ligroine. The product was further purified by chromatography e.g. on Sephadex. The main disadvantages of dioxane are its skin penetrating and peroxide formation properties. Another disadvantage with this prior art process is perchloric acid, which is a strong oxidizing agent and the use of this catalyst results in a less selective reaction, which in turn makes the subsequent work-up and purification process complicated and expensive. The object of the invention is to create a novel process, which gives a more selective reaction and a more simple and economic work-up and purification process. This is achieved with the process according to the present invention, wherein the reaction is performed in acetonitrile with ptoluenesulphonic acid as a catalyst. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05556964__ •

Stable budesonide solutions, method of preparing them and use of these solutions as enema preparations and pharmaceutical foams Inventor(s): Kuhn; Reimund (Freiamt, DE), Otterbeck; Norbert (Uberlingen, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH (Freiburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,914,122 Date filed: June 27, 1997 Abstract: A stable budesonide solution with a pH not exceeding 6.0 in which the budesonide is dissolved in a solvent which may be water, an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol or propylene glycol, or a water/alcohol mixture. The solution preferably also contains a stabilizer such as sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, cyclodextrins or mixtures thereof. The stable budesonide solution is useful as the active ingredient in a rectal enema or a rectal foam. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to stable budesonide solutions, the process for their preparation, and their use for producing pharmaceutical preparations, in particular enemas and pharmaceutical foams. Budesonids (INN; 16.alpha.,17-butylidenedioxy11.beta.,21-dihydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-di one) is a known active substance of the corticoid series which is employed in particular for the treatment of bronchial disorders, but also in cases of inflammatory bowel disorders such as Crohn's disease and, in particular, ulcerative colitis. It has proven particularly suitable for the last-mentioned indication to administer rectal drug forms such as enema preparations or pharmaceutical foams in compressed gas packs, because the active substance is employed directly at the site of the disorder, and budesonide is especially topically effective. Budesonide is a racemate consisting of a mixture of the two diastereomers 22R and 22S. The racemate can be employed for the purposes of the present invention, but the 22R diastereomer is preferably employed because this is more active in pharmacological respects by a factor of about 2-3. Processes for fractionating the enantiomers are known, for example from EPA 92.901023.9. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05914122__

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Treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract Inventor(s): Bolonick; Joel (2435 College Ave., Apt. 12, Berkeley, CA 94704), Stewart; Alan (6840 Paso Robles Dr., Oakland, CA 94611) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,863,910 Date filed: October 21, 1997 Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an oral formulation for treating gastrointestinal inflammation that includes an effective amount of budesonide suspended in an edible oil, typically a vegetable oil. A method for treating gastrointestinal inflammation in mammals is also described and includes orally administering a composition of this invention to a mammal. In one embodiment, an initial dosage is administered daily for about two to four weeks and the dosage is subsequently tapered, generally at about two week intervals, in response to a reduction in symptoms until a minimum dose that controls symptoms is achieved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in mammals. Chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are generally grouped under the heading of inflammatory bowel disease, although the disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the large intestine. Inflammatory bowel disease is of unknown etiology, although psychological, immunologic, and genetic sources have been discussed as possible etiologic factors. The gastrointestinal inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease causes a range of symptoms of increasing severity and with a variety of intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. The manifestations of chronic inflammatory bowel disease range from mild to very severe, the more severe including colitis, characterized by an inflammatory reaction involving primarily the colonic mucosa, and Crohn's disease, characterized by inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease can be similar. Characteristic symptoms include abdominal pain, straining, diarrhea with or without blood, fatigue, fever, and weight loss. Even the mildest of these conditions can carry obvious emotional and psychological burdens. The quality of life of an affected individual can be significantly reduced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05863910__

Patent Applications on Budesonide As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to budesonide:

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Budesonide particles and pharmaceutical compositions containing them Inventor(s): Bisrat, Mikael; (Sodertalje, SE), Moshashaee, Saeed; (Sodertalje, SE) Correspondence: Janis K. Fraser; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020037257 Date filed: November 6, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides finely divided, substantially crystalline particles of budesonide characterised in that they are substantially smooth and having a BET value from 1 to 4.5 m.sup.2/g, process for their preparation, a pharmaceutical composition comprising said particles, the use of said particles in the treatment of and in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a respiratory disorder, and a method of treatment of respiratory disorders by administration, to a host in need of such treatment, said particles. Excerpt(s): The invention provides finely divided particles of budesonide and a process for their preparation. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising said particles, the use of said particles in the treatment of and in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a respiratory disorder, and a method of treatment of respiratory disorders by administration, to a host in need of such treatment, said particles. Finely divided particles of budesonide are used in therapy in administration by inhalation where it is desired that the drug particles penetrate deep into the lung. Conventionally these finely divided drug particles are made by techniques such as micronization or grinding. A number of other techniques for their production are also available. Such techniques, and in particular micronization, can produce particles which have regions of partially amorphous structure and which have an irregular shape, but which are generally sufficiently stable for pharmaceutical use. However, these particles are liable to change their structure when kept in an adverse environment, such as is usual when a drug is stored (e.g. in high humidity which can cause agglomeration), and/or is in use by a patient. In the past the problem of the amorphous areas has been overcome by subjecting the particles to a conditioning process such as that disclosed in WO 95/05805 but the problem with the irregular shape of the particles remains. The shape of the particles is important because any irregularity increases the tendency of the particles to stick together. Thus they are harder to disperse in the lung. A solution to these problems has been sought. According to the present invention the problem has been solved by providing finely divided, substantially crystalline particles of budesonide characterised in that they are substantially smooth and have a surface area BET gas absorption value of from 1, preferably from 2.0, to 4.5, preferably to 3.6 m.sup.2/g. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Degradation-resistant glucocorticosteroid formulations Inventor(s): Brucato, Michael; (Miami Shores, FL), Buenafe, Mina; (Miami Beach, FL), Zhang, Kai; (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals, INC.; 4400 Biscayne Boulevard; Miami; FL; 33137; US Patent Application Number: 20020085978 Date filed: January 24, 2001

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Abstract: The present invention thus provides chemically and physically stable formulations of glucocorticosteroids (such as, for example, budesonide) obtained by formulating the glucocorticosteroid with a cosolvent (such as ethanol), a propellant (such as HFA-134a, HFA-227ea, or both), and a radical quencher (such as ascorbyl palmitate), where the glucocorticosteroid remains chemically and physically stable under standard conditions Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel pharmaceutical formulations containing a glucocorticosteroid. Glucocorticosteroids, and pharmaceutical formulations thereof, are useful medicaments in the treatment of various ailments including bronchial disorders and inflammatory bowel disorders. However, current formulations of glucocorticosteroids are chemically unstable, resulting in costly and inconvenient storage limitations. The degradation (e.g., oxidation and/or hydrolysis) of glucocorticosteroids, when in contact with an organic or inorganic solvent, results in chemical instability. U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,122 (Otterbeck et al.) discloses a solution, with a pH of at most 6.0, of a glucocorticosteroids (budesonide) dissolved in a solvent (alcohol, water, or a mixture thereof), which may also include a preservative such as ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, cyclodextrins, or a mixture thereof. The preferred concentration of budesonide in the formulations of Otterbeck et al. is between 0.01% and 0.1% by weight (at col. 4, lines 31-33). Otterbeck et al. does not disclose a solution of a glucocorticosteroid containing any ingredient other than the preservatives ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid, cyclodextrins, or a mixture thereof that inhibits degradation of the glucocorticosteroid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Formulations containing a bronchopulmonary diseases

glucocorticoid

drug

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Inventor(s): Brambilla, Gaetano; (Parma, IT), Ferraris, Alessandra; (Parma, IT), Ganderton, David; (Parma, IT), Lewis, David; (Parma, IT), Meakin, Brian; (Parma, IT) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030190289 Date filed: April 22, 2003 Abstract: The invention discloses formulations for administration through pressurized metered dose inhalers containing as active ingredient a glucocorticoid, in particular the (22R) epimer of budesonide, in solution in a hydrofluorocarbon propellant, a cosolvent and a suitable additive, and their use in the treatment of asthma and other bronchopulmonary disorders. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to formulations to be used in pressurized metered dose aerosol inhalers containing as active ingredient a glucocorticoid in solution in a hydrofluorocarbon propellant, a cosolvent and a suitable additive. In particular the invention relates to formulations containing the (22R) epimer of budesonide in solution, in which the concentration of active ingredient corresponds to single doses of at least 70.mu.g, preferably of at least 75.mu.g, even more preferably comprised between 80 and 100.mu.g. "Single dose" means the amount of active ingredient delivered by a single actuation of the inhaler. The formulations of the invention are particularly useful for the treatment of asthma and other

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bronchopulmonary disorders. The hydrofluoroalkane as a propellant.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Medical combination comprising salmeterol and budesonide Inventor(s): Gavin, Brian Charles; (Rathfarnfam, IE) Correspondence: David J Levy, Corporate Intellectual Property; Glaxosmithkline; Five Moore DR., PO Box 13398; Research Triangle Park; NC; 27709-3398; US Patent Application Number: 20040038953 Date filed: August 25, 2003 Abstract: Pharmaceutical formulations that include a combination of salmeterol and budesonide and the use of such formulations in medicine, particularly in the prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory diseases, are described. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/257,642, filed Oct. 15, 2002, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/GB01/01643, filed Apr. 11, 2001, which claims priority from Great Britain Application No. 0009613.1, filed in the United Kingdom on Apr. 18, 2000. The present invention is concerned with combinations of salmeterol and budesonide, particularly compositions containing a combination of salmeterol and budesonide and the use of such compositions in medicine, particularly in the prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory diseases. GB 2 140 800 describes phenethanolamine compounds which are.beta.sub.2-adrenoreceptor agonists including 4-hydroxy-.alpha.sup.1-[[- [6-(4phenylbutoxy)hexyl]-amino]methyl]-1,3-benzenedimethanol 1-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate (salmeterol xinafoate) which is now used clinically in the treatment of bronchial asthma and related disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Medical combinations comprising formoterol and budesonide Inventor(s): Gavin, Brian Charles; (Rathfarnfam, IE) Correspondence: David J Levy, Corporate Intellectual Property; Glaxosmithkline; Five Moore DR., PO Box 13398; Research Triangle Park; NC; 27709-3398; US Patent Application Number: 20030109510 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with pharmaceutical formulations comprising a combination of (R,R)-formoterol and budesonide and the use of such formulations in medicine, particularly in the prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with combinations of (R,R)-formoterol and budesonide, particularly compositions containing a combination of (R,R)formoterol and budesonide and the use of such compositions in medicine, particularly in the prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory diseases. Formoterol, i.e. 2'-hydroxy-5'[(RS)-1-hydroxy-2{[(RS)-p-methoxy-.a- lpha.-methylphenethyl]amino}ethyl]formanilide, particularly its fumarate salt is a well-known adrenoreceptor agonist which is now used

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clinically in the treatment of bronchial asthma and related disorders. Formoterol includes two asymmetric centres and in a particular form exists as the (R,R)-isomer. The (R,R) isomer of formoterol has been described previously, for example, in WO098/21175 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,564. DE 2,323,215 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,768 describe budesonide i.e. (11.beta., 16.alpha.)-16,17-[butylidenebis(oxy)]-11,21-dihydroxypregna1,- 4-diene-3,20-dione, salts thereof and pharmaceutical formulations thereof. Budesonide is an antiinflammatory corticosteroid, which is now used clinically in the treatment of bronchial asthma and related disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

New method Inventor(s): Andersson, Bertil; (Bjarred, SE), Conradsson, Thor-Bjorn; (Sodra Sandby, SE), Eriksson, Goran; (Dalby, SE) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030192533 Date filed: April 7, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides a novel method of treating respiratory diseases, e.g., pediatric asthma, in a continuing regimen with not more than one daily dose of the drug budesonide using a nebulizer. Excerpt(s): This application in a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/220,137, filed Dec. 23, 1998, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/070,291, filed Dec. 31, 1997. The disclosures of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/220,137 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/070,291 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The invention relates to the treatment of respiratory diseases. There is significant difficulty in the treatment of young children, including infants, who suffer from respiratory diseases, e.g., asthma. In light of the requirement for frequent and repeated administration of appropriate drugs, issues of compliance and convenience are major aspects of this problem. Furthermore, current methods of intrapulmonary delivery of drugs, e.g., glucocorticosteroids (GCS), are not optimal for use in infants and young children. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Novel formulation Inventor(s): Nilsson, Hans; (Lund, SE), Santesson, Gordon; (Horby, SE) Correspondence: Janis K. Fraser, PH.D., J.D.; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020016315 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: A new metered unit dose comprising 40.mu.g or less of budesonide is disclosed as well as a formulation thereof and the use thereof for the treatment of conditions in the nose. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new unit dose of budesonide, a formulation thereof, and its use for the treatment of conditions of the nose.

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Glucocorticosteroids are widely used for the treatment of seasonal allergic as well as perennial rhinitis. Intranasal glucocorticosteroids reduce inflammation of the nasal mucosa including edema. In addition, they are known to suppress the recruitment of polymorpho-nuclear and mononuclear cells, cytokine production, and, during maintenance treatment, both early and late-phase nasal reactions. One of the glucocorticosteroids known for intranasal use is budesonide, 16.alpha., 17.alpha.butylidenedioxy-11.beta.,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical aerosol formulations containing fluoroalkanes and budesonide Inventor(s): Blondino, Frank E.; (Plantation, FL), Brucato, Michael; (Miami Shores, FL), Buenafe, Maria W.; (Miami Beach, FL), Cavanaugh, Kelly A.; (Homestead, FL), Medina, Raul A.; (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals, INC.; 4400 Biscayne Boulevard; Miami; FL; 33137; US Patent Application Number: 20020127185 Date filed: July 24, 2001 Abstract: Provided is a solution aerosol formulation adapted for use in a pressurized aerosol container. The aerosol formulation is formulated from a composition containing Budesonide, at least one fluoroalkane propellant, and a cosolvent present in an amount that dissolves or solubilizes the Budesonide in the mixture of cosolvent and propellant. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical aerosol formulations containing Budesonide dissolved or solubilized in a fluoroalkane(s) and a cosolvent(s). Chlorohydrocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon propellants used in medical aerosol formulations are generally considered to be environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, these propellants have been largely replaced by hydrofluoroalkanes such as 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane ("HFA-134a") and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3 heptafluoropropane ("HFA-227ea")that have been identified as safe for use in pressurized metered dose inhalers. Medicinal aerosol formulations are generally of the solution or suspension type. Each type is composed of at least the medicament and the propellant. The solution type aerosol formulation contains the medicament dissolved or solubilized in the propellant, or a mixture of propellant and cosolvent. The suspension type aerosol formulation contains the medicament in the form of particles which are dispersed in the propellant. The suspension type aerosol formulations usually contains a surfactant, and can also include a cosolvent. Conventional Budesonide aerosol formulations are of the suspension type. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Stable pharmaceutical budesonide preparation for producing propellant-free aerosols Inventor(s): Freund, Bernhard; (Gau-Algesheim, DE), Krueger, Michael; (Ingelheim, DE), Zierenberg, Bernd; (Bingen, DE) Correspondence: Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation; 900 Ridgebury Road; P. O. Box 368; Ridgefield; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030165435 Date filed: February 25, 2003

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Abstract: The invention relates to ethanol-containing pharmaceutical preparations for the production of propellant-free aerosols. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations in the form of stable ethanolic solutions of active substances for producing propellant-free aerosols. In the last 20 years, the use of metering aerosols has become an established component of the treatment of obstructive lung diseases, particularly asthma. Usually, fluorochlorohydrocarbons have been used as propellant gases. Since the ozonedamaging potential of these propellant gases was recognised, more and more efforts have been made to develop alternatives. One alternative is the development of nebulisers in which aqueous solutions of pharmacologically-active substances are sprayed under high pressure so as to produce a mist of inhalable particles. The advantage of these nebulisers is that there is no need to use any propellant gases whatsoever. Some nebulisers are described, for example, in PCT Patent Application WO91/14468, the contents of which are referred to hereinafter. In the nebulisers described therein, solutions of defined volumes containing active substances are sprayed, using high pressures through small nozzles so as to produce inhalable aerosols with a preferred particle size of between 1 and 10, preferably between 2 and 5 micrometers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Sterile filtered nanoparticulate formulations of budesonide and beclomethasone having tyloxapol as a surface stabilizer Inventor(s): Bosch, H. William; (Bryn Mawr, PA), Marcera, Donna M.; (Limerick, PA), Ostrander, Kevin D.; (Reading, PA), Ryde, Niels P.; (Malvern, PA), White, Douglas A.; (King of Prussia, PA) Correspondence: Michele M. Simkin; Foley & Lardner; Washington Harbour; 3000 K Street, N.W., Suite 500; Washington; DC; 20007-5143; US Patent Application Number: 20030129242 Date filed: January 4, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to sterile filtered nanoparticulate compositions of beclomethasone and/or budesonide having as a surface stabilizer tyloxapol and, optionally, one or more secondary surface stabilizers adsorbed onto the surfaces thereof. The nanoparticulate compositions have an optimal effective average particle size of less than about 150 nm. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to nanoparticulate compositions of beclomethasone and/or budesonide having tyloxapol as a surface stabilizer, and to methods for the preparation and use of such compositions. The formulations are sterile filtered and are thus useful in pharmaceutical compositions. Nanoparticulate compositions are also described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,298,262 for "Use of Ionic Cloud Point Modifiers to Prevent Particle Aggregation During Sterilization;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,401 for "Method to Reduce Particle Size Growth During Lyophilization;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,767 for "X-Ray Contrast Compositions Useful in Medical Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,552 for "Novel Formulation For Nanoparticulate X-Ray Blood Pool Contrast Agents Using High Molecular Weight Non-ionic Surfactants;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,404 for "Method of X-Ray Imaging Using Iodinated Aromatic Propanedioates;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,507 for "Use of Charged Phospholipids to Reduce Nanoparticle Aggregation;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,564 for "Formulations Comprising Olin 10-G to

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Prevent Particle Aggregation and Increase Stability;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,702 for "Use of Non-Ionic Cloud Point Modifiers to Minimize Nanoparticulate Aggregation During Sterilization;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,957 for "Preparation and Magnetic Properties of Very Small Magnetic-Dextran Particles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,459 for "Use of Purified Surface Modifiers to Prevent Particle Aggregation During Sterilization;" U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,363 and 5,494,683, both for "Surface Modified Anticancer Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,492 for "Water Insoluble Non-Magnetic Manganese Particles as Magnetic Resonance Enhancement Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,824 for "Use of Tyloxapol as a Nanoparticulate Stabilizer;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,710 for "Method for Making Nanoparticulate X-Ray Blood Pool Contrast Agents Using High Molecular Weight Nonionic Surfactants;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,393 for "X-Ray Contrast Compositions Useful in Medical Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,440 for "Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal Diagnostic X-Ray Contrast Agents in Combination with Pharmaceutically Acceptable Clays;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,583 for "Method of Preparing Nanoparticle Compositions Containing Charged Phospholipids to Reduce Aggregation;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,683 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Mixed Carbamic Anhydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,204 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Dimers as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,187 for "Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,738 for "Nanoparticulate NSAID Formulations;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,218 for "Nanoparticulate Iododipamide Derivatives for Use as X-Ray Contrast Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,328 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Diatrizoxy Ester X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,133 for "Process of Preparing X-Ray Contrast Compositions Containing Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,160 for "Surface Modified NSAID Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,931 for "Formulations of Compounds as Nanoparticulate Dispersions in Digestible Oils or Fatty Acids;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,188 for "Polyalkylene Block Copolymers as Surface Modifiers for Nanoparticles;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,448 for "Sulfated Non-ionic Block Copolymer Surfactant as Stabilizer Coatings for Nanoparticle Compositions;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,536 for "Formulations of Compounds as Nanoparticulate Dispersions in Digestible Oils or Fatty Acids;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,749 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Mixed Carboxylic Anydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,750 for "Diagnostic Imaging X-Ray Contrast Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,783 for "Redispersible Nanoparticulate Film Matrices With Protective Overcoats;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,579 for "Site-specific Adhesion Within the GI Tract Using Nanoparticles Stabilized by High Molecular Weight, Linear Poly(ethylene Oxide) Polymers;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,108 for "Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal Therapeutic Agents in Combination with Pharmaceutically Acceptable Clays;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,143 for "Butylene OxideEthylene Oxide Block Copolymers Surfactants as Stabilizer Coatings for Nanoparticulate Compositions;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,456 for "Milled Naproxen with Hydropropyl Cellulose as Dispersion Stabilizer;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,657 for "Novel Barium Salt Formulations Stabilized by Non-ionic and Anionic Stabilizers;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,938 for "Sugar Based Surfactant for Nanocrystals;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,981 for "Improved Formulations of Oral Gastrointestinal Diagnostic X-Ray Contrast Agents and Oral Gastrointestinal Therapeutic Agents;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,552 for "Nanoparticulate Diagnostic Mixed Carbonic Anhydrides as X-Ray Contrast Agents for Blood Pool and Lymphatic System Imaging;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,388 for "Continuous Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,919 for "Nanoparticles Containing the R(-)Enantiomer of Ibuprofen;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,001 for "Aerosols Containing Beclomethasone Nanoparticle Dispersions;" U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,025 for "Reduction of Intravenously Administered Nanoparticulate Formulation Induced

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Adverse Physiological Reactions;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,829 "Nanocrystalline Formulations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors Using Cellulosic Surface Stabilizers;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,068,858 for "Methods of Making Nanocrystalline Formulations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors Using Cellulosic Surface Stabilizers;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,225 for "Injectable Formulations of Nanoparticulate Naproxen;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,506 for "New Solid Dose Form of Nanoparticulate Naproxen;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,400 for "Methods of Treating Mammals Using Nanocrystalline Formulations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,922 for "Nebulized Aerosols Containing Nanoparticle Dispersions;" U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,989 for "Methods for Preventing Crystal Growth and Particle Aggregation in Nanoparticle Compositions;" and U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,806 for "Use of PEG-Derivatized Lipids as Surface Stabilizers for Nanoparticulate Compositions," all of which are specifically incorporated by reference. Amorphous small particle compositions are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,783,484 for "Particulate Composition and Use Thereof as Antimicrobial Agent," U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,689 for "Method for Making Uniformly Sized Particles from Water-Insoluble Organic Compounds," U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,454 for "Method for Making Uniformly-Sized Particles From Insoluble Compounds," U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,522 for "Ultrasmall, Nonaggregated Porous Particles of Uniform Size for Entrapping Gas Bubbles Within and Methods," and U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,496, for "Ultrasmall Porous Particles for Enhancing Ultrasound Back Scatter. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use for budesonide and formoterol Inventor(s): Bauer, Carl-Axel; (Lund, SE), Trofast, Jan; (Lund, SE) Correspondence: Janis K. Fraser, PH.D., J.D.; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020042404 Date filed: November 13, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides the use of formoterol and budesonide in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Excerpt(s): The invention provides the use of formoterol and budesonide in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term which refers to a large group of lung diseases which can interfere with normal breathing. It is estimated that 11% of the U.S. population has COPD and the incidence is increasing. The two most important conditions covered by COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is a long-standing inflammation of the bronchi which causes increased production of mucous and other changes. The patients' symptoms are cough and expectoration of sputum. Chronic bronchitis can lead to more frequent and severe respiratory infections, narrowing and plugging of the bronchi, difficult breathing and disability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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USE OF A COMPOSITION COMPRISING FORMOTEROL AND BUDESONIDE FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF AN ACUTE CONDITION OF ASTHMA Inventor(s): EKSTROM, TOMMY; (LINKOPING, SE) Correspondence: Janis K Fraser; Fish & Richarson; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 021102804 Patent Application Number: 20010049396 Date filed: August 18, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to use of a composition for symptomatic relief, when needed, comprising, in admixture(a) a first active ingredient which is formoterol, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a solvate of such a salt; and(b) a second active ingredient which is budesonide;for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prevention or treatment of an acute condition of asthma and/or intermittent asthma and/or episodes in chronic asthma. The invention further relates to a method for prevention or treatment of an acute condition of asthma and/or intermittent asthma and/or episodes in chronic asthma by administering. by inhalation, a composition comprising the first and second active ingredients as defined previously. Excerpt(s): for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prevention or treatment of an acute condition of asthma and/or intermittent asthma and/or episodes in chronic asthma. The invention further relates to a method for prevention or treatment of an acute condition of asthma and/or intermittent asthma and/or episodes in chronic asthma by administering, by inhalation, a composition comprising the first and second active ingredients as defined previously. Despite recent advances in the awareness of asthma and the introduction of powerful and effective anti-asthma drugs, asthma remains a poorly understood and frequently poorly treated disease. There have been recent advances in the treatment of the disease which result from the recognition that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Therapy is now aimed at both controlling the symptoms and reducing the inflammation. The symptoms may be controlled by.beta.sub.2-adrenoceptor agonists such as terbutaline, salbutamol, formoterol and salmeterol. Prophylactic therapy is typically provided by steroids such asbeclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate and budesonide. In spite of modern maintenance treatment too many asthmatic patients are undertreated for a number of reasons with a negative impact on their quality of life. Too complicated therapy with different medications and devices may lead to misunderstanding and communication problems between patient and doctor. Poor compliance is a common phenomenon. Improved patient education may partly counteract this, but does not completely solve the problem. A new and more simple approach to asthma treatment could thus be of tremendous help for many patients suffering from respiratory disease, particularly asthma. The combination of budesonide and formoterol in the same device as suggested in PCT applications WO 93/11773 and WO 98/15280 (both to Astra AB of Sweden) offers a favorable pathway to improve today's asthma management with an excellent safety profile. However, although having an adequate regular, e.g. bid, treatment with such a combination, many patients will now and then run into acute situations with a higher frequency and severity of exacerbations, when additional medication is needed. Such an additional medication is often a.beta.sub.2-adrenoceptor agonist with fast onset, normally terbutaline or salbutamol. A second medicament is thus needed, and this can negatively affect the overall compliance of the patient. There is thus need for a neat way of handling maintenance treatment together with the treatment of acute situations which.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with budesonide, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on budesonide. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning budesonide. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BUDESONIDE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to budesonide. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on budesonide include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Budesonide In order to find chapters that specifically relate to budesonide, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and budesonide using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on budesonide: •

Medical Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis Source: in Lichtenstein, G.R. The Clinician's Guide to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated. 2003. p. 255-289. Contact: Available from SLACK Incorporated. 6900 Grove Road, Thorofare, NJ 080869447. (856) 848-1000. Fax (856) 853-5991. Website: www.slackbooks.com. PRICE: $44.95; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 556425546. Order number: 75546. Summary: Although the term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes a wide range of inflammatory states, it generally refers to ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. This chapter on medical therapy for UC is from a handbook that presents an up to date guide on selected topics in IBD, focusing on those clinically important areas that have undergone recent changes or discoveries. In this chapter, the authors note that there are several goals of medial therapy of UC: inducing remission, maintaining remission, maintaining adequate nutrition, decreasing disease-related and treatment-related complications, and improving the patient's quality of life. The authors discuss the

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common side effects seen with medications used to treat UC and the indications for the use of these agents. The chapter covers aminosalicylates (sulfasalazine, mesalamine), corticosteroids, budesonide, ciprofloxacin, azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, infliximab, and short-chain fatty acids and oral fish oils. An additional section considers nutritional therapy and probiotics. Patient care algorithms and guidelines for the management of specific clinical scenarios based on disease severity are also provided. 2 figures. 4 tables. 53 references. •

Clinical Questions in Crohn's Disease not Answered by Controlled Trials Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 353-358. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: Despite advances in the understanding of Crohn's disease and the development of novel medical therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease remains ever challenging. Because of the diversity of responses to the same therapeutic approach in different patients with Crohn's disease (CD), there are a number of important areas for which definitive data are not yet available, current clinical opinions are divergent, and management controversies exist. This chapter on these unanswered clinical questions in Crohn's disease is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with CD and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), together known as IBD. The authors caution that the heterogeneous nature of clinical presentations of CD can overwhelm the physician managing these patients whose disease is often refractory (not responsive to) to standard antiinflammatory therapy. There are so many new medical therapies for CD that long term or controlled trial data on many of these newer agents are not available. Issues addressed include: how long patients with CD should be treated with azathioprine or 6 mercaptopurine; the safety of these therapies; the prevention of recurrent ileal stenosis (narrowing of a portion of the intestines); recommendations for managing patients after postileal resection for CD; risk factors for recurrence; prevention strategies for patients with more aggressive disease (such as fistulizing ileitis); the use of alternative day prednisone or budesonide to prevent disease recurrence; the clinical experience with infliximab (a cytokine directed bioloic therapy), including in conjunction with immunomodulator therapy; and recommendations for colonoscopic surveillance in patients with CD. 12 references.

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Maintenance of Remission in Crohn's Disease Source: in Williams, C.N., et al., eds. Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy 1999. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2000. p. 137-144. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Customer Service Deparment, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (781) 871-6600. Fax (781) 6819045. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wkap.nl. PRICE: 145.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0792387627. Summary: Flares of Crohn's disease can be controlled in 50 to 70 percent of the patients within 8 to 12 weeks of start of therapy. Relapses upon discontinuation of therapy, however, are frequent and most patients will receive maintenance therapy. This chapter on maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease (CD) is from a monograph that reprints

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the presentations given at the Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy Symposium, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in August 1999. The general objective of the conference was to provide an update in the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD. In this chapter, the author reviews maintenance in medically achieved remission, prophylactic (preventive) strategies after curative surgery for CD, the natural history of recurrence of CD in the neoterminal ileum, trigger of early recurrent lesions, the use of metronidazole to alter the luminal contents of the bowel, antiinflammatory treatment with sulphasalazine or 5 ASA, and the use of budesonide for recurrent prevention in postoperative CD. The author concludes that since intestinal inflammation in CD is probably the consequence of increased mucosal immune activation immunosuppression is a logical therapy to prevent recurrent CD. Although prevention studies are scarce at present, preliminary results suggest that medical therapy can influence the course of the disease after surgery by decreasing the rate of early recurrent mucosal lesions. 40 references. •

Induction Therapy for Crohn's Disease Source: in Williams, C.N., et al., eds. Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy 1999. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2000. p. 128-136. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Customer Service Deparment, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (781) 871-6600. Fax (781) 6819045. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wkap.nl. PRICE: 145.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0792387627. Summary: The choice of therapies available for the induction of remission in Crohn's disease is becoming increasingly complex. This chapter on induction therapy for Crohn's disease (CD) is from a monograph that reprints the presentations given at the Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy Symposium, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in August 1999. The general objective of the conference was to provide an update in the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD. In this chapter, the author notes that for many years, sulphasalazine and conventional corticosteroids were the mainstays of induction therapy (to induce remission of the disease). Although these therapies continue to be used, advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and mechanisms of drug action have led to the development and clinical use of novel therapies. The potent antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids spurred the development of safer, topically active corticosteroids such as budesonide. The immunosuppressive agents azathioprine and 6 mercaptopurine, once thought to be principally useful for maintenance therapy because of slow onset of action, probably have a role in induction therapy when used in combination with corticosteroids. Methotrexate has also been shown to be of value in the patient with chronically active corticosteroid-resistant CD. Antibiotics, particularly metronidazole and cirprofloxacin, are used not only to treat septic complications of CD but also to treat active intestinal inflammatory disease. In addition, the advent of biological agents, which are targeted against specific aspects of the mucosal immune response, is likely to change the approach to induction therapy. The author concludes that with the development of an ever more varied armamentarium of therapeutic agents, all of which have some degree of efficacy with variable safety profiles and financial costs, the challenge will be to determine the optimal induction therapy for the individual patient. 33 references.

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Crohn's Disease: Treatment Source: in McDonald, J.W.D.; Burroughs, A.K.; Feagan, B.G., eds. Evidence Based Gastroenterology and Hepatology. London, UK: BMJ Publishing Group. 1999. p. 162178. Contact: Available from BMJ Publishing Group. BMA Books, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WCIH 9JR. Fax 44 (0)20 7383 6402. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bmjbooks.com. PRICE: Contact publisher for price. Summary: This chapter on the treatment of Crohn's disease is from a book that emphasizes the approaches of evidence based medicine in gastroenterology (the study of the gastrointestinal tract and gastrointestinal diseases) and hepatology (the study of the liver and liver diseases). The use of non specific antiinflammatory drugs such as the 5 aminosalicylates, glucocorticoids, and antimetabolites is the foundation of the current treatment for Crohn's disease (CD, a type of inflammatory bowel disease). However, recent advances in molecular biology have yielded novel therapeutic approaches that may be more relevant to the pathophysiology of the disease. The authors stress that, although the existing medical management is relatively effective for induction of remission of CD, and improves the quality of life for the majority of patients, current therapy to maintain those remissions is less effective. A substantial proportion of patients still experience morbidity from chronically active disease, complications, or adverse effects of drug therapy. Many patients require surgery and a majority undergo more than one resection. The authors report on current research on alternative drug therapies, including the use of budesonide, antituberculous therapy, azathioprine, and methotrexate. The authors provide an algorithm of patient care for Crohn's disease. 7 figures. 1 table. 60 references.

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Appropriate Use of Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 363-366. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on the use of corticosteroids in managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as IBD. Glucocorticoids are a mainstay for the treatment of severe IBD. The efficacy of corticosteroids to induce remission in both CD and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has been well established in large randomized controlled trials. At times, a focus on adverse events has diminished the recognition of the usefulness of corticosteroids. The authors suggest approaches for the appropriate use of corticosteroids, including corticosteroid-sparing strategies, in patients with IBD. Corticosteroids used in the treatment of IBD are prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and budesonide. Prednisone and prednisolone have comparable glucocorticoid potency, whereas methylprednisolone is slightly more potent. In IBD, their use should be restricted to severe, active disease, with the aim of inducing remission. Simple dosing considerations can decrease the possibility of serious side effects. For example, steroids should be given as a single morning dose to coincide with the natural circadian rhythm of endogenous (naturally occurring in the body) corticosteroids. Corticosteroid sparing strategies incorporate the use of nutrition,

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budesonide, aminosalicylates, antibiotics, azathioprine and 6 mercaptopurine (immunomodulators), methotrexate, cyclosporine, and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha. 13 references. •

Topically Active Corticosteroids for Colitis Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 73-76. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on the use of topically active corticosteroids for treating colitis is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). UC universally involves the rectum, but the proximal extent (how far it goes) of the disease is variable. When inflammation is limited to the rectum (proctitis) or to the sigmoid colon (proctosigmoiditis), the symptoms of urgency, tenesmus (straining to defecate), and bleeding cause substantial impact on daily activities, but systemic complications are lower when compared to panulcerative colitis. Topical administration of corticosteroids has been a mainstay of primary therapy for distal ulcerative colitis over several decades and also is a useful adjunct to oral therapy for more extensive disease. However, conventional corticosteroids may be associated with a spectrum of undesirable side effects and thus newer steroid formulations have emerged that provide advantages over conventional steroid preparations. The composite clinical experience indicates that topical 5-ASA (aminosalicylates) preparations will usually provide greater efficacy for distal ulcerative colitis. However, in the patient who is refractory to 5-ASA therapy or shows true 5-ASA sensitivity, topical hydrocortisone foam or budesonide may prove to be useful. Further refinements of the colonic release systems for oral budesonide enterocapsules (taken orally, but the drug is not released from the capsule until it reaches the intestine or colon) may be of benefit to patients with more extensive ulcerative colitis. 11 references.

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Topically Active Steroid Preparations Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 367-371. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on topically active steroid preparations is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glucocorticosteroids (GCS) remain the mainstay of primary medical treatment for induction of remission in moderate and severe attacks of CD. The anti-inflammatory effects of GCS in active CD are unsurpassed by any other type of drug. However, drawbacks with conventional GCS include problems with a wide array of side effects and the risk for steroid dependency in a substantial proportion of patients who initially respond favorably to the treatment.

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Elimination of, or at least a substantial reduction of, unwanted short-and long-term systemic side effects would make GCS an even more important anti-inflammatory modality for the treatment of CD. Efforts in developing superior steroids for IBD aim at obtaining increased and selective topical action, with no, or only limited, systemic impact. The author focuses on oral budesonide preparations, including the ileal release (the drug is in a capsule that does not disintegrate until it is in the intestinal location where it is designed to be of topical use) formulation of this drug. The optimal dose of oral budesonide for induction of remission in active CD is 9 milligrams per day. Budesonide appears to be particularly versatile in combination with other drugs, including metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, mesalamine, and sulfasalazine, for treatment of IBD. 1 figure. 11 references.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BUDESONIDE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover budesonide.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on budesonide is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to budesonide. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “budesonide” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for budesonide: •

Combination budesonide-formoterol improves asthma more than higher budesonide dose Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 27, 2003

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Montelukast aids budesonide in asthma control Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 27, 2003

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Liposomal budesonide therapy shows promise as treatment for asthma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 10, 2003

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Montelukast and budesonide have comparable effects on airway eosinophilia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 06, 2002

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Inhaled budesonide reduces need for oral steroids in persistent or acute asthma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 25, 2004

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Zafirlukast and low-dose budesonide effective in asthma control Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 18, 2004

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Locally acting budesonide comparable to prednisolone for RA symptoms Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 17, 2004

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Inhaled budesonide recommended for persistent asthma in very young children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 21, 2004

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Early budesonide therapy cost effective for mild persistent asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 14, 2004

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Fluticasone and budesonide act within comparable timeframe Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 08, 2004

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Nebulized budesonide outdoes cromolyn sodium in pediatric asthma management Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 15, 2003

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Eformoterol helpful addition to budesonide asthma treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 2002

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Inhaled budesonide can induce skin reaction in patients with contact allergy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 09, 2002

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Nebulized budesonide helpful in young asthmatic children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 26, 2002

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Inhaled budesonide more effective than cromolyn for young asthmatic children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 27, 2002

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Fluticasone via Diskus inhaler deemed better than budesonide via Turbuhaler Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 20, 2001

Periodicals and News

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Formoterol and budesonide combination improves asthma control Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 26, 2001

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Once-daily budesonide via Turbuhaler is safe and effective for asthma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 16, 2001

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Once-daily budesonide inhaler effective for children previously on twice-daily steroids Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 06, 2001

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Sheffield submits IND for inhaled budesonide to treat asthma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 04, 2001

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High-dose budesonide helpful in acute pediatric asthma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 03, 2001

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Inhaled budesonide has a rapid anti-inflammatory effect in asthmatics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 14, 2001

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Relative effect of fluticasone better than that of budesonide in adults with asthma Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 18, 2001

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Objective methods verify efficacy of budesonide for asthma control in young children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 10, 2000

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Oral budesonide associated with anaphylactic-like reaction, Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 16, 2000

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Face mask, mouthpiece comparable in budesonide delivery to asthmatic infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 08, 2000

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Low-dose budesonide effective in asthmatic children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 30, 2000

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Inhaled budesonide reduces hospital stay for wheezing infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 15, 2000

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Higher budesonide doses linked to adrenal suppression in asthmatics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 17, 2000

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Flunisolide and budesonide comparable in asthma therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 28, 2000

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Low-dose budesonide effective in long-term asthma control Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 23, 2000 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “budesonide” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to budesonide, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “budesonide” (or synonyms).

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Newsletters on Budesonide Find newsletters on budesonide using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “budesonide.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Evolving Medical Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Progress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 15(2): 1-5. Spring 1994. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (800) 932-2423 or (212) 685-3440. Summary: This newsletter article reviews advances in medical approaches to treating ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (collectively, inflammatory bowel disease or IBD). Topics include the use of aminosalicylates, including 5-ASA, mesalamine, sulfasalazine, administration and dosage considerations, and the use of these agents specifically in Crohn's disease; steroid treatment of IBD, including the use of budesonide; immune modifiers, including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and cyclosporine; and miscellaneous therapies, including immunoinflammatory mediators, lipoxygenase inhibition, and short-chain fatty acids for ulcerative colitis. 22 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Budesonide Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to budesonide. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering budesonide that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for budesonide. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with budesonide. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to budesonide: Corticosteroids •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Qvar; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

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Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

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Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectasol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Corticosteroids Glucocorticoid Effects •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acetocot; A-hydroCort; Amcort; A-MethaPred; Aristocort; Aristocort Forte; Aristopak; Aristospan; Articulose-50; ArticuloseL.A.; Celestone; Celestone Phosphate; Celestone Soluspan; Cinalone 40; Cinonide 40; Clinacort; Clinalog; Cordrol; Cortastat; Cortastat 10; Cortastat LA; Cortef; Cortone Acetate; Cotolone; Dalalone; Dalalone D.P.; Dalalone L.A.; Decadrol; Decadron; Decadron Elixir; Decadron Phosphate; Decadron-LA; Decaject; Decaject-LA; Delta-Cortef; Deltasone; DepMedalone 40; DepMedalone 80; Depoject-40; Depoject-80; Depo-Medrol; Depopred; Depo-Predate; Dexacorten; Dexacorten-LA; Dexamethasone Intensol; Dexasone; Dexasone L.A.; Dexone; Dexone 0.75; Dexone 1.5; Dexone 4; Dexone LA; Duralone-40; Duralone-80; Hexadrol; Hexadrol Phosphate; Hydrocortone; Hydrocortone Acetate; Hydrocortone Phosphate; Kenacort; Kenacort Diacetate; Kenaject-40; Kenalog-10; Kenalog-40; Ken-Jec 40; Key-Pred; Key-Pred SP; Liquid Pred; Med-Jec-40; Medralone 80; Medrol; Meprolone; Methacort 40; Methacort 80; Methylcotolone; Meticorten; Mymethasone; Nor-Pred T.B.A.; Orasone 1; Orasone 10; Orasone 20; Orasone 5; Orasone 50; Pediapred; Predacort 50; Predacorten; Predacorten 80; Predalone 50; Predalone T.B.A.; Predate S; Predate TBA; Predate-50; Predcor-25; Predcor-50; Predcor-TBA; Predicort-RP; Pred-Ject-50; Prednicot; Prednisone Intensol; Pred-Pak 45; Pred-Pak 79; Prelone; Primethasone; Robalog; Selestoject; Solu-Cortef; Solu-Medrol; Solurex; Solurex LA; Sterapred; Sterapred DS; Tac-3; Tramacort-D; Triam-A; Triam-Forte; Triamolone 40; Triamonide 40; Tri-Kort; Trilog; Trilone; Tristoject http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202018.html

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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2588 0 994 2 1 3585

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “budesonide” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on budesonide can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to budesonide. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to budesonide. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “budesonide”:

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Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Bronchitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bronchitis.html Crohn's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/crohnsdisease.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Ulcerative Colitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ulcerativecolitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to budesonide. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to budesonide. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with budesonide. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about budesonide. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “budesonide” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “budesonide”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “budesonide” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “budesonide” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BUDESONIDE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 6-Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids,

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androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal insufficiency: The reduced secretion of adrenal glands. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]

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Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test

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new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]

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Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers

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include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a

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neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH]

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Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. [NIH]

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Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Chronotherapy: The adaptation of the administration of drugs to circadian rhythms. The concept is based on the response of biological functions to time-related events, such as the low point in epinephrine levels between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. or the elevated histamine levels between midnight and 4 a.m. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms or modifying therapy based on known variations in body rhythms. While chronotherapy is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, it is not restricted to cancer therapy or to chemotherapy. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU]

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Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colectomy: An operation to remove the colon. An open colectomy is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. It allows the surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collagenous Colitis: A type of colitis. Caused by an abnormal band of collagen, a threadlike protein. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to

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angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]

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Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desonide: A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for dermatoses. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Difluoromethylornithine: DFMO. An anticancer drug that has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer in animals. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by

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the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eczematous reaction: Any effect produced by a stimulus; in mecanics, a force set up by and opposing an acting force; in chemistry, the interaction between chemical compounds producing other chemical compounds. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or

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transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks

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containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farnesyl: Enzyme which adds 15 carbon atoms to the Ras precursor protein. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a

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fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and

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immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

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Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatology: The field of medicine concerned with the functions and disorders of the liver. [NIH]

Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor

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formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileitis: Inflammation of the ileum. [EU] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Induction therapy: Treatment designed to be used as a first step toward shrinking the cancer and in evaluating response to drugs and other agents. Induction therapy is followed by additional therapy to eliminate whatever cancer remains. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH]

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Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal gland: The small almond-shaped structure that produces tears; located just above the outer corner of the eye. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large

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intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loperamide: 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL

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increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU]

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Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercaptopurine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two

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hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multidose: Occurring in, or using multiple doses. [EU] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nebulizer: A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the

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axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH]

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Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

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[NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected

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to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Portosystemic Shunt: An operation to create an opening between the portal vein and other veins around the liver. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for

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the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum. [EU] Proctosigmoiditis: Irritation of the rectum and the sigmoid colon. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH]

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Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: A disease of unknown etiology characterized by tuberclelike, granulomatous nodules which may affect the skin, the lungs, the lymph nodes, the bones of the distal extremities, the conjunctiva, the lacrimal gland, the retina and the uveal tract. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH]

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Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH]

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Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response.

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Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenomethionine: Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an

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ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somnolence: Sleepiness; also unnatural drowsiness. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU]

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Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subcapsular: Situated below a capsule. [EU] Subconjunctival: Situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]

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Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]

Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation,

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contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate

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cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveal tract: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or

Dictionary 171

viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

173

INDEX 6 6-Mercaptopurine, 105, 131 A Abdominal, 83, 131, 143, 158, 170 Abdominal Pain, 83, 131, 170 Acceptor, 131, 158 Acetylcholine, 131, 153, 157 Acne, 131, 152 Acne Vulgaris, 131, 152 Acyl, 131, 146 Adaptation, 131, 139, 156 Adenine, 131 Adenocarcinoma, 12, 131 Adenoma, 12, 131 Adenosine, 33, 131, 159, 168 Adipocytes, 131, 153 Adjuvant, 67, 131, 158 Adrenal Cortex, 131, 141, 142, 149, 161 Adrenal Glands, 132 Adrenal insufficiency, 36, 132 Adrenaline, 45, 132 Adrenergic, 132, 145, 153, 168 Adrenoreceptor, 86, 132 Adverse Effect, 5, 9, 17, 98, 132, 152, 165 Aerosol, 9, 12, 18, 24, 32, 33, 38, 40, 79, 81, 85, 88, 132, 135, 168 Aetiology, 80, 132 Afferent, 132, 153 Affinity, 132, 153, 166 Agonist, 6, 9, 11, 12, 78, 86, 92, 132, 168 Airway, 6, 7, 11, 15, 22, 29, 36, 38, 40, 44, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 64, 68, 77, 102, 132, 137, 171 Airway Obstruction, 54, 132 Albumin, 132, 158 Albuterol, 7, 11, 12, 132 Algorithms, 96, 132, 136 Alkaline, 132, 133, 137 Allergen, 15, 18, 27, 36, 65, 133, 143, 165 Allergic Rhinitis, 16, 31, 43, 48, 58, 60, 133, 137, 148 Alpha-1, 133, 142 Alternative medicine, 104, 133 Ambulatory Care, 133 Amebiasis, 133, 155 Amino Acids, 133, 159, 160, 162, 164, 169 Ammonia, 133, 148, 170 Anaesthesia, 133, 151

Analgesic, 133, 150, 152, 168 Analog, 133, 147 Analogous, 133, 160, 169 Anaphylactic, 28, 103, 133 Anaphylaxis, 133 Androgens, 132, 133, 142 Anesthesia, 132, 133 Animal model, 8, 13, 65, 133, 170 Antagonism, 134, 168 Antiallergic, 134, 142 Antibacterial, 134, 166 Antibiotic, 23, 79, 134, 166 Antibodies, 134, 150 Antibody, 132, 134, 140, 149, 150, 151, 154, 165 Antifungal, 134, 152 Antigen, 132, 133, 134, 140, 149, 150, 151, 154, 165 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 134, 142 Antimetabolite, 131, 134, 147, 155 Antimicrobial, 91, 134, 139, 143 Antineoplastic, 131, 134, 142, 147, 155 Antipyretic, 134, 152 Anus, 134, 140, 145, 163 Apoptosis, 10, 14, 134, 138 Aqueous, 16, 27, 61, 79, 82, 89, 134, 135, 142, 153 Arachidonic Acid, 64, 135, 153, 162 Arginine, 135, 157 Articular, 135, 157, 169 Aspergillosis, 135, 152 Assay, 61, 135 Atmospheric Pressure, 53, 135 Atopic, 52, 135 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 31, 58, 70, 135 B Bacteria, 131, 134, 135, 145, 155, 166, 170 Bactericidal, 135, 146 Base, 131, 135, 146, 152, 159 Basophils, 135, 148 Beclomethasone, 12, 15, 23, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 61, 64, 89, 135 Benign, 131, 135, 156, 164 Benzo(a)pyrene, 10, 135 Bile, 135, 138, 139, 145, 147, 153, 161, 167, 170 Bile duct, 135, 139, 161 Biliary, 76, 135

174

Budesonide

Bioavailability, 12, 135 Biochemical, 13, 79, 134, 135, 157, 165, 168 Biochemical reactions, 135, 168 Biomarkers, 8, 10, 13, 64, 135 Biosynthesis, 135, 136, 153 Biotechnology, 14, 15, 104, 115, 136 Bladder, 10, 136, 141, 162, 170 Blast phase, 136, 139 Blastomycosis, 136, 152 Blood Coagulation, 136, 137 Blood Platelets, 136, 165 Blood pressure, 136, 156, 166 Blood vessel, 136, 138, 145, 155, 166, 168, 170 Body Fluids, 135, 136, 144, 166, 169 Bone Density, 68, 136 Bone Marrow, 32, 65, 136, 139, 142, 148, 150, 154 Bone Marrow Cells, 136, 148 Bowel, 5, 53, 80, 82, 83, 85, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 136, 143, 145, 151, 152, 167, 170 Bradykinin, 136, 157 Bronchi, 91, 137, 145, 168, 169 Bronchial, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 43, 44, 65, 82, 85, 86, 87, 137, 149, 168 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 26, 137 Bronchioles, 137 Bronchiolitis, 30, 53, 137 Bronchitis, 53, 91, 120, 137, 139 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 9, 35, 137 Bronchoconstriction, 11, 21, 33, 137 Bronchodilator, 19, 77, 137, 168 Bronchopulmonary, 85, 86, 137 Bronchoscopy, 7, 32, 137 Bronchospasm, 41, 137 Bronchus, 137 Buccal, 137, 154 C Calcium, 64, 68, 137, 140, 158, 166 Camptothecin, 137, 152 Capsules, 4, 16, 19, 34, 42, 51, 52, 137 Carbohydrate, 137, 142 Carcinogen, 8, 9, 135, 137, 155 Carcinogenesis, 8, 9, 64, 137, 138 Carcinogenic, 138, 151, 167 Carcinoma, 138 Cardiac, 138, 145, 167, 168 Cardiovascular, 138, 153, 165 Case report, 138, 139 Case series, 19, 138, 139 Caspase, 13, 138 Cataracts, 52, 138

Caudal, 138, 150, 160 Cecum, 138, 152 Cell Death, 134, 138, 156 Cell Division, 135, 138, 155, 160 Cell proliferation, 10, 138, 152, 166 Central Nervous System, 131, 138, 148, 153, 157, 165, 168 Chemical Warfare, 12, 138 Chemical Warfare Agents, 12, 138 Chemoprevention, 8, 10, 12, 13, 64, 138 Chemopreventive, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 138 Chemotaxis, 43, 138 Chemotherapy, 138, 139 Chenodeoxycholic Acid, 138, 170 Cholangitis, 76, 139 Choleretic, 138, 139, 170 Cholesterol, 135, 139, 153, 167 Choroid, 14, 139, 164, 170 Chromatin, 134, 139 Chronic, 3, 6, 11, 21, 24, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 58, 59, 68, 76, 78, 80, 83, 91, 92, 131, 133, 136, 139, 140, 151, 161, 166, 167, 170 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 136, 139 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 21, 24, 30, 40, 42, 59, 91, 139 Chronic phase, 80, 139 Chronotherapy, 68, 69, 139 Ciprofloxacin, 96, 100, 139 Circadian, 98, 139 Circadian Rhythm, 98, 139 Cirrhosis, 76, 139, 161 Clinical study, 16, 139, 141 Clinical trial, 5, 6, 7, 37, 51, 115, 139, 141, 142, 144, 156, 162, 163 Cloning, 136, 139 Coenzyme, 139, 153 Cofactor, 140, 157, 162 Colectomy, 80, 140 Colitis, 3, 22, 69, 80, 83, 95, 96, 98, 99, 105, 120, 140 Collagen, 3, 140, 146, 149, 160, 161, 164 Collagen disease, 140, 149, 164 Collagenous Colitis, 3, 20, 140 Colloidal, 132, 140, 159, 168 Colon, 19, 99, 140, 151, 153, 165, 170 Combination Therapy, 7, 19, 140 Complement, 140, 141, 154, 165 Complementary and alternative medicine, 67, 71, 141 Complementary medicine, 67, 141 Complete remission, 141, 163

175

Compliance, 11, 51, 78, 80, 87, 92, 141 Computational Biology, 115, 141 Conception, 141, 161 Conjugated, 138, 141, 142 Conjunctiva, 141, 162, 165, 167 Connective Tissue, 136, 140, 141, 146, 154, 155, 156 Constriction, 141, 171 Contact dermatitis, 18, 55, 141 Contraindications, ii, 141 Controlled clinical trial, 10, 141, 163 Controlled study, 69, 141 Coordination, 7, 141 Cornea, 141, 164, 170 Corpus, 141, 161, 171 Cortisol, 26, 28, 46, 52, 61, 132, 142 Cortisone, 142, 143, 161 Cromolyn Sodium, 29, 45, 102, 142 Croup, 28, 45, 55, 142 Crystallization, 82, 142 Curative, 97, 142, 168 Cutaneous, 136, 141, 142, 154 Cyclic, 142, 148, 157, 168 Cyclodextrins, 82, 85, 142 Cyclosporine, 96, 99, 105, 142 Cytochrome, 13, 52, 69, 142 Cytokine, 32, 60, 78, 88, 96, 142 Cytoplasm, 134, 135, 142, 145, 164 Cytotoxic, 142, 150, 166 D Degenerative, 143, 154, 156, 157 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 59, 143 Deletion, 134, 143 Dermatitis, 18, 23, 25, 31, 39, 50, 54, 143 Desensitization, 143, 150 Desonide, 31, 143 Detergents, 143, 146 Dexamethasone, 8, 45, 64, 108, 143 Diagnostic procedure, 75, 104, 143 Diaphragm, 143, 160 Diarrhea, 3, 70, 83, 133, 143 Diffusion, 143, 151 Difluoromethylornithine, 9, 143 Digestion, 69, 135, 136, 143, 152, 153, 167 Digestive system, 143, 147, 156 Digestive tract, 143, 166, 167 Dihydrotestosterone, 143, 163 Dihydroxy, 77, 82, 143 Dimethyl, 143, 153 Direct, iii, 107, 143, 147, 163 Disinfectant, 143, 146 Disposition, 28, 43, 56, 59, 143

Dissociation, 132, 143, 152 Distal, 28, 51, 99, 144, 162 Diuresis, 144, 168 Diurnal, 46, 144 Dorsal, 144, 160 Double-blind, 3, 16, 20, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 48, 49, 69, 144 Drug Interactions, 69, 109, 144 Duct, 144, 154, 167 Duodenum, 77, 135, 144, 152, 167 Dysphagia, 18, 144 Dyspnea, 37, 144 E Eczematous reaction, 33, 144 Edema, 14, 78, 88, 141, 144, 156 Efficacy, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 18, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 48, 64, 73, 77, 97, 98, 99, 103, 144 Elastic, 144, 168 Elastin, 140, 144 Electrolyte, 142, 144, 155, 160, 166 Electrons, 135, 144, 152, 158, 163 Embryo, 144, 151, 160, 161, 167 Embryo Transfer, 144, 161 Emphysema, 91, 139, 145 Encapsulated, 11, 145, 153 Endogenous, 98, 145, 169 Endothelium, 145, 157 Endothelium-derived, 145, 157 Endotoxin, 145, 170 Enema, 28, 82, 145 Energy balance, 145, 153 Enterohepatic, 145, 168 Enterohepatic Circulation, 145, 168 Environmental Health, 114, 116, 145 Enzymatic, 137, 140, 145, 146, 149 Enzyme, 137, 138, 139, 142, 145, 146, 148, 153, 157, 159, 162, 163, 165, 168, 170, 171 Eosinophil, 11, 33, 65, 145, 148, 152 Eosinophilia, 65, 102, 145 Eosinophilic, 31, 43, 145 Epidemiological, 6, 145 Epidermoid carcinoma, 145, 167 Epinephrine, 132, 139, 145, 157 Episcleritis, 145, 164 Epithelial, 26, 32, 36, 68, 69, 131, 145 Epithelial Cells, 32, 145 Epithelium, 13, 145 Erythema, 141, 145 Erythrocytes, 136, 145, 165 Esophagus, 83, 143, 146, 147, 167 Esterification, 61, 146 Ethanol, 23, 82, 85, 89, 146

176

Budesonide

Ether, 82, 146 Exogenous, 145, 146 Extracellular, 141, 146, 157, 166 Extracellular Matrix, 141, 146, 157 F Family Planning, 115, 146 Farnesyl, 10, 146 Fat, 131, 135, 136, 142, 146, 153, 166, 168, 170 Fatigue, 83, 146 Fatty acids, 96, 105, 132, 146, 162, 166, 169 Fertilization in Vitro, 146, 161 Fibroblasts, 17, 146 Fibrosis, 78, 146, 164 Fish Oils, 96, 146 Fixation, 146, 165 Flatus, 147 Fluorouracil, 70, 147 Food Technology, 147, 155 G Gallate, 8, 12, 147 Gallbladder, 131, 135, 143, 147 Gas, 82, 84, 91, 133, 143, 147, 149, 156, 157, 168 Gastric, 76, 147, 149, 157 Gastric Acid, 147, 157 Gastrin, 147, 149 Gastroenterology, 3, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 31, 34, 41, 48, 49, 58, 69, 70, 98, 147 Gastrointestinal, 68, 83, 90, 97, 98, 136, 139, 145, 146, 147, 153, 165, 168, 169 Gastrointestinal tract, 83, 97, 98, 146, 147, 153, 165, 169 Gene, 7, 19, 59, 69, 136, 147 Gene Expression, 7, 147 Genetics, 7, 147 Genital, 139, 147 Genomics, 6, 8, 147 Giardiasis, 147, 155 Gland, 131, 142, 147, 154, 158, 159, 162, 165, 167 Glucans, 142, 147 Glucocorticoid, 9, 12, 13, 26, 33, 39, 43, 44, 55, 56, 85, 98, 108, 135, 137, 143, 147, 149, 161, 169 Glucose, 68, 142, 147, 148, 151, 164 Glutamic Acid, 148, 157, 161 Glutamine, 64, 148 Glutathione Peroxidase, 148, 165 Glycoprotein, 148, 156, 170 Gonadal, 148, 167 Governing Board, 148, 161

Grade, 148 Grading, 57, 148 Graft, 21, 148 Granulocyte, 36, 148 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 36, 148 Guanylate Cyclase, 148, 157 H Haplotypes, 7, 148 Hay Fever, 133, 148 Health Status, 29, 149 Heartbeat, 149, 168 Hematopoiesis, 149, 152 Hemostasis, 149, 165 Hepatic, 58, 76, 132, 149, 153 Hepatology, 19, 34, 41, 49, 51, 76, 98, 149 Hereditary, 149, 159 Heredity, 131, 147, 149 Histamine, 139, 149, 153 Histology, 3, 149 Hoarseness, 52, 142, 149 Homologous, 142, 149, 165 Hormonal, 142, 149 Hormone, 13, 132, 139, 141, 142, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 161, 164, 165, 168 Hydrocortisone, 19, 37, 99, 149 Hydrogen, 131, 135, 137, 148, 149, 156, 158, 159, 168 Hydrolysis, 85, 149, 160, 162 Hydrophobic, 79, 143, 149 Hydroxylysine, 140, 149 Hydroxyproline, 140, 149 Hyperaemia, 69, 149 Hyperplasia, 149, 156 Hypersensitivity, 133, 143, 145, 150, 153, 164, 165 Hypothalamic, 5, 150 Hypothalamus, 150, 160 Hypoxic, 150, 155 I Ibuprofen, 90, 150, 152 Idiopathic, 3, 150, 164 Ileal, 4, 17, 25, 42, 51, 96, 100, 150 Ileitis, 96, 150 Ileostomy, 49, 150 Ileum, 36, 97, 138, 150, 152 Immune response, 97, 131, 134, 142, 150, 154, 164, 165, 168, 171 Immune system, 135, 150, 153, 154, 170, 171 Immunization, 150, 165 Immunohistochemistry, 9, 150

177

Immunologic, 83, 150, 158 Immunomodulator, 96, 150 Immunosuppressant, 131, 147, 150, 155 Immunosuppression, 97, 150, 154 Immunosuppressive, 79, 97, 148, 150, 165 Immunosuppressive Agents, 97, 150, 165 In vitro, 65, 145, 151 In vivo, 14, 44, 151, 154, 168 Incision, 140, 151, 152 Induction, 13, 54, 97, 98, 99, 133, 151 Induction therapy, 97, 151 Infancy, 151 Infantile, 44, 151 Infection, 133, 136, 142, 147, 148, 151, 154, 164, 169, 171 Infiltration, 3, 151 Inflammatory bowel disease, 5, 56, 69, 80, 83, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 151 Initiation, 12, 151, 169 Inorganic, 85, 151, 156 Inositol, 9, 12, 64, 151 Insight, 8, 151 Insulin, 12, 64, 151, 152 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 151 Insulin-like, 64, 152 Interleukin-5, 36, 65, 152 Interleukins, 150, 152 Intermittent, 11, 53, 92, 152 Internal Medicine, 4, 6, 18, 68, 69, 147, 152 Intestinal, 32, 68, 77, 83, 97, 100, 138, 152 Intestine, 77, 99, 136, 145, 152 Intracellular, 61, 151, 152, 157, 160, 163, 165 Intramuscular, 33, 152, 169 Intraocular, 152, 157 Intraocular pressure, 152, 157 Intravenous, 37, 70, 152 Invasive, 7, 152 Ionization, 53, 58, 152 Ions, 135, 143, 144, 149, 152 Irinotecan, 70, 152 Isotretinoin, 8, 13, 152 Itraconazole, 36, 52, 54, 152 J Jejunum, 77, 152 K Kb, 114, 152 Ketoprofen, 10, 152 L Lacrimal, 152, 162 Lacrimal gland, 152, 162 Large Intestine, 83, 138, 143, 152, 163, 166

Lens, 6, 14, 138, 153, 171 Leptin, 57, 153 Lesion, 136, 153 Leucocyte, 133, 145, 153 Leukemia, 131, 139, 153 Leukotrienes, 135, 153 Lipid, 11, 151, 153 Lipophilic, 12, 153 Liposomal, 79, 102, 153 Liposome, 11, 79, 153 Liver, 36, 56, 58, 76, 98, 131, 132, 135, 139, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 160, 161, 164 Liver Cirrhosis, 58, 153 Localization, 18, 150, 153 Localized, 145, 147, 151, 153, 160 Loperamide, 70, 153 Lovastatin, 8, 153 Low-density lipoprotein, 153 Lupus, 120, 140, 154 Lymph, 145, 154, 162, 164 Lymph node, 154, 162, 164 Lymphocyte Depletion, 150, 154 Lymphocytic, 139, 154 M Macrophage, 148, 154 Macula, 154 Macula Lutea, 154 Macular Degeneration, 14, 154 Maintenance therapy, 42, 49, 56, 96, 97, 154 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 148, 154 Malignant, 131, 134, 154, 156 Medial, 95, 154 Mediator, 154, 165 Medical Records, 154, 164 Medicament, 81, 84, 88, 92, 154 MEDLINE, 115, 154 Membrane, 77, 133, 139, 140, 141, 146, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166, 171 Meningitis, 152, 154 Mental, iv, 5, 114, 116, 143, 144, 146, 155, 162 Mercaptopurine, 96, 97, 99, 155 Mesenchymal, 148, 155 Metabolite, 143, 153, 155 Methotrexate, 97, 98, 99, 105, 155 Methylcholanthrene, 9, 155 Methylene Chloride, 81, 155 Methylprednisolone, 98, 155 Metronidazole, 97, 100, 155

178

Budesonide

Microbe, 155, 169 Microcirculation, 153, 155 Microorganism, 140, 155, 171 Migration, 33, 155 Milliliter, 136, 155 Mineralocorticoids, 131, 142, 155 Mitosis, 134, 155 Mitotic, 69, 155 Modification, 155, 162 Molecular, 9, 10, 13, 68, 69, 89, 98, 115, 117, 136, 141, 155, 163, 170 Molecule, 134, 135, 139, 140, 143, 145, 149, 155, 158, 163, 165 Monitor, 6, 156, 157 Mononuclear, 78, 88, 156, 170 Monophosphate, 33, 156 Morphology, 64, 156 Motility, 156, 165 Mucociliary, 156, 166 Mucolytic, 137, 156 Mucosa, 80, 83, 154, 156 Mucositis, 156, 169 Mucus, 156, 170 Multicenter study, 3, 49, 156 Multidose, 22, 37, 156 Multidrug resistance, 68, 156 Mutagen, 135, 156 N Narcotic, 155, 156 Nasal Cavity, 156, 158 Nasal Mucosa, 36, 55, 78, 88, 156 Nasal Polyps, 25, 33, 57, 156 Nebulizer, 29, 39, 45, 79, 80, 87, 156 Necrosis, 134, 156, 164 Neonatal, 39, 44, 156 Neoplasia, 8, 156 Neoplasm, 142, 156 Neurotransmitter, 131, 137, 148, 149, 156, 165, 168 Nickel, 55, 157 Nitric Oxide, 17, 24, 27, 157 Nitrogen, 133, 147, 148, 157, 169 Nuclear, 78, 88, 137, 144, 156, 157 Nucleic acid, 131, 157 Nucleus, 134, 135, 139, 142, 156, 157 O Ocular, 14, 157 Ocular Hypertension, 14, 157 Omeprazole, 52, 157 Opacity, 138, 157 Optic Nerve, 157, 164 Osteoarthritis, 152, 157

Osteoblasts, 157, 158 Osteocalcin, 26, 158 Osteoporosis, 68, 158 Outpatient, 158 Ovalbumin, 11, 158 Ovary, 158, 160 Oxazolone, 69, 158 Oxidation, 85, 131, 142, 148, 158 P Palliative, 158, 168 Pancreas, 131, 136, 143, 147, 151, 158, 165, 169 Paranasal Sinuses, 158, 166 Parietal, 157, 158, 160 Parotid, 158, 164 Partial remission, 158, 163 Particle, 89, 153, 158 Patch, 39, 50, 158 Pathologic, 134, 150, 158 Pathologic Processes, 134, 158 Pathophysiology, 98, 158 Patient Education, 92, 124, 126, 129, 158 Patient Satisfaction, 7, 159 Peak flow, 16, 159 Peptide, 153, 159, 160, 162 Perennial, 16, 31, 43, 44, 57, 60, 78, 88, 159 Peripheral blood, 11, 28, 159 Peroxidase, 11, 159 Peroxide, 82, 148, 159 Petrolatum, 23, 159 Petroleum, 159 PH, 16, 25, 136, 159 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 82, 89, 146, 159, 161 Pharmacodynamic, 51, 58, 159 Pharmacokinetic, 58, 159 Pharmacologic, 133, 159, 169 Phospholipids, 89, 146, 151, 159 Phosphorus, 137, 159 Physiologic, 132, 136, 159, 163 Physiology, 23, 25, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 61, 62, 68, 131, 147, 159 Pilot study, 31, 77, 159 Pituitary Gland, 141, 159 Plants, 148, 156, 160, 164 Plasma, 26, 52, 53, 58, 65, 69, 132, 134, 149, 155, 160 Platelet Aggregation, 64, 157, 160, 168 Platelets, 157, 160 Pleura, 160 Pleural, 9, 160

179

Pneumonia, 12, 141, 160 Pollen, 44, 160 Polyethylene, 11, 160 Polymorphism, 19, 160 Polyp, 57, 160 Polypeptide, 140, 160 Portal Vein, 160 Portosystemic Shunt, 58, 160 Posterior, 14, 52, 139, 144, 158, 160, 164 Postmenopausal, 158, 160 Postoperative, 41, 97, 160 Potassium, 82, 155, 160, 166 Practice Guidelines, 116, 160 Precancerous, 10, 138, 161 Preclinical, 8, 52, 161 Precursor, 135, 145, 146, 161, 169, 170 Prednisolone, 5, 24, 26, 49, 64, 65, 76, 98, 102, 155, 161 Prednisone, 15, 17, 53, 96, 98, 108, 161 Pregnancy Outcome, 46, 161 Premalignant, 161 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 48, 49, 51, 76, 161 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 76, 161 Proctitis, 28, 99, 161 Proctosigmoiditis, 19, 99, 161 Progesterone, 161, 167 Progression, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 133, 161, 170 Progressive, 11, 139, 156, 157, 161 Proline, 140, 149, 161 Prophylaxis, 86, 161 Propylene Glycol, 82, 161 Prospective study, 67, 161 Prostaglandins, 135, 162 Prostate, 136, 162, 169 Protease, 91, 140, 162 Protein C, 132, 158, 162 Protein S, 136, 158, 162, 164 Proteins, 9, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 169 Protocol, 4, 6, 162 Proton Pump, 157, 162 Proximal, 77, 99, 144, 156, 162 Public Health, 6, 116, 135, 162 Public Policy, 115, 162 Publishing, 15, 98, 162 Pulmonary, 6, 11, 12, 21, 23, 35, 38, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 64, 68, 69, 70, 79, 91, 136, 137, 145, 153, 162, 168 Pulmonary Sarcoidosis, 49, 62, 69, 162 Pulse, 156, 162

Q Quality of Health Care, 162, 169 Quality of Life, 6, 20, 29, 36, 37, 58, 83, 92, 95, 98, 162 R Race, 132, 155, 162, 163 Racemic, 132, 163 Radiation, 150, 155, 163, 171 Radioactive, 149, 152, 157, 163 Random Allocation, 163 Randomization, 7, 163 Randomized, 3, 4, 7, 10, 16, 20, 23, 24, 37, 40, 41, 45, 53, 55, 61, 98, 144, 163 Randomized Controlled Trials, 98, 163 Receptor, 7, 28, 55, 131, 134, 163, 165 Receptors, Serotonin, 163, 165 Rectal, 55, 82, 108, 163 Rectum, 19, 99, 134, 140, 143, 147, 151, 152, 161, 162, 163, 165 Recurrence, 41, 49, 70, 96, 97, 138, 139, 163 Reductase, 14, 153, 155, 163, 168 Refer, 1, 137, 140, 146, 153, 154, 163 Refraction, 163, 166 Refractory, 96, 99, 163 Regimen, 8, 9, 18, 32, 42, 64, 80, 87, 144, 163 Relapse, 28, 70, 80, 163 Remission, 4, 20, 28, 41, 77, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 131, 154, 163 Resection, 68, 96, 98, 163 Respiration, 16, 22, 23, 38, 46, 65, 156, 164 Retina, 14, 139, 153, 154, 157, 162, 164, 170, 171 Retinoid, 13, 164 Retrograde, 51, 164 Retrospective, 15, 164 Retrospective study, 15, 164 Rheumatoid, 36, 140, 152, 164 Rheumatoid arthritis, 36, 140, 152, 164 Rhinitis, 44, 57, 58, 77, 78, 88, 164 Ribose, 131, 164 Ribosome, 164, 169 Risk factor, 96, 161, 164 S Saline, 137, 164 Saponins, 164, 167 Sarcoidosis, 14, 49, 164 Sclera, 139, 141, 145, 164, 170 Scleritis, 14, 164 Screening, 139, 165 Secretion, 46, 131, 132, 139, 142, 149, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 165

180

Budesonide

Secretory, 157, 165 Selenium, 13, 165 Selenomethionine, 13, 165 Senile, 158, 165 Sensitization, 11, 39, 165 Septic, 97, 165 Sequencing, 7, 165 Serotonin, 64, 157, 163, 165, 169 Serum, 9, 11, 26, 28, 46, 57, 132, 140, 154, 155, 158, 165, 170 Sex Characteristics, 133, 165, 168 Shock, 133, 149, 165 Side effect, 4, 5, 12, 58, 76, 77, 96, 98, 99, 107, 132, 165, 168, 169 Sigmoid, 99, 161, 165 Sigmoid Colon, 99, 161, 165 Signal Transduction, 151, 165 Signs and Symptoms, 163, 166 Sinusitis, 70, 166 Small intestine, 80, 138, 144, 147, 149, 150, 152, 166 Smooth muscle, 38, 77, 137, 149, 166, 168 Soaps, 146, 166 Social Environment, 162, 166 Social Security, 163, 166 Sodium, 33, 82, 155, 166 Soft tissue, 136, 166 Solvent, 82, 85, 146, 155, 161, 166 Somnolence, 31, 166 Specialist, 121, 166 Species, 142, 145, 155, 162, 166, 169, 170, 171 Spectrum, 99, 166 Sperm, 133, 160, 167 Spleen, 164, 167 Spontaneous Abortion, 161, 167 Sputum, 22, 31, 91, 167 Squamous, 9, 145, 167 Squamous cell carcinoma, 9, 145, 167 Squamous cells, 167 Stabilizer, 82, 89, 167 Stenosis, 96, 167 Sterile, 89, 167 Steroid, 11, 20, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 45, 57, 59, 70, 99, 105, 142, 164, 167 Steroid therapy, 11, 36, 167 Stillbirth, 161, 167 Stimulus, 137, 144, 167 Stomach, 77, 131, 143, 146, 147, 149, 166, 167 Stool, 140, 153, 167, 168 Stress, 98, 142, 164, 167

Stricture, 167 Stridor, 142, 167 Subacute, 151, 166, 167 Subcapsular, 52, 167 Subconjunctival, 14, 167 Subcutaneous, 131, 144, 167 Substance P, 155, 165, 168 Sudden death, 11, 168 Sulindac, 10, 168 Suppression, 5, 13, 17, 18, 26, 103, 142, 168 Surfactant, 81, 88, 90, 168 Suspensions, 79, 168 Sympathomimetic, 132, 145, 168 Symptomatic, 7, 78, 92, 137, 168 T Talc, 38, 168 Tenesmus, 99, 168 Teratogenic, 152, 168 Terbutaline, 31, 42, 44, 46, 54, 92, 168 Testosterone, 36, 163, 168 Theophylline, 64, 65, 168 Therapeutics, 4, 16, 21, 23, 29, 30, 38, 39, 42, 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 60, 61, 70, 109, 168 Thioredoxin, 14, 168 Thrombin, 160, 162, 168 Thromboxanes, 135, 168 Thymidine, 64, 169 Tomography, 136, 169 Topical, 8, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 43, 57, 65, 99, 100, 146, 152, 159, 166, 169 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 152, 169 Toxic, iv, 13, 165, 169 Toxicity, 8, 11, 12, 144, 169 Toxicology, 116, 169 Trace element, 157, 169 Trachea, 137, 167, 169 Transcription Factors, 12, 169 Transfection, 69, 136, 169 Translation, 52, 169 Treatment Failure, 19, 169 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 27, 29, 169 Trichomoniasis, 155, 169 Tryptophan, 140, 165, 169 Tuberculosis, 154, 169 Tumor marker, 136, 169 Tumor model, 73, 170 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 99, 170 Tumor suppressor gene, 10, 170 Tunica, 156, 170 U Ulcerative colitis, 28, 51, 80, 82, 83, 95, 97, 98, 99, 105, 151, 161, 170

181

Unsaturated Fats, 146, 170 Urease, 157, 170 Urethra, 162, 170 Urinary, 10, 139, 170 Urine, 11, 61, 136, 144, 170 Ursodeoxycholic Acid, 48, 49, 76, 170 Uvea, 170 Uveal tract, 162, 170 Uveitis, 14, 170 V Vaccine, 131, 162, 170 Vascular, 14, 62, 133, 139, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 170 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 14, 170 Vasodilators, 157, 170 Vein, 152, 157, 158, 160, 170 Veterinary Medicine, 115, 170

Viral, 79, 170 Virulence, 169, 170 Virus, 91, 170, 171 Visual Acuity, 164, 171 Vitamin A, 151, 164, 171 Vitreous, 14, 153, 164, 171 Vitreous Body, 164, 171 Vitro, 38, 171 Vivo, 154, 171 W War, 138, 171 Wheezing, 28, 37, 53, 54, 103, 171 White blood cell, 134, 136, 139, 148, 154, 156, 171 X Xenograft, 134, 170, 171 X-ray, 136, 156, 157, 167, 171

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