BRONCHIAL ASTHMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Bronchial Asthma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00181-0 1. Bronchial Asthma-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on bronchial asthma. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ............................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Bronchial Asthma ......................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 19 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ..................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding Nutrition Studies on Bronchial Asthma ........................................................................ 65 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 66 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ............................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 69 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 73 General References ....................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ........................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patents on Bronchial Asthma ...................................................................................................... 77 Patent Applications on Bronchial Asthma................................................................................... 86 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ............................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 97 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 98 Chapters on Bronchial Asthma .................................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ............................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 101 Academic Periodicals covering Bronchial Asthma..................................................................... 103 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 105 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 111 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 113 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 115 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 117 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 122 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 125 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 125 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 125 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 131
viii Contents
Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 133 BRONCHIAL ASTHMA DICTIONARY .................................................................................. 135 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 195
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with bronchial asthma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about bronchial asthma, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to bronchial asthma, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on bronchial asthma. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to bronchial asthma, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on bronchial asthma. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on bronchial asthma.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and bronchial asthma, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office Source: Journal of the CDA. Journal of the Colorado Dental Association. 72(4): 32-37. April 1994. Contact: Available from Colorado Dental Association. 3600 South Yosemite, Number 100, Denver, CO 80237. (800) 343-3010 or (303) 740-6900. Summary: Medical emergencies and their resulting complications can arise at any time in the dental office. This article outlines the recommended management of an emergency situation in the dental office. The authors focus on four categories of care: prevention, preparation, recognition, and treatment. Prevention begins with a complete medical history during the dental patient's first visit. The authors recommend a verbal review of the written history. Information obtained from the patient's medical history
4
Bronchial Asthma
and physical exam can assist the practitioner in determining if further tests or consultations are required prior to dental treatment. Preparation consists of a welltrained and coordinated team working in an office with the proper emergency equipment. The authors list the recommended supplies for a basic emergency kit and for a more advanced kit (for properly trained practitioners). The practitioner and staff should be trained to recognize the different symptoms of a developing emergency situation. Correlation of symptoms and vital signs leads the practitioner to the correct diagnosis and subsequent treatment protocol. Treatment is dependent upon the diagnosis. The authors outline the general procedures for an emergency and the causes, symptoms and treatment for some common emergencies, including syncope (fainting), postural hypotension (also brief unconsciousness), hyperventilation syndrome, airway obstruction, bronchial asthma, diabetic or insulin shock, drug overdose or toxicity reaction, convulsions, adrenal insufficiency, urticaria or pruritis, angioneurotic edema, anaphylactic shock, respiratory arrest, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction. 2 figures. 8 references. •
Inhaler Medicament Effects on Saliva and Plaque pH in Asthmatic Children Source: Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 22(2): 137-140. Winter 1998. Contact: Available from Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. P.O. Box 830259, Birmingham, AL 35283-0259. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the effect on saliva and plaque pH of beta 2 agonist (salbutamol 400 mcg) and inhaler corticosteroid (fluticasonepropionate 250 mcg). The study investigated interproximal plaque pH responses to these medicaments and examined the effect of chewing gum after the usage of these inhalers. Thirty children of both sexes, from six to fourteen years old, participated in the study. The pH microelectrode was used in the study. The interdental sites chosen were those between the premolars in the 4 quadrants. The pH measurements were made baseline and 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after the use of medicaments as inhaler and also after saliva was stimulated by sugar free chewing gum (Vivident). The resulting pH values decreased in all four plaque sites and saliva during 30 minutes after inhaler drugs. After rinsing with water, the pH values also decreased. Decreasing pH increased with chewing gum. The hypothesis is that a decrease in pH in medicated children with asthma could be caused by inhaler drugs. Conclusive evidence for the relative role of the disease and the drug in saliva secretion and composition seems to require a longitudinal study on children with asthma before and after the onset of drug administration. The authors conclude that children with bronchial asthma treated with inhaler drugs should receive special preventive attention. 3 tables. 9 references. (AA).
Federally Funded Research on Bronchial Asthma The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to bronchial asthma. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to bronchial asthma. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore bronchial asthma. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for bronchial asthma: •
Project Title: AIRWAY-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Haxhiu, Musa A.; Physiology and Biophysics; Howard University Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic airway diseases such as bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis share the salient features of inflammation, hyperresponsiveness to various inhalants, and airway narrowing. Although these two conditions result in enormous morbidity and social cost, the central nervous system mechanisms involved in airway hyperreactivity remain poorly understood. In the prior funding cycle of this proposal we have characterized the primary neurochemical(s) and receptor subtypes involved in transmission of excitatory inputs from the respiratory tract to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons; from these second order sensory cells to airway-related vagal preganglionic motor neurons (AVPNs); and from AVPNs back down to the airways. As a natural continuation of this work, we now focus on inhibitory pathways that regulate cholinergic drive to the airways. Neuroanatomical studies will define the normal neural circuitry between inhibitory GABAergic, catecholaminergic, or serotonergic cell groups and AVPNs. In these studies, retrograde tracing will be used to define AVPNs projecting to the trachea. Dual or triple labeling immunocytochemistry will be used to simultaneously locate neurotransmitters, their receptors, and AVPNs. Tissues will be examined using light microscopy, confocal microscopy, and electron microscopy. Protein levels will be measured by Western blotting. In physiological studies, we will microinject uptake inhibitors, specific agonists, or antagonists into the rostral nucleus ambiguus (rNA, where AVPNs are abundant), to define the functional roles of specific inhibitory neurotransmitters and their receptors on basal and reflex-induced changes in tracheal tone and airway resistance. Subsequently, we will test the hypothesis that repeated exposure to allergens in sensitized animals induces morphological and physiological changes in central inhibitory influences, resulting in a shift from inhibitory to excitatory transmission. These changes lead to a hyperexcitable state of AVPNs and to airway hyperreactivity. The results of these studies will provide necessary knowledge in the neural control of the airways and will support the development of novel pharmaceutical strategies which target the central nervous system for the treatment of airway disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CELLULAR BASIS OF HYPERSENSITIVITY DISEASES IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Austen, K. Frank.; Director; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1991; Project End 31-AUG-2003
6
Bronchial Asthma
Summary: The central focus of this collaborative and synergistic program directed to the effector pathways of allergic inflammation continues to be on the mast and the cysteinyl leukotriene- generating pathway in certain hematopoietic cell types utilizing physiologic, cellular, and molecular assessments. The ongoing approach is broadened by a shift from the mouse to the human for studies in vitro of the cytokine regulation of mast cells and of the regulatory membrane proteins homologous to mouse gp49 and by analyses of effector responses in mice with select gene disruptions (alphaEbeta7 and LTC4 synthase). The development of human mast cells from cord blood progenitors with stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 has allowed recognition of a range of functional receptors for cytokines (IL- 3R, GM-CSFR) and adhesion ligands. As a result, analysis can proceed of the effects of Th2 cell-type cytokines, IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-9, on human mast cell proliferation, apoptosis, protease phenotype, and expression of the cysteinyl leukotriene-and PGD2- generating pathways. The cloning of the human homologues, designated leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LIRs), of mouse gp49B1, which signals to attenuate FcepsilonRI activation of mouse mast cells, permits study of their counterregulatory function for human effector cells such as mast cells and eosinophils. The cloning of the cDNA and genes for human and mouse LTC4 synthase, the integral perinuclear membrane protein pivotal to the biosythesis of the parent, LTC4, of the receptor- active cysteinyl leukotrienes implicated in bronchial asthma, provides the opportunity to generate mice with a transgene and with a disrupted gene so as to isolate the effects of excessive of absent cysteinyl leukotriene generation on most inflammatory responses from the effects of proximal pathway gene disruptions. The generation of mice with alphaEbeta7 gene disruption and the evidence of anomalous T cell function provides an opportunity to relate reactive mast cell hyperplasia and tissue eosinophil infiltration in situ to regional cell responses in lung with protein sensitization and challenge and in jejunum with Trichinella spiralis infection, respectively. Taken together, these studies will provide new information on the regulated expression of human genes or effector proteins in mast cells, on the distribution and counterregulatory function of LIRs for cells central to allergic inflammation, on the relationship between an integrin and T cell-determined mast cell distribution/function, and on in situ effects of the cysteinyl leukotrienes in mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE-- RESPIRATORY TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Leikauf, George.; Professor; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The Research Core headed by Dr. George Leikauf was extensively reorganized since the last application. This Core was previously called the Oxidative Stress Toxicology Core. The Oxidative Stress component was transferred to the Signal Transduction Research Core and the present Respiratory Toxicology Research Core is now focused on studies of how genetic variability in the pulmonary system modifies the effects of exposure to toxic environmental agents. The overall goal of this Core, headed by Dr. George Leikauf, is to investigate the genetic determinants and molecular mechanisms controlling pulmonary diseases induced or exacerbated by environmental agents. Research areas include the genetic basis of increased susceptibility to ozone or oxidant injury, the effects of ozone on surfactants proteins A and B, receptor G-protein coupling and other genetic determinants of asthma, gene transcription regulated by changes in oxygen concentration, and use of transgenic mouse models to study the molecular biology of pulmonary disease. Dr. Leikauf proposes to investigate the cellular
Studies
7
and subcellular mechanisms of ozone toxicity and genetic determinants important in airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. The work involves several areas: the effects of ozonolysis products on eicosanoid and cytokine release from human airway epithelial cells; aldehyde-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mice; airway pathophysiology in transgenic mice; and the genetic determinant of ozone- or ultrafine particle-induced mortality through quantitative trait analysis. Dr. Liggett s interests are in the genetic basis of asthma and he proposes to characterize receptor structurefunction relationships in G-coupled membrane proteins. A defective beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR) may be a pathogenic factor in bronchial asthma and his research involves examining the gene encoding beta 2AR to assess the frequency of polymorphisms of this gene in normal subjects and in patients with moderate to severe asthma. Dr. McCormack proposes to investigate the role of specific structural domains of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in maintaining surface integrity in response to oxidant exposures. Transgenic mice overexpressing a mutant form of SP-A will be produced, then bred with an SP-A knockout mouse to provide for expression of the mutant SP-A in the absence of normal SP-A production. These mice will be examined for a variety of pulmonary parameters in response to oxidative stress to determine the role of specific domains of SP-A. Dr. Millhorn proposes to elucidate the cis control elements responsible for transcriptional regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in response to reduced oxygen tension and exposure to certain metals (cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese). Preliminary work by Dr. Millhorn indicates this involves hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) and AP1. Dr. Whitsett proposes to investigate mechanisms involved in respiratory epithelial function after injury. The work will focus on the role of surfactants (A, B, C, CC10). Gene targeted animals are being generated for each of these surfactant proteins, and some heterozygote animals with dysfunctionalities have been produced. In addition, humans with congenital surfactant deficiency and their heterozygote relatives have been identified. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EOSINOPHIL GRANULE PROTEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gleich, Gerald J.; Professor of Medicine and Dermatology; Dermatology; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1978; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Considerable evidence indicates that the eosinophil is important in resistance to parasites and in hypersensitivity diseases, such as bronchial asthma. The eosinophil is equipped with weapons to damage helminths and host tissues, including cationic proteins, reactive oxygen species, leukotrienes, and the ability to elaborate cytokines. In human diseases, eosinophils accumulate in massive numbers and discharge their granule proteins onto affected tissues, often in association with damage or frank necrosis. Under the auspices of this grant, we have investigated the structure and function of eosinophil granule proteins, including major basic protein (MBP1), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO). These proteins are toxins and damage cells and tissues; MBP1 and EPO are able to stimulate cells. Further, MBP1 causes bronchial hyperreactivity in monkeys and guinea pigs. We have discovered a novel granule protein, the MBP homologue (MBP2). Like MBP1, MBP2 damages and activates target cells. However, whether MBP2 possesses distinctive properties not shared by MBP1 is unknown. MBP1 is synthesized as a 32 kDa promolecule (proMBP1) and is processed to its 14 kDa mature form; but little is known of the proMBP convertase. Also, the crystal structure of proMBP1 is unknown. Preliminary analyses of the eosinophil granule
8
Bronchial Asthma
proteome indicate the presence of numerous novel peptides. Here we identify a series of interrelated goals to investigate these issues. First, we will compare the properties of MBP1 and MBP2 and determine whether unique properties exist for MBP2. Second, we will characterize the enzyme(s) converting 32 kDa proMBP to 14 kDa MBP (proMBP convertase). Third, in collaboration, we will crystallize recombinant proMBP and solve its structure. Fourth, we will characterize the novel acidic eosinophil granule proteins discovered using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy. Finally, we will determine whether two novel markers of eosinophil activation are detectable in patients with eosinophilia. Overall, these studies will expand our knowledge of the molecules composing the eosinophil granule and provide new tools to dissect eosinophil function in disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FINE MAPPING OF AN ASTHMA LOCUS OF CHROMOSOME 12Q Principal Investigator & Institution: Raby, Benjamin; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bronchial asthma affects over 17 million people in the United States and continues to be a significant cause of morbidity in the U.S. There is substantial evidence that asthma is a complex genetic disorder, and there is hope that identification of the genetic determinants of asthma will lead to a better understanding of asthma pathobiology and potentially lead to the development of new preventative strategies and treatment regimens. Towards this end, many groups around the world have performed genome-wide linkage scans in an attempt to identify regions conferring heightened asthma-susceptibility. The centromeric region of chromosome 12q is one of the most frequently identified regions demonstrating evidence for linkage with asthma (in 6 of 11 published studies). We hypothesize that an asthma-susceptibility gene exists on chromosome 12q, and that this gene can be identified using a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping strategy. We propose a three-stage plan to identify this locus. In stage 1, we will screen approximately 1,500 SNPs in two samples of pooled DNA: one DNA pool from 394 asthmatics identified in the Nurses Health Study (NHS) and one pool of matched healthy controls. We will screen for evidence of significant allele-frequency differences between the case and control pools and identify SNPs that are associated with the asthma phenotype ("positive-SNPs"). In stage 2, we will validate our findings from stage 1 by genotyping the "positive-SNPs" in the individual DNA samples from the NHS. Genotyping of individual samples will allow for more accurate estimation of allele frequency and to enable explicit case-control association analysis, as well as haplotype imputation. In stage 3, we will replicate findings from the NHS asthma cohort in a family-based cohort of 460 asthmatic offspring and their parents obtained through the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP). CAMP has extensive phenotypic information including assessment of lung function, airways responsiveness and atopy-related traits. We will validate SNPs from stage 2 in 460 asthma trios and perform family-based association analyses using both the asthma phenotype and intermediate quantitative traits. We anticipate identifying SNPs associated with asthma in both the NHS and CAMP cohorts, representing important asthma-susceptibility SNPs. Identification of these variants may have a significant impact on the public health of asthma patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
9
Project Title: FUNCTION OF GAMMA GLUTAMYL LEUKOTRIENASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lieberman, Michael; Professor and Chairman; Pathology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1996; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and gamma-glutamyl leukotrienase (GGL), a related enzyme identified in the applicant's laboratory, belong to a small gene family that cleaves glutathione (GSH) and GSH conjugates. Although many of the physiologic functions of GGT are known, those of GGL not as well characterized. The applicant's laboratory has cloned GGL, raised antibodies to it, and developed mice with a targeted GGL mutation (GGLtm1). Preliminary data indicate that GGLtm1 is a null mutation. For the purposes of the study, mice have also been generated with a targeted GGT null mutation and mice carrying targeted cis mutations in both genes. GGL and GGT convert cysteinyl leukotriene (LT) C4 to LTD4, the most potent cysteinyl LT. Dipeptidases including membrane bound dipeptidase (MBD) convert LTD4 to LTE4, a very weak LT. Cysteinyl LTs mediate vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, eosinophil function and mucus formation. The applicant proposes to study the structure, cellular localization, and tissue distribution of GGL, assess its function by using GGL-, GGT-, and GGL/GGT-deficient mice, and test hypotheses about the role of these genes in inflammation and asthma. MBD-deficient mice with a partial block in LTD4 to LTE4 conversion have also been developed. Plans are described to treat them with a dipeptidase inhibitor in order to assess LTE4' and LTD4 role in inflammation and asthma. Specific Aims of this proposal include: 1. Demonstration that GGLtml is a null mutation and to examine its physiologic consequences. 2. Testing of the hypothesis that GGL consists of a light chain and a glycosylated heavy chain and is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. 3. Testing of the hypotheses that LTD4 is the principal cysteinyl LT mediator of inflammation and a significant contributor to neutrophil migration. 4. Testing of the hypothesis that LTD4 is the principal cysteinyl LT mediator of bronchial asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOUSE LTC4 SYNTHASE GENE Principal Investigator & Institution: Austen, Frank K.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Leukotriene (LT)C4 synthase is the pivotal enzyme in the biosynthesis of LTC4, the parent compound of the receptor active cysteinyl leukotrienes. Thus, LTC4 synthase can regulate the biosynthesis of this potent lipid mediator, which contributes to the pathobiology of bronchial asthma and other inflammatory diseases through its metabolites, LTD4 and LTE4. The objectives of this project are to define the transcriptional regulation of the murine LTC4 synthase gene (Aim 1); to generate LTC4 synthase transgenic mice and the LTC4 synthase gene-disrupted mice (Aim 2); and to examine the in vivo responses of these gene manipulated mice to various inflammatory insults (Aim 3). To examine the transcriptional regulation of mouse LTC4 synthase gene, we will start with a previously identified 402-bp genomic fragment of mouse LTC4 synthase gene contining 352-bp of 5' flanking region. Promoter and enhancer elements will be defined by reporter contructs, mutagenic analysis, and by Dnase 1 hypersensitivity assays. Trans-acting factors will be characterized by gel shift and supershift assays. The major focus, however, is to assess the role of the cysteinyl
10
Bronchial Asthma
leukotrienes in physiologic and pathobiologic processes by selective alterations of the terminal biosynthetic enzyme, LTC4 synthase. Transgenic mice will be created by pronuclear injection of a 5.5-kb genomic fragment containing the entire human LTC4 synthase gene with its native promoter. Mice will be screened for the transgene by PCR with human specific oligonucleotide primers and their gene dosage determined by Southern blot analysis. The gene-disrupted mice will be created with a targeting construct which contains a neomycin gene in place of exon 2 to exon 4 of mouse LTC4 synthase gene and a thymidine kinase gene downstream of the disrupted LTC4 synthase gene. Double resistence clones with homologous recombination will be used for blastocysts injection to create chimeric mice and subsequently gene-disrupted mice. The growth and development of these gene manipulated animals and the ability of their BMMC to express LTC4 synthase and to generate cysteinyl leukotrienes will be examined. Assessment of their inflammatory responses will include airway hyperreactivity to protein sensitization and aerosol challenge, arachidonic acid induced inflammation, systemic anaphylaxis, T. spiralis infection, and NSAID induced gastric ulcers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS AND NEUROGENIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Haddad, Georges E.; Assistant Professor; Howard University Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Bronchial asthma is associated with inflammatory changes, swelling, stiffness of the airways, spontaneous, mechanically or chemically evoked bronchoconstriction. These changes can be initiated and maintained by autonomic imbalance in bronchodilatory and bronchoconstrictive influences. In this grant proposal we will stress how the nervous system via a number of differentiated patterns during prolonged and often repeated stimulations, affect airway structure and functions down to cellular and molecular level of organization. In particular, the role of sensory innervation will be studied. Subsets of sensory fibers, both in animals and humans, contain the tachykinin peptides, substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), which are colocalized with calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). In response to noxious agents and bradykinin (BK), SP, NKA and CGRP are released from sensory nerves and when released they exert a variety of local biological effects, including increase in cholinergic transmission, airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction, mucus secretion and plasma protein extravasation. These changes are mediated through activation of typical features of bronchial asthma. We hypothesize that in bronchial asthma the regulation of the NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3 receptors in achieved via a feedforward mechanism in which peptide synthesis or secretion (or both) is enhanced. Increased levels of released SP and NKA would then cause increased in the expression and the sensitivity of NK-1, NK-2, and NK-3 receptors, and potentiate cholinergic influences. We will investigate changes in SPK, BK and NKA levels, NK-1, NK-2, CGRP, B-1 and B-2 receptor mRNAs and receptor peptide expression in airways of asthmatics and in the airways of sensitized guinea pigs following repeated exposure to antigen. Preprotachykinin (PTT) mRNA expression in the airways will be quantitated using solution hybridization-nuclease protection assays. Peptide and receptor mRNA expression levels will be normalized to glyceraldehyde-3- phosphatedydrogenase mRNA levels. Similarly, expression of the BK receptor message and receptor protein will be determined in guinea pigs. In the airway smooth muscle preparation, the link between changes in signal transduction pathways
Studies
11
and airway hyper- responsiveness will be studied. Using biophysical and biochemical approaches, we will assess the changes in contractility of the airway smooth muscle which could account for the refractoriness to therapy by employing techniques well established in our laboratories. The results of proposed studies will contribute to better understanding of fundamental mechanisms of a feedforward system as a determinant of progression of the pathologic process, and will lead to improved methods in treatment of obstructive airway disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GIF REGULATION OF B CELLS AND CD4 CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sugie, Katsuji; La Jolla Allergy/Immunolgy 10355 Science Center Dr San Diego, Ca 921211118
Institute
for
Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The function of a cytokine called GIF or MIF has been unclear for a long time. However, recent studies have demonstrated that a posttranslational modification of this cytokine at C60 is required for the binding to the receptor and for the capability to inhibit B cell Ig switch, BCR-mediated antigen uptake, and IL-4 secretion from CD4 cells. GIF-/- mice displayed enhanced antibody responses to a T-dependent antigen regardless of Ig isotype but normal responses to a Tindependent antigen. CD4 cells from GIF-/- mice differentiated toward a Th2 phenotype as compared with wild type cells. GIF receptor was undetectable in resting mouse T and B cells, but after in vitro stimulation the receptor was induced on these cells. GIF receptor appeared to be a 50-52 kDa cell surface protein. To determine whether the biological effects of GIF is mediated through the interaction of GIF and its receptor, anti-receptor mAb will be generated and the cDNA encoding the receptor will be cloned. To define the target cells for this cytokine, the expression of the receptor will be delineated using cells and mRNA samples from various hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues. To clarify the role of GIF in regulating B cell activation in T-B collaboration, HEL-specific B cells from MD4 BCR Tg mice and Ova-specific CD4 cells from DO11.10 TCR Tg mice, either on GIF+/+ or -/- background, will be stimulated in vitro with HEL-Ova conjugate. The secretion of GIF, the induction of its receptor, and the events associated with B cell activation will be analyzed in the course of the cognate T-B interaction. The effects of GIF on BCR-dependent antigen uptake, trafficking, and processing will be analyzed. To determine the role of GIF on cytokine production and Th differentiation of CD4 cells, the expression of GIF receptor and the secretion of GIF upon T cell activation will be analyzed. The source of GIF that regulates Th differentiation will be determined by adoptive transfer experiments using CD4 cells from GIF+/+ and -/- DO11.10 TCR Tg mice and bone marrow chimera constructions. The mechanism by which GIF inhibits Th2 differentiation and/or induces Th1 differentiation will be analyzed with regard to Stat phosphorylation and transcription factors. The role of GIF in regulating Th2-type inflammation will be evaluated in the mouse model of antigen-induced bronchial asthma. These experiments will establish the role of this cytokine in CD4 T cell-mediated immune responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GP49 FAMILY MEDIATED INTERACTIONS IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Katz, Howard R.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115
12
Bronchial Asthma
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's abstract): Mast cells have high proinflammatory potential because they contain a large number of bioactive mediators of three classes: preformed, secretory granule-derived mediators such as histamine and proteases; newly generated lipid mediators such as leukotriene C4 (LTC4), prostaglandin D2, and the platelet-activating factor; and a panoply of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-a. Mast cells, which reside in normal tissues at the interface between self and non-self, must be tightly regulated to prevent the deleterious effects of innate or immunologic activation. Indeed, inappropriate activation of mast cells leads to immediate hypersensitivity reactions and bronchial asthma. The investigator has discovered and characterized the mouse mast cell gp49 gene family, which is part of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain of one member of the family, gp49B1, contains two Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibition Motifs (ITIMs). He showed that the cross-linking of gp49B1 with the high affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) on mast cells inhibits the exocytosis of histamine and B-hexosaminidase, as well as the generation of LTC4. Thus, gp49B1 is a newly recognized counter-regulator of mast cell activation. However, the mechanism(s) by which gp49B1 inhibits mast cell activation is known, as is the natural ligand for gp49B1 ("gp49B1L"). The broad objective of the proposed research is to understand more about the cellular and molecular biology of gp49B1 in mast cells, with the long range goal of harnessing its ligand-driven inhibitory pathway to control deleterious mast cell activation that causes allergic reactions and contributes to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and other forms of inflammation. The application proposes to achieve the first stage of its broad objective by pursuing the following Specific Aims: 1) to define the molecular mechanism(s) by which gp49B1 inhibits the signal transduction pathways leading to mast cell activation; and 2) to clone, characterize, and express gp49B1L so as to define the biologic significance of its interaction with gp49B1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GROUP INFLAMMATION
V
PHOSPHOLIPASE
A2
AND
PULMONARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Arm, Jonathan P.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyses the sn-2 position of cell membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid, which is metabolized by 5-lipoxygenase to leukotrienes or by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS) to prostaglandins and thromboxane. Leukotrienes (LT) and prostaglandins (PG) have been implicated in diverse physiologic and pathologic processes. Specifically, LTC4 and PGD2, the principal eicosanoid products of the mast cell, have been implicated in bronchial asthma. We have previously described immediate and delayed phases of eicosanoid generation by mouse mast cells. We have demonstrated that cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) is essential for the supply of arachidonic acid in each phase. cPLA2 is also required for eicosanoid generation by mouse macrophages. Nevertheless, there is a body of evidence that cPLA2 requires the co-ordinate action of a low molecular weight, secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), most likely group V sPLA2. Group V sPLA2 is expressed by both mast cells and macrophages. In transfection studies, it coupled to cPLA2 in both immediate and delayed phases of eicosanoid generation. There are no specific inhibitors of group V sPLA2. The hypothesis of this proposal is that group V sPLA2 is essential for eicosanoid generation by mast cells and macrophages in
Studies
13
vitro, and in the provision of LTC4 and PGD2 in bronchial asthma. To test this hypothesis we have derived mice with disruption of the gene encoding group V sPLA2. In Specific Aim 1 we will use mast cells and macrophages derived from mice with homozygous disruption of group V sPLA2 to determine its role in immediate and delayed phases of eicosanoid generation in response to diverse stimuli. In Specific Aim 2 we will use mice with deletion of group V sPLA2 to determine its role in inflammatory responses of increasing complexity. We will begin with mast cell-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. We will proceed to active cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis, in which group V sPLA2 may additionally contribute to the sensitization process. This will lead to mouse models of bronchial asthma in which group V sPLA2 may participate through diverse mechanisms and diverse cellular processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LTC4 SYNTHASE AND CYSTEINYL LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lam, Bing K.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Leukotriene (LT) C4 synthase (LTC4S) is the pivotal enzyme in the biosynthesis of LTC4, the parent compound of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs). These lipid mediators have profound biologic effects and contribute to the pathobiology of bronchial asthma and other inflammatory diseases acting through the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor (CysLT1R) and CysLT2R. Interleukin (IL) 4, a Th2 cytokine that is implicated in bronchial asthma, upregulates LTC4S in human and mouse mast cells (MCs) and enhances their ability to generate cysLTs. The objectives of this project are to define the signal transduction pathway involved in the upregulation of LTC4S in mouse MCs by IL-4 (Specific Aim 1) and to define the role of cysLTs and their receptors in the pathobiology of pulmonary inflammation (Specific Aim 2). To assess the signal transduction pathway involved in the upregulation of LTC4S by IL-4, we will examine the effect of IL-4 on LTC4S activity in vitro and in vivo using signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) 6 and phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway-defective mice and their wild type controls. We will examine the binding of STAT6 to the consensus STAT6 motif of the LTC4S gene in bone marrow derived MCs by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and by chromatin immunoprecipitation with anti-STAT6 antibody followed by PCR of the precipitated genomic DNA. To analyze the role of the cysLTs in acute and chronic aerosol antigen induced pulmonary inflammation, the generation of a mouse strain with targeted disruption of CysLT2R is planned so as to allow comparison with the CysLT1R null strain. Parallel studies will be conducted with mice that are null for LTC4S (cysLT deficient), with mice that overexpress the human LTC4S (cysLT overproduction), and with mice deficient in each of the CysLTRs, CysLT1R and CysLT2R (selective absence of the target tissue response to cysLTs), to clarify the role of the cysLTs in the acute responses of altered permeability and cellular influx and in chronic responses of mucus gland hyperplasia, smooth muscle hyperplasia, and basement membrane thickening. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MAGNESIUM AND ASTHMA - CLINICAL TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stern, Judith M.; Professor; Nutrition; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005
14
Bronchial Asthma
Summary: Over the past twenty years a number of studies of acute bronchial asthma have shown that i.v. or nebulized MgS04 may improve symptoms over a course of hours. With respect to dietary supplementation, short term (3 wk) oral Mg has been associated with a significant decrease in symptoms but no significant effect on measurements like FEV1 or bronchial hyperactivity by methacholine challenge. Although a large number of studies have attempted to address this issue, we believe that major gaps still exist. One of the gaps is in the comparison of large numbers of asthmatics and non-asthmatics, with regards to dietary intake, and a variety of measures of Mg status. We will evaluate baseline Mg intake (diet, tap and bottled drinking water, vitamin-mineral supplements, laxatives, and antacids), and multiple measures of Mg status, such as total and free plasma Mg, and total and free erythrocyte Mg, and urinary Mg. Furthermore there are no large-scale studies evaluating the effects of Mg supplementation on asthma control and clinical markers, and markers of inflammation. We propose to assess the effects of one year of oral Mg on clinical markers of asthma control (asthma symptom diary, morning and evening peak flow and asthma quality of life questionnaire (QOL)), indirect biomarkers of inflammation (exhaled nitric oxide and serum eosinophil cationic protein) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (methacholine challenge). Dietary Mg will be assessed using three different methods: I) food frequency questionnaire, 2) 4 day food diary - done every other day over a seven day period and 3) 24 hr recall. Our hypotheses are that l.) subjects with mild asthma, as defined by National Institutes of Health National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NIH NAEPP) clinical guidelines will have poorer Mg status than nonasthmatics, and 2.) that marginal Mg intake and status may modulate the severity of asthma. Thus subjects with asthma who have marginal intake/status and thus relatively lower total and free plasma Mg, lower erythrocyte total and free Mg, and lower urinary Mg will show improvement in the aforementioned clinical and indirect biomarkers. In contrast, Mg supplements will have little effect in subjects with highest intakes and Mg status. This study will use the services of the Clinical/Pulmonary Core to recruit, evaluate, assign and monitor subjects and the Inflammation Core for measures of inflammation. We do not anticipate that Mg supplementation will replace conventional treatment, but may complement and decrease the need for conventional medications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF EOSINOPHILIC INFLAMMATION IN HUMAN ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Kita, Hirohito; Associate Professor; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bronchial asthma is characterized by episodic exacerbations of airflow limitation, bronchial hyperreactivity and airway inflammation. Eosinophilic infiltration in the airways is common in asthma even in mild, stable, or newly diagnosed asthma. Studies suggest a strong correlation between airway eosinophilia and disease severity in human asthma. Our Program Project will elucidate the immunologic and cellular mechanisms responsible for persistent eosinophilic airway inflammation and the subsequent development of physiologic and pathologic abnormalities in the airways of patients with asthma; at present these mechanisms are poorly understood. The combined resources of this Asthma and Allergic Diseases Research Center (AADRC) provide a unique opportunity to conduct a coordinated set of interdisciplinary research projects focused on understanding the mechanisms of eosinophilic inflammation in human asthma. The first project will investigate post-
Studies
15
receptor signaling pathways that control eosinophil degranulation and granule protein toxicity with a specific focus on calcium mobilization and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. The project uses biochemical, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches to elucidate the mechanisms of actin rearrangement and granule acidification, which are critical events in the degranulation process of human eosinophils. The second project will investigate how the eosinophil?s release of granule proteins leads to airway narrowing and bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with asthma. The project addresses the mechanisms by which eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) alters contractile responses of human airway smooth muscle by examining two cellular targets for MBP in the airways: epithelia cells and smooth muscle cells. The third project will investigate why eosinophilic airway inflammation persists in patients who do not have immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to exogenous antigens, namely "intrinsic" asthma. It tests the hypothesis that enhanced immune responses to fungi in human airways and subsequent production of eosinophil-active cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-5 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, are involved. The project also examines how eosinophil degranulation in the airways leads to exacerbation of asthma in patients. The Administrative Core will provide administrative services and support for the collaborative efforts among the projects. Finally, the Eosinophil Granule Protein Core is an essential resource that provides unique reagents and technical service to analyze eosinophilic inflammation. Altogether, these projects may elaborate the pathogenic and pathophysiologic mechanisms of human bronchial asthma and may improve the diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in the management of patients suffering form asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF SUBEPITHELIAL FIBROSIS IN ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: George, Steven C.; William J. Link Professor & Chair of Bio; Chemical Engr & Materials Sci; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bronchial asthma afflicts more than 5% of the U.S. population, and the incidence and prevalence are on the rise. A critical feature of the disease is structural changes in the wall of the airways, which become more prominent as the disease progresses, and are correlated with disease severity and symptoms. It is not clear whether these changes are a normal response to an abnormal injury, or whether the response itself is abnormal. In addition, there is inadequate information describing the mechanisms of airway remodeling to determine whether the structural changes are reversible. The bronchial epithelial cell and the subepithelial fibroblast as well as several chemical mediators have been identified as critical players in the remodeling process. However, a study that addresses the interaction amongst these specific cells and mediators in response to injuries or insults that mimic an asthmatic exacerbation has not been undertaken. The goal of the project is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the bronchial epithelium and the fibroblast as a key system underlying airway remodeling in bronchial asthma. Our specific aims are structured to address: 1) the integration of molecular events with changes in the extracellular matrix as probed with novel non-invasive optical techniques, 2) the impact of a physical denudation wound, and 3) the impact of a compressive stress (pressure) wound. The proposal will combine conventional biological techniques (i.e., RT-PCR) with non-traditional non-invasive optical techniques (multi-photon laser scanning microscopy) to dynamically determine the concentrations and spatial orientation of
16
Bronchial Asthma
several key chemical mediators and extracellular matrix proteins in response to an epithelial injury. The research design and methods are unique as they: 1) utilize a tissue engineered model of the airway wall that consists of bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts in the normal anatomical arrangement and 2) an injury protocol that includes chronic repetitive insults in a fashion that mimics asthma. Completion of the specific aims will provide answers to key questions related to airway remodeling in bronchial asthma, and bring us closer to not only halting, but also reversing the structural changes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PASSIVE SMOKE: BETA-ADRENOCEPTORS AND AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Das, Salil K.; Professor; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major indoor air pollutant. ETS has been implicated in human airway hypersensitivity, a prominent feature of bronchial asthma. The mechanisms by which ETS produces airway hyper-reactivity are poorly understood, but current evidence suggests that a defect in the beta-adrenergic system could be a contributory factor. The objective of the proposed study is to confirm whether ETS causes airway hyper-responsiveness and whether there is a concurrent presence of beta-adrenergic dysfunction in airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we will determine the mechanism by which ETS desensitizes betaadrenoreceptors. For the study of the mechanism, we will focus on (a) the phosphorylation-inactivation of beta-adrenergic receptors, and (b) the mutation of the gene for the beta-adrenergic receptors. Guinea pigs will be chosen as the animal model because (i) ETS-induced airway hyper-responsiveness has been well characterized in guinea pigs, and (ii) a link has been established between beta-adrenoreceptors desensitization and bronchial hyper-reactivity in guinea pig airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. Data obtained from this study on the mechanism by which ETS weakens beta-adrenergic receptor function would translate into the possibility for new approaches to treatment of hyper-reactivity to ETS-pollution. Our future goal will be to clone the normal and mutated beta-adrenergic receptor cDNA in mammalian expression vectors, transfect these clones into ETS-exposed airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells, and study whether the function of beta-adrenoreceptors in ETS-exposed cells are improved. This may highlight an innovative control measure to develop future therapeutic strategies for ETS-effects in human. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ROLE OF IL-1 AXIS IN SENSITIZED AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hakonarson, Hakon; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 191044399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Bronchial asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, exaggerated airway narrowing to bronchoconstrictor agonists and attenuated responsiveness to betaadrenoceptor-mediated airway relaxation. Various cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response in asthmatic airways, and specific cytokines, most notably IL-1beta, have also been shown to directly regulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) responsiveness. In view of the latter, together with our recent
Studies
17
observations demonstrating an important autocrine role for IL-1beta in coupling Fc receptor activation and changes in ASM responsiveness in the atopic asthmatic sensitized state, this proposal is designed to examine the role of the IL-1 axis of molecules (i.e., IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1RI, -RII, IL-1ra, and ICE), in mediating the altered functional and proinflammatory phenotype that characterizes the atopic asthmatic sensitized ASM. Accordingly, studies are proposed to examine the interrelated hypotheses that: I: The human ASM constitutes an autocrine environment which, when activated in the atopic (IgE-mediated) sensitized state, induces the autologous elaboration of various molecules constituting the IL-1 axis and; II: These molecules play an interactive role in the autocrine induction of altered ASM responsiveness, as well as in the altered expression and release of specific TH1- and TH2-type cytokines and their receptors in the atopic sensitized state. Accordingly, the Specific Aims of this project are to: I) examine the autologously- induced altered expression of the IL-1 axis and determine the role of activation of specific Fc receptors in inducing the altered expression of the IL-1 axis of molecules in the atopic sensitized state; 2) examine the role and mechanism of altered induced expression of the IL-1 axis in mediating changes in ASM responsiveness in the atopic sensitized state, and assess the presence of induced altered receptor/G protein-coupled expression and action, as well as agonist-mediated accumulation of the principal second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) and cAMP; and 3) examine the autocrine regulatory interactions between altered expression of the IL-1 axis and the TH2-type cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF, and the TH1-type cytokines, IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-gamma, and their receptors and to determine whether the above TH1- and TH2-type cytokines also exert a reciprocal modulatory action on the autocrine expression of the IL-1 axis of molecules. We anticipate that the results from our proposed studies will elucidate the role and mechanism of action of the IL-1 axis in the development of the "pro-asthmatic" ASM phenotype. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ASTHMA IN COSTA RICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Weiss, Scott T.; Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: This proposal seeks to examine the genetic factors that influence the development of asthma in a minority group at high risk for the disease (Hispanics). To this end, we will concentrate on a genetically isolated Hispanic population with high asthma prevalence living in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. To identify regions of the genome likely to contain genetic determinants of asthma and associated phenotypes in this population, we will utilize a unique study design that entails collection of phenotypic and genotypic data on 15 large pedigrees multiplex for asthma (600 individuals) and 300 unrelated asthmatic children and their parents (900 individuals). We will conduct a genome screen on these large pedigrees, and we will perform linkage analysis of asthma and seven intermediate phenotypes related to asthma including airway responsiveness; FEV 1; bronchodilator responsiveness; skin test reactivity to common aeroallergens; serum total and allergen-specific IgE; and peripheral blood eosinophil count. A genome screen will also be conducted in the parent-child trios, and ancestral haplotypes will be reconstructed to identify regions influencing asthmaassociated phenotypes. Within candidate regions demonstrating both linkage in extended pedigrees to asthma and/or asthma-related phenotypes and significant linkage disequilibrium within the unrelated asthmatic subjects, fine mapping will be
18
Bronchial Asthma
performed by testing for genetic association to single nucleotide polymorphisrns within positional candidate genes. By utilizing a unique study design with a large sample size in a genetically isolated population, we should be able to address an important but insufficiently studied problem: the genetic influences on the expression of the asthma phenotype in Hispanics. Thus, this proposal will greatly contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of a significant public health problem among Hispanic Americans: bronchial asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ROLE OF HYALURONAN IN AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Forteza, Rosanna M.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bronchial tissue kallikrein (TK) is a key enzyme in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. It cleaves kininogen in a highly selective fashion to yield lysyl-bradykinin (kallidin). Kallidin causes vasodilatation, increases vascular permeability and leads to bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), all hallmarks of asthma. Despite the fact that bronchial TK is the major kininogenase in the airways, little is known about its regulation. We have found that bronchial TK is secreted by serous cells of submucosal glands together with hyaluronan that binds to and thereby inhibits TK in the airway lumen. We have also found that hyaluronan binds to the apical membrane of airway epithelial cells thereby immobilizing inactivated TK at the epithelial surface. These findings challenge the notion that proteins (such as TK) secreted into the airway lumen is rapidly cleared by the mucociliary apparatus and that enzyme availability on mucosal surfaces is solely dependent on secretion. Our results suggest another level of regulatory control that relies on an apical enzyme pool "ready for use" and protected from ciliary clearance. This may have important implications for asthma pathophysiology since hyaluronan breakdown in the airways could release large amounts of active TK. This proposal will therefore test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species, generated in the airway lumen during inflammatory reactions and known to cleave hyaluronan, will cause the release of active TK due to hyaluronan degradation and active TK, in turn, will generate kinins subsequently causing AHR. To test this hypothesis we will identify how hyaluronan is synthesized in submucosal glands, study the nature of the interaction between hyaluronan and bronchial TK, and examine reactive oxygen species-induced hyaluronan degradation in vivo and its relation to bronchial TK activity and AHR. The results of these studies will provide new, important, and exciting mechanistic insights into our understanding of airway biology as it pertains to hyaluronan, bronchial TK and kinin interactions in asthma. Moreover, the principle of enzyme immobilization at mucosal surfaces maybe applicable to many epithelia that are cleared from secretions by mechanical action. Thus, the results of this proposal will not only significantly advance our knowledge of airway biology and asthma, but may have important implications to other mucosal surfaces as well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TISSUE ENGINEERED CYLINDRICAL SHAPED AIRWAY Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Cheryl A.; Chemical Engr & Materials Sci; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-MAY-2002
Studies
19
Summary: (provided by applicant): Bronchial asthma afflicts more than 5 percent of the U.S. population, and the incidence and prevalence are on the rise. A critical feature of the disease is structural changes in the wall of the airways (airway remodeling), which are correlated with morbidity. There is inadequate information describing the mechanisms of airway remodeling. Several key cells (epithelium, fibroblast, and smooth muscle cell) have been identified as critical players in the remodeling process. However, a study that addresses the interaction amongst these specific cells in response to injuries that mimic an asthmatic exacerbation has not been undertaken. Progress in our understanding is limited by a number of key factors including limited access to remodeled bronchial asthmatic tissue, inherent difficulty in characterizing a chronic response, and differentiating the complex interactions between multiple cells that are present simultaneously in vivo. The specific aims of the project are to: 1) develop a novel tissue engineered model of the airway wall that consists of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells in the normal anatomic and geometric arrangement, 2) utilize non-invasive optical techniques (two-photon microscopy) to quantify newly synthesized ECM proteins in live tissues, and 3) injure the tissue in a pattern which mimics asthma. Completion of the specific aims will provide answers to key questions related to airway remodeling, and bring us closer to not only halting but also reversing airway remodeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for bronchial asthma in the PubMed Central database: •
Allergic bronchial asthma due to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus hypersensitivity can be efficiently treated by inoculation of allergen-antibody complexes. by Machiels JJ, Somville MA, Lebrun PM, Lebecque SJ, Jacquemin MG, Saint-Remy JM.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=296531
•
Assessing the knowledge of bronchial asthma among primary health care physicians in Crete: A pre- and post-test following an educational course. by Rovithis E, Lionis C, Schiza SE, Bouros D, Karokis A, Vlachonikolis L, Siafakas NM.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=37405
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
20
•
Bronchial Asthma
UNILATERAL PROVOKED BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN MAN. by Arborelius MA Jr, Ekwall B, Jernerus R, Lundin G, Svanberg L.; 1962 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291037
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with bronchial asthma, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for bronchial asthma (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A controlled study of 9alpha,11beta-PGF2 (a prostaglandin D2 metabolite) in plasma and urine of patients with bronchial asthma and healthy controls after aspirin challenge. Author(s): Bochenek G, Nagraba K, Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 111(4): 743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12704352
•
A possible role for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sagach VV, Joachim RA. Source: Fiziol Zh. 2003; 49(4): 106-12. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14509937
•
A study on the serum levels of interleukin-1beta in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Thomas SS, Chhabra SK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 May; 101(5): 282, 284, 286 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575216
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
21
•
A therapeutical outlook in "infectious" bronchial asthma. Author(s): Olinescu A, Levenet I. Source: Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2000 January-June; 59(1-2): 31-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11845473
•
A young man with bronchial asthma and an abnormal chest X-ray. Author(s): Kashyap AS, Kashyap S. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 January; 76(891): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622783
•
Acute severe alcohol-induced bronchial asthma. Author(s): Saito Y, Sasaki F, Tanaka I, Sato M, Okazawa M, Sakakibara H, Suetsugu S. Source: Intern Med. 2001 July; 40(7): 643-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11506308
•
Add-on effects of suplatast tosilate in bronchial asthma patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Author(s): Sano T, Nakamura Y, Yanagawa H, Bando H, Nii A, Yoshida S, Sone S; Higashishikoku Asthma Research Group. Source: Lung. 2003; 181(4): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692563
•
Allergic bronchial asthma: airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Author(s): Sugita M, Kuribayashi K, Nakagomi T, Miyata S, Matsuyama T, Kitada O. Source: Intern Med. 2003 August; 42(8): 636-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924484
•
Aminophylline in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Tomac N. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 November; 83(5): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582724
•
An unusual case of congenital short trachea with very long bronchi mimicking bronchial asthma. Author(s): Ravenna F, Caramori G, Panella GL, Papi A, Benea G, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ, Ciaccia A. Source: Thorax. 2002 April; 57(4): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923561
22
Bronchial Asthma
•
Analgesic intolerance with or without bronchial asthma: is there a marker? Author(s): Kalyoncu AF, Karakaya G, Yilmaz E, Balci B, Karaduman A, Yasavul U. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13(3): 162-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635465
•
Analysis of the cough sound frequency in adults and children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Korpas J, Vrabec M, Sadlonova J, Salat D, Debreczeni LA. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 2003; 90(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666872
•
Antihistamines in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Present knowledge and future perspectives. Author(s): Mincarini M, Pasquali M, Cosentino C, Fumagalli F, Scordamaglia A, Quaglia R, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001; 14(4): 267-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440555
•
Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a doubleblind placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Juergens UR, Dethlefsen U, Steinkamp G, Gillissen A, Repges R, Vetter H. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 March; 97(3): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12645832
•
Aspects of immunity in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Olinescu A. Source: Rom J Physiol. 1999 July-December; 36(3-4): 195-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11797935
•
Assessing the knowledge of bronchial asthma among primary health care physicians in Crete: a pre- and post-test following an educational course. Author(s): Rovithis E, Lionis C, Schiza SE, Bouros D, Karokis A, Vlachonikolis I, Siafakas NM. Source: Bmc Medical Education [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 2. Epub 2001 August 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511327
•
Association between the N-acetylation genetic polymorphism and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Nacak M, Aynacioglu AS, Filiz A, Cascorbi I, Erdal ME, Yilmaz N, Ekinci E, Roots I. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 December; 54(6): 671-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492617
Studies
23
•
Association of uteroglobulin-related protein 1 with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Heinzmann A, Dietrich H, Deichmann KA. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 August; 131(4): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915772
•
Bacterial flora of the lower respiratory tract in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Fayon M, Just J, Thien HV, Chiba T, Pascual L, Sandouk G, Grimfeld A. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 November; 88(11): 1216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591422
•
Basophil histamine release and leukotriene production in response to anti-IgE and anti-IgE receptor antibodies. Comparison of normal subjects and patients with urticaria, atopic dermatitis or bronchial asthma. Author(s): Bischoff SC, Zwahlen R, Stucki M, Mullner G, de Weck AL, Stadler BM, Dahinden CA. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 July; 110(3): 261-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8688673
•
Beta-adrenoceptor agonists in bronchial asthma: role of k+-channel opening in mediating their bronchodilator effects. Author(s): Small RC, Chiu P, Cook SJ, Foster RW, Isaac L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 October; 23(10): 802-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10780886
•
Beta-receptor decrease in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Oehling A, Sanz ML, Gamboa PM. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1991 September; 23(7): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1660276
•
Biofeedback-induced voluntary reduction of respiratory resistance in severe bronchial asthma. Author(s): Mass R, Richter R, Dahme B. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996 October; 34(10): 815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8952124
•
Breast-feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma in childhood: a systematic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies. Author(s): Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 August; 139(2): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11487754
24
Bronchial Asthma
•
Bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in patients with hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma. Author(s): Gamborg Nielsen P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 September; 76(5): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891025
•
Bronchial asthma and self-management education: implementation of Guidelines by an interdisciplinary programme in health network. Author(s): Tschopp JM, Frey JG, Pernet R, Burrus C, Jordan B, Morin A, Garrone S, Imhof K, Besse F, Marty S, Uldry C, Assal JP. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2002 February 23; 132(7-8): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11971203
•
Bronchial asthma causing symptoms suggestive of angina pectoris. Author(s): Kiss D, Veegh W, Schragel D, Bachl C, Stollberger C, Sertl K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 March; 21(3): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12662004
•
Bronchial asthma improved after removal of a phaeochromocytoma. Author(s): Janssen JA, Tjiong HL. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1991 September; 4(8): 1021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783076
•
Bronchial asthma in a paediatric nurse caused by inhaled pancreatic extracts. Author(s): Hayes JP, Newman Taylor AJ. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1991 May; 48(5): 355-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2039749
•
Bronchial asthma in Israel. Author(s): Varsano S. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 August; 4(8): 661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183883
•
Bronchial asthma in Puerto Rican children. 1971-1980. Author(s): Sifontes JE, Mayol PM. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 2002 January-December; 94(1-12): 77-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898738
Studies
25
•
Bronchial asthma in the very elderly. Author(s): Kagohashi K, Satoh H, Sekizawa K. Source: Chest. 2002 October; 122(4): 1501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12377899
•
Bronchial asthma induced by an antithyroid drug. Author(s): Grembiale RD, Naty S, Iorio C, Crispino N, Pelaia G, Tranfa CM. Source: Chest. 2001 May; 119(5): 1598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11348974
•
Bronchial asthma--"the plumbing". Author(s): Wray BB, McCann W. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2003; 40 Suppl: 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12817922
•
Bronchial asthma: a risk factor for hypertension? Author(s): Salako BL, Ajayi SO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000 March; 29(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379468
•
Bronchial asthma--no more doubts? Author(s): Bonini S. Source: Allergy. 1996 April; 51(4): 203-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792915
•
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness before and after the diagnosis of bronchial asthma in children. Author(s): Mochizuki H, Shigeta M, Arakawa H, Kato M, Tokuyama K, Morikawa A. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 December; 106(6): 1442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11099601
•
Cellular and cytokine immunoregulation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Stankiewicz W, Dabrowski MP, Chcialowski A, Plusa T. Source: Mediators of Inflammation. 2002 October; 11(5): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12467523
26
Bronchial Asthma
•
Clinical and genetic features underlying the response of patients with bronchial asthma to treatment with a leukotriene receptor antagonist. Author(s): Mastalerz L, Nizankowska E, Sanak M, Mejza F, Pierzchalska M, BazanSocha S, Bestynska-Krypel A, Cmiel A, Szczeklik A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002 December; 32(12): 949-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534456
•
Clinical applications of forced oscillation techniques (FOT) in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kim CW, Kim JS, Park JW, Hong CS. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2001 June; 16(2): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11590906
•
Clinical effects of HC 20-511 (ketotifen) in bronchial asthma and its inhibitory effect on antigen-induced morphological changes of basophils. Author(s): Tanizaki Y, Takahashi K, Goda Y, Sasaki Y, Harada H, Kimura I. Source: Acta Medica Okayama. 1980 December; 34(6): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6451144
•
Clinical effects of long-term administration of pranlukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, on adult patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Horiguchi T, Tachikawa S, Kondo R, Shiga M, Hirose M, Ito T. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(10): 714-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650364
•
Clinical management of bronchial asthma with inhaled high-dose beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclomet 250--Orion). Author(s): Dutu S, Stoicescu P, Bistriceanu G, Bisca N, Popescu O. Source: Pneumoftiziologia. 1991 July-September; 40(3): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1841740
•
Clinical significance of the increased peak levels of exhaled nitric oxide in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Satouchi M, Maeda H, Yu Y, Yokoyama M. Source: Intern Med. 1996 April; 35(4): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8739780
•
Cognitive behavioural intervention in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Grover N, Kumaraiah V, Prasadrao PS, D'souza G. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 July; 50: 896-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126343
Studies
27
•
Combination therapy of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Nelson HS. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2001 July-August; 22(4): 217-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552671
•
Comparative evaluation of market spacer and home made spacer in the management of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Rajkumar, Vatsa HK, Gaur SN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 March; 50: 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922231
•
Comparison of acute bronchodilator effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide and salbutamol in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Chhabra SK, Pandey KK. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 August; 39(5): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12214891
•
Comparison of leukocyte populations from bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum in the evaluation of cellular composition and nitric oxide production in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Bienkowska-Haba M, Cembrzynska-Nowak M, Liebhart J, Dobek R, Liebhart E, Siemieniec I, Panaszek B, Obojski A, Malolepszy J. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2002; 50(1): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11916312
•
Complete remission of relapsing eosinophilic fasciitis associated with bronchial asthma following regular steroid inhalation. Author(s): Yamanishi Y, Ishioka S, Yamakido M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 March; 39(3): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10788551
•
Conjunctivitis and bronchial asthma: symptoms of contact allergy to 1,3,5-tris (2hydroxyethyl)-hexahydrotriazine (Grotan BK). Author(s): Rasschaert V, Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423412
28
Bronchial Asthma
•
Considerations on the changes of certain immunologic parameters in occupational allergic bronchial asthma due to textile fibers. Author(s): Mitrea CM, Cojocaru M. Source: Rom J Intern Med. 1998 January-June; 36(1-2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660972
•
Continuity of airway goblet cells and intraluminal mucus in the airways of patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Shimura S, Andoh Y, Haraguchi M, Shirato K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1996 July; 9(7): 1395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8836649
•
Corticosteroid treatment in bronchial asthma: for better or for worse? Author(s): Hamelmann E, Schleimer RP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 248-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589340
•
Corticosteroids administered by nebulization to children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Terzano C, Barkai L, Cremonesi G. Source: Adv Ther. 2001 November-December; 18(6): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11841195
•
Could bronchial asthma be an endogenous, pulmonary expression of retinoid intoxication? Author(s): Mawson AR. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2001 August 1; 6: D97385. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11502488
•
Decrease in emergency room or urgent care visits due to management of bronchial asthma inpatients and outpatients with pharmaceutical services. Author(s): Watanabe T, Ohta M, Murata M, Yamamoto T. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1998 August; 23(4): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9867314
Studies
29
•
Decreased glucocorticoid binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptor is important in the poor response to steroid therapy of older-aged patients with severe bronchial asthma. Author(s): Cho YJ, Lee KE. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 September-October; 24(5): 353-8. Erratum In: Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003 November-December; 24(6): 449. Lee Kyeung En [corrected to Lee Kyung Eun]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619336
•
Decreased levels of coenzyme Q(10) in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gazdik F, Gvozdjakova A, Nadvornikova R, Repicka L, Jahnova E, Kucharska J, Pijak MR, Gazdikova K. Source: Allergy. 2002 September; 57(9): 811-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169177
•
Decreased peroxynitrite inhibitory activity in induced sputum in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kanazawa H, Shiraishi S, Hirata K, Yoshikawa J. Source: Thorax. 2002 June; 57(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037225
•
Decreased serum neutral endopeptidase activity in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Muraki K, Satoh K, Okahata H, Hirai Y, Akiyama M, Nakata Y. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1998 December; 47(4): 167-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973744
•
Defective inhibition of sodium on basophil histamine release in patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Tedeschi A, Cottini M, Salmaso C, Milazzo N, Miadonna A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1996 October; 9(10): 2070-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8902469
•
Delay of growth and development in children with bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Baum WF, Schneyer U, Lantzsch AM, Kloditz E. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2002 April; 110(2): 53-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928066
30
Bronchial Asthma
•
Dental caries status of children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Reddy DK, Hegde AM, Munshi AK. Source: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2003 Spring; 27(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739694
•
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus specific IgM antibody and its complement activation in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Inoue Y, Hosoi S, Hirao T, Mikawa H. Source: Arerugi = [allergy]. 1991 June; 40(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1892439
•
Detection of nocturnal wheezing in bronchial asthma using intermittent sleep tracheal sounds recording. Author(s): Kiyokawa H, Yonemaru M, Horie S, Kasuga I, Ichinose Y, Toyama K. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 1999 March; 4(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10339729
•
Detection of transforming growth factor-beta in sputum from patients with bronchial asthma by eosinophil survival assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Adachi T, Motojima S, Hirata A, Fukuda T, Kihara N, Makino S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 May; 26(5): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8735868
•
Development of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for blood and urinary eosinophil-derived neurotoxin: a preliminary study in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Morioka J, Kurosawa M, Inamura H, Nakagami R, Mizushima Y, Chihara J, Yokoseki T, Kitamura S, Omura Y, Shibata M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 May; 122(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10859469
•
Dietary micronutrients/antioxidants and their relationship with bronchial asthma severity. Author(s): Picado C, Deulofeu R, Lleonart R, Agusti M, Mullol J, Quinto L, Torra M. Source: Allergy. 2001 January; 56(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167351
•
Differences in cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) between patients with atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kimura M, Tsuruta S, Yoshida T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999 November; 118(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10540178
Studies
31
•
Different serum soluble Fas levels in patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kato M, Nozaki Y, Yoshimoto T, Tamada Y, Kageyama M, Yamashita T, Kurimoto F, Nakashima I. Source: Allergy. 1999 December; 54(12): 1299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688434
•
Diffuse pulmonary ossification and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in a patient with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Ikeda Y, Yamashita H, Tamura T. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1998 June; 92(6): 887-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850379
•
Disappearance of wheezing during epidural lidocaine anesthesia in a patient with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Shono S, Higa K, Harasawa I, Sugano H, Dan K. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1999 September-October; 24(5): 463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10499760
•
Does sinusitis trigger bronchial asthma in children? Author(s): Ahmed MM, el-Nahaas MM. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1998 June; 44(3): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9680790
•
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of nimesulide administered orally in acute bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sethi GR, Sharma S, Batra V, Sharma DR. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 July-August; 9(4): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12115016
•
Effect of exposure to domestic cooking fuels on bronchial asthma. Author(s): Behera D, Chakrabarti T, Khanduja KL. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2001 January-March; 43(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370503
•
Effect of fluticasone propionate on interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma production in patients affected by allergic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Purello-D'Ambrosio F, Gangemi S, Merendino RA, Arena A, Guarneri F, Ricciardi L. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1999 July-August; 9(4): 262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10513354
32
Bronchial Asthma
•
Effect of inhalation of salbutamol, beclomethasone dipropionate & ipratropium bromide on mucociliary clearance in some patients with chronic stable bronchial asthma. Author(s): Guleria R, Singh TR, Sinha S, Padhy AK, Gupta K, Pande JN. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 April; 117: 158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14604304
•
Effectiveness of a positive expiratory pressure device in conjunction with beta2agonist nebulization therapy for bronchial asthma. Author(s): Tsai CF, Tsai JJ. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2001 June; 34(2): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11456366
•
Effects of ONO-1078 (pranlukast) on cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Tohda Y, Nakahara H, Kubo H, Haraguchi R, Fukuoka M, Nakajima S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 November; 29(11): 1532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10520082
•
Effects of oral steroids on blood CXCR3+ and CCR4+ T cells in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kurashima K, Fujimura M, Myou S, Kasahara K, Tachibana H, Amemiya N, Ishiura Y, Onai N, Matsushima K, Nakao S. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 September 1; 164(5): 754-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549528
•
Effects of passive smoking and breastfeeding on childhood bronchial asthma. Author(s): Wafula EM, Limbe MS, Onyango FE, Nduati R. Source: East Afr Med J. 1999 November; 76(11): 606-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734518
•
Efficacy of fluticasone propionate compared with beclomethasone dipropionate in bronchial asthma: improvement in compliance and symptoms by fluticasone. Author(s): Suzuki T, Hasegawa T, Suzuki E, Sasahara K, Kawada T, Koya T, Akazawa K, Satoh H, Gejyo F. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 September-October; 24(5): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619335
Studies
33
•
Elevation of antioxidant enzymes in the clinical effects of radon and thermal therapy for bronchial asthma. Author(s): Mitsunobu F, Yamaoka K, Hanamoto K, Kojima S, Hosaki Y, Ashida K, Sugita K, Tanizaki Y. Source: Journal of Radiation Research. 2003 June; 44(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678337
•
Endogenous nitric oxide downregulates the Bcl-2 expression of eosinophils through mitogen-activated protein kinase in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Maa SH, Wang CH, Liu CY, Lin HC, Huang KH, Kuo HP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 October; 112(4): 761-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564359
•
Endothelin-1 levels in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Spiropoulos K, Trakada G, Nikolaou E, Prodromakis E, Efremidis G, Pouli A, Koniavitou A. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 August; 97(8): 983-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924528
•
Enhanced theophylline metabolism in patients with bronchial asthma at age 4 and under. Author(s): Kizu J, Arakawa M, Arakawa Y, Komoda F, Takamizawa M, Iwata T, Hayakawa T, Imai K. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1999 November; 13(7): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534757
•
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in saliva: a new marker of disease activity in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Schmekel B, Ahlner J, Malmstrom M, Venge P. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 August; 95(8): 670-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11530956
•
Eosinophils are activated in middle ear mucosa and middle ear effusion of patients with intractable otitis media associated with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Iino Y, Nagamine H, Yabe T, Matsutani S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 July; 31(7): 1135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11468006
34
Bronchial Asthma
•
Eotaxin level in induced sputum is increased in patients with bronchial asthma and in smokers. Author(s): Yamamoto K, Takanashi S, Hasegawa Y, Kanehira Y, Kaizuka M, Okumura K. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2003 NovemberDecember; 70(6): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732790
•
Epidemiology of bronchial asthma and chronic rhinitis in schoolchildren of different ethnic origins from two neighboring towns in Israel. Author(s): Kivity S, Sade K, Abu-Arisha F, Lerman Y, Kivity S. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 September; 32(3): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11536451
•
Evaluation of arterial endothelin-1 levels, before and during a sleep study, in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Nikolaou E, Trakada G, Prodromakis E, Efremidis G, Pouli A, Koniavitou A, Spiropoulos K. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2003 NovemberDecember; 70(6): 606-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732791
•
Exhaled nitric oxide as a simple assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness in bronchial asthma and chronic cough patients. Author(s): Nogami H, Shoji S, Nishima S. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2003 September; 40(6): 653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579996
•
Facial expressions of emotion and physiologic reactions in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Florin I, Freudenberg G, Hollaender J. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1985 July-August; 47(4): 382-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4023166
•
Failure of body plethysmography in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Stanescu DC, Rodenstein D, Cauberghs M, Van de Woestijne KP. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1982 April; 52(4): 939-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7085427
Studies
35
•
Fatal nonatherosclerotic myocardial infarction in a young man with allergic bronchial asthma. Author(s): van der Bel-Kahn J, Jolly P, Zumwalt R, Eve B. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1986 December; 7(4): 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3799570
•
Fenoterol inhalation powder in long-term therapy of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Barnabe R, Rossi M, Rottoli P. Source: Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1983; 128 (Pt 2): 533-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6352314
•
Fibrinolysis system in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Banach-Wawrzenczyk E, Dziedziczko A, Rosc D. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11208294
•
First-time treatment with steroids in bronchial asthma: comparison of the effects of inhaled beclomethasone and of oral prednisone on airway function, bronchial reactivity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Author(s): Wilmsmeyer W, Ukena D, Wagner TO, Sybrecht GW. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1990 July; 3(7): 786-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2261966
•
Flunisolide intranasal solution combined with intrabronchial steroids in adults with both bronchial asthma and perennial rhinitis. Author(s): Gale AE, Harding P, Solomon E. Source: Ann Allergy. 1981 May; 46(5): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7235320
•
Fluticasone for the treatment of symptomatic bronchial asthma in children treated with sodium cromogylate--a prospective, randomised trial. Author(s): von Berg A, Gappa M, Steinkamp G; Flit-DNCG Study Group. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2002 June 28; 7(6): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117660
36
Bronchial Asthma
•
Follow-up after the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake: diverse influences on pneumonia, bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Takakura R, Himeno S, Kanayama Y, Sonoda T, Kiriyama K, Furubayashi T, Yabu M, Yoshida S, Nagasawa Y, Inoue S, Iwao N. Source: Intern Med. 1997 February; 36(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9099588
•
Formaldehyde--induced bronchial asthma--does it really exist? Author(s): Gorski P, Krakowiak A. Source: Pol J Occup Med Environ Health. 1991; 4(4): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1817680
•
Formoterol and salbutamol metered aerosols: comparison of a new and an established beta-2-agonist for their bronchodilating efficacy in the treatment of childhood bronchial asthma. Author(s): von Berg A, Berdel D. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1989; 7(2): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2797925
•
Four-year experience with bronchial asthma in a pediatric intensive care unit. Author(s): Osundwa VM, Dawod S. Source: Ann Allergy. 1992 December; 69(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1471785
•
Frequency of allergic bronchial asthma to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in different areas of Romania. Author(s): Chirila M, Banescu O, Florescu L. Source: Med Interne. 1983 July-September; 21(3): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6665493
•
Frequency of certain allergens in allergic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Chirila M, Capetti E, Chirila P, Florescu L. Source: Med Interne. 1985 January-March; 23(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3992149
•
Furosemide in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Rajeshwari K. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 April; 35(4): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9770905
Studies
37
•
Gastroesophageal reflux and bronchial asthma: prevalence and effect of cisapride therapy. Author(s): Tucci F, Resti M, Fontana R, Novembre E, Lami CA, Vierucci A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1993 October; 17(3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8271125
•
Gastroesophageal reflux is chronologically correlated with coughing but not with wheezing in children with bronchial asthma and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Author(s): Tomomasa T, Tabata M, Tokuyama K, Mitsuhashi M, Morikawa A. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1995 September; 20(3): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8545173
•
Gastro-oesophageal reflux and triggering of bronchial asthma: a negative report. Author(s): Ekstrom T, Tibbling L. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1987 September; 71(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3678418
•
Gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Depla AC. Source: Digestion. 1989; 44 Suppl 1: 63-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2691311
•
Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors and angiogenesis in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Hoshino M, Nakamura Y, Hamid QA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 107(6): 1034-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398081
•
General strategy for the management of bronchial asthma in pregnancy. Author(s): Liccardi G, Cazzola M, Canonica GW, D'Amato M, D'Amato G, Passalacqua G. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 July; 97(7): 778-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854627
•
Genetic association studies of bronchial asthma--a need for Bonferroni correction? Author(s): Boehringer S, Epplen JT, Krawczak M. Source: Human Genetics. 2000 August; 107(2): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030420
38
Bronchial Asthma
•
Genetic factors in lung disease: atopy and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kawakami Y, Yamaguchi E, Munakata M, Dosaka-Akita H, Furuya K. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 1997 March; 2(1): 7-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9424407
•
Genetic variation of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor: its functional and clinical importance in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Taylor DR, Kennedy MA. Source: American Journal of Pharmacogenomics : Genomics-Related Research in Drug Development and Clinical Practice. 2001; 1(3): 165-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083965
•
Genetics and bronchial asthma: what is new? Author(s): Barnes KC. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997; 16: 80-1. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9443215
•
Glucocorticoid receptor characteristics in monocytes of patients with corticosteroidresistant bronchial asthma. Author(s): Lane SJ, Lee TH. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 May; 143(5 Pt 1): 1020-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2024810
•
Glutathione- S-transferase micro and theta gene polymorphisms as new risk factors of atopic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Ivaschenko TE, Sideleva OG, Baranov VS. Source: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 2002 January; 80(1): 39-43. Epub 2001 September 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862323
•
Gm allotypes as indicators of non-atopic and atopic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Oxelius VA, Hultquist C, Husby S. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1993; 101(1): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8499775
•
Granulocyte migration in vivo in patients with atopic bronchial asthma during specific desensitization. Author(s): Matusiewicz R, Sliwinski J. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1984; 32(4): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6534313
Studies
39
•
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and bronchial asthma--a hypothesis for novel therapeutic options. Author(s): Tony JC. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1995 November; 89(10): 713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8570890
•
Heat shock protein 70 upregulation is related to HLA-DR expression in bronchial asthma. Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids. Author(s): Bertorelli G, Bocchino V, Zhuo X, Chetta A, Del Donno M, Foresi A, Testi R, Olivieri D. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 May; 28(5): 551-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9645591
•
Hemoperfusion through DNA-coated and uncoated synthetic activated charcoals as an additive to the bronchial asthma traditional treatment. Author(s): Beloglasov VA, Snezhkova EA, Nikolaev VG. Source: Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobilization Biotechnology. 1998 March; 26(2): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564437
•
Heredity in bronchial asthma and other allergic diathesis. Author(s): Basu Mullick RN, Basu Mullick S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1987 February; 85(2): 44-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611815
•
Heterozygotes for the delta F508 cystic fibrosis allele are not protected against bronchial asthma. Author(s): Mennie M, Gilfillan A, Brock DJ, Liston WA. Source: Nature Medicine. 1995 October; 1(10): 978-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7489375
•
High doses of sympathomimetics in severe bronchial asthma. Author(s): Stanescu DC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1989 July; 2(7): 597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2570716
•
High-resolution computed tomography in patients with bronchial asthma: correlation with clinical features, pulmonary functions and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Author(s): Park JW, Hong YK, Kim CW, Kim DK, Choe KO, Hong CS. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997 May-June; 7(3): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9252879
40
Bronchial Asthma
•
Hip osteonecrosis secondary to the administration of corticosteroids for feigned bronchial asthma. The clinical spectrum of the factitious disorders. Author(s): Alarcon GS, Mikhail I, Jaffe KA, Bradley LA, Bailey WC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994 January; 37(1): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8129754
•
Histamine induced changes in breathing pattern may precede bronchoconstriction in selected patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Fanelli A, Duranti R, Gorini M, Spinelli A, Gigliotti F, Scano G. Source: Thorax. 1994 July; 49(7): 639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8066556
•
Histamine provocation in young, awake children with bronchial asthma, using a fall in oxygenation as the only indicator of a bronchial reaction. Author(s): Holmgren D, Redfors S, Wennergren G, Sten G. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 May; 88(5): 545-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10426178
•
Histology of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Lawerenz JU, Muller KM. Source: Agents Actions Suppl. 1989; 28: 179-90. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2683627
•
Histopathology of the airway epithelium in an experimental dual-phase model of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Tohda Y, Kubo H, Ito M, Fukuoka M, Nakajima S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 January; 31(1): 135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167961
•
Housewives with raw potato-induced bronchial asthma. Author(s): Quirce S, Diez Gomez ML, Hinojosa M, Cuevas M, Urena V, Rivas MF, Puyana J, Cuesta J, Losada E. Source: Allergy. 1989 November; 44(8): 532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2692473
•
How often is the diagnosis bronchial asthma correct? Author(s): Marklund B, Tunsater A, Bengtsson C. Source: Family Practice. 1999 April; 16(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10381014
Studies
41
•
Human basophil releasability. VI. Changes in basophil releasability in patients with allergic rhinitis or bronchial asthma. Author(s): Casolaro V, Spadaro G, Marone G. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 November; 142(5): 1108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1700653
•
Humoral and cellular immunity to Candida albicans in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Tanizaki Y, Kitani H, Okazaki M, Mifune T, Mitsunobu F. Source: Intern Med. 1992 June; 31(6): 766-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1392178
•
Hypokalaemia following nebulized salbutamol in children with acute attack of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Singhi SC, Jayashree K, Sarkar B. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1996 December; 32(6): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007778
•
Hypokalaemic effect of salbutamol and terbutaline in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Narang NK, Meratwal S, Toshniwal GL. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1991 March; 39(3): 301-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1880120
•
Hypomagnesemia due to beta 2-agonist use in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Khilnani G, Parchani H, Toshniwal G. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1992 May; 40(5): 346. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1484002
•
Hypothalamic digoxin and hemispheric chemical dominance in relation to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kurup RK, Kurup PA. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 August; 113(8): 1143-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888427
•
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma. Author(s): Lane SJ, Atkinson BA, Swaminathan R, Lee TH. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 February; 153(2): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8564097
42
Bronchial Asthma
•
IL-4 production by PBMCs on stimulation with mite allergen is correlated with the level of serum IgE antibody against mite in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kimura M, Tsuruta S, Yoshida T. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 February; 105(2 Pt 1): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10669854
•
IL-5 expression in the sputum of patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sazonov AE, Petrovskii FI, Ivanchuk II, Gereng EA, Ogorodova LM. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2003 April; 135(4): 374-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12910312
•
Immunological parameters and respiratory functions in patients suffering from atopic bronchial asthma after intravenous treatment with salmon calcitonin. Author(s): Kawalski H, Polanowicz U, Jonderko G, Kucharz EJ, Krol W, Klimmek K, Gina AR, Pieczyrak R, Slifirski J, Shani J. Source: Immunology Letters. 1999 October 1; 70(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10541047
•
Immunotherapy in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Alvarez-Cuesta E, Gonzelez-Mancebo E. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2000 January; 6(1): 50-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10608426
•
In vitro responsiveness to IL-18 in combination with IL-12 or IL-2 by PBMC from patients with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): El-Mezayen RE, Matsumoto T. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2004 April; 111(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15093553
•
Increased nitric oxide production by neutrophils in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Ramesh G, Jindal SK, Ganguly NK, Dhawan V. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 May; 17(5): 868-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488318
•
Increased progenitor cell proliferation in the peripheral blood of patients with bronchial asthma: the role of nitric oxide. Author(s): Wang CH, Hsieh WY, Shih LY, Lin HC, Liu CY, Chung KF, Kuo HP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 October; 104(4 Pt 1): 80310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10518825
Studies
43
•
Increased secretion of IL-18 in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): El-Mezzein RE, Matsumoto T, Nomiyama H, Miike T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 November; 126(2): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703360
•
Influence of emission from rice straw burning on bronchial asthma in children. Author(s): Torigoe K, Hasegawa S, Numata O, Yazaki S, Matsunaga M, Boku N, Hiura M, Ino H. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2000 April; 42(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10804729
•
Inhalation therapy for bronchial asthma: strategies and targets. Author(s): Magnussen H. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2003 April; 9 Suppl 1: S3-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974535
•
Inhaled dopamine induces bronchodilatation in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Cabezas GA, Lezama Y, Vidal A, Velasco M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 October; 37(10): 510-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10543319
•
Inhaling beta(2)-agonist with heliox-driven in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Xie L, Liu Y, Chen L, Hao F, Jin G, Zhao H. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 July; 116(7): 1011-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890374
•
Initial treatment of symptomatic mild to moderate bronchial asthma with the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (50/250 microg) combination product (SAS 40023). Author(s): Baumgarten C, Geldszus R, Behre U, Peslis N, Trautmann M; Viani-Initial Study Group. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2002 January 29; 7(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827834
•
Interferon-gamma secretion of peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with bronchial asthma: in vitro stimulus determines cytokine production. Author(s): Biller H, Bade B, Matthys H, Luttmann W, Virchow JC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 November; 126(2): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703361
44
Bronchial Asthma
•
Interleukin-10 gene -627 allele variants, not interleukin-I beta gene and receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms, are associated with atopic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Hang LW, Hsia TC, Chen WC, Chen HY, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2003; 17(5): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12938145
•
Interleukin-10 level in sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Author(s): Takanashi S, Hasegawa Y, Kanehira Y, Yamamoto K, Fujimoto K, Satoh K, Okamura K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 August; 14(2): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10515406
•
Intestinal permeability is increased in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Hijazi Z, Molla AM, Al-Habashi H, Muawad WM, Molla AM, Sharma PN. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004 March; 89(3): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977697
•
Intracellular IL-5 and T-lymphocyte subsets in atopic and nonatopic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Shiota Y, Arikita H, Horita N, Hiyama J, Ono T, Yamakido M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 109(2): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842300
•
Intravenous gamma-globulin therapy in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Schwartz HJ, Berger M. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 15-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894729
•
Jet-nebulized beclomethasone dipropionate in the management of bronchial asthma. Topical steroids for asthmatic children younger than 4 years. Author(s): Pedersen W, Prahl P. Source: Allergy. 1987 May; 42(4): 272-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3618971
•
Ketorolac, nasal polyposis, and bronchial asthma: a cause for concern. Author(s): Haddow GR, Riley E, Isaacs R, McSharry R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993 February; 76(2): 420-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8424525
Studies
45
•
Ketotifen action upon the immunity state in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Zavazal V. Source: Czech Med. 1985; 8(2): 104-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3926434
•
Ketotifen in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Morris MJ, Lane DJ. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1980; 39 Suppl 1: 10-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6773125
•
Ketotifen in the oral prophylaxis of bronchial asthma: a review. Author(s): Craps L. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1981; 3(1): 18-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119703
•
Ketotifen in the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Craps L. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1982; 5(2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7159897
•
Ketotifen in the prophylaxis of extrinsic bronchial asthma. A multicenter controlled double-blind study with a modified-release formulation. Author(s): Medici TC, Radielovic P, Morley J. Source: Chest. 1989 December; 96(6): 1252-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2684551
•
Ketotifen in the treatment of infants and young children with wheezy bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): el Hefny A, el Beshlawy A, Nour S, Said M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1986; 14(5): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3533675
•
Ketotifen versus sodium cromoglycate in the therapy of allergic (extrinsic) bronchial asthma. Author(s): Szczeklik A, Czerniawska-Mysik G, Adamek-Guzik T, Woloszynski J, Koterba A. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1980; 39 Suppl 1: 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6773129
46
Bronchial Asthma
•
Kidney reinforcement regimen in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Endocrinological and immunological studies. Author(s): Shen ZY, Shi SZ, Zha LG, Chen SZ, Chen WH, Zhou XX, Hu GR. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1982 June; 2(2): 135-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6765700
•
Kimura's disease associated with bronchial asthma presenting eosinophilia and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E which were attenuated by suplatast tosilate (IPD1151T). Author(s): Tsukagoshi H, Nagashima M, Horie T, Oyama T, Yoshii A, Sato T, Iizuka K, Dobashi K, Mori M. Source: Intern Med. 1998 December; 37(12): 1064-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932643
•
Kinetics of some types of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Egorova M. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1983 November-December; 11(6): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6608257
•
Knowledge and attitude of healthy high school students toward bronchial asthma and asthmatic pupils. Author(s): Brook U, Kishon Y. Source: Chest. 1993 February; 103(2): 455-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8432136
•
Kunjal: a nonspecific protective factor in management of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Singh V. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1987; 24(3): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3505533
•
Lack of effect of salmon calcitonin on serum level of soluble form of E-selectin (CD 62E) in patients with atopic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Polanowicz U, Gina AR, Pieczyrak R, Kucharz EJ, Jonderko G, KonderaArasz Z. Source: Rom J Intern Med. 1998 January-June; 36(1-2): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660976
Studies
47
•
Late-onset unilateral renal dysfunction combined with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and bronchial asthma following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child. Author(s): Hirayama M, Azuma E, Kumamoto T, Qi J, Kobayashi M, Komada Y, Inui T, Miyake M, Mugishima H, Hamazaki M, Sakurai M. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1998 November; 22(9): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827823
•
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with bronchial asthma with longterm oral beta2-adrenoceptor agonists. Author(s): Hirono O, Kubota I, Minamihaba O, Fatema K, Kato S, Nakamura H, Tomoike H. Source: American Heart Journal. 2001 December; 142(6): E11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717622
•
Left-handedness and inheritance of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Andreou G, Karapetsas A, Gourgoulianis KI, Molyvdas PA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 April; 90(2): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10833726
•
Leucocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules and their role in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Montefort S, Holgate ST, Howarth PH. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1993 July; 6(7): 1044-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7690333
•
Leukocyte activation following IgE dependent mechanisms in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Durham SR. Source: Clin Rev Allergy. 1989 Spring; 7(1): 49-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2655859
•
Leukotrienes, LTC4 and LTB4, in bronchoalveolar lavage in bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases. Author(s): Wardlaw AJ, Hay H, Cromwell O, Collins JV, Kay AB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 July; 84(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2546985
•
Lipid peroxidation in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sharma A, Bansal S, Nagpal RK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 September; 70(9): 715-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620186
48
Bronchial Asthma
•
Lipoxins and other arachidonate derived mediators in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Chavis C, Vachier I, Godard P, Bousquet J, Chanez P. Source: Thorax. 2000 October; 55 Suppl 2: S38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10992555
•
Liquid chromatographic determination of magnolol in urine collected from volunteers after a single dose of saiboku-to, an oriental herbal medicine for bronchial asthma. Author(s): Homma M, Oka K, Kobayashi H, Niitsuma T, Yamamoto S, Itoh H, Takahashi N. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1993 September; 45(9): 839-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7903376
•
Local expansion of allergen-specific CD30+Th2-type gamma delta T cells in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Spinozzi F, Agea E, Bistoni O, Forenza N, Monaco A, Falini B, Bassotti G, De Benedictis F, Grignani F, Bertotto A. Source: Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 1995 November; 1(7): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8612204
•
Localization of the bronchodilatory effects of isoproterenol and aminophylline in patients with bronchial asthma: an investigation using selective alveolobronchography. Author(s): Murata T, Imamura M, Taniguchi M, Tanaka Y. Source: J Int Med Res. 1997 November-December; 25(6): 325-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9427166
•
Long-acting inhaled beta agonists in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Wellman JJ. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1995; 32(6): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7592241
•
Longitudinal study of bronchial hyperreactivity in preschool children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Adachi Y, Murakami G, Matsuno M, Adachi YS, Kayahara M, Okada T, Igarashi T, Yoshizumi A. Source: Ann Allergy. 1992 March; 68(3): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1546822
Studies
49
•
Long-term effects of formoterol and salbutamol on bronchial hyperreactivity and beta-adrenoceptor density on lymphocytes in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kozlik-Feldmann R, von Berg A, Berdel D, Reinhardt D. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1996 July 25; 1(10): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438143
•
Long-term follow-up investigation of the effects of the biopsychosocial approach (BPSA) to bronchial asthma. Author(s): Teshima H, Irie M, Sogawa H, Nakagawa T, Ago Y. Source: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 1991 December; 82(12): 609-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783353
•
Long-term follow-up of pulmonary function in bronchial asthma patients treated with pranlukast. Author(s): Yanagawa H, Sugita A, Azuma M, Ogawa H, Kitamuro C, Yoneda K, Shinkawa K, Tani K, Sone S. Source: Lung. 2004; 182(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14752672
•
Long-term treatment with methotrexate in patients with corticosteroid-dependent bronchial asthma. Author(s): Stanziola A, Sofia M, Mormile M, Molino A, Carratu L. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995 April; 50(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7613540
•
Low-molecular-size allergens, LM-1s, in feces extract of Dermatophagoides farinae which elicit histamine release from washed blood cells of patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Yamaguchi T, Tanaka S, Shigeta S, Wada T, Tsuboi S, Otsuka T, Katsutani T, Jyo T, Oka S, Ono K. Source: Arerugi = [allergy]. 1994 June; 43(6): 701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7520688
•
Lung function decline in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Cibella F, Cuttitta G, Bellia V, Bucchieri S, D'Anna S, Guerrera D, Bonsignore G. Source: Chest. 2002 December; 122(6): 1944-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475831
50
Bronchial Asthma
•
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Yamaguchi E, Nishihira J, Shimizu T, Takahashi T, Kitashiro N, Hizawa N, Kamishima K, Kawakami Y. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 September; 30(9): 1244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971470
•
Management of severe bronchial asthma in an intensive care unit. Author(s): Halttunen PK, Luomanmaki K, Takkunen O, Viljanen AA. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1980 June; 12(3): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7447368
•
Maternal atopy and childhood bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gourgoulianis KI, Papagianni M, Molyvdas PA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 March; 101(3): 432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9525468
•
Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in sputum from patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Suzuki R, Kato T, Miyazaki Y, Iwata M, Noda Y, Takagi K, Nakashima N, Torii K. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2001 September; 38(6): 477-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11642414
•
Maximal oxygen consumption rate in patients with bronchial asthma-the effect of beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulation. Author(s): Ingemann-Hansen T, Bundgaard A, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, SiggaardAndersen J, Weeke B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1980 April; 40(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6114559
•
Metamizole intolerance and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Karakaya G, Kalyoncu AF. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2002 September-October; 30(5): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12396961
•
Methotrexate in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Calderon E, Coffey RG, Lockey RF. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1991 August; 88(2): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1715352
Studies
51
•
Microsatellite DNA instability and loss of heterozygosity in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Paraskakis E, Sourvinos G, Passam F, Tzanakis N, Tzortzaki EG, Zervou M, Spandidos D, Siafakas NM. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 December; 22(6): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14680084
•
Molecular studies of bronchial asthma, sarcoidosis and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough. Author(s): Kawakami Y, Munakata M, Yamaguchi E, Furuya K, Matsuda T. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 1998 March; 3(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9657660
•
Morphometric analysis of bronchial cartilage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Haraguchi M, Shimura S, Shirato K. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 March; 159(3): 1005-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10051285
•
Mouse dander-allergic bronchial asthma--a case report. Author(s): Huang JL, Wang SY, Lin KL, Hsieh KH. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1991 May; 24(2): 24854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1855406
•
Nebulized glyceryl trinitrate exerts acute bronchodilator effects in patients with acute bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sharara AM, Hijazi M, Tarawneh M, Ind PW. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 February; 11(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9802965
•
Nebulized magnesium sulphate versus nebulized salbutamol in acute bronchial asthma: a clinical trial. Author(s): Mangat HS, D'Souza GA, Jacob MS. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 August; 12(2): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9727782
52
Bronchial Asthma
•
Neuropharmacologic treatment of bronchial asthma with the antidepressant tianeptine: a double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Lechin F, van der Dijs B, Orozco B, Jara H, Rada I, Lechin ME, Lechin AE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 August; 64(2): 223-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9728903
•
Neurotrophins in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Renz H. Source: Respiratory Research. 2001; 2(5): 265-8. Epub 2001 July 12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11686893
•
New advances in the pathogenesis and therapy of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Ricci M, Matucci A, Rossi O. Source: Ann Ital Med Int. 1998 April-June; 13(2): 93-110. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734142
•
New aspects on the treatment of inflammatory reactions and broncho-obstruction in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Lindgren BR. Source: Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1987; 148: 1-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2883017
•
New pediatric guideline for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma in Japan. Author(s): Nishima S, Furusho K; Japanese Society of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2003 December; 45(6): 759-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14651560
•
Nitrogen oxides reduce albuterol-induced bronchodilation in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kanazawa H, Hirata K, Yoshikawa J. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(6): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12457000
•
Non invasive assessment of cardiac function in patients with bronchial asthma (BA) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Author(s): Bagnato GF, Mileto A, Gulli S, Piscioneri S, Romano C, Giacobbe O, De Pasquale R, Schiava A, Gangemi S, Forestieri A, Purello D'Ambrosio F. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1999 January-February; 27(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10217666
Studies
53
•
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy for bronchial asthma. Author(s): Banner AS. Source: Lancet. 1998 January 3; 351(9095): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433419
•
Obstruction of the small airways in the spirometric diagnosis of occupational bronchial asthma. Author(s): Obtulowicz K, Laczkowska T, Kolarzyk E, Hudzik A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 September-October; 8(5): 300-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827427
•
Occupational allergic airbone contact dermatitis and delayed bronchial asthma from epoxy resin revealed by bronchial provocation test. Author(s): Kanerva L, Estlander T, Keskinen H, Jolanki R. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 August; 10(6): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980474
•
Occupational contact urticaria and late-phase bronchial asthma caused by compositae pollen in a florist. Author(s): Uter W, Nohle M, Randerath B, Schwanitz HJ. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 September; 12(3): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11526527
•
Occupational rhinitis and bronchial asthma due to morphine: evidence from inhalational and nasal challenges. Author(s): Ulinski S, Palczynski C, Gorski P. Source: Allergy. 1996 December; 51(12): 914-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9020419
•
Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and bronchial asthma due to Phoenix canariensis pollen allergy. Author(s): Blanco C, Carrillo T, Quiralte J, Pascual C, Martin Esteban M, Castillo R. Source: Allergy. 1995 March; 50(3): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677245
•
Oral terbutaline alone and in combination with theophylline: dose, plasma concentration, and effect in long-term treatment of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Stalenheim G, Lindstrom B, Lonnerholm G. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1989 October; 2(9): 861-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2806513
54
Bronchial Asthma
•
Outdoor air pollution, climatic changes and allergic bronchial asthma. Author(s): D'Amato G, Liccardi G, D'Amato M, Cazzola M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 September; 20(3): 763-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358357
•
Outpatient adult bronchial asthma in Singapore. Author(s): Goh LG, Ng TP, Hong CY, Wong ML, Koh K, Ling SL. Source: Singapore Med J. 1994 April; 35(2): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7939818
•
Outpatient management of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Cockcroft DW, Hargreave FE. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1990 May; 74(3): 797-809. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2186244
•
Parental history of migraine and bronchial asthma in children. Author(s): Gurkan F, Ece A, Haspolat K, Dikici B. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2000 January-February; 28(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10757853
•
Pathogenesis and management of virus infection-induced exacerbation of senile bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema. Author(s): Yamaya M. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 June; 197(2): 67-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12233786
•
Plasma serotonin, pulmonary hypertension and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Lechin F, Van Der Dijs B, Lechin AE. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2002 October; 103(4): 345; Author Reply 346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241531
•
Plasmapheresis in the treatment of steroid-dependent bronchial asthma. Author(s): Ellingsen I, Florvaag E, Andreassen AH, Iversen BM, Irgens A, Matre R. Source: Allergy. 2001 December; 56(12): 1202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11736751
Studies
55
•
Prevalence of bronchial asthma among bank employees of Vellore using questionnaire-based data. Author(s): Khan S, Roy A, Christopher DJ, Cherian AM. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2002 November; 100(11): 643-4, 655. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797634
•
Prevalence of bronchial asthma and association with environmental tobacco smoke exposure in adolescent school children in Chandigarh, north India. Author(s): Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Kumar R, Jindal SK. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2001 September; 38(6): 501-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11642417
•
Prolonged antigen exposure ameliorates airway inflammation but not remodeling in a mouse model of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sakai K, Yokoyama A, Kohno N, Hamada H, Hiwada K. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 October; 126(2): 126-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11729350
•
Protective role of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) Val105Val genotype in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Aynacioglu AS, Nacak M, Filiz A, Ekinci E, Roots I. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2004 February; 57(2): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748821
•
Psychometric assessment of the Chinese language version of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire in Taiwanese patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Wang KY, Chiang CH, Maa SH, Shau WY, Tarn YH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 July; 100(7): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579610
•
Psychosocial aspects of bronchial asthma in children and adolescents: further contemplation. Author(s): Gupta N. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 November; 38(11): 1327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721084
•
Quantitative ultrasound of the heel and serum and urinary cortisol values in assessment of long-term corticotherapy side effects in female bronchial asthma patients. Author(s): Kos-Kudla B, Pluskiewicz W. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 1997; 23(9): 1325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9428131
56
Bronchial Asthma
•
Reaction of mononuclear cells from patients with bronchial asthma to Candida albicans. Author(s): Miura K, Itoh Y, Kadowaki Y, Kagaya M, Sasaki M, Shioya T, Miura M. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1991 May; 164(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1926141
•
Regular inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of bronchial asthma: beneficial or detrimental? Author(s): Nelson HS, Szefler SJ, Martin RJ. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 August; 144(2): 249-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1677552
•
Relevance of the selected cytokine release (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and IFNalpha) to the exacerbation of bronchial asthma from airway mycotic infections. Predominant role of TFN-alpha? Author(s): Liebhart J, Cembrzynska-Nowak M, Bienkowska M, Liebhart E, Dobek R, Zaczynska E, Panaszek B, Obojski A, Malolepszy J. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(3): 182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530117
•
Risk factors associated with bronchial asthma in school going children of rural Haryana. Author(s): Pokharel PK, Kabra SK, Kapoor SK, Pandey RM. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 February; 68(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284174
•
Risk factors for development of bronchial asthma in children in Delhi. Author(s): Chhabra SK, Gupta CK, Chhabra P, Rajpal S. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 November; 83(5): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582718
•
Role of beta-adrenoceptor at different stages of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gao H, Xue Q, Lin Y, Wang L, Zhu G, Zhao Q, Chen Y. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2001 December; 114(12): 1317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11793862
•
Role of interferon homeostasis in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma in children. Author(s): Zaitseva OV, Malinovskaya VV, Koltsov VD. Source: Russ J Immunol. 2002 July; 7(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12687257
Studies
57
•
Role of ketotifen in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kumar L. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 November; 33(11): 983-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141846
•
Role of sputum differential cell count in detecting airway inflammation in patients with chronic bronchial asthma or COPD. Author(s): Ronchi MC, Piragino C, Rosi E, Amendola M, Duranti R, Scano G. Source: Thorax. 1996 October; 51(10): 1000-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977600
•
Schoolboys with bronchial asthma in Al-Khobar City, Saudi Arabia: are they at increased risk of school absenteeism? Author(s): Al-Dawood KM. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 August; 39(5): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12214895
•
Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins (alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, and ascorbic acid) in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kalayci O, Besler T, Kilinc K, Sekerel BE, Saraclar Y. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2000 January-March; 42(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731863
•
Serum levels of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lipid peroxidation products, interleukin (IL)-5 and interferon (IFN)-gamma in children with bronchial asthma at acute asthma attack and remission. Author(s): Kalayci O, Saraclar Y, Kilinc K, Sekerel BE. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2000 January-March; 42(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731862
•
Significance of the therapeutic range of serum theophylline concentration in the treatment of an attack of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Nakahara Y, Murata M, Suzuki T, Ohtsu F, Nagasawa K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1996 May; 19(5): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8741580
•
Socioeconomical conditions as risk factors for bronchial asthma in children aged 4-5 yrs. Author(s): Lindbaek M, Wefring KW, Grangard EH, Ovsthus K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 January; 21(1): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12570117
58
Bronchial Asthma
•
Soluble membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and gelatinase A (MMP-2) in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of human bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis. Author(s): Maisi P, Prikk K, Sepper R, Pirila E, Salo T, Hietanen J, Sorsa T. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2002 November; 110(11): 771-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588417
•
Study of fluticasone propionate efficacy in the treatment of patients with bronchial asthma not controlled by other inhaled corticosteroids. Author(s): Leru P, Rascu A, Otelea M, Mohora M, Muscurel C, Galca M, Dinu V. Source: Rom J Intern Med. 1998 January-June; 36(1-2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660975
•
Subcutaneous emphysema in a patient with bronchial asthma after general anaesthesia for transurethral resection. Author(s): Zucker TP, Rickert M, Tarnow J. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 December; 54(12): 1231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10712184
•
Survey of recognition and utilization of guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma in Japan. Author(s): Makino S, Miyamoto T, Nakajima S, Kabe J, Baba M, Mikawa H, Furusho M, Fukuda K, Nakagawa T, Naitou H. Source: Allergy. 2000 February; 55(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10726727
•
Synchronous first manifestation of an idiopathic eosinophilic gastroenteritis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): von Wattenwyl F, Zimmermann A, Netzer P. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 June; 13(6): 721-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434601
•
The effect of allergen immunotherapy on in vitro IL-4 and IFN-gamma production by peripheral mononuclear cells in house dust-sensitive Chinese patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Wang CR, Liu ST, Liu MF, Lee GL, Wang GR, Chuang CY. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1999 December; 17(4): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10698463
Studies
59
•
The effect of house design and environment on fungal movement in homes of bronchial asthma patients. Author(s): Takatori K, Saito A, Yasueda H, Akiyama K. Source: Mycopathologia. 2001; 152(1): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694095
•
The influence of altitude in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gourgoulianis KI, Brelas N, Hatziparasides G, Papayianni M, Molyvdas PA. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 September-October; 32(5): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578758
•
The relationship between allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Corren J. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 1999 January; 5(1): 35-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10813247
•
The role of neurotrophins in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Renz H. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 October 19; 429(1-3): 231-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698043
•
The role of neurotrophins in bronchial asthma: contribution of the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75. Author(s): Renz H, Kerzel S, Nockher WA. Source: Prog Brain Res. 2004; 146: 325-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699972
•
TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma secreted by bronchoalveolar leukocytes isolated from patients with bronchial asthma, complicated by fungal airways infections. Author(s): Cembrzynska-Nowak M, Liebhart J, Banaszek B, Dobek R, Bienkowska M, Szklarz E. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1998; 46(6): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11715987
•
Tracheobronchial amyloidosis masquerading as bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sharma SK, Ahluwalia G, Ahluwalia A, Mukhopadhyay S. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2004 April-June; 46(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072327
60
Bronchial Asthma
•
Treatment strategies for bronchial asthma: an update. Author(s): Krishnaswamy G. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 2001 August 15; 36(8): 25-6, 29-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515776
•
Two cases of bronchial asthma after treatment with amiodarone. Author(s): Imamura H, Kinoshita O, Maruyama K, Izawa A, Uchikawa SI, Kumazaki S, Takahashi W, Yokoseki O, Yazaki Y, Koizumi T, Kubo K. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 2001 October; 24(10): 1563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11707052
•
Undertreatment of bronchial asthma in a nonselected population. Author(s): Ferrante E, Muzzolon R, Fuso L, Corbo GM, Pistelli R, Ciappi G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 April; 101(4 Pt 1): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564819
•
Unilateral hyperlucency with left lower lobe mass in a patient with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Patel RG, Norman JR. Source: Chest. 1995 February; 107(2): 569-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7842798
•
Upper airways involvement in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Glovsky MM. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 1998 January; 4(1): 54-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9526907
•
Upregulation of IL-13 concentration in vivo by the IL13 variant associated with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Arima K, Umeshita-Suyama R, Sakata Y, Akaiwa M, Mao XQ, Enomoto T, Dake Y, Shimazu S, Yamashita T, Sugawara N, Brodeur S, Geha R, Puri RK, Sayegh MH, Adra CN, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM, Shirakawa T, Izuhara K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 109(6): 980-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063528
•
Urinary nitrite/nitrate levels in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Tsukahara H, Miyanomae T, Sudo M. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 August; 156(8): 667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266205
Studies
61
•
Use of LPC antagonist, choline, in the management of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gaur SN, Agarwal G, Gupta SK. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1997 April-June; 39(2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9339609
•
Use of Taleum 1-mg inhalation aerosol in bronchial asthma patients. Author(s): Lantos A, Tarjan E, Varnai Z, Zsiray M. Source: Ther Hung. 1993; 41(4): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8029783
•
Usefulness of bronchial reactivity analysis in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma in patients with bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Author(s): Garcia-Rio F, Mediano O, Ramirez M, Vinas A, Alonso A, Alvarez-Sala R, Pino JM. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2004 March; 98(3): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15002754
•
Usefulness of inhaled furosemide in a bronchial asthma attack. Author(s): Rodriguez Vazquez JC, Pino Alfonso PP, Gassiot Nuno C, Paez Prats I. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 September-October; 8(5): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827425
•
Utility of the study of non-specific bronchial response for monitoring bronchial asthma. Author(s): Olaguibel JM, Alvarez Puebla MJ, Acero S, Garcia Figueroa BE, Rodriguez Barrera A, Tabar AI. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997 September-October; 7(5): 284-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9416519
•
Vagotonia and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Szentivaneji A, Goldman AL. Source: Chest. 1997 January; 111(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8995983
•
Variations of the circadian rhythm of cAMP in bronchial asthma after administration of fenoterol. Author(s): Neffen H, Oehling A, Sanz ML. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1980 September-October; 8(5): 545-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6258414
62
Bronchial Asthma
•
Vascular involvement in exercise-induced airway narrowing in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kanazawa H, Asai K, Hirata K, Yoshikawa J. Source: Chest. 2002 July; 122(1): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114353
•
Ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange at rest and during exercise in boys with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Graff-Lonnevig V, Bevegard S, Eriksson BO. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1980 December; 61(6): 357-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6781916
•
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch after methacholine challenge in patients with mild bronchial asthma. Author(s): Rodriguez-Roisin R, Ferrer A, Navajas D, Agusti AG, Wagner PD, Roca J. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 July; 144(1): 88-94. Erratum In: Am Rev Respir Dis 1991 October; 144(4): 995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2064144
•
Verapamil in the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma. Is the bronchoprotective effect related to the plasma level? Author(s): Imhof E, Elsasser S, Rosmus B, Ha HR, Follath F, Perruchoud AP. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 41(4): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1804646
•
Vocal cord dysfunction in three children--misdiagnosis of bronchial asthma? Author(s): Niggemann B, Paul K, Keitzer R, Wahn U. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1998 May; 9(2): 97-100. Erratum In: Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1998 August; 9(3): 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9677605
•
Vocal cord dysfunction masquerading as bronchial asthma. Author(s): Hira HS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 May; 50(5): 712-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186132
•
Vocal cord dysfunction mimicking bronchial asthma. Author(s): Corren J, Newman KB. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 November 1; 92(6): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437901
Studies
63
•
Vocal cord dysfunction presenting as bronchial asthma: the association with abnormal thoraco-abdominal wall motion. Author(s): Lim TK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1991 August; 32(4): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1837949
•
Workshop on respiratory rehabilitation in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gimenez M, Gomez A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997 September-October; 7(5): 422-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9416567
•
Worsening of steroid depending bronchial asthma following rifampicin administration. Author(s): Dhanoa J, Natu M, Massey S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 February; 46(2): 242. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273129
•
Yoga breathing exercises and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Stanescu D. Source: Lancet. 1990 November 10; 336(8724): 1192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1978048
•
Yoga for bronchial asthma: a controlled study. Author(s): Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 October 19; 291(6502): 10779. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3931802
•
Zinc and copper status in children with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): el-Kholy MS, Gas Allah MA, el-Shimi S, el-Baz F, el-Tayeb H, Abdel-Hamid MS. Source: J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1990; 65(5-6): 657-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2134100
65
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and bronchial asthma.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Bronchial Asthma The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
66
Bronchial Asthma
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “bronchial asthma” (or a synonym): •
14 cases of child bronchial asthma treated by auricular plaster and meridian instrument. Author(s): Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan. Source: Yan, S J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1998 September; 18(3): 202-4 0254-6272
•
Clinical observation on 25 cases of hormone dependent bronchial asthma treated by acupuncture. Author(s): Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. Source: Hu, J J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1998 March; 18(1): 27-30 0254-6272
•
Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) pollen-induced bronchial asthma and allergenic crossreactivity of ramie and Parietaria. Author(s): Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine. Source: Miura, N Arerugi. 1993 May; 42(5): 649-55 0021-4884
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition
67
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to bronchial asthma; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
69
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to bronchial asthma. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to bronchial asthma and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to bronchial asthma: •
“Alternative” therapies for asthma : reason for concern? Author(s): Ernst E. Source: Chest. 2001 November; 120(5): 1433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11713112
•
“Is there really a placebo effect, professor”? Author(s): Fisher S. Source: Advances in Mind-Body Medicine. 2000 Winter; 16(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714001
•
14 cases of child bronchial asthma treated by auricular plaster and meridian instrument. Author(s): Yan S.
70
Bronchial Asthma
Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 September; 18(3): 202-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453615 •
A pilot study on the clinical efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum and Solanum trilobatum in bronchial asthma. Author(s): Govindan S, Viswanathan S, Vijayasekaran V, Alagappan R. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 August; 66(2): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10433479
•
Acupuncture and bronchial asthma: a long-term randomized study of the effects of real versus sham acupuncture compared to controls in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Medici TC, Grebski E, Wu J, Hinz G, Wuthrich B. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 December; 8(6): 737-50; Discussion 751-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614526
•
Alternative strategies in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Author(s): In 't Veen JC, Sterk PJ, Bel EH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 January; 30(1): 16-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606927
•
Bronchial asthma: information on phytotherapy with essential fatty acids. Interactions between essential fatty acids and steroid hormones. Author(s): Hassig A, Liang WX, Stampfli K. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 January; 54(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10790728
•
Clinical observation on 25 cases of hormone dependent bronchial asthma treated by acupuncture. Author(s): Hu J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 March; 18(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437259
•
Complementary and alternative medicine for bronchial asthma: is there new evidence? Author(s): Gyorik SA, Brutsche MH. Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2004 January; 10(1): 37-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749604
Alternative Medicine 71
•
Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Nagakura T, Matsuda S, Shichijyo K, Sugimoto H, Hata K. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 November; 16(5): 861-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153584
•
Effects of absorbed components of saiboku-to on the release of leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes of patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Niitsuma T, Morita S, Hayashi T, Homma M, Oka K. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2001 March; 23(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11484418
•
Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids compared with n-6 fatty acids on bronchial asthma. Author(s): Okamoto M, Mitsunobu F, Ashida K, Mifune T, Hosaki Y, Tsugeno H, Harada S, Tanizaki Y. Source: Intern Med. 2000 February; 39(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10732825
•
Efficacy of dry extract of ivy leaves in children with bronchial asthma--a review of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): Hofmann D, Hecker M, Volp A. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003 March; 10(2-3): 213-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725580
•
Efficacy of naturopathy and yoga in bronchial asthma--a self controlled matched scientific study. Author(s): Sathyaprabha TN, Murthy H, Murthy BT. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 January; 45(1): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11211575
•
Exposure to Parthenium hysterophorous pollen extract leads to bronchospasm in stable patients of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gupta D, Suresh PV, Behera D, Jindal SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 June; 46(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273249
•
Inhibitory effects of lignans and flavonoids in saiboku-to, a herbal medicine for bronchial asthma, on the release of leukotrienes from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Homma M, Minami M, Taniguchi C, Oka K, Morita S, Niitsuma T, Hayashi T.
72
Bronchial Asthma
Source: Planta Medica. 2000 February; 66(1): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705748 •
Occupational rhinitis and bronchial asthma due to artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Author(s): Miralles JC, Garcia-Sells J, Bartolome B, Negro JM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 July; 91(1): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877457
•
Pharmacological effects of urinary products obtained after treatment with saiboku-to, a herbal medicine for bronchial asthma, on type IV allergic reaction. Author(s): Taniguchi C, Homma M, Takano O, Hirano T, Oka K, Aoyagi Y, Niitsuma T, Hayashi T. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 October; 66(7): 607-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11105563
•
Recent developments in clinical trials for bronchial asthma. Author(s): Nakagawa T. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2003 May; 25(4): 311-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12808476
•
Reflexology and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Brygge T, Heinig JH, Collins P, Ronborg S, Gehrchen PM, Hilden J, Heegaard S, Poulsen LK. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 March; 95(3): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11266233
•
TCM treatment of bronchial asthma. Author(s): Zhang J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 June; 20(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11038995
•
The effect of the pulsatile electromagnetic field in children suffering from bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sadlonova J, Korpas J, Salat D, Miko L, Kudlicka J. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 2003; 90(4): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14708875
•
The effect of the pulsatile electromagnetic field in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Sadlonova J, Korpas J, Vrabec M, Salat D, Buchancova J, Kudlicka J.
Alternative Medicine 73
Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002; 103(7-8): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518999 •
Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Chen A. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 March; 18(1): 71-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437268
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to bronchial asthma; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
74
Bronchial Asthma
Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hay Fever Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Alternative Therapy Ionized Air (negative Ions) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Chinese Medicine Gancao Jingao Alternative names: Liquorice Extract; Gancao JingaoExtractum Glycyrrhizae Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Mahuang Alternative names: Ephedra; Herba EphedraeHerba Ephedrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
•
Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis, Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 75
Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ivy Leaf Alternative names: Hedera helix Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lobelia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ma huang Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Picrorhiza Alternative names: Picrorhiza kurroa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tylophora Alternative names: Tylophora indica, Tylophora asthmatica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
77
CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “bronchial asthma” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on bronchial asthma, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Bronchial Asthma By performing a patent search focusing on bronchial asthma, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
78
Bronchial Asthma
The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on bronchial asthma: •
1,8-naphthyridin-2-one derivative and use thereof Inventor(s): Ashizawa; Naoki (Fussa, JP), Hase; Takema (Hamura, JP), Matsuura; Akihiro (Hamura, JP) Assignee(s): The Green Cross Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,658,924 Date filed: June 1, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to 1,8-naphthyridin-2-one derivatives, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and therapeutic agents comprising said compound as an active ingredient, which are used for the diseases such as circulatory diseases and respiratory diseases (e.g. hypertension, renal failure, heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arteriosclerosis, romsoongiitis obliterans, aortitis syndrome, bronchial asthma and peripheral diseases such as peripheral circulatory disorders), central nervous system diseases (e.g. depression, degradatior of central nervous function after cerebrovascular obliteration, cerebrovascular dementia, senile dementia, Alzheimer dementia and memory learning function disorders), various inflammations, and obesity. Excerpt(s): This application is the national phase of ACT/JP92/01575 filed Dec. 1, 1992. The present invention relates to 1,8-naphthyridin-2-one derivatives, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and therapeutic agents for the diseases such as peripheral diseases (e.g. hypertension, renal failure, heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and peripheral circulatory disorders), circulatory diseases and respiratory diseases (e.g. arteriosclerosis, romsoongiitis obliterans, aortitis syndrome and bronchial asthma), central nervous system diseases (e.g. depression, degradation of central nervous function after cerebrovascular obliteration, cerebrovascular dementia, senile dementia, Alzheimer dementia and memory learning function disorders), various inflammations, and obesity, which comprise said compound as an active ingredient. (1) An endothelin is a strong vasoconstrictive peptide derived from endotheliocytes, which consists of 21 amino acids, and was isolated and identified by Yanagisawa et al in 1988 [M. Yanagisawa et al., Nature 332, 411 (1988)]. The vasoconstriction by endothelin is stronger than that by known vasoconstrictive substances such as angiotensin II, vasopressin and neuropeptide Y. Although the constriction is moderate, it lasts for a long time. Endothelin also shows contractive action on various blood vessels inclusive of microvessels of various animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05658924__
•
Antibody against human interleukin-5-receptor.alpha. chain Inventor(s): Anazawa; Hideharu (Tokyo, JP), Furuya; Akiko (Tokyo, JP), Hanai; Nobuo (Kanagawa, JP), Iida; Akihiro (Tokyo, JP), Koike; Masamichi (Tokyo, JP), Nakamura; Kazuyasu (Tokyo, JP), Takatsu; Kiyoshi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,018,032 Date filed: May 9, 1997
Patents 79
Abstract: The present invention provides monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies which react specifically with a human interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain. The invention also provides hybridomas and transformants which produce the antibodies, the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies, a method for detecting an interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain immunologically by means of these antibodies, as well as a method for diagnosing and treating diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma by means of the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies. The present invention is useful for diagnosis or treatment of diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of WO97/10354. The present invention relates to monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies which bind specifically to a human interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain and which are therefore useful for diagnosis or treatment of diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma. The invention also relates to hybridomas and transformants which produce the antibodies, a method for detecting an interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain immunologically by means of the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies, as well as a method for diagnosing and treating diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma by means of the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies. Interleukin-5 (hereinafter referred to a "IL-5") is a kind of lymphokine which is secreted by T cells, mast cells and other cells. Murine IL-5 is known to act as a differentiation and growth factor for B cells and eosinophils. Human IL-5 is known to act mainly as a differentiation and growth factor for eosinophils (Advances in Immunology, 57, 145 (1994); Blood, 79, 3101 (1992)). IL-5 exhibits its action through a specific receptor (IL-5 receptor) which is expressed on the surface of a cell such as eosinophil. It has been shown that human and murine IL-5 receptors (hereinafter referred to as "IL-5Rs") are both composed of two different kinds of proteins, an.alpha. chain (hereinafter referred to as "IL-5R.alpha.") and a.beta. chain (hereinafter referred to as "IL-5R.beta."). In addition, it is known that the binding of IL-5 to IL-5R is via IL5R.alpha. and that IL-5R.beta. alone can not bind to IL-5 (EMBO J., 9, 4367 (1990); ibid., 10, 2833 (1991); J. Exp. Med., 177, 1523 (1993); ibid., 175, 341 (1992); Cell, 66, 1175 (1991), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89, 7041 (1992)). Furthermore, IL-5R.beta. is known to be a component of receptors for interleukin-3 (hereinafter referred to as "IL-3"), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and others (hereinafter referred to as "GM-CSF") (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87, 9655 (1990); Cell, 66, 1165 (1991)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06018032__ •
Asthma treatment Inventor(s): Patel; Devendra Rambhai (78-09 24th Ave., Jackson Heights, NY 11370), Patel; Jitendra Rambhai (Rughnathji Pole, Ahmedabadi Bazar, Nadiad 387 001, IN) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,149,914 Date filed: July 12, 1999 Abstract: A composition (10) for treating the symptoms of bronchial asthma in a human requiring such treatment includes an orally effective amount of dried (28), powdered (30) interior bark from the sacred fig tree of India, Ficus religiosa (12). The composition (10)is admixed with a foodstuff such a rice pudding (14), for ingestion by the patient. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to compositions for treating the symptoms of asthma in a human patient, and specifically to an orally administered
80
Bronchial Asthma
composition derived from natural sources for treating the symptoms of bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is a relatively common lung disorder characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing alternating with periods of relatively normal breathing. While bronchial asthma is usually intrinsic (no cause can be demonstrated), it is occasionally caused by a specific allergy (e.g., pollen, mold, dander, dust). Although most individuals with asthma will have some positive allergy tests, the allergy is not necessarily the cause of the asthma symptoms. Symptoms can occur spontaneously or can be triggered by respiratory infections, exercise, cold air, tobacco smoke or other pollutants, or by allergies to foods, drugs or other irritants, such as chemicals, dust mites, feathers, food additives, fumes, mold, animal dander, and the like. Other things can also trigger asthmatic episodes: anxiety, fear, laughing, stress or anxiety, low blood sugar, adrenal disorders, temperature changes, extremes of dryness or humidity, or respiratory infections. The muscles of the bronchial tree become tight and the lining of the air passages become swollen, reducing airflow and producing a wheezing sound. Mucus production is generally increased. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06149914__ •
Clean air tent system Inventor(s): Kotliar; Igor K. (P.O. Box 2021, New York, NY 10159-2021) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,508,850 Date filed: November 16, 2000 Abstract: A system for providing clean air environments for sleeping, resting, working or exercising in order to provide relieve and therapeutic benefits to people with bronchial asthma and respiratory allergies, such system comprising of a tent or stationary enclosure, an air-pumping device and a HEPA filter that removes dust, bacteria and allergens from air entering tent or enclosure; the air-pumping device can be installed in two different configurations: in air-supply or air-removal mode, in both providing necessary ventilation and supply of clean air for breathing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to enclosed clean air environments created for resting in for the purposes of improving health conditions of people with bronchial asthma and respiratory allergies. Every year more and more people throughout the world become affected by polluted atmosphere and growing number of allergens, especially in urban areas where bronchial asthma and respiratory allergies spread at growing speed. All people with such illnesses would greatly benefit from a possibility to sleep, rest, work or exercise in environments, substantially free of dust mites, bacteria and allergens. The invention presented here provides a convenient, low cost solution to create such clean air environment for sleeping. This invention makes it possible to make a portable sleeping enclosure that may be easily installed at home or in any hotel room. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06508850__
Patents 81
•
Method for the treatment of bronchial asthma by administration of topical anesthetics Inventor(s): Gleich; Gerald J. (Rochester, MN), Hunt; Loren W. (Rochester, MN), Ohnishi; Tsukasa (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (Rochester, MN) Patent Number: 5,510,339 Date filed: February 2, 1993 Abstract: A therapeutic method is provided to treat eosinophil-associated hypersensitivity diseases, such as bronchial asthma, by locally administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, an effective amount of a topical anesthetic, such as lidocaine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): For many years, bronchial asthma was regarded as an abnormality of respiratory smooth muscle in which afflicted individuals experience the onset of bronchospasm as a consequence of overreactivity of the bronchial smooth muscle. Later, the bronchial mast cell was thought to play a critical role in the stimulation of bronchial smooth muscle by producing leukotriene C4 (the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis) and histamine, which cause contraction. However, over the past few years, a dramatic change in thinking regarding the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma has occurred and the involvement of eosinophilic leukocytes, or "eosinophils," in the inflammation of the airway has been suspected. Eosinophils are a type of leukocyte containing cytoplasmic granules that stain strongly with acidic dyes. Eosinophils have been associated with bronchial asthma since the early part of this century and they are characteristically found in large numbers in the lung tissue of patients dying of asthma (A. G. Ellis et al., J. Med. Sci., 136, 407 (1908)). In the mid 1970s, it was demonstrated that the severity of bronchial asthma can be related to the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of the patients (B. R. Horn et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 292, 1152 (1975)). Also around this time, studies of eosinophils had shown the presence of basic (cationic) granule proteins. One of the principal proteins associated with eosinophil granules, the major basic protein (MBP), was so-named because, in the guinea pig, it comprises more than 50% of the granule protein, is strongly basic (arginine-rich), and is proteinaceous (G. J. Gleich, J. Exp. Med., 137, 1459 (1973); T. L. Wasmoen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 263, 12559 (1988)). MBP is toxic to worms (helminths) and mammalian cells, and causes damage to bronchial respiratory epithelium (G. J. Gleich et al., Adv. Immunol., 39, 177 (1986)). For example, direct application of MBP to respiratory epithelium in concentrations as low as 10.mu.g/ml (7.1.times.10.sup.-7 M) causes ciliostasis and epithelial damage. This damage consists of desquamation of epithelial cells into the lumen of the respiratory tract, as well as frank disruption of epithelial cells. The effects of MBP are dose-related and higher doses cause damage more quickly and to a greater extent than lower doses (E. Frigas et al., Lab. Invest., 42, 35 (1980)). These effects are caused both by MBP from guinea pig eosinophils and from human eosinophils, and impact both guinea pig and human respiratory tissues (G. J. Gleich et al., J. Immunol., 123, 2925 (1979)). The findings that MBP causes ciliostasis, desquamation of respiratory epithelial cells, and damage to the respiratory epithelial cells are suggestive of the pathologic changes observed in bronchial asthma. In bronchial asthma, an exudate of eosinophils, normal and degenerating bronchial epithelial cells, and clumps of epithelial cells, referred to as Creola bodies, are present in the bronchial lumen. In the bronchial mucosa and submucosa, edema, separation and shedding of ciliated cells, and eosinophil infiltration are seen. Thus, the effects of the eosinophil granule MBP in vitro are similar to the pathology characteristic of bronchial asthma (M. S. Dunnill, J. Clin. Path., 13, 27 (1960)).
82
Bronchial Asthma
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05510339__ •
Method for the treatment of eosinophil-associated conditions with anionic polymers Inventor(s): Gleich; Gerald J. (799 SW. Third St., Rochester, MN 55902) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,498,410 Date filed: September 30, 1993 Abstract: A method is provided for treating a hypersensitivity disease comprising parenterally administering to a human afflicted with such a disease an amount of an anionic polymer effective to counteract the symptoms of a disease selected from the group consisting of bronchial asthma, eosinophil-associated nasal inflammation and vernal conjunctivitis, by counteracting the effect of at least one cationic toxin released by the eosinophils of said human. Excerpt(s): For many years, bronchial asthma was regarded as an abnormality of respiratory smooth muscle in which afflicted individuals experienced the onset of bronchospasm as a consequence of over reactivity of the bronchial smooth muscle. Later, the bronchial mast cell was thought to play a critical role in the stimulation of bronchial smooth muscle by producing leukotriene C4 (the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis) and histamine which cause contraction. However, over the past few years, a dramatic change in thinking regarding the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma has occurred and in this new appreciation of this disease, inflammation of the airway, particularly that caused by eosinophilic leukocytes, or "eosinophils," has been suspected. Eosinophils are a type of leukocyte containing cytoplasmic granules that stain strongly with acidic dyes. Eosinophils have been associated with bronchial asthma since the early part of this century and they are characteristically found in large numbers in the lung tissue of patients dying of asthma (A. G. Ellis et al., J. Med. Sci., 136, 407 (1908)). In the mid 1970s, it was demonstrated that the severity of bronchial asthma can be related to the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of the patients (B. R. Horn et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 292, 1152 (1975)). Also around this time, studies of eosinophils had shown the presence of basic (cationic) granule proteins. One of the principal proteins associated with eosinophil granules, the major basic protein (MBP), was so-named because in the guinea pig it comprises more than 50% of the granule protein, is strongly basic (arginine-rich), and is proteinaceous (G. J. Gleich, J. Exp. Med., 137, 1459 (1973); T. L. Wasmoen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 263, 12559 (1988)). MBP is toxic to worms (helminths) and mammalian cells, and causes damage to bronchial respiratory epithelium (G. J. Gleich et al., Adv. Immunol., 39, 177 (1986)). For example, direct application of MBP to respiratory epithelium in concentrations as low as 10.mu.g/ml (7.1.times.10.sup.-7 M) causes ciliostasis and epithelial damage. This damage consists of desquamation of epithelial cells into the lumen of the respiratory tract, as well as frank disruption of epithelial cells. The effects of MBP were dose-related and higher doses cause damage more quickly and to a greater extent than lower doses (E. Frigas et al., Lab. Invest., 42, 35 (1980)). These effects were caused both by MBP from guinea pig eosinophils and from human eosinophils on both guinea pig and human respiratory tissues (G. J. Gleich et al., J. Immunol., 123, 2925 (1979)). The findings that MBP caused ciliostasis, desquamation of respiratory epithelial cells, and damage to the respiratory epithelial cells are suggestive of the pathologic changes observed in bronchial asthma. In bronchial asthma, an exudate of eosinophils, normal and degenerating bronchial epithelial cells, and clumps of epithelial cells, referred to as Creola bodies, are present in the bronchial lumen. In the
Patents 83
bronchial mucosa and submucosa, edema, separation and shedding of ciliated cells, and eosinophil infiltration are seen. Thus, the effects of the eosinophil granule MBP in vitro are similar to the pathology characteristic of bronchial asthma (M. S. Dunnill, J. Clin. Path., 13, 27 (1960)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05498410__ •
Modified polypeptide compound with VIP-like activity Inventor(s): Ishida; Tsutomu (Aichi, JP), Noda; Hitoshi (Aichi, JP), Tomiya; Noboru (Aichi, JP), Yamakawa; Hidehumi (Aichi, JP), Yoshina; Shigeaki (Aichi, JP) Assignee(s): Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. (Nagoya, JP) Patent Number: 5,521,157 Date filed: December 20, 1994 Abstract: The modified polypeptide compound of the present invention is represented by the following general formula ((SEQ ID NO: 2)-X):His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-GlyAsn-Tyr-Thr-Lys-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Leu-Ala-Ala -Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-R.sup.1 -Lys-AlaLeu-R.sup.2 -Hse-Xwherein R.sup.1 represents an Asn, Lys or Gln residue, R.sup.2 represents a Lys or Arg residue, Hse represents a homoserine residue, and X represents NHR.sup.3 or NR.sup.4 R.sup.5, wherein R.sup.3 represents a hydrocarbon residue having 18 or less carbon atoms or a polyalkylamine having 2 or more amino groups in its molecule, or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 represent hydrocarbon residues, provided that the total carbon number of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is 18 or less. This modified polypeptide compound has a strong activity as a smooth muscle relaxant, and has excellent stability and prolonged duration of action. These characteristics make it suitable as an active ingredient in a drug for preventing and treating bronchial asthma and impotence. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel modified polypeptide compound and the use of the same. The modified polypeptide compound according to the present invention shows a strong smooth muscle relaxant activity, a high stability, and a good persistence. Thus, it is usable as the active ingredient in a drug for preventing and treating bronchial asthma and impotence. Based on these facts, it is expected that VIP is applicable to the treatment of, in particular, bronchial asthma from among the various actions as described above. In fact, it is reported that the administration of natural type VIP, which has the amino acid sequence of human VIP, to man exhibits, although slightly, a suppressive effect on tracheostenosis induced by histamine (Pharmacologist, vol. 25, pp. 123 (1983); and Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol. 130, pp. 162-166 (1984)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05521157__
•
Therapeutic agents for respiratory diseases Inventor(s): Hiki; Masato (Osaka, JP), Tanaka; Masaya (Kobe, JP) Assignee(s): Medion Research Laboratories (Hyogo, JP) Patent Number: 6,309,674 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: Prophylactic or therapeutic agents for respiratory diseases, allergic diseases, keratosis, and carcinomatous pain, containing Smilax china or a plant analogous thereto as the active ingredient. These agents can improve the condition and predisposition of
84
Bronchial Asthma
acute and chronic respiratory diseases, such as acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, pan bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis, allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, pollinosis, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, and keratosis, such as psoriasis, lichen, ichthyosis, furfur, and palmoplantar keratosis without side effects and at the same time can lower serum IgE level on an abnormally high level in a short period of time. After the symptom and predisposition have been improved, these agents can, even after suspension of administration, persistently lower the serum IgE level and in addition can inhibit the recurrence of the symptom. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/JP98/02237, filed May 21, 1998. The therapeutic agent for respiratory disease according to this invention relates to a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for respiratory diseases, a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for allergic diseases, a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for keratosis, a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for carcinomatous pain, a health food, a performance food, a cosmetic additive and a cosmetic product, which are capable of improving the symptom of, and the predisposition to, acute and chronic respiratory diseases, such as acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, pan bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis, allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, pollinosis, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, and keratosis, such as psoriasis, lichen, ichthyosis, furfur, and palmoplantar keratosis without side effects and at the same time capable of lowering serum IgE level on an abnormally high level in a short period of time. After the symptom and predisposition have been improved, these agents can, even after suspension of administration, persistently lower the serum IgE level if it is still abnormally high and in addition can inhibit the recurrence of the symptom. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases such as acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, diffuse ordinary bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis are intractable diseases. The therapy of these diseases is generally a symptomatic treatment centered around temporary control of coughing with an antitussive or, in case respiratory distress intervenes, assisted respiration with a bronchodilator, although the treatment is not rewarding in cases of severe coughing. Moreover, bronchial asthma can be regarded as allergy and anti-allergics are also used for its prevention or therapy but the efficacy of such medication is not always reliable but even in patients with remission of the symptom, suspension of the administration results in recurrence of the symptoms. Adrenocortical hormones are administered in severe cases but, despite a certain rewarding effect they provide, sometimes cause intense side effects. Moreover, those, too, are symptomatic remedies. Thus, no drug is known of which recurrence of the symptom does not occur after suspension of administration. Health foods, for instance, are also available with claims to the effect that their intake leads to improvements in the patient's predisposition and a cure of diseases or control of symptoms but their efficacy is either not steadfast or has not been medically proven. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06309674__ •
Transdermal absorptive drug formulation Inventor(s): Imai; Jun (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Kamijo; Shinji (Tokyo, JP), Kodaira; Hiromichi (Tochigi-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Kyorin Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,602,165 Date filed: May 10, 1994
Patents 85
Abstract: A transdermal absorptive drug formulation containing 3-isobutyryl-2isopropylpyrazolo [1,5-a ]pyridine as active ingredient effective for bronchial asthma and cerebrovascular disorder is provided. The formulation affords excellent sustained releasing and long acting characteristics with substantially reduced side-effects such as nausea and vomitting. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a transdermal absorptive drug formulation containing 3-isobutyryl-2isopropylpyrazolo-[1,5-a ]pyridine ( hereinafter referred to as ibudilast according to its international nonproprietary name) which is an improving drug for bronchial asthma and cerebrovascular disorder. Ibudilast is well known as a chemical compound developed by Irikura et al. (Japanese Patent Publication Sho 5229318, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,941, U.K. Patent 1,378,375 and so on) and has been proved by clinical tests to be useful for preventing and treating bronchial asthma, and still more its utility as an improved drug for cerebrovascular disorder has been reported. When the ibudilast is orally administered to human in a dosage form having no substantial release, a rapid absorption from alimentary tract will produce a steep rise of serum concentration, resulting in side-effects such as nausea and vomitting. Therefore, as far as oral drugs are concerned, sustained release capsules, tablets and the like are proposed for the compound (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Sho 60193913, corresponding to EP-A-0 156 243). Also the compound has been successfully prepared for rectal administration because of finding out bases for preventing a rapid increase in the serum concentration (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Sho 60193913). Since bronchial asthma and cerebrovascular disorder are often found among children and senile patients, respectively, it has been strongly desired that the development of a dosage form of ibudilast which is more easily administered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05602165__ •
Use of a porphyrin for producing a medicine reducing the number of eosinophils Inventor(s): Francis; Beauvais (Sevres, FR), Joly; Francine (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Sephra S.A.R.L. (FR) Patent Number: 6,423,703 Date filed: October 18, 2000 Abstract: Use of zinc protoporphyrin IX and its salts to reduce the number of eosinophils in tissues, particularly for treating hypereosinophilia such as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): The presents invention relates to the domain of chemistry and more particularly to that of human or veterinary therapeutic chemistry. The present invention especially concerns the use of porphyrin for the production of a medicine lowering the number of eosinophils. In fact, many illnesses or pathologies are connected with hypereosinophilia; amongst them, bronchial asthma can be particularly cited. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423703__
86
Bronchial Asthma
Patent Applications on Bronchial Asthma As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to bronchial asthma: •
5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein II Inventor(s): Fleischmann, Robert; (Gaithersburg, MD), Gentz, Reiner L.; (Belo Horizonte-Mg, BR) Correspondence: Human Genome Sciences Inc; Intellectual Property DEPT.; 14200 Shady Grove Road; Rockville; MD; 20850; US Patent Application Number: 20040086952 Date filed: July 28, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is a human FLAP II polypeptide and DNA (RNA) encoding such polypeptide. Also provided is a procedure for producing such polypeptide by recombinant techniques. Further, antagonists against such polypeptide are disclosed. Such antagonists may be used for therapeutic proposes, for example, for treating inflamation, bronchial asthma and may also be used as gastric cytoprotective agents and to treat human glomerulonephritis. Diagnostic assays for identifying mutations in nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide of the present invention and for detecting altered levels of the polypeptide of the present invention are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/595,927, filed Jun. 16, 2000, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/842,234, filed Apr. 22, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,050, issued Nov. 14, 2000), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/264,003, filed Jun. 22, 1994 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,076, issued Dec. 9, 1997). U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/842,234 and 08/264,003 are herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides, the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, as well as the production of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. More particularly, the polypeptide of the present invention is 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein II "FLAP II". The invention also relates to inhibiting the action of such polypeptides. Leukotrienes (LTs), formed in granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages and mast cells, mediate immunological and inflammatory responses. Increased levels of LTs in clinical samples implicate these compounds in a number of hypersensitivity and inflammatory diseases, including asthma and inflammatory bowel disease (Ford-Hutchinson, et al., in: Leukotrienes and Lipoxygenases, J. Rokach, ed., Elsevier Science Publishing, New York, 405-425 (1989); Konig, et al., Eicosanoids 3: 1-22; Robinson and Holgate Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukotriene Res. 20:209-216, (1990). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 87
•
Antibody against human interleukin-5 receptor alpha chain Inventor(s): Anazawa, Hideharu; (Tokyo, JP), Furuya, Akiko; (Tokyo, JP), Hanai, Nobuo; (Kanagawa, JP), Iida, Akihiro; (Tokyo, JP), Koike, Masamichi; (Tokyo, JP), Nakamura, Kazuyasu; (Tokyo, JP), Takatsu, Kiyoshi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030096977 Date filed: October 29, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies which react specifically with a human interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain. The invention also provides hybridomas and transformants which produce the antibodies, the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies, a method for detecting an interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain immunologically by means of these antibodies, as well as a method for diagnosing and treating diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma by means of the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies. The present invention is useful for diagnosis or treatment of diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies which bind specifically to a human interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain and which are therefore useful for diagnosis or treatment of diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma. The invention also relates to hybridomas and transformants which produce the antibodies, a method for detecting an interleukin-5 receptor.alpha. chain immunologically by means of the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies, as well as a method for diagnosing and treating diseases such as chronic bronchial asthma by means of the monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies. Interleukin-5 (hereinafter referred to a "IL-5") is a kind of lymphokine which is secreted by T cells, mast cells and other cells. Murine IL-5 is known to act as a differentiation and growth factor for B cells and eosinophils. Human IL-5 is known to act mainly as a differentiation and growth factor for eosinophils (Advances in Immunology, 57, 145 (1994); Blood, 79, 3101 (1992)). IL-5 exhibits its action through a specific receptor (IL-5 receptor) which is expressed on the surface of a cell such as eosinophil. It has been shown that human and murine IL-5 receptors (hereinafter referred to as "IL-5Rs") are both composed of two different kinds of proteins, an a chain (hereinafter referred to as "IL-5R.alpha.") and a.beta. chain (hereinafter referred to as "IL-5R.beta."). In addition, it is known that the binding of IL-5 to IL-5R is via IL-5R.alpha. and that IL-5R.beta. alone can not bind to IL5 (EMBO J., 9, 4367 (1990); ibid., 10, 2833 (1991); J. Exp. Med., 177, 1523 (1993); ibid., 175, 341 (1992); Cell, 66, 1175 (1991), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89, 7041 (1992)). Furthermore, IL5R.beta. is known to be a component of receptors for interleukin-3 (hereinafter referred to as "IL-3"), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and others (hereinafter referred to as "GM-CSF") (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87, 9655 (1990); Cell, 66, 1165 (1991)). Eosinophils are known to increase in allergic diseases represented by chronic bronchial asthma. Significant infiltration of eosinophils is observed in airways of a patient with chronic bronchial asthma. Eosinophil contains a cytotoxic granular proteins whose deposit is observed in airway tissues of a patient with chronic bronchial asthma or at lesion sites of a patient with atopic dermatitis. These facts suggest that eosinophil plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders such as chronic bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and the like (Adv. Immunol., 39, 177 (1986); Immunol. Today, 13, 501 (1992)). Hence, studying the kinetics of eosinophils is useful for clinical diagnosis. On the other hand, human IL-5 acts specifically on eosinophils, so 1L-5R is
88
Bronchial Asthma
believed to be expressed specifically in eosinophils and can therefore be used as a marker specific to human eosinophils. Furthermore, IL-5.beta. is a receptor for cytokines such as IL-3, GM-CSF and others, so IL-5R.alpha. is believed to be a marker specific to eosinophils. Hence, eosinophils can be detected specifically by immunocyte staining using an anti-human IL-5R.alpha. chain antibody (hereinafter referred to as "anti-hIL5R.alpha. antibody"). However, no anti-hIL-5R.alpha. antibody is presently known that is capable of specific detection of eosinophils. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Derivatives of monosaccharides as cell adhesion inhibitors Inventor(s): Arora, Sudershan K.; (Gurgaon, IN), Gupta, Jang Bahadur; (Gurgaon, IN), Joshi, Vishwas D.; (New Delhi, IN), Kishore, Nawal; (Kurukshetra, IN) Correspondence: Jayadeep R. Deshmukh; Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals INC.; 600 College Road East; Suite 2100; Princeton; NJ; 08540; US Patent Application Number: 20040019191 Date filed: July 1, 2003 Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to compounds and processes for synthesizing derivatives of 2-3-O-isopropylidene-.alpha.-L-xylo-2-hexulof- uranosonic acid. The compounds of this invention are useful, inter-alia, for the inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection and psoriasis. This invention also relates to pharmacological compositions containing derivatives of 2-3-Oisopropylidene-.alpha.-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid and the methods of treating such pathologies as listed above. Cell adhesion is a process by which cells associate with each other and migrate towards a specific target localized within the extracellular matrix. Specialized molecules, called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), mediate these reactions. CAMs have been demonstrated to participate in various cell-cell, cellextracellular matrix, and platelet-platelet interactions. CAMs influence the leukocytes' adhesion to the vascular endothelium, their transendothelial migration, retention at extravascular sites, and activation of T cells and eosinophils. These processes are central to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, CAMs are considered potential targets for treating such disorders. CAMs can be classified into three groups: integrins, selectins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Of these, integrins are the key mediators in the adhesive interactions between hemopoietic cells and their microenvironment. They are comprised of alpha-beta heterodimers and integrate signals from the outside to the inside of cells, and vice versa. Integrins can be classified on the basis of the beta subunits they contain. For example, the beta-1 subfamily contains beta-1 subunit noncovalently linked to one of the 10 different alpha subunits. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 89
•
Eosinophil eotaxin receptor Inventor(s): Daugherty, Bruce L.; (South Orange, NJ), Demartino, Julie A.; (Cranford, NJ), Siciliano, Salvatore J.; (East Brunswick, NJ), Springer, Martin S.; (Westfield, NJ) Correspondence: Merck & CO., INC.; Patent Department; P.O. Box 2000 - Ry60-30; Rahway; NJ; 07065-0907; US Patent Application Number: 20020192214 Date filed: August 6, 2001 Abstract: The eosinophil eotaxin receptor has been isolated, cloned and sequenced. This receptor is a human.beta.-chemokine receptor and has been designated "CC CKR3". The eosinophil eotaxin receptor may be used to screen and identify compounds that bind to the eosinophil eotaxin receptor. Such compounds would be useful in the treatment and prevention of atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and particularly bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): This application claims priorty under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) from provisional application Case Number 19634PV, filed Apr. 26, 1996 and from provisional application Case Number 19697PV, filed Apr. 26, 1996 as U.S. Ser. No. 60/016,158. This invention relates to an eosinophil eotaxin receptor ("CC CKR3"), in particular, the human eosinophil eotaxin receptor and nucleic acids encoding this receptor. This invention further relates to assays which may be used to screen and identify compounds that bind to the eosinophil eotaxin receptor. Such compounds would be useful in the treatment and prevention of atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and particularly bronchial asthma. Eosinophils play prominant roles in a variety of atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and particularly bronchial asthma (for a reviews see e.g. Gleich, G. J., et al., Eosinophils. J. I. Gallin, I. M. Goldstein, R. Snyderman, Eds., Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates (Raven Press, Ltd., New York, 1992) and Seminario, M. C., et al. (1994) Current Opinion in Immunology 6, 860-864). A pivotal event in the process is the accumulation of eosinophils at the involved sites. While a number of the classical chemoattractants, including C5a, LTB4, and PAF, are known to attract eosinophils (Gleich, G. J., et al., Eosinophils. J. I. Gallin, et al. Eds., Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates (Raven Press, Ltd., New York, 1992)), these mediators are promiscuous, acting on a variety of leukocytes including neutrophils, and are unlikely to be responsible for the selective accumulation of eosinophils. In contrast, the chemokines a family of 8-10 kDa proteins are more restricted in the leukocyte subtypes they target and are potential candidates for the recruitment of eosinophils in atopic diseases and asthma (Baggiolini, M., Dewald, B. and Moser, B. (1994) Advances in Immunology 55, 97-179). Although there is a mounting body of evidence that eosinophils are recruited to sites of allergic inflammation by a number of.beta.-chemokines, particularly eotaxin and RANTES, the receptor which mediates these actions has not been identified. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
90
•
Bronchial Asthma
Fraction of Cordyceps sinensis and method of isolation thereof Inventor(s): Lin, Ching-Yuang; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Bacon & Thomas, Pllc; 625 Slaters Lane; Fourth Floor; Alexandria; VA; 22314 Patent Application Number: 20030095982 Date filed: August 13, 2002 Abstract: A method for identifying and isolating the active fractions in fungus Cordyceps sinensis. It covers a findings of the structure of an active compound that is present in the active fractions, an isolation method that can be used to extract the active fractions and a specific active compound, and the use of F8, one specific active compound, that is present in the active fractions thus isolated, to improve the clinical symptoms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary injury in OA induced BNR model with enhancing Th1 cytokines suppressing Th2 and iNOS cytokines mRNA expression. This work has important pharmacological implications for the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma in humans. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of isolating the fractions of Cordyceps sinensis and extracting the constituent F8 therein, which can suppress platelets activating factor (PAF) inducing rabbit platelete aggregation in vitro, improving pulmonary function of animals with ovalbumin (OA) induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in vivo, enhancing Th1 cytokines that inhibit Th2 cytokines and induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes expression in vivo in brown Norway rats (BNR) with OA induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness, alleviating the bronchial hyperresponsiveness of bronchial asthma and histopathologically preventing chronic inflammatory injury. The extract of Cordyceps sinensis can obviously dilate bronchial smooth muscle of guinea pigs in vitro to relief asthma attack. It can also enhance the ability of mice to tolerate hypoxic insult in normal pressure, to relax tracheal wall directly, to prevent pulmonary emphysema induced by inhalation of aerosolized CsCl, to protect tracheal epithelium and enhance anti-injury ability of the respiratory tract. The extract of Cordyceps sinensis can enhance phagocytotic ability of macrophage, blood flow volume of liver and elevate the activity of collagenase in liver tissue. In the treatment of liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis, it has the effect of anti-hepatic fibrosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Helium propellant composition for use with aerosols Inventor(s): Shah, Rasik; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Larson & Taylor, Plc; 1199 North Fairfax Street; Suite 900; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030199594 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a new propellant composition for use with aerosols such as may be used in medical devices such as a metered dose inhaler (or MDI) or a nasal spray device. The propellant features helium as its primary ingredient, preferably at least about 70% and most preferably at or around 100% by weight of the propellant composition, and this propellant can be used in a variety of applications since it is both inert and environmentally safe. The propellant of the invention can thus be utilized
Patents 91
advantageously as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to many current propellants including those based on hydrofluorocarbons (e.g., HFA), fluorocarbons (e.g., CFC), or hydrocarbons such as butane and propane. A series of aerosol formulations which use the new propellant are also provided as well as a method for using these aerosol composition to treat a variety of medical ailments, including bronchial asthma and rhinitis, and the formulations may be utilized in the delivery of bronchodilators and other suitable substances for these and other therapeutic methods. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of aerosol propellants, and more specifically to an improved propellant composition which includes helium as its primary ingredient. Aerosol propellants are any gas, solid or liquid of which the expansion can be used to impart motion to another substance or object. Aerosol propellants are particularly useful when used to propel substances or a solution into the smallest possible particle at a desired speed to reach a desired place. Most modern aerosols use some form of liquefied or compressed gas as a propellant. These propellants are formed by putting the gas under high pressure thus turning it into a liquid. Traditionally, these propellants were mixtures of simple hydrocarbons such as butane and propane. A major disadvantage of these types of propellants is that they are flammable, and thus for safety reasons they cannot be used in many applications. ChloroFluoroCarbons, commonly known as a CFCs, are another type of frequently used aerosol propellant. CFCs were preferred over traditional hydrocarbon mixtures since they were not flammable and possessed advantageous chemical properties which enabled them to be used in a variety of different formulations. However, one major disadvantage associated with CFCs is that they have been implicated as a major cause in the accelerated depletion of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere. Consequently, the use of CFCs has been severely restricted and even banned by many governments. In fact, under the recently instituted Montreal Protocol, CFCs are actively being withdrawn from all domestic, industrial and medical use. However, due to inability to find a better propellant to replace CFCs, they are still widely used in the medical field and health care industry, in spite of the harmful environmental side effects associated with their use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for examination of bronchial asthma attack and examination kit Inventor(s): Uchida, Yoshiyuki; (Ibaraki, JP) Correspondence: Armstrong,westerman & Hattori, Llp; 1725 K Street, NW.; Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030003509 Date filed: July 17, 2002 Abstract: The method for examination of bronchial asthma attack in the invention is characterized in that it is based on the amount of the E-cadherin decomposition product being present in a sample to be tested. According to the invention, it becomes possible to ascertain whether or not attack occurs or what stage the pathological state of an asthmatic is, by utilizing the E-cadherin decomposition product as a marker and examining how much the E-cadherin decomposition product is contained in a sample to be tested. This allows providing an appropriate therapy or treatment depending on the pathological state.The determination of the amount of the E-cadherin decomposition product being present in a sample to be tested is preferably carried out according to an immunological technique using an antibody reactive to the E-cadherin decomposition
92
Bronchial Asthma
product in view of simplicity, etc.According to the invention, a kit for examination of bronchial asthma attack based on the amount of the E-cadherin decomposition product being present in a sample to be tested, the kit comprising an antibody reactive to the Ecadherin decomposition product, is provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for examination of bronchial asthma attack and an examination kit, reflecting the pathological state. It is well known that bronchial asthma, regarded as one of the present-day diseases, has been much interested since the number of the patients goes on increasing. It is difficult to predict the attack of bronchial asthma. In clinical fields, accordingly, it is necessary to ascertain the pathological stage of a patient to give an appropriate therapy or treatment depending on his pathological state. At present, in monitoring of the patient, a peakflow meter monitoring the degree of bronchial obstruction has been used. It has been desired, however, to provide a method for examination of the asthma in a convenient manner using a sample to be tested, and reflecting the pathological state. In this situation, recent year, bronchial asthma has been defined as a chronic airway inflammatory disorder, and in such a view efforts have been focused on elucidation of its mechanism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of testing for bronchial asthma Inventor(s): Hamasaki, Yuhei; (Saga-shi, JP), Izuhara, Kenji; (Saga-shi, JP), Matsui, Keiko; (Kawasaki-shi, JP), Ohtani, Noriko; (Kawasaki-shi, JP), Sugita, Yuji; (Kawasakishi, JP), Yoshida, Nei; (Kawasaki-shi, JP) Correspondence: Peter G. Carroll; Medlen & Carroll, Llp; Suite 350; 101 Howard Street; San Francisco; CA; 94105; US Patent Application Number: 20030099979 Date filed: August 7, 2002 Abstract: SCCA1 and SCCA2 genes, whose expression were greatly changed in a plurality of cells by stimulating respiratory tract epithelial cells with IL-4 or IL-13, were obtained as allergy related genes. Furthermore, elevation of blood level of expression products of these genes accompanying bronchial asthmatic attack was elucidated. This invention provides a method of testing for bronchial asthmatic attack that uses as indicators, expression levels of these genes in biological samples. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of testing for bronchial asthmatic attack. Bronchial asthma is considered to be a multifactorial disease. In other words, bronchial asthma is caused by the interaction of many different genes, each of which is influenced by various environmental factors. Thus, it has been extremely difficult to identify a specific gene which causes bronchial asthma. Currently, bronchial asthma is categorized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract. It has been pointed out that allergic reactions at the respiratory tract mucosa and bronchial smooth muscle is closely involved in pathologic formation of bronchial asthma. Therefore, understanding the condition of allergic reactions in these tissues is an important issue in diagnosis of bronchial asthma. In addition, control of allergic reactions is an issue in treatment of bronchial asthma. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 93
•
Modulation of the transcription of pro-inflammatory gene products Inventor(s): Hecker, Markus; (Gottingen, DE), Wagner, Andreas H.; (Gotttingen, DE) Correspondence: Steven L Highlander; Fulbright & Jaworski; Suite 2400; 600 Congress Avenue; Austin; TX; 78701; US Patent Application Number: 20040048820 Date filed: October 2, 2003 Abstract: The present invention refers to inhibitors of the transcription factors IRF-1, their use as therapeutic agents as well as their use for prevention and therapy of cardiovascular complications like re-stenosis after percutaneous angioplasty or stenosis of venous bypasses, chronic (transplant arteriosclerosis or vasculopathy) or acute transplant rejection, graft versus host disease (GVHD), immunological hypersensitivity reactions (allergies), particularly bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis, chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases, particularly ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, psoriasis and sarcoidosis, as well as autoimmune diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, collagenoses (e. g. systemic lupus erythematodes), rheumatoid arthritis and vasculotids. Excerpt(s): The endothelium of blood vessels plays a key role in inflammatory diseases because it represents the primary interaction site for circulating inflammation competent cells with the tissue. In acute or chronic inflammation manifold interactions between endothelium cells and both monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes are described. Recently the interaction between endothelium cells and pro-inflammatory T helper cells (TH1) in autoimmune diseases (e. g. rheumatoid arthritis), arteriosclerotic lesions of blood vessels walls including transplant and venous bypass vasculopathy as well as re-stenosis after percutaneous angioplasty and in chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases (e. g. Crohn's disease, psoriasis) are increasingly discussed. Lymphocytes and endothelium cells communicate over the CD40/CD154 receptor/ligand system (also known as TNF receptor/ligand-5-system) with consecutive increase of expression of chemokine and adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Moreover, endothelium cells in contrast to other antigen presenting cells like monocytes seem to release biological active interleukin 12 solely after activation of the CD40 signalling pathway in an amount similar to maximally stimulated monocytes (these are generally thought to be the main source of interleukin 12). Interleukin 12 is the primary stimulus and differentiation factor, respectively, for naive T helper cells which react with an increased production of interferon.gamma. and expression of CD154, respectively, on their surface (these T helper cells are then regarded as TH1 cells). Interferon.gamma. in turn increases the expression of CD40 in endothelium cells resulting in a vicious cycle in which endothelium cells, T- helper cells and recruited monocytes stimulate each other and keep the inflammatory reaction going. The costimulating properties of CD40/CD154 which trigger the inflammation have been demonstrated in animal models for diseases including Crohn's disease and acute or chronic transplant rejection (vasculopathy). Not only the endothelium leukocyte interaction via CD40/CD154 plays a role here, but also for example the CD40/CD154mediated interaction of monocytes/macrophages or dendritic cells with TH1-cells and naive T helper cells, respectively. Further CD40 may e.g. be expressed by smooth muscle cells in the vessel lining and also by keratinocytes in skin or synovial fibroblasts in joints. Activation of the CD40 pathway in these cells is furthermore not only of importance for inflammatory reactions, but also leads to rebuilding processes in tissue as for example remodelling of vessel lining in transplant vasculopathy, skin changes in psoriasis or erosions of joint cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis. Beside CD154 induced,
94
Bronchial Asthma
interleukin 12 depend and TH1 mediated chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune reactions, respectively, including Diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis and vasculotids the co-stimulatory properties of CD40/CD154 are also important for differentiation of B-lymphocytes in antibody producing plasma cells which is triggered by contact with TH2-cells. Thereby B-lymphycytes express CD40 and TH2-cells express CD154. Without this co-stimulation plasma cells produce primarily antibodies of the IgM type and barely antibodies of type IgE or IgG. An exaggerated TH2 response, i. e. excessive production of type IgE or IgG antibodies plays an important role in mainly allergy caused chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and ulcerative colitis but also in collagenoses as systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE), in which the production of autoreactive autoantibodies is of special importance and which is therefore regarded as a generalized autoimmune disease. In general differentiation between autoimmune diseases and chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases is problematic because a common predisposing factor seems to be the imbalance between TH1 and TH2 mediated cellular and humoral immune reaction, respectively. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel herbal composition for the management of bronchial asthma and a process of manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Brindavanam, Narasimha Baba; (Ghaziabad, IN), Katiyar, Chandrakant; (Ghaziabad, IN), Rao, Yadlapalli Venkateswara; (Ghaziabad, IN) Correspondence: Bernhard D. Saxe; Foley & Lardner; Washington Harbour; 3000 K Street, N. W., Suite 500; Washington; DC; 20007-5109; US Patent Application Number: 20030096020 Date filed: June 15, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a novel oral liquid herbal composition useful in the management of asthma in diabetic and calorie conscious persons, said composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of plant extracts selected from Solanum xanthocarpum, Albizzia lebbeck, Tribulus terrestris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Pistachia integerrima, Adathoda vasica and Woodfordia fruticosa, and having self-generated ethanol to the extent of 7 to 11% v/v and not more than 1 to 3% w/w of sugar content. Excerpt(s): The invention provides a novel herbal composition virtually free of sugars and containing limited self-generated alcohol, for the management of bronchial asthma, in the mammals, especially humans. The invention also provides a method for the manufacture of this herbal composition in liquid oral dosage form. This process of the invention facilitates the production of fermented liquid oral composition, which enhances the biological activity of the formulation for the management of asthma in human beings. The formulation also provides specific benefits to the diabetic patients suffering from bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is a common chronic disease (asthma in short) wherein, the patient suffers from paroxysmal spells of breathlessness precipitated by narrowing of wind pipe and its branches. Between 100-150 million people around the globe reportedly suffer from asthma and this number is rising. World wide annual death from this condition has reached over 1,80,000. India alone has estimated 15-20 million asthmatics and a prevalence rate between 10-15% in 5-11 year old children. The management of bronchial asthma can be grossly divided into two components viz. Crisis management and maintenance therapy. While the available methods of crisis management are not disputed for the effectiveness, the modalities for
Patents 95
maintenance therapies have been far from satisfactory. On the other hand, traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda - provide useful leads to improve the quality of maintenance care for asthmatic patients. This invention allows the inventors to customize a unique herbal composition judiciously, and to develop a process for manufacturing liquid orals used in the management of asthma. Bronchial asthma is a common chronic disease (asthma in short) due to reversible airway narrow caused by promoted reaction of trachea to all kinds of stimulation. The causes of bronchial asthma are complicated. Most of them are triggered by factors in- and -out of body on the basis of inheritance, such as inhaled substances, infection, climate, medicine, diet, mental factors etc. Symptoms can occur spontaneously or can be triggered by respiratory infections, exercise, cold air, tobacco smoking or other pollutants. The muscle of the bronchial tree becomes tight and the lining of the air passages get swollen, reducing the airflow and produces a wheezing sound. Mucus production is increased. Typically, the individual breathes relatively normally, and will have periodic attacks of wheezing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel polypeptide-phosphatidic acid phsphatase 29.81 and the polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide Inventor(s): Mao, Yumin; (Shanghai, CN), Xie, Yi; (Shanghai, CN) Correspondence: Crowell & Moring Llp; Intellectual Property Group; P.O. Box 14300; Washington; DC; 20044-4300; US Patent Application Number: 20040096841 Date filed: February 21, 2003 Abstract: The invention disclosed a new kind of polypeptide-phosphatidic acid phosphatase 29.81 and the polynucleotide encoding said polypeptide and a process for priducing the polypeptide by DNA recombinant methods. It also disclosed the method of applying the polypeptide for the treatment of various kinds of diseases, such as peripheral nervous demyelination, night blindness, rachitis, fatty liver, bronchial asthma and peptic ulcer. The antagonist of the polypeptide and therapeutic use of the same is also disclosed. In addition, it refers to the use of polynucleotide encoding said phosphatidic acid phosphatase 29.81. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of biotechnology. In particular, the invention relates to a novel polypeptide, phosphatidic acid phosphatase 29.81, and a polynucleotide sequence encoding said polypeptide. The invention also relates to the method for the preparation and use of said polynucleotide and polypeptide. phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacyl-glycerol (DG) are important molecules in the biosynthesis of membrane lipid and signal transduction. The reaction of turning phosphatidic acid into diacyl-glycerol is catalyzed by phosphatidate phosphatases (PAP), including PAP1 and PAP2. PAP1 is believed to be involved in both cytoplasm and membrane while PAP2 is strictly a membrane protein. The PAP2 gene codes for two forms of proteins, PAP2-alpha 1 and PAP2-alpha 2, by alternative splicing (DNA Cell Biol 1998; 17 (4): 377-85). Presently, there are three isoforms of PAP2, namely PAP2a, PAP2b and PAP2c. Some research on their structure has been done, like the clarification of the site of glycosylation, the transmembrane functional domain and the catalytic site (FEBS Lett 1998 May 8; 427 (2): 188-92). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
96
•
Bronchial Asthma
Solid dispersion system of pranlukast with improved dissolution and method for preparing the same Inventor(s): Lee, Sang Deuk; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Heslin Rothenberg Farley & Mesiti PC; 5 Columbia Circle; Albany; NY; 12203; US Patent Application Number: 20030077322 Date filed: November 19, 2002 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition of pranlukast having improved bioavailability is disclosed. The composition is formulated as a solid dispersion, preferably for oral administration. In one embodiment, the invention comprises an amount of pranlukast uniformly dispersed in an inert polymer carrier comprising at least one of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose. In another embodiment, the composition further comprises an amount of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate50. A method for preparing the composition, an oral formulation comprising the composition, and methods of treating bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis with the composition are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of International Patent Application PCT/KR01/00804, filed May 17, 2001 and claims priority from Korean Patent Application Number 2000-27237, filed May 20, 2000. The entire content of the prior applications is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition of pranlukast, a drug having very low water solubility, a method for preparing the composition, an oral formulation comprising the composition, and methods of treating bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis with the composition. 4oxo-8-[4-(4-phenylbutoxy)benzoyl-amino]-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran hemihydrate, commonly known as "pranlukast" (trade name, "ONON.TM.", Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan/Schering-Plough Corporation, Madison, N.J. USA), is a potent leukotriene antagonist, especially with respect to leukotrienes C4(LTC4) and D4(LTD4). It is known to have efficacy as a therapeutic agent for bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis, and is expected to have activity as a therapeutic agent for treating allergic shock and various allergic inflammatory responses, thus having a wide range of applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with bronchial asthma, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on bronchial asthma. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning bronchial asthma. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
97
CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic addition to online booksellers such sources for book titles on bronchial Database and the National Library of these titles available for loan.
book references relating to bronchial asthma. In as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent asthma include the Combined Health Information Medicine. Your local medical library also may have
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on bronchial asthma: •
Biological issues Source: Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1989. 251 pp. Contact: Available from Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825- 5076. Telephone: (800) DIAL-HKP. $40.00. Summary: This monograph is part of a series which reports findings of medical research on physical activity and children's health. This volume covers biological, physiological, and biomechanical issues. There are chapters on biological age in pediatric exercise research, short term muscle power in children and adolescents, development of the oxygen transport system, weight training, the use of anaerobic threshold in pediatric exercise testing, iron deficiency and supplementation, exercise and the child with bronchial asthma, juvenile hypertension, and diagnostic use of exercise in pediatric cardiology.
98
Bronchial Asthma
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “bronchial asthma” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “bronchial asthma” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “bronchial asthma” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Ketotifen in the Prophylactic Treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Respiration) by H. Herzog (Editor); ISBN: 380551171X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380551171X/icongroupinterna
•
The biochemical and immunological basis of bronchial asthma (American lecture series, publication no. 827. A monograph in the Bannerstone division of American lectures in living chemistry) by Kjell Aas; ISBN: 0398022135; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398022135/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Bronchial Asthma In order to find chapters that specifically relate to bronchial asthma, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and bronchial asthma using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on bronchial asthma: •
Pulmonary Disease Source: in Clinician's Guide to Treatment of Medically Compromised Patients. Baltimore, MD: American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 1995. p. 73-79. Contact: Available from American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 2910 Lightfoot Drive, Baltimore, MD 21209-1452. (410) 602-8585. Website: www.aaom.com. PRICE: $21.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter, from a guide for dentists on managing problems of medically compromised dental patients, discusses managing patients with pulmonary disease. Topics covered include bronchial asthma; classifying patient risk status; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); chronic bronchitis; emphysema; and the office evaluation of the COPD patient. For each condition discussed, the chapter covers definition, epidemiology, clinical findings and symptoms, and dental management considerations. The majority of the information is presented in chart format. (AA-M).
Books
•
99
Patients' Experiences with Their Disease: Learning from the Differences and Sharing the Common Problems Source: in Assal, J., Golay, A., and Visser, A.P., eds. New Trends in Patient Education: A Trans-Cultural and Inter-Disease Approach. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. 1995. p. 301-312. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science. Regional Sales Office, Customer Support Department, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. (212) 633-3730. Fax (212) 633-3680. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $209.50. ISBN: 0444822348. Summary: This chapter, from the proceedings of an international patient education conference, presents patients' experiences and views about the psychological, professional, family, cognitive, and financial costs of several chronic diseases. Diseases covered include arterial hypertension, autonomous dialysis, back pain, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colostomy, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, laryngectomy, and Parkinson's disease. (AA-M).
101
CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover bronchial asthma.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on bronchial asthma is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to bronchial asthma. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for bronchial asthma: •
Apoptosis system in pathogenesis of bronchial asthma differs from that of allergic rhinitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 21, 2000
102
Bronchial Asthma
•
Lung function decline in bronchial asthma influenced by age Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 23, 2003
•
Suboptimal coenzyme Q10 levels found in bronchial asthma patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 2002
•
Sputum Eosinophil Levels Tied to Bronchial Asthma Severity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 26, 1997 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to bronchial asthma, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
Periodicals and News
103
BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Bronchial Asthma Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to bronchial asthma. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering bronchial asthma that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
105
CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for bronchial asthma. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with bronchial asthma. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
106
Bronchial Asthma
The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to bronchial asthma: Bronchodilators, Adrenergic •
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin Chloride; Airet; Alupent; Arm-a-Med Isoetharine; Arm-a-Med Metaproterenol; Asthmahaler Mist; AsthmaNefrin; Beta2; Brethaire; Bronkaid Mist; Bronkaid Suspension Mist; Bronkometer; Bronkosol; Dey-Lute Isoetharine; Dey-Lute Metaproterenol; Foradil; Isuprel; Isuprel Mistometer; Maxair; Maxair Autohaler; Medihaler-Iso; microNefrin; Nephron; Primatene Mist; Proventil; Proventil HFA; S-2; Serevent Diskus; Vaponefrin; Ventolin; Ventolin HFA; Ventolin Nebules; Ventolin Rotacaps http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202095.html
•
Oral/Injection - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin; Alupent; Ana-Guard; Brethine; Bricanyl; EpiPen Auto-Injector; EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector; Isuprel; Proventil; Proventil Repetabs; Ventolin; Volmax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202096.html
Bronchodilators, Theophylline •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aerolate Sr; Asmalix; Choledyl; Choledyl SA; Elixophyllin; Lanophyllin; Phyllocontin; Quibron-T Dividose; Quibron-T/SR Dividose; Respbid; Slo-Bid Gyrocaps; Slo-Phyllin; Theo-24; Theobid Duracaps; Theochron; Theo-Dur; Theolair; Theolair-SR; Theo-Time; Theovent Long-Acting; Theo-X; T-Phyl; Truphylline; Truxophyllin; Uni-Dur; Uniphyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/201945.html
Corticosteroids •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html
•
Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Qvar; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html
•
Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html
•
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pred Forte; Ocu-PredA; Pred Forte; Pred Mild; Predair; Predair A; Predair Forte; Storz-Dexa; Ultra Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html
•
Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html
•
Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectasol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html
Researching Medications
107
Dyphylline •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dilor; Dilor-400; Lufyllin; Lufyllin-400 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202752.html
Fluticasone •
Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Flovent; Flovent Rotadisk http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203649.html
Fluticasone and Salmeterol •
Inhalation-Local - U.S. Brands: Advair Diskus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500235.html
Theophylline, Ephedrine, and Hydroxyzine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Marax; Marax-DF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202555.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA
108
Bronchial Asthma
through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
109
APPENDICES
111
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
112
Bronchial Asthma
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
113
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
114
Bronchial Asthma
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 70585 1374 543 161 354 73017
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
115
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
117
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on bronchial asthma can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to bronchial asthma. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to bronchial asthma. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “bronchial asthma”:
118
Bronchial Asthma
Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Asthma in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthmainchildren.html Secondhand Smoke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/secondhandsmoke.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to bronchial asthma, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Diagnosing Asthma: What to Expect Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AS00003
•
Treatment Asthma and Allergy Medications Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org/patients/publicedmat/tips/asthmaallergymedications.stm Asthma Inhalers Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01081 Asthma: Controller and Quick-Relief Medicine Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/665.xml Combination Therapy for Asthma Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AA00019 Medications and Immunotherapy for Asthma Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AP00008 Nebulizers vs. Inhalers Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00768
•
From the National Institutes of Health Asthma Basics Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/focuson/asthma01/basics.htm Breath of Life Source: National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/breath/breathhome.html Controlling Your Asthma Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/asthma/asth_fs.pdf
Patient Resources
119
National Study Shows 82 Percent of U.S. Homes Have Mouse Allergens Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2004/niehs-08.htm What Is Asthma? Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Asthma/Asthma_WhatIs.html •
Latest News Indoor Mold, Dampness Linked to Respiratory Problems; Evidence Does Not Support Links to Wider Array of Illnesses Source: 05/25/2004, Institute of Medicine http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309091934?OpenDocument Insect Protein Linked to Asthma Source: 06/15/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18371 .html Mold, Damp Can Cause Breathing Trouble Source: 05/25/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_17952 .html Mood Problems Common with Long-term Steroid Use Source: 05/28/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18034 .html More News on Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html#A sthma National Study Shows 82 Percent of U.S. Homes Have Mouse Allergens Source: 06/08/2004, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2004/niehs-08.htm
•
Organizations American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org/ American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/ Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America http://www.aafa.org/ EPA, Office of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor Environments Division http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
120
Bronchial Asthma
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ •
Prevention/Screening Asthma and Allergy Prevention Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/airborne/prevent/intro.html
•
Research Current NIAID Research Highlights Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/focuson/asthma01/research.htm Enzyme May Play Unexpected Role in Asthma Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/niaid-15.htm Exterminating Roaches Reduces Related Asthma-Promoting Allergens Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/crntnws/2004jan/roaches.htm FDA Alerts U.S. Residents to Recall of Glaxo Smith Kline “Diskus” Asthma Medicines Sold in Canada Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01261.html Indoor Mold, Dampness Linked to Respiratory Problems; Evidence Does Not Support Links to Wider Array of Illnesses Source: Institute of Medicine http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309091934?OpenDocument Tolerance to Beta2-Agonist Treatment after Regular Use in People with Asthma Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/140/10/I-41
•
Statistics Asthma Prevalence, Health Care Use and Mortality, 2000-2001 Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/asthma/asthma.htm FASTATS: Asthma Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/asthma.htm National Survey Details Americans' Experiences with Asthma Treatments and Medications Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2003/mepsasth.htm
Patient Resources
•
121
Women Asthma Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4women.gov/pub/steps/Asthma.htm Asthma and Pregnancy Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org/patients/publicedmat/tips/asthmaandpregnancy.stm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to bronchial asthma. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
122
Bronchial Asthma
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to bronchial asthma. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with bronchial asthma. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about bronchial asthma. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “bronchial asthma” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “bronchial asthma”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “bronchial asthma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
Patient Resources
123
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “bronchial asthma” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
125
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
126
Bronchial Asthma
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
127
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
128
Bronchial Asthma
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
129
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
130
Bronchial Asthma
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
131
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on bronchial asthma: •
Basic Guidelines for Bronchial Asthma Bronchial asthma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000141.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Bronchial Asthma Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Bluish color Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm
132
Bronchial Asthma
Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Coughing up blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Heartburn Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003114.htm Intercostal retractions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003322.htm Nasal flaring Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003055.htm Rapid pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Bronchial Asthma Arterial blood gas Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003855.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Pulmonary function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003853.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm
Online Glossaries 133
•
Background Topics for Bronchial Asthma Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Aggravated by Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002227.htm Asthma and allergy - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002190.htm Auscultation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002226.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
135
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH]
136
Bronchial Asthma
Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal insufficiency: The reduced secretion of adrenal glands. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]
Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Resistance: Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when
Dictionary 137
their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which a person receives stem cells, the cells from which all blood cells develop, from a compatible, though not genetically identical, donor. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and
138
Bronchial Asthma
many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaerobic Threshold: The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH]
Dictionary 139
Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Angioneurotic Edema: Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura. [NIH] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or
140
Bronchial Asthma
reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortitis: Inflammation of the wall of the aorta. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is
Dictionary 141
characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied
142
Bronchial Asthma
in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma. [NIH]
Dictionary 143
Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or
144
Bronchial Asthma
animal to another. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Breathing Exercises: Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilatation: A dilated state of a bronchus or the site at which a bronchus is dilated. [EU]
Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of
Dictionary 145
body fluids. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through
146
Bronchial Asthma
enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls
Dictionary 147
muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chimera: An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH]
148
Bronchial Asthma
Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliated cells: Epithelial cells with fine hair-like strands on their free borders. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] C-kit receptor: A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU]
Dictionary 149
Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colostomy: An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body,
150
Bronchial Asthma
taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Dictionary 151
Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Granules: Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial
152
Bronchial Asthma
relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilate: Relax; expand. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or
Dictionary 153
in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH]
154
Bronchial Asthma
Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released
Dictionary 155
upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis: Infection and swelling of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. The infection is caused by white blood cells (eosinophils). [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks
156
Bronchial Asthma
containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU]
Dictionary 157
Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Factitious Disorders: Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fenoterol: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectins: Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such
158
Bronchial Asthma
as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorocarbons: Liquid perfluorinated carbon compounds which may or may not contain a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, but do not contain another halogen or hydrogen atom. This concept includes fluorocarbon emulsions and fluorocarbon blood substitutes. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental
Dictionary 159
conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Dosage: The number of copies of a given gene present in a cell or nucleus. An increase in gene dosage can result in the formation of higher levels of gene product, provided that the gene is not subject to autogenous regulation. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus.
160
Bronchial Asthma
[EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and
Dictionary 161
pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]
Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Heterozygote: An individual having different alleles at one or more loci in homologous
162
Bronchial Asthma
chromosome segments. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH]
Dictionary 163
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertension, Renal: Hypertension due to renal diseases, especially chronic parenchymal disease. Hypertension as a result of compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches is hypertension, renovascular. [NIH] Hypertension, Renovascular: Hypertension due to compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization
164
Bronchial Asthma
involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical
Dictionary 165
signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
166
Bronchial Asthma
Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-3: A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. Also called multi-CSF, it is considered one of the hematopoietic colony stimulating factors. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]
Dictionary 167
Ipratropium: A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to atropine but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kallikreins: Proteolytic enzymes from the serine endopeptidase family found in normal blood and urine. Specifically, Kallikreins are potent vasodilators and hypotensives and increases vascular permeability and affects smooth muscle. They act as infertility agents in men. Three forms are recognized, plasma kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.34), tissue kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.35), and prostate-specific antigen (EC 3.4.21.77). [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene that interferes with the release of inflammatory mediators and blocks histamine H1 receptors. It has been proposed as an anti-asthmatic and for the treatment of rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH]
168
Bronchial Asthma
Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in
Dictionary 169
the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]
Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating
170
Bronchial Asthma
factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]
Dictionary 171
Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells
172
Bronchial Asthma
of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucociliary Clearance: Rate of ciliary and secretory activity of the respiratory submucosal glands. It is a non-specific host defense mechanism, measurable in vivo by mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive
Dictionary 173
system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and
174
Bronchial Asthma
secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide
Dictionary 175
activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclease Protection Assays: Techniques for measuring specific nucleic acid interaction with another nucleic acid or with a protein by digestion of the non-interacting nucleic acid by various nucleases. After all non-interacting regions are eliminated by nuclease digestion, the protected nucleic acid that remains is analyzed. DNA footprinting utilizes this technique to analyze the DNA contact sites of DNA-binding proteins. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH]
176
Bronchial Asthma
Osteonecrosis: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreatic Extracts: Extracts prepared from pancreatic tissue that may contain the pancreatic enzymes or other specific uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities. Pancreatin is a specific extract containing digestive enzymes and used to treat pancreatic insufficiency. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH]
Dictionary 177
Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis: An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH]
178
Bronchial Asthma
Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphatidate Phosphatase: A phosphomonoesterase involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidates with the formation of diacylglycerols and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.4. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an
Dictionary 179
expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH]
180
Bronchial Asthma
Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all
Dictionary 181
free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease
182
Bronchial Asthma
characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Emphysema: Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. [NIH] Pulmonary Gas Exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Rachitis: A disturbance of the calcium/phosphorus metabolism which occurs in the growing child as a result of vitamin-D deficiency. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra, atomic number 88, and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the
Dictionary 183
disintegration of uranium and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly brachytherapy. [NIH] Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is
184
Bronchial Asthma
incompetent. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme
Dictionary 185
dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino
186
Bronchial Asthma
acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]
Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation,
Dictionary 187
maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stem Cell Factor: Hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the c-kit receptor CD117 (proto-oncogene protein C-kit). It is expressed during embryogenesis and provides a key signal in multiple aspects of mast-cell differentiation and function. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this
188
Bronchial Asthma
group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects
Dictionary 189
similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]
Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis.
190
Bronchial Asthma
[NIH]
Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tractus: A part of some structure, usually that part along which something passes. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the
Dictionary 191
initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH]
192
Bronchial Asthma
Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU]
Dictionary 193
Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
195
INDEX A Abdominal, 63, 135, 176, 184, 191 Abdominal Pain, 135, 191 Absenteeism, 57, 135 Acanthocephala, 135, 161 Acceptor, 135, 168, 176, 190, 191 Acetylcholine, 135, 147, 174 Acid Phosphatase, 95, 135 Acidity, 135, 178 Actin, 15, 135 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 47, 135 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 135 Adaptation, 135, 174 Adenosine, 135, 138, 178, 189 Adoptive Transfer, 11, 135 Adrenal Cortex, 136, 151, 180 Adrenal Glands, 136, 138, 184 Adrenal insufficiency, 4, 136 Adrenaline, 136 Adrenergic, 7, 16, 56, 106, 136, 137, 153, 155, 157, 188, 189 Adrenergic Agonists, 56, 136 Adrenoreceptor, 50, 136 Adverse Effect, 136, 186 Aerobic, 136, 138, 156 Aerosol, 10, 13, 61, 91, 136, 142 Affinity, 12, 29, 136, 142, 170, 186 Agar, 136, 179 Agonist, 4, 17, 32, 36, 41, 43, 120, 136, 137, 153, 157, 189 Airway, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 28, 34, 35, 40, 55, 56, 57, 62, 81, 82, 87, 92, 95, 136, 144, 193 Airway Resistance, 5, 136 Albumin, 136, 176, 179 Albuterol, 52, 137 Algorithms, 137, 143 Alimentary, 85, 137, 166, 167 Alkaline, 137, 145, 176, 182 Alkaloid, 137, 142, 172, 189 Alleles, 137, 161, 168, 169 Allergen, 17, 19, 42, 48, 58, 137, 152, 185 Allergic Rhinitis, 24, 29, 31, 41, 47, 59, 84, 85, 89, 96, 101, 137, 161 Allogeneic, 47, 137, 160 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 47, 137 Allograft, 88, 137
Alloys, 137, 148 Alternative medicine, 102, 137 Alternative Splicing, 95, 137, 181 Alveoli, 137, 182, 192 Ambulatory Care, 137 Amine, 137, 162 Amino Acid Sequence, 83, 138, 140, 156, 159 Aminophylline, 21, 48, 138 Amiodarone, 60, 138 Amyloidosis, 59, 138 Anaerobic, 97, 138 Anaerobic Threshold, 97, 138 Anaesthesia, 58, 138, 164 Anal, 138, 158, 169 Analgesic, 22, 138, 172, 175 Analog, 138, 167 Analogous, 83, 138, 179, 191 Anaphylatoxins, 138, 149 Anaphylaxis, 10, 13, 81, 82, 139, 167 Anatomical, 16, 139, 142, 147, 150, 185 Androgens, 136, 139, 151 Anemia, 139, 148 Anesthesia, 31, 44, 136, 139, 180 Anesthetics, 81, 139, 155 Angina, 4, 24, 78, 139 Angina Pectoris, 4, 24, 78, 139 Angioedema, 139 Angiogenesis, 37, 139, 170 Angioneurotic, 4, 139 Angioneurotic Edema, 4, 139 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 51, 139 Animal model, 16, 93, 139 Anionic, 82, 139 Antagonism, 139, 189 Antiallergic, 139, 151 Antianginal, 138, 139 Antiarrhythmic, 138, 139, 167 Antibacterial, 139, 187 Antibiotic, 139, 140, 174, 187 Antibodies, 9, 15, 23, 79, 87, 94, 140, 142, 161, 162, 169, 172, 177, 179 Anticoagulant, 140, 181 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 140, 149 Antigen-presenting cell, 140, 152 Anti-infective, 140, 158, 162 Anti-Infective Agents, 140, 158
196
Bronchial asthma
Anti-inflammatory, 22, 53, 140, 141, 142, 151, 160, 180 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 140, 141, 151 Antimetabolite, 140, 171 Antineoplastic, 140, 151, 171 Antioxidant, 33, 57, 140, 141, 176 Antitussive, 84, 140, 175 Anus, 138, 140, 149, 166, 179, 183 Anxiety, 80, 131, 140 Aorta, 140, 184, 192 Aortitis, 78, 140 Apoptosis, 6, 101, 140, 151 Aqueous, 141, 151, 154, 162 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 141, 168 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 141, 168 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 141, 168 Arachidonic Acid, 10, 12, 141, 181 Arginine, 81, 82, 138, 141, 162, 174 Arterial, 34, 99, 132, 141, 163, 181, 189 Arteries, 140, 141, 143, 150, 171, 173, 182, 189 Arterioles, 141, 143, 145, 171, 173, 192 Arteriolosclerosis, 141 Arteriosclerosis, 78, 93, 141, 173 Artery, 141, 143, 151, 177, 182, 192 Ascorbic Acid, 57, 141, 163 Aspirin, 20, 141 Assay, 13, 30, 142, 164 Astrocytes, 142, 166 Atopic, 17, 23, 29, 30, 38, 42, 43, 44, 46, 63, 84, 85, 87, 89, 93, 94, 142 Atrial, 138, 142 Atrium, 142, 192 Atropine, 142, 167 Attenuated, 16, 46, 142, 192 Auricular, 66, 69, 142 Autoantibodies, 94, 142 Autoantigens, 142 Autoimmune disease, 88, 93, 142, 173 Autologous, 17, 142 Autonomic, 10, 135, 142, 175 B Back Pain, 99, 142 Bacteria, 80, 139, 140, 142, 154, 157, 159, 171, 183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192 Bactericidal, 142, 156 Bacteriophage, 142, 179, 191 Basement Membrane, 13, 142, 156, 167 Basophil, 23, 29, 41, 142, 162 Beclomethasone, 26, 32, 35, 44, 142 Beta carotene, 57, 143 Bile, 143, 159, 162, 168, 188
Bile Acids, 143, 159, 188 Bioavailability, 96, 143 Biochemical, 11, 15, 98, 137, 140, 143, 144, 160, 168, 185 Biomarkers, 14, 143 Biopsy, 143, 177 Biosynthesis, 9, 13, 95, 141, 143 Biotechnology, 19, 20, 39, 95, 102, 113, 143 Bladder, 143, 149, 173, 181, 192 Blood Coagulation, 143, 145, 157, 189 Blood Glucose, 143, 165 Blood Platelets, 143, 186 Blood pressure, 143, 163, 172, 182, 186 Blot, 10, 143 Body Fluids, 143, 145, 153, 186, 191 Bone Marrow, 11, 13, 47, 135, 143, 164, 169, 187 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 47, 143 Bone scan, 144, 185 Bowel, 138, 144, 165, 191 Bradykinin, 10, 18, 144, 167, 174, 179 Brain Stem, 144, 146 Breathing Exercises, 63, 144 Bronchi, 21, 144, 155, 167, 189, 190 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 7, 14, 48, 49, 144 Bronchiectasis, 58, 84, 144 Bronchioles, 137, 144, 182 Bronchiolitis, 84, 144 Bronchitis, 5, 45, 73, 84, 98, 144, 147 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 27, 47, 58, 144 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 58, 144 Bronchoconstriction, 10, 18, 40, 144 Bronchodilatation, 43, 144 Bronchodilator, 17, 23, 27, 51, 84, 144, 157, 167, 189 Bronchospasm, 71, 81, 82, 144 Bronchus, 144 Buccal, 144, 169 Bupivacaine, 144, 168 Bypass, 93, 144 C Calcification, 141, 145 Calcitonin, 10, 42, 46, 145 Calcium, 15, 145, 149, 165, 170, 182 Callus, 145, 154, 167 Calmodulin, 145, 165 Capillary, 144, 145, 177, 182, 192 Capillary Permeability, 144, 145 Capsules, 85, 145 Carbohydrate, 145, 151, 160, 175, 180
197
Carbon Dioxide, 145, 151, 158, 159, 163, 182, 184, 191 Carcinogenic, 145, 165, 175, 180, 188 Cardiac, 52, 139, 145, 155, 168, 173, 188 Cardiology, 97, 145 Cardiovascular, 93, 145, 156, 186 Carotene, 143, 145 Carotenoids, 143, 146 Carrier Proteins, 146, 179 Case report, 51, 146 Catecholamine, 146, 153 Cell Adhesion, 88, 146, 165 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 88, 146 Cell Count, 57, 146 Cell Death, 140, 146, 159, 173 Cell Differentiation, 146, 187 Cell Division, 142, 146, 171, 179, 185 Cell membrane, 12, 146, 165, 178 Cell proliferation, 6, 42, 141, 146 Cell Respiration, 146, 184 Cellulose, 146, 158, 179 Central Nervous System, 5, 78, 135, 146, 159, 172, 173, 186, 189 Central Nervous System Diseases, 78, 146 Cerebellum, 146 Cerebral, 144, 146, 147, 150, 155, 156, 189 Cerebral hemispheres, 144, 146, 147 Cerebrovascular, 4, 78, 85, 147 Cerebrum, 146, 147 Character, 139, 147, 151 Chemokines, 89, 147 Chemotactic Factors, 147, 149 Chest wall, 147, 179 Chimera, 11, 147 Chin, 46, 66, 70, 72, 73, 147, 171 Chlorophyll, 147, 158 Cholesterol, 143, 147, 170, 188 Choline, 61, 147 Cholinergic, 5, 10, 147 Chromatin, 13, 141, 147 Chromosomal, 147, 162 Chromosome, 8, 147, 162, 168, 169, 185 Chronic, 5, 13, 16, 19, 25, 32, 33, 34, 51, 52, 54, 57, 72, 74, 79, 84, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 135, 142, 147, 159, 163, 164, 181, 185, 186, 188, 191 Chronic Disease, 94, 99, 147 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 25, 33, 34, 51, 52, 72, 74, 98, 99, 147 Chronic renal, 147, 159 Ciliary, 18, 148, 172, 186 Ciliary Body, 148, 186
Ciliated cells, 81, 83, 148 Circadian, 61, 148 Circadian Rhythm, 61, 148 CIS, 7, 9, 148 C-kit receptor, 148, 187 Cleave, 18, 148 Clinical trial, 5, 51, 72, 113, 148, 150, 153, 181, 183 Clone, 12, 16, 148 Cloning, 6, 143, 148 Cobalt, 7, 148 Coenzyme, 29, 102, 141, 148 Cofactor, 148, 174, 181, 189 Colitis, 148 Collagen, 138, 142, 148, 156, 157, 170, 179 Collapse, 139, 148, 179 Colloidal, 136, 149, 154 Colon, 148, 149, 165, 167, 191 Colostomy, 99, 149 Complement, 14, 30, 138, 149, 159, 165, 170, 179, 185 Complement Activation, 30, 138, 149 Complementary and alternative medicine, 69, 70, 75, 149 Complementary medicine, 69, 149 Compliance, 32, 149 Computational Biology, 113, 149 Computed tomography, 39, 149, 150, 185 Computerized axial tomography, 150, 185 Computerized tomography, 150 Conjunctiva, 150 Conjunctivitis, 27, 82, 84, 85, 89, 150, 161 Connective Tissue, 141, 143, 148, 150, 152, 157, 159, 169, 171, 184 Consciousness, 138, 150, 152, 153, 189 Constriction, 78, 150, 192, 193 Constriction, Pathologic, 150, 192 Contact dermatitis, 53, 150 Contractility, 11, 150 Contraindications, ii, 150 Controlled study, 20, 31, 52, 63, 150 Conventional therapy, 150 Conventional treatment, 14, 150 Convulsions, 4, 150 Coordination, 146, 150, 173 Corneum, 150, 155, 163 Coronary, 139, 150, 151, 171, 173 Coronary Circulation, 139, 150 Coronary Thrombosis, 151, 171, 173 Cortical, 151, 156, 185 Corticosteroid, 4, 28, 38, 41, 49, 151, 180, 188
198
Bronchial asthma
Cortisol, 55, 136, 151 Cortisone, 151, 180 Crossing-over, 151, 183 Curative, 151, 189 Cutaneous, 13, 150, 151, 167, 169, 177 Cyclic, 145, 151, 160, 175, 185, 189 Cysteine, 147, 151, 188 Cysteinyl, 6, 9, 13, 151 Cytokine, 6, 7, 11, 13, 25, 30, 32, 43, 56, 151, 166 Cytoplasm, 95, 141, 146, 151, 154, 155, 165 Cytoplasmic Granules, 81, 82, 151 Cytoskeleton, 151, 165 Cytotoxic, 87, 151 D Decarboxylation, 151, 162 Degenerative, 151, 161 Deletion, 13, 140, 151, 169 Dementia, 78, 151 Dendrites, 152, 174 Dendritic, 93, 152 Dendritic cell, 93, 152 Density, 49, 152, 175 Dentists, 98, 152 Dermatitis, 23, 27, 29, 30, 42, 43, 53, 63, 84, 85, 87, 89, 93, 94, 152 Dermis, 139, 152, 191 Desensitization, 16, 38, 152 Developed Countries, 152, 158 Diabetes Mellitus, 36, 93, 99, 152, 160 Diagnostic procedure, 77, 102, 152 Diastole, 152 Diastolic, 47, 152, 163 Diathesis, 39, 152 Diencephalon, 146, 152, 163 Diffusion, 145, 152, 164 Digestion, 37, 137, 143, 144, 152, 168, 175, 176, 177, 188 Dilate, 90, 152 Dilation, 144, 152 Direct, iii, 81, 82, 105, 138, 152, 153, 183, 189 Disinfectant, 152, 156 Dissociation, 136, 152 Distal, 153, 159, 182 Diuresis, 153, 189 Diuretic, 153, 159 Domesticated, 153, 161 Dominance, 41, 153 Dopamine, 43, 153, 174, 178 Double-blind, 22, 31, 45, 52, 153 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 65, 98, 153
Drug Interactions, 107, 153 Duct, 153, 184, 187 Duodenum, 143, 153, 167, 176, 177, 188 Dyes, 81, 82, 153, 158, 178 E Edema, 81, 83, 139, 150, 153, 159, 173 Effector, 6, 135, 149, 153 Effector cell, 6, 153 Efficacy, 31, 32, 36, 58, 70, 71, 84, 96, 153 Effusion, 33, 153 Elastic, 153, 188 Elasticity, 141, 153 Elastin, 148, 154, 156 Electrolyte, 151, 154, 171, 187 Electrons, 140, 154, 166, 176, 182 Electrophoresis, 8, 154 Electrophysiological, 15, 154 Embryo, 146, 154, 164, 179 Embryogenesis, 154, 187 Emollient, 154, 160 Emphysema, 58, 98, 147, 154 Emulsions, 136, 154, 158 Endogenous, 28, 33, 142, 153, 154, 181, 190 Endothelial cell, 9, 154, 189 Endothelium, 88, 93, 154, 174 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 154 Endothelium, Vascular, 154 Endothelium-derived, 154, 174 Endotoxic, 154, 168 Endotoxins, 149, 154 Enhancer, 9, 155 Environmental Health, 112, 114, 119, 120, 155 Environmental tobacco smoke, 16, 55, 155 Enzymatic, 138, 145, 146, 149, 155, 162, 170 Enzyme Inhibitors, 155, 179 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 30, 155 Eosinophil, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 17, 30, 33, 79, 81, 82, 87, 89, 102, 155, 166 Eosinophilia, 8, 14, 46, 155, 157 Eosinophilic, 14, 27, 57, 58, 81, 82, 155, 157 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis, 58, 155 Epidermal, 155, 167 Epidermis, 150, 152, 155, 163, 167, 180, 182 Epidural, 31, 155 Epinephrine, 136, 153, 155, 167, 174, 175, 191 Epithelial, 7, 15, 16, 18, 19, 81, 82, 92, 148, 155, 160, 161, 166, 167 Epithelial Cells, 7, 16, 18, 19, 81, 82, 92, 155, 161, 166, 167
199
Epithelium, 15, 19, 40, 81, 82, 90, 142, 154, 155 Erythema, 139, 150, 155, 192 Erythrocytes, 139, 143, 155, 185 Esophagus, 156, 159, 169, 177, 178, 183, 188 Ethanol, 94, 156 Evoke, 156, 188 Excipients, 156, 158, 178 Excitatory, 5, 156 Exercise Test, 97, 156 Exogenous, 15, 154, 156, 181 Exon, 10, 137, 156 Expiration, 144, 156, 184 Expiratory, 32, 156 Extensor, 156, 182 Extracellular, 15, 88, 142, 150, 156, 157, 165, 170, 186 Extracellular Matrix, 15, 88, 150, 156, 157, 165, 170 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 16, 156, 170 Extracellular Space, 156 Extrapyramidal, 153, 156 Extravasation, 10, 156 Extravascular, 88, 157 Exudate, 81, 82, 157, 175 F Factitious Disorders, 40, 157 Family Planning, 113, 157 Fasciitis, 27, 157 Fat, 141, 143, 145, 151, 157, 168, 173, 175, 180, 184, 187, 188 Fatigue, 132, 157, 161 Fatty Liver, 95, 157 Feces, 49, 157 Fenoterol, 35, 61, 157 Fibrinogen, 157, 179, 189 Fibroblasts, 16, 19, 93, 157 Fibronectins, 156, 157 Fibrosarcoma, 157 Fibrosis, 39, 90, 157, 185 Fixation, 157, 185 Flatus, 158, 159 Flavoring Agents, 158, 178 Fluorescence, 158, 171 Fluorocarbons, 91, 158 Food Additives, 80, 158 Food Coloring Agents, 158 Food Preservatives, 158 Forearm, 143, 157, 158 Free Radicals, 140, 152, 158 Friction, 136, 158
Fungi, 15, 158, 171, 173, 192, 193 Fungus, 90, 158, 173 Furosemide, 36, 61, 159 G Gallbladder, 135, 159 Ganglia, 135, 159, 174 Gas, 63, 91, 132, 138, 145, 152, 158, 159, 162, 173, 174, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 192 Gas exchange, 138, 159, 184, 192 Gastric, 10, 86, 159, 162, 177 Gastric Juices, 159, 177 Gastrin, 159, 162 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 37, 159 Gastrointestinal, 144, 155, 156, 159, 186, 188, 191 Gastrointestinal tract, 156, 159, 186, 191 Gene, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 37, 38, 44, 92, 93, 95, 137, 143, 153, 159, 162, 175, 181, 185 Gene Dosage, 10, 159 Genetic Code, 159, 175 Genetic Engineering, 143, 148, 159 Genetics, 37, 38, 153, 159 Genotype, 55, 159, 178 Giant Cells, 159, 185 Gland, 13, 136, 151, 159, 169, 176, 177, 178, 181, 185, 188, 190 Glomerular, 159, 160 Glomeruli, 160 Glomerulonephritis, 86, 160 Glucocorticoid, 29, 38, 142, 160, 180 Glucose, 141, 143, 146, 152, 160, 165, 184 Glucose Intolerance, 152, 160 Glycerol, 95, 160, 178 Glycerophospholipids, 160, 178 Glycine, 138, 160, 174 Glycoprotein, 157, 159, 160, 167, 170, 172, 189 Glycosaminoglycans, 156, 160 Glycosylation, 95, 160 Goblet Cells, 28, 160 Gonadal, 160, 188 Governing Board, 160, 180 Graft, 93, 160, 164 Graft Rejection, 160, 164 Granule, 7, 12, 15, 81, 82, 160 Granulocyte, 38, 39, 79, 87, 160 Guanylate Cyclase, 160, 175 Guinea Pigs, 7, 10, 16, 90, 161 H Handedness, 47, 161 Haplotypes, 17, 161
200
Bronchial asthma
Haptens, 136, 161 Hay Fever, 74, 137, 161 Heart failure, 78, 161 Helminths, 7, 81, 82, 161, 173 Hematopoiesis, 161, 166 Hemolytic, 157, 161 Hemorrhage, 161, 182, 188 Hemostasis, 161, 165, 186 Hepatic, 90, 137, 161, 168 Hepatitis, 90, 161 Hepatocytes, 161 Hereditary, 24, 161, 177 Heredity, 39, 159, 161 Heterodimers, 88, 161, 165 Heterogeneity, 136, 161 Heterotrophic, 158, 161 Heterozygote, 7, 161 Histamine, 12, 23, 29, 40, 49, 81, 82, 83, 138, 162, 167 Histamine Release, 23, 29, 49, 138, 162 Histidine, 162 Histones, 147, 162 Homeostasis, 56, 162 Homologous, 6, 10, 137, 151, 161, 162, 185 Homozygotes, 153, 162 Hormonal, 151, 162 Hormone, 66, 70, 136, 145, 148, 151, 155, 159, 162, 165, 170, 180, 184, 185, 190 Horseradish Peroxidase, 155, 162 Humoral, 41, 94, 160, 162 Humour, 162 Hybrid, 148, 162 Hybridomas, 79, 87, 162 Hydrogen, 135, 137, 145, 156, 158, 162, 168, 172, 176, 178 Hydrogen Peroxide, 162, 168 Hydrolysis, 163, 178, 179, 181 Hydroxyproline, 138, 148, 163 Hyperaemia, 150, 163 Hyperplasia, 6, 13, 163 Hypersensitivity, 7, 9, 12, 16, 19, 81, 82, 86, 93, 137, 139, 152, 155, 163, 177, 184, 185 Hypertension, 25, 78, 97, 99, 141, 163, 190 Hypertension, Renal, 78, 163 Hypertension, Renovascular, 163 Hypertrophy, 163 Hyperventilation, 4, 163 Hypotension, 4, 150, 163 Hypotensive, 163, 167 Hypothalamic, 35, 41, 163 Hypothalamus, 152, 163, 178 Hypoxia, 7, 163
Hypoxic, 90, 163 I Ichthyosis, 84, 163 Idiopathic, 58, 163, 185 Ileum, 163, 167 Immune response, 11, 15, 140, 142, 151, 160, 161, 163, 164, 170, 185, 186, 188, 193 Immune system, 140, 153, 163, 164, 169, 173, 178, 193 Immunization, 135, 163, 164, 185 Immunoassay, 155, 164 Immunogenic, 164, 168 Immunoglobulin, 6, 12, 15, 88, 140, 164, 172 Immunologic, 12, 14, 28, 135, 147, 163, 164 Immunosuppressant, 164, 171 Immunosuppressive, 160, 164 Immunosuppressive therapy, 164 Immunotherapy, 42, 58, 118, 135, 152, 164 Impotence, 83, 164 In situ, 6, 164 In vitro, 6, 11, 13, 42, 43, 58, 81, 83, 90, 164 In vivo, 9, 13, 18, 19, 38, 60, 90, 164, 172, 189 Incision, 164, 166 Incompetence, 159, 164 Induction, 11, 17, 139, 164 Infarction, 164 Infection, 6, 10, 54, 95, 140, 147, 148, 155, 157, 160, 164, 169, 174, 184, 188, 192, 193 Infiltration, 6, 14, 81, 83, 87, 160, 164, 180 Inflammatory bowel disease, 86, 165 Ingestion, 79, 165, 179 Inhalation, 27, 32, 35, 43, 61, 90, 106, 107, 136, 165, 167, 179 Initiation, 165, 191 Initiator, 165, 166 Innervation, 10, 165 Inorganic, 165, 173 Inositol, 17, 165, 185 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 17, 165 Inotropic, 153, 165 Inpatients, 28, 165 Insulator, 165, 173 Insulin, 4, 47, 165 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 47, 165 Integrins, 88, 165 Intensive Care, 36, 50, 165 Interferon, 15, 31, 43, 56, 57, 93, 166, 169 Interferon-alpha, 166 Interleukin-1, 20, 31, 44, 166
201
Interleukin-12, 31, 166 Interleukin-2, 166 Interleukin-3, 79, 87, 166 Interleukin-5, 78, 79, 87, 166 Intermittent, 30, 166 Interstitial, 144, 156, 166 Intestines, 135, 157, 159, 166 Intoxication, 28, 166 Intracellular, 44, 164, 165, 166, 170, 175, 183, 185 Intracellular Membranes, 166, 170 Intravenous, 42, 44, 133, 166 Intrinsic, 15, 80, 136, 142, 166 Invasive, 15, 19, 52, 166, 170 Involuntary, 155, 166, 173, 183, 186 Ion Channels, 142, 166 Ions, 74, 135, 145, 152, 154, 162, 165, 166 Ipratropium, 27, 32, 167 Irritants, 80, 167 Isoproterenol, 48, 167 J Jejunum, 6, 167 K Kallidin, 18, 144, 167 Kallikreins, 167 Kb, 10, 112, 167 Keratin, 167 Keratinocytes, 93, 167 Keratosis, 83, 84, 167 Ketotifen, 26, 45, 57, 98, 167 Kinetics, 46, 87, 97, 167 L Labile, 149, 167 Laminin, 142, 156, 167 Large Intestine, 155, 166, 167, 183, 186 Laryngectomy, 99, 167 Larynx, 167, 168, 190, 192 Latent, 168, 180 Lectin, 168, 170 Lesion, 87, 168, 169, 186 Leucocyte, 47, 155, 168, 169 Leukemia, 168 Leukocytes, 59, 71, 81, 82, 88, 89, 143, 147, 166, 168, 177 Lidocaine, 31, 81, 168 Life cycle, 158, 168 Ligands, 6, 146, 165, 168 Linkage, 8, 17, 168 Linkage Disequilibrium, 17, 168 Lipid, 9, 12, 13, 47, 57, 95, 141, 145, 147, 154, 160, 165, 168, 173, 176 Lipid A, 95, 168
Lipid Peroxidation, 57, 168, 176 Lipopolysaccharides, 168 Lipoxygenase, 12, 86, 141, 168 Liver, 90, 135, 137, 138, 141, 143, 157, 159, 161, 168, 169, 180, 185 Liver Cirrhosis, 90, 168 Liver scan, 168, 185 Lobe, 60, 169 Localization, 9, 48, 169 Localized, 88, 138, 139, 158, 164, 167, 169, 179, 185, 192 Longitudinal study, 4, 48, 169 Loss of Heterozygosity, 51, 169 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 159, 169 Lumbar, 142, 169 Lupus, 93, 94, 169 Lymph, 154, 162, 169, 185 Lymph node, 169, 185 Lymphatic, 154, 164, 169, 171, 187 Lymphoblasts, 135, 169 Lymphocyte, 44, 140, 169, 170 Lymphocyte Subsets, 44, 169 Lymphoid, 140, 168, 169 Lymphokine, 79, 87, 169 M Macrophage, 39, 50, 79, 87, 90, 166, 169 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 79, 87, 169 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 170, 185 Maintenance therapy, 94, 170 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 161, 170 Malignant, 140, 141, 157, 170, 174 Mannans, 158, 170 Matrix metalloproteinase, 50, 58, 170 Medial, 141, 170 Mediate, 9, 86, 88, 146, 153, 170 Mediator, 9, 166, 170, 186 MEDLINE, 113, 170 Melanin, 170, 178, 191 Membrane Lipids, 170, 178 Membrane Proteins, 6, 7, 170 Memory, 78, 151, 170 Meninges, 146, 171 Mental, iv, 4, 95, 112, 114, 147, 151, 152, 157, 164, 170, 171, 182 Mental Health, iv, 4, 112, 114, 171, 182 Mesenchymal, 170, 171 Meta-Analysis, 23, 171 Metabolic acidosis, 138, 171 Metabolite, 20, 171 Metastasis, 146, 170, 171, 174
202
Bronchial asthma
Methotrexate, 49, 50, 171 MI, 106, 133, 171 Microbe, 171, 190 Microcirculation, 168, 171 Micronutrients, 30, 171 Microorganism, 148, 171, 193 Microscopy, Confocal, 5, 171 Migration, 9, 38, 50, 88, 171 Mineralocorticoids, 136, 151, 171 Mitochondrial Swelling, 171, 173 Mitosis, 141, 171 Mobility, 13, 172 Mobilization, 15, 172 Modification, 11, 138, 159, 172, 182 Molecular, 6, 10, 12, 15, 38, 48, 49, 51, 113, 115, 138, 143, 145, 149, 157, 167, 172, 183, 190 Molecule, 83, 140, 145, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 163, 168, 172, 176, 183, 192 Monitor, 14, 35, 172, 175 Monoclonal, 79, 87, 162, 172 Monoclonal antibodies, 79, 87, 172 Monocyte, 170, 172 Mononuclear, 30, 32, 43, 56, 58, 157, 169, 172 Morphine, 53, 172, 173, 175 Morphological, 5, 26, 154, 158, 172 Motility, 172, 186 Motion Sickness, 172, 173 Motor Activity, 150, 172 Motor Neurons, 5, 172 Mucins, 160, 172, 184 Mucociliary, 18, 32, 172, 186 Mucociliary Clearance, 32, 172 Mucolytic, 144, 172 Mucosa, 33, 81, 83, 92, 169, 172 Mucositis, 172, 189 Mucus, 9, 10, 13, 28, 80, 95, 172, 173, 191 Multiple sclerosis, 88, 93, 94, 173 Mustard Gas, 167, 173 Mutagenic, 9, 173 Mycosis, 173 Mycotic, 56, 173 Myelin, 173 Myocardial infarction, 4, 35, 78, 151, 171, 173 Myocardial Ischemia, 139, 173 Myocardium, 139, 171, 173 N Narcotic, 172, 173 Natural killer cells, 166, 173 Nausea, 85, 173
NCI, 1, 111, 148, 173 Necrosis, 7, 140, 157, 164, 171, 173, 185 Nematoda, 161, 173 Neomycin, 10, 174 Neoplasms, 135, 140, 174 Neoplastic, 162, 169, 174 Nerve, 136, 139, 147, 152, 165, 170, 173, 174, 177, 180, 184, 185, 188, 190, 191, 192 Nerve Growth Factor, 174 Nervous System, 5, 10, 146, 170, 174, 188 Neural, 5, 162, 174 Neurons, 5, 152, 156, 159, 172, 174, 189 Neuropathy, 139, 174 Neuropeptide, 78, 174 Neurotoxin, 7, 30, 174 Neurotransmitter, 135, 138, 144, 153, 160, 162, 166, 174, 175, 185, 188 Neurotrophins, 52, 59, 174 Neutrophil, 9, 93, 174 Nickel, 7, 174 Night Blindness, 95, 174 Nitric Oxide, 14, 26, 27, 33, 34, 42, 90, 174 Nitrogen, 52, 137, 139, 156, 158, 175, 191 Norepinephrine, 136, 153, 174, 175 Nuclear, 148, 154, 173, 175 Nuclease Protection Assays, 10, 175 Nucleic acid, 86, 89, 159, 175 Nucleus, 5, 141, 147, 151, 159, 172, 175 Nutritive Value, 158, 175 O Oncogene, 175, 187 Oncogenic, 165, 175 Opacity, 152, 175 Opiate, 172, 175 Opium, 172, 175 Organelles, 151, 175 Ossification, 31, 175 Osteoclasts, 145, 175 Osteonecrosis, 40, 176 Otitis, 33, 176 Otitis Media, 33, 176 Outpatient, 54, 176 Ovalbumin, 90, 176 Ovary, 176, 179 Overdose, 4, 176 Overexpress, 13, 176 Oxidation, 135, 140, 141, 168, 176 Oxidative Stress, 6, 176 Oxides, 52, 176 Oxygen Consumption, 50, 138, 156, 176, 184 Oxygenation, 40, 176
203
P Paediatric, 24, 176 Palliative, 176, 189 Pancreas, 135, 143, 165, 176, 191 Pancreatic, 24, 159, 176 Pancreatic enzymes, 176 Pancreatic Extracts, 24, 176 Pancreatic Juice, 159, 176 Parasitic, 135, 161, 177 Parotid, 177, 185 Paroxysmal, 94, 139, 177 Partial remission, 177, 184 Particle, 7, 91, 177, 191 Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis, 13, 177 Patch, 177, 191 Pathogenesis, 12, 16, 18, 41, 52, 54, 56, 87, 88, 101, 177 Pathologic, 11, 12, 14, 81, 82, 92, 141, 143, 150, 163, 177, 182 Pathologic Processes, 12, 141, 177 Pathologies, 85, 88, 177 Pathophysiology, 7, 18, 33, 81, 82, 177 Patient Education, 99, 126, 128, 133, 177 Peak flow, 14, 177 Pepsin, 177 Peptic, 36, 95, 177 Peptic Ulcer, 36, 95, 177 Peptide, 10, 78, 138, 145, 167, 177, 179, 181 Percutaneous, 93, 177 Perennial, 35, 177 Perfusion, 163, 177, 190 Peripheral blood, 17, 30, 32, 42, 43, 46, 81, 82, 166, 177 Peroxidase, 7, 141, 168, 177 Peroxide, 177, 178 PH, 15, 19, 47, 178 Phagocyte, 169, 178 Pharmaceutic Aids, 158, 178 Pharmacologic, 138, 139, 178, 190 Pharynx, 159, 178, 192 Phenotype, 6, 8, 11, 17, 18, 178 Phenylalanine, 178, 191 Phosphatidate Phosphatase, 95, 178 Phospholipids, 12, 157, 165, 170, 178 Phosphorus, 145, 178, 182 Phosphorylated, 148, 178 Phosphorylation, 11, 16, 178 Physiologic, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 34, 136, 143, 171, 178, 183 Physiology, 5, 34, 135, 145, 154, 178 Pigments, 145, 148, 178 Pilot study, 70, 178
Pituitary Gland, 151, 178 Placebo Effect, 69, 178 Plana, 179, 186 Plants, 137, 142, 145, 147, 160, 168, 175, 178, 179, 180, 184, 190 Plaque, 4, 179 Plasma, 10, 14, 20, 53, 54, 62, 94, 136, 140, 145, 146, 154, 157, 160, 161, 167, 171, 179, 190 Plasma cells, 94, 140, 179 Plasma protein, 10, 136, 154, 179 Platelet Aggregation, 138, 174, 179, 189 Platelets, 90, 141, 174, 179, 189 Platyhelminths, 161, 179 Plethysmography, 34, 179 Pneumonia, 36, 150, 179 Pneumothorax, 31, 179 Poisoning, 166, 173, 179 Pollen, 53, 66, 71, 80, 179 Polymers, 82, 179, 181 Polymorphism, 8, 22, 179 Polypeptide, 83, 86, 95, 138, 148, 157, 179, 181, 193 Polyposis, 44, 179 Polysaccharide, 140, 146, 180, 181 Polyunsaturated fat, 71, 180, 189 Posterior, 138, 142, 146, 176, 180 Postural, 4, 180 Potentiate, 10, 180 Practice Guidelines, 114, 180 Precursor, 141, 143, 147, 153, 155, 175, 178, 180, 191 Predisposition, 83, 84, 180 Prednisolone, 180 Prednisone, 35, 180 Prevalence, 15, 17, 19, 37, 55, 94, 120, 180 Prickle, 167, 180 Procaine, 168, 180 Progesterone, 180, 188 Progression, 11, 139, 180 Progressive, 141, 146, 147, 152, 173, 180 Promoter, 9, 180 Prophylaxis, 45, 62, 180 Prospective Studies, 23, 180 Prospective study, 169, 180 Prostaglandins, 12, 141, 181 Prostaglandins A, 12, 181 Prostaglandins D, 181 Prostate, 143, 167, 181, 191 Protease, 6, 181 Protein Binding, 181, 190 Protein C, 6, 15, 136, 138, 142, 167, 181
204
Bronchial asthma
Protein Conformation, 138, 167, 181 Protein Isoforms, 137, 181 Protein S, 6, 10, 143, 159, 174, 181 Proteoglycans, 142, 156, 181 Proteolytic, 149, 157, 167, 181 Proteome, 8, 181 Protocol, 4, 16, 91, 181 Psoriasis, 84, 88, 93, 173, 181 Psychiatry, 157, 182, 192 Psychic, 171, 182, 185 Public Health, 8, 18, 63, 114, 182 Public Policy, 113, 182 Publishing, 19, 86, 182 Pulmonary Emphysema, 54, 90, 182 Pulmonary Gas Exchange, 62, 182 Pulmonary hypertension, 54, 182 Pulmonary Ventilation, 163, 182, 184 Pulse, 132, 172, 182 Purpura, 139, 182 Q Quality of Life, 14, 182 R Race, 137, 171, 182 Racemic, 137, 182 Rachitis, 95, 182 Radiation, 33, 139, 158, 182, 185, 193 Radioactive, 144, 162, 168, 172, 175, 182, 183, 185 Radiological, 177, 182 Radium, 182, 183 Radon, 33, 183 Randomized, 70, 71, 153, 183 Randomized Controlled Trials, 71, 183 Reactive Oxygen Species, 7, 18, 183 Receptors, Serotonin, 183, 186 Recombinant, 8, 86, 95, 183, 192 Recombination, 10, 183 Rectal, 85, 106, 183 Rectum, 140, 149, 158, 159, 165, 167, 181, 183 Recurrence, 84, 148, 183 Reductase, 171, 183 Refer, 1, 144, 149, 158, 169, 183, 190 Reflex, 5, 72, 183 Reflux, 37, 159, 183 Refraction, 183, 187 Regimen, 46, 153, 179, 183 Regurgitation, 159, 183 Relaxant, 83, 184 Remission, 27, 57, 84, 170, 183, 184 Renal Artery, 163, 184 Resection, 184
Respiration, 34, 45, 52, 84, 98, 144, 145, 172, 184 Respiratory Physiology, 24, 28, 29, 35, 39, 42, 44, 47, 51, 53, 54, 57, 71, 184, 192 Respiratory System, 172, 184 Retina, 148, 184, 186 Retinoid, 28, 184 Retrograde, 5, 184 Rheumatism, 40, 184 Rheumatoid, 88, 93, 184 Rheumatoid arthritis, 88, 93, 184 Rhinitis, 34, 35, 53, 72, 89, 91, 96, 167, 184 Risk factor, 25, 38, 56, 57, 181, 184 S Saline, 144, 184 Saliva, 4, 33, 184 Salivary, 184 Salivary glands, 184 Saponins, 184, 188 Sarcoidosis, 51, 93, 94, 185 Scans, 8, 185 Scleroderma, 141, 157, 185 Sclerosis, 141, 173, 185 Screening, 120, 148, 185 Sebaceous, 152, 167, 185 Sebaceous gland, 152, 167, 185 Second Messenger Systems, 185 Secretion, 4, 10, 11, 18, 43, 136, 148, 151, 162, 165, 171, 172, 173, 185 Secretory, 12, 172, 185 Segregation, 183, 185 Seizures, 177, 185 Senile, 54, 78, 85, 185 Sensibility, 138, 185 Sensitization, 13, 185 Serotonin, 54, 174, 183, 185, 191 Serous, 18, 154, 186 Serrata, 74, 148, 186 Serrated, 186 Serum, 14, 17, 20, 29, 31, 42, 46, 55, 57, 84, 85, 135, 136, 138, 149, 171, 186 Shedding, 81, 83, 186 Shock, 4, 39, 96, 139, 186, 191 Side effect, 55, 84, 91, 105, 136, 186, 190 Signs and Symptoms, 184, 186 Sinusitis, 31, 186 Skeletal, 139, 167, 186 Skeleton, 135, 186 Skin test, 17, 186 Small intestine, 153, 155, 162, 163, 166, 167, 186
205
Smooth muscle, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19, 81, 82, 83, 90, 92, 93, 138, 144, 162, 167, 172, 186, 188 Sneezing, 186 Social Environment, 182, 186 Social Security, 183, 186 Sodium, 29, 35, 45, 171, 186 Soft tissue, 143, 157, 186, 187 Solid tumor, 139, 187 Solvent, 156, 160, 187 Somatic, 154, 162, 171, 187, 192 Soybean Oil, 180, 187 Specialist, 122, 152, 187 Species, 18, 137, 153, 155, 161, 162, 171, 172, 174, 177, 182, 183, 187, 188, 191, 193 Specificity, 136, 141, 187, 190 Spectrum, 40, 187 Sperm, 139, 147, 179, 187 Spinal cord, 142, 144, 146, 147, 155, 171, 174, 183, 187 Spinous, 155, 167, 187 Spleen, 138, 169, 185, 187 Sputum, 27, 29, 30, 34, 42, 44, 50, 57, 58, 102, 187 Staging, 185, 187 Steatosis, 157, 187 Stem Cell Factor, 6, 148, 187 Stem Cells, 137, 187 Stenosis, 93, 187, 188 Steroid, 27, 29, 54, 63, 70, 119, 151, 184, 187, 188 Steroid therapy, 29, 188 Stimulant, 162, 167, 188 Stimulus, 43, 93, 144, 150, 153, 165, 166, 183, 188, 189 Stomach, 135, 155, 156, 159, 162, 166, 169, 173, 177, 178, 183, 186, 187, 188 Stress, 6, 10, 15, 80, 132, 146, 151, 173, 176, 180, 184, 188, 192 Stricture, 187, 188 Stroke, 4, 112, 188 Subacute, 164, 186, 188 Subclinical, 164, 185, 188 Subcutaneous, 58, 139, 153, 188 Subspecies, 187, 188 Substance P, 171, 185, 188 Substrate, 155, 188 Sulfur, 156, 158, 188 Supplementation, 14, 71, 97, 188 Support group, 133, 188 Suppression, 151, 188 Suppressive, 83, 188
Surfactant, 7, 188 Sympathomimetic, 136, 153, 155, 167, 175, 188 Symptomatic, 35, 43, 84, 144, 189 Symptomatic treatment, 84, 189 Synapse, 136, 189, 191 Syncope, 4, 189 Synergistic, 6, 189 Synovial, 93, 189 Systemic, 10, 13, 93, 94, 106, 107, 138, 139, 140, 143, 155, 163, 164, 180, 185, 189, 192 Systemic disease, 163, 189 Systolic, 163, 189 T Tear Gases, 167, 189 Terbutaline, 41, 53, 189 Theophylline, 33, 53, 57, 106, 107, 138, 189 Therapeutics, 22, 28, 31, 45, 51, 52, 107, 189 Thermal, 33, 152, 189 Thoracic, 34, 45, 52, 142, 189 Threshold, 138, 163, 189 Thrombin, 157, 179, 181, 189 Thrombocytes, 179, 189 Thrombomodulin, 181, 189 Thrombosis, 165, 181, 188, 189 Thromboxanes, 141, 189 Thymidine, 10, 189, 190 Thymidine Kinase, 10, 190 Thyroid, 145, 190, 191 Tinnitus, 176, 190 Tissue Distribution, 9, 190 Tomography, 190 Tone, 5, 190 Tonus, 190 Topical, 44, 81, 156, 162, 190 Toxic, iv, 6, 81, 82, 142, 174, 190 Toxicity, 4, 7, 15, 153, 190 Toxicology, 6, 114, 190 Toxin, 82, 154, 190 Trace element, 148, 174, 190 Trachea, 5, 21, 95, 144, 168, 178, 190 Tractus, 5, 190 Transcription Factors, 11, 93, 190 Transdermal, 84, 85, 191 Transduction, 6, 10, 12, 13, 95, 165, 191 Transfection, 12, 143, 191 Transferases, 160, 191 Translation, 138, 174, 191 Transmitter, 135, 142, 153, 166, 170, 175, 191 Transurethral, 58, 191
206
Bronchial asthma
Transurethral resection, 58, 191 Trauma, 173, 190, 191 Tryptophan, 148, 186, 191 Tuberculosis, 169, 191 Tumor marker, 143, 191 Tumor suppressor gene, 169, 191 Tunica, 172, 191 Tyrosine, 7, 12, 153, 191 U Ulceration, 177, 191 Ulcerative colitis, 93, 94, 165, 191 Unconscious, 139, 191 Urease, 174, 191 Urethra, 181, 191, 192 Urinary, 14, 30, 55, 60, 72, 192 Urine, 20, 48, 143, 153, 167, 192 Urticaria, 4, 23, 53, 139, 192 V Vaccines, 192, 193 Vagal, 5, 192 Vagus Nerve, 192 Vascular, 9, 18, 37, 62, 88, 138, 139, 152, 154, 164, 167, 168, 171, 174, 177, 192 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 37, 192 Vascular Resistance, 138, 192 Vasoconstriction, 78, 155, 192 Vasodilatation, 18, 167, 192 Vasodilator, 144, 153, 162, 192
Vector, 191, 192 Vein, 166, 175, 177, 192 Venous, 93, 181, 192 Ventilation, 62, 80, 192 Ventricle, 163, 182, 189, 192 Ventricular, 47, 138, 192 Venules, 143, 145, 154, 171, 192 Vertigo, 176, 192 Veterinary Medicine, 113, 193 Viral, 157, 159, 175, 191, 193 Virulence, 142, 190, 193 Virus, 54, 142, 155, 159, 166, 179, 191, 193 Viscera, 139, 187, 193 Vitamin A, 165, 184, 193 Vitro, 11, 90, 193 Vivo, 90, 193 W Wart, 167, 193 Wheezing, 30, 31, 37, 80, 95, 132, 193 White blood cell, 135, 140, 142, 155, 160, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 179, 193 Wound Healing, 146, 165, 170, 193 X Xenograft, 139, 193 X-ray, 21, 132, 150, 158, 175, 185, 193 Y Yeasts, 158, 178, 193 Z Zymogen, 181, 193
207
208
Bronchial asthma
