Brachial Plexus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BRACHIAL PLEXUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

Author: ICON Health Publications

9 downloads 587 Views 2MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

BRACHIAL PLEXUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Brachial Plexus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00172-1 1. Brachial Plexus-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on brachial plexus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRACHIAL PLEXUS .................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Brachial Plexus ............................................................................. 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS .......................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Brachial Plexus ............................................................................ 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS .................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 General References ....................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BRACHIAL PLEXUS .................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapters on Brachial Plexus ........................................................................................................ 59 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 69 Associations and Brachial Plexus ................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 75 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 75 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 81 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 81 BRACHIAL PLEXUS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................... 83 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 111

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with brachial plexus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about brachial plexus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to brachial plexus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on brachial plexus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to brachial plexus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on brachial plexus. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRACHIAL PLEXUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on brachial plexus.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and brachial plexus, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Brachial Plexus Injuries: Evaluating and Treating 'Burners' Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 14(9): 70-72,75-78,80; September 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals focuses on branchial plexus injuries. It explains how the structure of the cervical nerves and brachial plexus creates vulnerability to traumatic upper extremity parethesias, or burners; identifies risk factors for brachial plexus injuries; and offers a practical approach to evaluation, management, and prevention of these common injuries. Burners are common among athletes who participate in contact sports. They are caused by brachial plexus or cervical nerve root injury. Brachial plexus traction injuries, seen in high school athletes, usually result from contralateral deviation of the neck and concomitant ipsilateral shoulder depression. Cervical root injuries, seen in collegiate and professional athletes, occur when the neck is extended, compressed, or rotated toward one side. Initially, the physician should rule

4

Brachial Plexus

out serious cervical cord or spine trauma and then focus on the history and such provocative maneuvers as Spurling's test. Burners are always evident as unilateral arm symptoms. Management includes exercises to strengthen the neck musculature and regain cervical range of motion. A cervical orthosis and proper tackling technique reduce the potential for recurrence. 22 references, 5 figures, and 1 table. (AA-M). •

Acute Brachial Plexus Neuritis: An Uncommon Cause of Shoulder Pain Source: American Family Physician. 62(9): 2067-2072. November 1, 2000. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of acute brachial plexus neuritis. This uncommon disorder is characterized by severe shoulder and upper arm pain followed by marked upper arm weakness. The temporal profile of pain preceding weakness is important in establishing a prompt diagnosis and differentiating acute brachial plexus neuritis from cervical radiculopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder and upper arm musculature may reveal denervation within days, and allow prompt diagnosis. Electromyography, conducted 3 to 4 weeks after symptom onset, can localize the lesion and help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment includes analgesics and physical therapy, with resolution of symptoms usually occurring in 3 to 4 months. Patients who have cervical radiculopathy present with simultaneous pain and neurological deficits that fit a nerve root pattern. This differentiation is important to avoid unnecessary surgery for cervical spondylotic changes in a patient with a plexitis. The article includes an illustrative case involving a 66 year old man who presented with severe, left sided neck pain that radiated into the left shoulder, without associated numbness or tingling. Diagnostic studies provided findings that were consistent with a diagnosis of brachial plexus neuritis with severe subacute denervation in the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and deltoid muscles. Treatment with drugs and physical therapy resulted in some improvement in the man's condition. 1 figure, 2 tables, and 15 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Brachial Plexus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to brachial plexus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to brachial plexus.

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore brachial plexus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for brachial plexus: •

Project Title: EMG PROPAGATION IN PLANAR MUSCLES FOR PROSTHESIS CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuiken, Todd A.; Assistant Professor; Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Chicago, Il 60645 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Currently upper-limb amputees can only operate a single degree-of-freedom at a time with myoelectric prostheses. This is very inadequate, especially for high-levels of amputation such as shoulder disarticulation(SD) where multiple functions need to be controlled. We postulate that the residual brachial plexus nerves in a SD amputee can be grafted onto separate regions of the pectoralis major (pmajor) muscle and that these nerve-muscle grafts could provide additional myoelectric control signals that are physiologically related to the functions they would be controlling in the prosthesis. This would allow simultaneous control of multiple degrees-of-freedom with a more natural feel. The technique has great potential for improving the control of myoelectric SD prostheses. The key to success with this technique will be the ability to record independent surface EMG signals from each of the nerve-muscle grafts. In order to study EMG signal independence in the chest, a series of finite element (FE) computer models of EMG signal propagation in the chest will be developed and validated with experimental data. Using FE analysis, it is possible to simulate surface EMG signals under a range of different conditions. Effects such as muscle anatomy, biological tissue properties and recording electrode configuration will be investigated in a manner not possible using experimental methods. First, FE analysis will be used to investigate the relationship between surface EMG signal independence and the geometry of the active muscle, neighboring muscles and other tissues near the recording site. This will be accomplished with a series of generalized planar FE models. Next, finite element analysis will be used to determine the effect of anatomical manipulations for improving surface EMG signal independence including removal of fat, concentrating muscle tissue at recording sites and insulating muscles with a layer of fat. Finally, the subject-specific models will be used to simulate the nerve-muscle graft technique and test the feasibility of this novel approach. Anatomical manipulations to enhance surface EMG signal independence will also be tested with the subject-specific models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: INNERVATION OF BLADDER NEURONS AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Havton, Leif A.; Neurology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Patients with cauda equina and conus medullans lesions represent about twenty percent of all traumatic spinal cord injuries. They develop a permanently a reflexic bladder, urinary retention and a flaccid paraparesis or paraplegia. No effective treatments are available. Avulsions of spinal ventral roots cause an injury similar to what is encountered in some patients with cauda equina / conus

6

Brachial Plexus

medullaris injury. Previous studies in animals and in patients with acute brachial plexus injuries have shown that restitution of motor function is possible after ventral root avulsions by implanting the avulsed roots into the spinal cord. The long-term goal of this project is to achieve neural repair of lower urinary tract function after cauda equina / conus medullaris injuries. We will test three hypotheses: 1) Lumbosacral ventral root avulsions lead to a progressive neuronal death and characteristic patterns of neurotrophic factor receptor expression in preganglionic parasympathetic neurons and motoneurons; 2) Implantation of an avulsed lumbosacral ventral root into the spinal cord exerts neuroprotective effects upon injured spinal cord neurons; 3) Implantation of an avulsed lumbosacral ventral root into the spinal cord promotes functional reinnervation of the lower urinary tract. Morphological methods, including retrograde labeling techniques and quantitative light microscopic studies, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization and electron microscopy, will be used to investigate the neuroprotection of motoneurons and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons by implantation of avulsed ventral roots into the lumbosacral spinal cord. Urodynamic studies will be used to investigate the functional reinnervation of the lower urinary tract with simultaneous intravesical bladder recordings and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter. The proposed study will address basic mechanisms regarding biologic responses of lumbosacral preganglionic parasympathetic neurons and motoneurons after ventral root avulsion injury and repair. Furthermore, this work may have important clinical implications, possibly leading to a surgical intervention for patients with cauda equina / conus medullaris injuries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REMOTE VIRAL GENE DELIVERY IN A MOUSE MODEL OF ALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mobley, Bret C.; Neurology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: The goal of the experiments outlined in this proposal is to characterize remote gene delivery to the spinal cored and brainstem of the superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mouse, an animal model of ALS, using adeno- associated virus. We will utilize viral vectors whose gene products are marker proteins, either beta-galactosidase or green fluorescent protein (GFP). After peripheral injection of vector into either the mouse sciatic nerve or brachial plexus, we will examine the corresponding CNS gene expression. We expect remote delivery of recombinant genes to the CNS through peripheral nervous system (PNS) injection to offer a number of potential advantages over direct CNS injections, including minimally invasive delivery of viral vectors with the potential for repeated treatments and a reduced inflammatory response. We hope to quantify gross GFP and beta-glactosidase expression in this study as well as discover biases in terms of which CNS cell types express these proteins. We also hope to confirm that retrograde axonal transport, not diffusion, is responsible for spinal cord expression. We will do this by blocking microtubule function with peripheral colchicine injection and also by analyzing beta-galactosidase distribution after injecting the protein peripherally. Our final aims involve observing the effects of remote virus delivery on neuronal cell viability and determining whether later reinjection and also be analyzing beta-galactosidase distribution after injecting the protein peripherally. Our final aim involve observing the effects of remote virus delivery on neuronal cell viability and determining whether later reinjection of vector enhances viral gene expression. Data from this study will aid in elucidating the rational choice of viral vector(s) and mode(s)

Studies

7

of delivery for optimal expression of therapeutic proteins in the central nervous system of the ALS mouse model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with brachial plexus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for brachial plexus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of shoulder dystocia-associated transient and permanent brachial plexus palsies. Author(s): Gherman RB, Ouzounian JG, Satin AJ, Goodwin TM, Phelan JP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 102(3): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962939

•

A guest editorial: new insights to shoulder dystocia and brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Gherman RB. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2003 January; 58(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544784

•

A novel infraclavicular brachial plexus block: the lateral and sagittal technique, developed by magnetic resonance imaging studies. Author(s): Klaastad O, Smith HJ, Smedby O, Winther-Larssen EH, Brodal P, Breivik H, Fosse ET. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 January; 98(1): 252-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693630

•

A preventable cause of brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Wong DH, Ward MG. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 March; 98(3): 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12606936

3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

8

Brachial Plexus

•

A response to 'Convulsions following axillary brachial plexus blockade with levobupivacaine', Pirotta D, Sprigge J, Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 1187-9. Author(s): McCartney CJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 April; 58(4): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648152

•

A systematic review of brachial plexus surgery for birth-related brachial plexus injury. Author(s): McNeely PD, Drake JM. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 38(2): 57-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566836

•

Aberrant axillary artery descending deep beneath the brachial plexus. Author(s): Honma S, Kawai K, Koizumi M, Kodama K. Source: Anatomical Science International / Japanese Association of Anatomists. 2003 June; 78(2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828425

•

Aberrant formation and clinical picture of brachial plexus from the point of view of a neurosurgeon. Author(s): Matejcik V. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2003; 104(10): 291-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055727

•

Accidental intravascular injection of levobupivacaine and lidocaine during the transarterial approach to the axillary brachial plexus. Author(s): Khan H, Atanassoff PG. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 January; 50(1): 95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12514163

•

Airway difficulty after a brachial plexus subclavian perivascular block. Author(s): Rollins M, McKay WR, McKay RE. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 April; 96(4): 1191-2, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12651683

•

Alemanno's brachial plexus block ten years later: topographic study of the anesthetized areas. Author(s): Alemanno F, Gretter R, Di Leo Y, Bellini L. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2003 June; 69(6): 575-9, 579-81. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564254

Studies

9

•

Amyloidoma of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Consales A, Roncaroli F, Salvi F, Poppi M. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 May; 59(5): 418-23; Discussion 423. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765823

•

An evaluation of the supraclavicular plumb-bob technique for brachial plexus block by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Klaastad O, VadeBoncouer TR, Tillung T, Smedby O. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 March; 96(3): 862-7, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598275

•

Anatomic basis and technical aspects of a new brachial plexus avulsion injury model in the rat. Author(s): Cao XC, Ling LJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 June; 111(7): 2488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12794517

•

Angiosomes of the brachial plexus: an anatomical study. Author(s): Levy SM, Taylor GI, Baudet J, Guerin J, Casoli V, Pan WR, Houseman ND. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 December; 112(7): 1799-806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14663223

•

Applying ultrasound imaging to interscalene brachial plexus block. Author(s): Chan VW. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 July-August; 28(4): 340-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12945029

•

Aspects of activities and participation in daily life related to body structure and function in adolescents with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy: a descriptive follow-up study. Author(s): Strombeck C, Fernell E. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003 June; 92(6): 740-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12856989

•

Assessment of the motor power in older children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Al-Qattan MM. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 February; 28(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12531668

10

Brachial Plexus

•

Axillary brachial plexus blockade: an evaluation of three techniques. Author(s): Turkan H, Baykal B, Ozisik T. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 September; 167(9): 723-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12363161

•

Bilateral brachial plexus block. Author(s): Franco CD, Salahuddin Z, Rafizad A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 February; 98(2): 518-20, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742397

•

Bilateral brachial plexus injury during laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy. Author(s): Chin P, Poole G. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2003 January-February; 73(1-2): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534753

•

Bilateral brachial plexus palsy after a right-side modified radical mastectomy with immediate TRAM flap reconstruction. Author(s): Grunwald Z, Moore JH, Schwartz GF. Source: The Breast Journal. 2003 January-February; 9(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558670

•

Bilateral elbow flexion reconstruction with functioning free muscle transfer for obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Baliarsing AS, Doi K, Hattori Y. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 October; 27(5): 484-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12367550

•

Birth injuries of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Piatt JH Jr. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2004 April; 51(2): 421-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15062677

•

Brachial plexus anaesthesia in children: lateral infraclavicular vs axillary approach. Author(s): Fleischmann E, Marhofer P, Greher M, Waltl B, Sitzwohl C, Kapral S. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2003 February; 13(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562481

•

Brachial plexus anatomy. Author(s): Leinberry CF, Wehbe MA. Source: Hand Clin. 2004 February; 20(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005376

Studies

11

•

Brachial plexus anesthesia compared to general anesthesia when a block room is available. Author(s): Armstrong KP, Cherry RA. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2004 January; 51(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709459

•

Brachial plexus dorsal rhizotomy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Author(s): Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF, Frasson TR, Borges KS. Source: Hand Clin. 2003 November; 19(4): 687-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14596559

•

Brachial plexus examination and localization using ultrasound and electrical stimulation: a volunteer study. Author(s): Perlas A, Chan VW, Simons M. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 August; 99(2): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883416

•

Brachial plexus infraclavicular block success rate and appropriate endpoints. Author(s): Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 September; 95(3): 784; Author Reply 784. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12198080

•

Brachial plexus injuries and the electrodiagnostic examination. Author(s): Zaneteas PD. Source: Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003 February; 2(1): 7-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12831670

•

Brachial plexus injury as an unusual complication of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Author(s): Chong AY, Clarke CE, Dimitri WR, Lip GY. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2003 February; 79(928): 84-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612322

•

Brachial plexus injury by nonviolent means in an adolescent baton twirler. Author(s): Carmichael KD. Source: Am J Orthop. 2003 June; 32(6): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834195

12

Brachial Plexus

•

Brachial plexus injury following subclavian vein catheterization: a case report. Author(s): Porzionato A, Montisci M, Manani G. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003 December; 15(8): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14724079

•

Brachial plexus injury: factors affecting functional outcome in spinal accessory nerve transfer for the restoration of elbow flexion. Author(s): Samii A, Carvalho GA, Samii M. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 98(2): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593616

•

Brachial plexus nerve block exhibits prolonged duration in the elderly. Author(s): Paqueron X, Boccara G, Bendahou M, Coriat P, Riou B. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 November; 97(5): 1245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12411811

•

Brachial plexus paresis associated with fetal neck compression from forceps. Author(s): Gei AF, Smith RA, Hankins GD. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2003 August; 20(6): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528397

•

Brachial plexus variations in human fetuses. Author(s): Uysal II, Seker M, Karabulut AK, Buyukmumcu M, Ziylan T. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 53(3): 676-84; Discussion 684. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12943583

•

Brachial plexus: normal anatomy and pathological conditions. Author(s): Hyodoh K, Hyodoh H, Akiba H, Tamakawa M, Nakamura N, Yama N, Syonai T, Tsuchimoto T, Ohmoto H, Ogasawara M, Bando M, Furuse M, Hareyama M. Source: Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 2002 September-October; 31(5): 17988. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12419998

•

Cardiac arrest after interscalene brachial plexus block in the sitting position for shoulder arthroscopy: a case report. Author(s): Turker G, Demirag B, Ozturk C, Uckunkaya N. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2004 February; 70(1): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055325

Studies

13

•

Cardiac arrest after interscalene brachial plexus block with ropivacaine and lidocaine. Author(s): Reinikainen M, Hedman A, Pelkonen O, Ruokonen E. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 August; 47(7): 904-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859315

•

Cervicothoracic extradural arachnoid cyst: possible association with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Miravet E, Sinisterra S, Birchansky S, Papazian O, Tuite G, Grossman JA, Alfonso I. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 October; 17(10): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546433

•

Changing glenoid version after open reduction of shoulders in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Hui JH, Torode IP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2003 January-February; 23(1): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499955

•

Choline acetyltransferase activity and evoked spinal cord potentials for diagnosis of brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Hattori Y, Doi K, Dhawan V, Ikeda K, Kaneko K, Ohi R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2004 January; 86(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14765869

•

Classification of secondary shoulder deformities in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Al-Qattan MM. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 October; 28(5): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954262

•

Clinical examination versus routine and paraspinal electromyographic studies in predicting the site of lesion in brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Balakrishnan G, Kadadi BK. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2004 January; 29(1): 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751117

•

Clonidine added to bupivacaine enhances and prolongs analgesia after brachial plexus block via a local mechanism in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Hutschala D, Mascher H, Schmetterer L, Klimscha W, Fleck T, Eichler HG, Tschernko EM. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2004 March; 21(3): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055892

14

Brachial Plexus

•

Combination of adenosine with prilocaine and lignocaine for brachial plexus block does not prolong postoperative analgesia. Author(s): Apan A, Basar H, Ozcan S, Buyukkocak U. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2003 December; 31(6): 648-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719426

•

Combined dorsal root entry zone lesions and neural reconstruction for early rehabilitation of brachial plexus avulsion injury. Author(s): Chen HJ, Lu K, Yeh MC. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 87: 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14518532

•

Complications of microsurgical reconstruction of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): La Scala GC, Rice SB, Clarke HM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 April 1; 111(4): 1383-8; Discussion 138990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618596

•

Continuous brachial plexus block using the posterior approach. Author(s): Boezaart AP, Koorn R, Borene S, Edwards JN. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 January-February; 28(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567350

•

Continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block for acute pain management in children. Author(s): Dadure C, Raux O, Troncin R, Rochette A, Capdevila X. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 September; 97(3): 691-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933386

•

Continuous interscalene brachial plexus blockade provides good analgesia at home after major shoulder surgery-report of four cases. Author(s): Nielsen KC, Greengrass RA, Pietrobon R, Klein SM, Steele SM. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 January; 50(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12514152

•

Contralateral normal C7 nerve transfer after upper arm shortening for the treatment of total root avulsion of the brachial plexus: a preliminary report. Author(s): Yu ZJ, Sui S, Yu S, Huang Y, Sheng J. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 April 1; 111(4): 1465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618606

Studies

15

•

Convulsions following axillary brachial plexus blockade with levobupivacaine. Author(s): Pirotta D, Sprigge J. Source: Anaesthesia. 2002 December; 57(12): 1187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12437710

•

Convulsions following axillary brachial plexus blockade with levobupivacaine. Author(s): Dhileepan S, Davis N. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 June; 58(6): 611; Author Reply 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12846645

•

Convulsions following axillary brachial plexus blockade with levobupivacaine. Author(s): Cumming C, Barker K. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 June; 58(6): 610-1; Author Reply 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12846644

•

Correlating head-to-body delivery intervals with neonatal depression in vaginal births that result in permanent brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Allen RH, Rosenbaum TC, Ghidini A, Poggi SH, Spong CY. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 187(4): 839-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12388960

•

Correlation between external rotation of the glenohumeral joint and deformity after brachial plexus birth palsy. Author(s): Kozin SH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2004 March-April; 24(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15076606

•

Deformities of the shoulder in infants younger than 12 months with an obstetric lesion of the brachial plexus. Author(s): van der Sluijs JA, van Ouwerkerk WJ, de Gast A, Wuisman PI, Nollet F, Manoliu RA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 May; 83(4): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380130

•

Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in brachial plexus injuries. Author(s): Date ES, Rappaport M, Ortega HR. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1991 October; 22(4): 236-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1934521

16

Brachial Plexus

•

Detection of brachial plexus dysfunction by somatosensory evoked potential monitoring--a report of two cases. Author(s): Mahla ME, Long DM, McKennett J, Green C, McPherson RW. Source: Anesthesiology. 1984 March; 60(3): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6696265

•

Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Boylan LS, Fouladvand M. Source: Neurology. 2001 February 27; 56(4): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11222818

•

Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Rapalino OA, Levine DN. Source: Neurology. 2000 December 12; 55(11): 1761. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11113250

•

Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Brown T, Cupido C, Scarfone H, Pape K, Galea V, McComas A. Source: Neurology. 2000 July 12; 55(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10891898

•

Diagnosis of the level of intradural rupture of the rootlets in transaction lesions of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Schenker M, Birch R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 August; 83(6): 91620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11521939

•

Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome by magnetic stimulation of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Misawa T, Kiyono Y, Nakatsuchi Y, Shindo M, Takaoka K. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2002; 7(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956975

•

Diagnostic guidelines for hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy or heredofamilial neuritis with brachial plexus predilection. On behalf of the European CMT Consortium. Author(s): Kuhlenbaumer G, Stogbauer F, Timmerman V, De Jonghe P. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2000 October; 10(7): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10996784

Studies

17

•

Different approaches to brachial plexus block. Author(s): Edelman VF, Weinbroum AA. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 45(4): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11300398

•

Different methods and results in the treatment of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Xu J, Cheng X, Gu Y. Source: Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 2000 August; 16(6): 417-20; Discussion 420-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993086

•

Different methods and results in the treatment of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Al-Qattan MM. Source: Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 2001 May; 17(4): 279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396590

•

Difficult insertion of interscalene brachial plexus catheter. Author(s): Singelyn FJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 April; 92(4): 1074. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273957

•

Distinctive imaging evidence of brachial plexus neuritis demonstrated on Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy. Author(s): Hsieh JF, Chang JM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 February; 28(2): 161. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544147

•

Distribution of local anesthetic in axillary brachial plexus block: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Klaastad O, Smedby O, Thompson GE, Tillung T, Hol PK, Rotnes JS, Brodal P, Breivik H, Hetland KR, Fosse ET. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 June; 96(6): 1315-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12170042

•

Disuse osteoporosis as evidence of brachial plexus palsy due to intrauterine fetal maladaptation. Author(s): Jennett RJ, Tarby TJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 July; 185(1): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483934

18

Brachial Plexus

•

Documentation of brachial plexus compression (in the thoracic inlet) utilizing provocative neurosensory and muscular testing. Author(s): Howard M, Lee C, Dellon AL. Source: Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 2003 July; 19(5): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506578

•

Dorsal root entry zone lesions (Nashold's procedure) in brachial plexus avulsion. Author(s): Thomas DG, Jones SJ. Source: Neurosurgery. 1984 December; 15(6): 966-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6514173

•

Dose-range effects of clonidine added to lidocaine for brachial plexus block. Author(s): Bernard JM, Macaire P. Source: Anesthesiology. 1997 August; 87(2): 277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9286891

•

Dyspnea resulting from phrenic nerve paralysis after interscalene brachial plexus block in an obese male--a case report. Author(s): Rau RH, Chan YL, Chuang HI, Cheng CR, Wong KL, Wu KH, Wei TT. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 1997 June; 35(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9293653

•

Early operative intervention for birth injuries to the brachial plexus. Author(s): Grossman JA. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2000 March; 7(1): 36-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749512

•

Effect of axillary brachial plexus blockade on baroreflex-induced skin vasomotor responses: assessing the effectiveness of sympathetic blockade. Author(s): Szili-Torok T, Paprika D, Peto Z, Babik B, Bari F, Barzo P, Rudas L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 46(7): 815-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139536

•

Effect of operative vaginal delivery on the outcome of permanent brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Poggi SH, Ghidini A, Allen RH, Pezzullo JC, Rosenbaum TC, Spong CY. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 September; 48(9): 692-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14562633

Studies

19

•

Effects of a policy of elective cesarean delivery in cases of suspected fetal macrosomia on the incidence of brachial plexus injury and the rate of cesarean delivery. Author(s): Gonen R, Bader D, Ajami M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 183(5): 1296300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11084580

•

Effects of blockade of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and neuropeptide Y(1) receptors, as well as brachial plexus blockade, on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the human forearm. Author(s): Johansson K, Eriksson M, Wahlqvist I, von zur Muhlen B, Lind L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2002 July; 29(7): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12060104

•

Efficacy of ropivacaine in continuous axillary brachial plexus block. Author(s): Ekatodramis G, Hutter B, Borgeat A. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2000 November-December; 25(6): 664-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11097689

•

Emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of recovery from neonatal brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Noetzel MJ, Wolpaw JR. Source: Neurology. 2000 July 12; 55(1): 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10891895

•

Endoscopic exploration of the brachial plexus: technique and topographic anatomy--a study in fresh human cadavers. Author(s): Krishnan KG, Pinzer T, Reber F, Schackert G. Source: Neurosurgery. 2004 February; 54(2): 401-8; Discussion 408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744288

•

Enhancement of axillary brachial plexus block anesthesia by coadministration of neostigmine. Author(s): Bone HG, Van Aken H, Booke M, Burkle H. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1999 September-October; 24(5): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10499750

•

Epidemiology of brachial plexus injuries in a multitrauma population. Author(s): Midha R. Source: Neurosurgery. 1997 June; 40(6): 1182-8; Discussion 1188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179891

20

Brachial Plexus

•

Evaluation of an insulated Tuohy needle system for the placement of interscalene brachial plexus catheters. Author(s): Singelyn FJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 November; 58(11): 1136; Author Reply 1136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616621

•

Evaluation of an insulated Tuohy needle system for the placement of interscalene brachial plexus catheters. Author(s): Denny NM, Barber N, Sildown DJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 June; 58(6): 554-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12846620

•

Evaluation of efficacy and plasma concentrations of ropivacaine in continuous axillary brachial plexus block: high dose for surgical anesthesia and low dose for postoperative analgesia. Author(s): Salonen MH, Haasio J, Bachmann M, Xu M, Rosenberg PH. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2000 January-February; 25(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660240

•

Evaluation of intercostal to musculocutaneous nerve transfer in reconstructive brachial plexus surgery. Author(s): Malessy MJ, Thomeer RT. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 February; 88(2): 266-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452234

•

Evaluation of lidocaine and tetracaine mixture in axillary brachial plexus block. Author(s): Berry JS, Heindel L. Source: Aana Journal. 1999 August; 67(4): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10497455

•

Evoked potentials in the investigation of traumatic lesions of the peripheral nerve and the brachial plexus. Author(s): Sugioka H. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1984 April; (184): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705366

•

Evolution of our indications for neurotization. Our concept of functional restoration of the upper limb after brachial plexus injuries. Author(s): Allieu Y. Source: Chir Main. 1999; 18(2): 165-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10855316

Studies

21

•

Experimental studies on surgical treatment of avulsed spinal nerve roots in brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Carlstedt T. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1991 December; 16(5): 477-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1791354

•

Exploratory mapping of evoked neuromagnetic activity from human peripheral nerve, brachial plexus and spinal cord. Author(s): Curio G, Erne SN, Sandfort J, Scheer J, Stehr R, Trahms L. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1991 December; 81(6): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1721586

•

F wave study in children with birth brachial plexus paralysis. Author(s): Kwast O. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1984 August-September; 24(6): 457-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6489251

•

Failed axillary brachial plexus block techniques result in high plasma concentrations of mepivacaine. Author(s): Yamamoto K, Nomura T, Shibata K, Ohmura S. Source: Reg Anesth. 1997 November-December; 22(6): 557-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9425973

•

Failure of interscalene brachial plexus blockade to produce pre-emptive analgesia after shoulder surgery. Author(s): Haltiavaara KM, Laitinen JO, Kaukinen S, Viljakka TJ, Laippala PJ, Luukkaala TH. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003 January; 20(1): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553393

•

False aneurysm and brachial plexus palsy complicating a proximal humeral exostosis. Author(s): Gerrand CH. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1997 June; 22(3): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9222931

•

Far-field recording of compound muscle action potentials produced during brachial plexus stimulation. Author(s): Wee AS, Ashley RA. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991 December; 31(8): 497-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797546

22

Brachial Plexus

•

Fascicular structure of terminal divisions of the brachial plexus posterior cord in man. Author(s): Urbanowicz Z. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 1997; 52: 57-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10023157

•

Fascicular structure of the medial cord of the brachial plexus in man. Author(s): Urbanowicz Z. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 1996; 51: 19-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9467243

•

Fascicular structure of the mixed nerves of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Urbanowicz Z. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 1999; 54: 39-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205796

•

Fatal streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of axillary brachial plexus block. Author(s): Nseir S, Pronnier P, Soubrier S, Onimus T, Saulnier F, Mathieu D, Durocher A. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 March; 92(3): 427-9. Epub 2004 January 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742341

•

Fentanyl does not improve the nerve block characteristics of axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia performed with ropivacaine. Author(s): Fanelli G, Casati A, Magistris L, Berti M, Albertin A, Scarioni M, Torri G. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 May; 45(5): 590-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11309009

•

Fentanyl improves analgesia but prolongs the onset of axillary brachial plexus block by peripheral mechanism. Author(s): Nishikawa K, Kanaya N, Nakayama M, Igarashi M, Tsunoda K, Namiki A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 August; 91(2): 384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10910853

•

Fibrosarcoma of the brachial plexus presenting in childhood. Author(s): Tan MH, Kirk G, Clements WD, Choudhari KA. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 17(4): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579905

Studies

23

•

Fluoroscopic imaging during supraclavicular lateral paravascular brachial plexus block. Author(s): Moorthy SS, Melendez J. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2000 May-June; 25(3): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10834798

•

Four-injection brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: a comparison between axillary and humeral approaches. Author(s): Sia S, Lepri A, Campolo MC, Fiaschi R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 October; 95(4): 1075-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12351298

•

Free muscle transfer can restore hand function after injuries of the lower brachial plexus. Author(s): Doi K, Hattori Y, Kuwata N, Soo-heong T, Kawakami F, Otsuka K, Watanabe M. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1998 January; 80(1): 11720. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460966

•

Full-length phrenic nerve transfer by means of video-assisted thoracic surgery in treating brachial plexus avulsion injury. Author(s): Xu WD, Gu YD, Xu JG, Tan LJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 July; 110(1): 104-9; Discussion 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087238

•

Function of the upper limb after surgery for obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Dumont CE, Forin V, Asfazadourian H, Romana C. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 August; 83(6): 894900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11521936

•

Functional motor innervation of brachial plexus roots. An intraoperative electrophysiological study. Author(s): Gu YD. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1997 April; 22(2): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9150001

•

Functional outcome at 5 years in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with and without microsurgical reconstruction. Author(s): Strombeck C, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Forssberg H. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2000 March; 42(3): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10755453

24

Brachial Plexus

•

Functional scoring system for obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Basheer H, Zelic V, Rabia F. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2000 February; 25(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10763722

•

Giant cell arteritis revealed by bilateral lesions of brachial plexus. Author(s): Gatfosse M, Santin A, Chamouard JM. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 April; 63(4): 301-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8738452

•

Giant intraspinal pseudomeningoceles cause delayed neurological dysfunction after brachial plexus injury: report of three cases. Author(s): Hader WJ, Fairholm D. Source: Neurosurgery. 2000 May; 46(5): 1245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807259

•

Glenohumeral deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy. Author(s): Waters PM, Smith GR, Jaramillo D. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1998 May; 80(5): 66877. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9611027

•

Glenohumeral gliding manipulation following interscalene brachial plexus block in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Author(s): Roubal PJ, Dobritt D, Placzek JD. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1996 August; 24(2): 6677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8832469

•

Glenoid deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy. Author(s): Pearl ML, Edgerton BW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1998 May; 80(5): 65967. Erratum In: J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998 October; 80(10): 1555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9611026

•

Glenoid version in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Beischer AD, Simmons TD, Torode IP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1999 May-June; 19(3): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10344320

Studies

25

•

Grand mal convulsion and plasma concentrations after intravascular injection of ropivacaine for axillary brachial plexus blockade. Author(s): Muller M, Litz RJ, Huler M, Albrecht DM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 November; 87(5): 784-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878534

•

Gunshot injuries to the brachial plexus. Author(s): Samardzic MM, Rasulic LG, Grujicic DM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1997 October; 43(4): 645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9356062

•

Hands-up positioning during asymmetric sternal retraction for internal mammary artery harvest: a possible method to reduce brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Jellish WS, Blakeman B, Warf P, Slogoff S. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 February; 84(2): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9024012

•

Hemi-contralateral C7 transfer to median nerve in the treatment of root avulsion brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Songcharoen P, Wongtrakul S, Mahaisavariya B, Spinner RJ. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2001 November; 26(6): 1058-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721251

•

Hemidiaphragmatic paresis during interscalene brachial plexus block: effects on pulmonary function and chest wall mechanics. Author(s): Urmey WF, McDonald M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1992 March; 74(3): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1539813

•

Hemihypoglossal nerve transfer in brachial plexus repair: technique and results. Author(s): Ferraresi S, Garozzo D, Ravenni R, Dainese R, De Grandis D, Buffatti P. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 February; 50(2): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11844268

•

Hemiparesis and Bell's palsy following brachial plexus herpes zoster. Author(s): Economou PG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 August 24-31; 252(8): 1012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6748204

26

Brachial Plexus

•

Hemodynamic and blockade effects of high/low epinephrine doses during axillary brachial plexus blockade with lidocaine 1.5%: A randomized, double-blinded study. Author(s): Dogru K, Duygulu F, Yildiz K, Kotanoglu MS, Madenoglu H, Boyaci A. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556129

•

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies and inherited brachial plexus neuropathy--two genetically distinct disorders. Author(s): Windebank AJ, Schenone A, Dewald GW. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1995 August; 70(8): 743-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7630211

•

Hereditary recurrent brachial plexus neuropathy with dysmorphic features. Author(s): Airaksinen EM, Iivanainen M, Karli P, Sainio K, Haltia M. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1985 April; 71(4): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4003034

•

Herpes zoster brachial plexus neuritis. Author(s): Fabian VA, Wood B, Crowley P, Kakulas BA. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 1997 March-April; 16(2): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9101105

•

Herpetic tracheitis and brachial plexus neuropathy in a child with burns. Author(s): McCarthy DW, Qualman SJ, Rudman DT, Wiet GJ, Besner GE. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1999 September-October; 20(5): 37781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501325

•

High dose intravenous immune globulin in the treatment of hereditary recurrent brachial plexus neuropathy. Author(s): Ardolino G, Barbieri S, Priori A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 April; 74(4): 550; Author Reply 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640095

•

High doses of mepivacaine for brachial plexus block in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure. A pilot study. Author(s): Rodriguez J, Quintela O, Lopez-Rivadulla M, Barcena M, Diz C, Alvarez J. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2001 March; 18(3): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298176

Studies

27

•

High spatial resolution electromyography and video-assisted movement analysis in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Bahm J, Meinecke L, Brandenbusch V, Rau G, Disselhorst-Klug C. Source: Hand Clin. 2003 August; 19(3): 393-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12945636

•

Hoarseness and Horner's syndrome after interscalene brachial plexus block. Author(s): Seltzer JL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1977 July-August; 56(4): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=560150

•

Hoarseness following brachial plexus block. Author(s): Udit A, Chen DR. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1989 June; 38(2): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2763533

•

Horner's syndrome associated with brachial plexus anesthesia using an axillary catheter. Author(s): Lennon RL, Gammel S. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1992 February; 74(2): 311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1731557

•

Hypertrophic brachial plexus neuritis: a pathological study of two cases. Author(s): Cusimano MD, Bilbao JM, Cohen SM. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1988 November; 24(5): 615-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3202614

•

Hypertrophic inflammatory neuropathy involving bilateral brachial plexus. Author(s): Stumpo M, Foschini MP, Poppi M, Cenacchi G, Martinelli P. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1999 November; 52(5): 458-64; Discussion 464-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10595765

•

Hypertrophic neurofibrosis with onion bulb formation in an isolated element of the brachial plexus. Author(s): de los Reyes RA, Chason JL, Rogers JS, Ausman JI. Source: Neurosurgery. 1981 March; 8(3): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6264342

•

Hypocalcemia following brachial plexus block. Author(s): Richter RL, Sprague DH. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993 January; 76(1): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8418731

28

Brachial Plexus

•

Ideal intraspinal implantation site for the repair of ventral root avulsion after brachial plexus injury in humans. A preliminary anatomical study. Author(s): Fournier HD, Menei P, Khalifa R, Mercier P. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 2001 June; 23(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11490931

•

Idiopathic brachial plexitis after total shoulder replacement with interscalene brachial plexus block. Author(s): Tetzlaff JE, Dilger J, Yap E, Brems J. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 September; 85(3): 644-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9296423

•

Imaging of adult brachial plexus traction injuries. Author(s): Tavakkolizadeh A, Saifuddin A, Birch R. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2001 June; 26(3): 183-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11386764

•

Imaging tumours of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Saifuddin A. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2003 July; 32(7): 375-87. Epub 2003 March 20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12851788

•

Implications of interscalene brachial plexus block in the elderly patient. Author(s): Menon G, Jansen VR, Iossifidis A. Source: Hosp Med. 2001 August; 62(8): 506-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11530593

•

Improving postoperative analgesia after axillary brachial plexus anesthesia with 0.75% ropivacaine. A double-blind evaluation of adding clonidine. Author(s): Casati A, Magistris L, Beccaria P, Cappelleri G, Aldegheri G, Fanelli G. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2001 May; 67(5): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11382830

•

Increasing the injection volume by dilution improves the onset of motor blockade, but not sensory blockade of ropivacaine for brachial plexus block. Author(s): Krenn H, Deusch E, Balogh B, Jellinek H, Oczenski W, Plainer-Zochling E, Fitzgerald RD. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003 January; 20(1): 21-5. Erratum In: Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2003 March; 20(3): 258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553384

Studies

29

•

Inflammation and neuropathic attacks in hereditary brachial plexus neuropathy. Author(s): Klein CJ, Dyck PJ, Friedenberg SM, Burns TM, Windebank AJ, Dyck PJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 July; 73(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12082044

•

Injuries to the brachial plexus: controversies and possibilities. Author(s): Birch R. Source: Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2001 April; 12(2): 285-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525207

•

Injury to the brachial plexus by a fragment of bone after fracture of the clavicle. Author(s): Barbier O, Malghem J, Delaere O, Vande Berg B, Rombouts JJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1997 July; 79(4): 534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9250732

•

Interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia and analgesia for open shoulder surgery: a randomized, double-blinded comparison between levobupivacaine and ropivacaine. Author(s): Casati A, Borghi B, Fanelli G, Montone N, Rotini R, Fraschini G, Vinciguerra F, Torri G, Chelly J. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 January; 96(1): 253-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505962

•

Interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia and analgesia for open shoulder surgery: what about pharmacokinetics? Author(s): Nadig M, Blumenthal S, Ekatodramis G, Borgeat A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 August; 97(2): 605-6; Author Reply 606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873967

•

Interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia for shoulder surgery: report of a complicated intraoperative course. Author(s): Ayad S, Tetzlaff JE. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2001 November; 13(7): 514-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704450

•

Interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery in a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Author(s): Sreevastava D, Trikha A, Sehgal L, Arora MK. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 August; 30(4): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180593

30

Brachial Plexus

•

Interscalene brachial plexus block is superior to subacromial bursa block after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Author(s): Laurila PA, Lopponen A, Kanga-Saarela T, Flinkkila T, Salomaki TE. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 46(8): 1031-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12190808

•

Interscalene brachial plexus block with continuous intraarticular infusion of ropivacaine. Author(s): Klein SM, Nielsen KC, Martin A, White W, Warner DS, Steele SM, Speer KP, Greengrass RA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524326

•

Interscalene brachial plexus block: shoulder paresthesia versus deltoid motor response: revisiting the anatomy to settle the controversy. Author(s): Sukhani R, Candido KD. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 December; 95(6): 1818; Author Reply 1818-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12456466

•

Intraoperative electroneurodiagnostics (transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials) to evaluate the functional status of anterior spinal roots and spinal nerves during brachial plexus surgery. Author(s): Turkof E, Millesi H, Turkof R, Pfundner P, Mayr N. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 May; 99(6): 1632-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145134

•

Intrapartum risk factors for permanent brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Poggi SH, Stallings SP, Ghidini A, Spong CY, Deering SH, Allen RH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 189(3): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14526302

•

Is the hypoglossal nerve a reliable donor nerve for transfer in brachial plexus injuries? Author(s): Vacher C, Dauge MC, Bhatia A, Beaulieu JY, Oberlin C. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 August; 112(2): 708-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900654

•

Late intraneural metastasis of the brachial plexus from mammary carcinoma. Report of a case. Author(s): Artico M, Scarpinati M, Salvati M, Nucci F. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1991 January-March; 35(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1890462

Studies

31

•

Late lesions of the brachial plexus after fracture of the clavicle. Author(s): Della Santa D, Narakas A, Bonnard C. Source: Ann Chir Main Memb Super. 1991; 10(6): 531-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1725119

•

Late treatment of brachial plexus palsy secondary to birth injuries: rotational osteotomy of the proximal part of the humerus. Author(s): Kirkos JM, Papadopoulos IA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1998 October; 80(10): 1477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801216

•

Latency of brachial plexus block. The effect on onset time of warming local anaesthetic solutions. Author(s): Heath PJ, Brownlie GS, Herrick MJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1990 April; 45(4): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2337214

•

Lateral interscalenic multilevel oblique corpectomies to repair ventral root avulsions after brachial plexus injury in humans: anatomical study and first clinical experience. Author(s): Fournier HD, Mercier P, Menei P. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 October; 95(2 Suppl): 202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599837

•

Latissimus dorsi transfer for external rotation weakness of the shoulder in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Al-Qattan MM. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 October; 28(5): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954263

•

Left infraclavicular brachial plexus block during pacemaker placement through the left subclavian vein. Author(s): Stone C, Aquilina TC, Mangar D, Fonte A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1994 March; 78(3): 602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8109785

•

Lesions found when operating traction injuries of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Narakas AO. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1993; 95 Suppl: S56-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8467598

32

Brachial Plexus

•

Levobupivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block: a pharmacokinetic and clinical comparison in patients with normal renal function or renal disease. Author(s): Crews JC, Weller RS, Moss J, James RL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 July; 95(1): 219-23, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088972

•

Lidocaine hydrocarbonate is not superior to lidocaine hydrochloride in interscalene brachial plexus block. Author(s): Hickey R, Knape KG, Blanchard J, Hoffman J, Ramamurthy S. Source: Reg Anesth. 1990 July-August; 15(4): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2073484

•

Lidocaine versus ropivacaine for continuous interscalene brachial plexus block after open shoulder surgery. Author(s): Casati A, Vinciguerra F, Scarioni M, Cappelleri G, Aldegheri G, Manzoni P, Fraschini G, Chelly JE. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 March; 47(3): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648204

•

Limited usefulness of fetal weight in predicting neonatal brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Bryant DR, Leonardi MR, Landwehr JB, Bottoms SF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 September; 179(3 Pt 1): 686-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9757972

•

Localization of the axillary artery in brachial plexus block. Author(s): Coleman MM, Peng P. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1999 March-April; 24(2): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204916

•

Long-term brachial plexus anesthesia using a subcutaneous implantable injection system. Case report. Author(s): Aguilar JL, Domingo V, Samper D, Roca G, Vidal F. Source: Reg Anesth. 1995 May-June; 20(3): 242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7547663

•

Long-term evaluation of brachial plexus surgery in obstetrical palsy. Author(s): Gilbert A. Source: Hand Clin. 1995 November; 11(4): 583-94; Discussion 594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8567740

Studies

33

•

Long-term follow up of dorsal root entry zone lesions in brachial plexus avulsion. Author(s): Thomas DG, Kitchen ND. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 June; 57(6): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8006657

•

Loss of interhemispheric inhibition on the ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex in patients with brachial plexus injury: fMRI study. Author(s): Hsieh JC, Cheng H, Hsieh HM, Liao KK, Wu YT, Yeh TC, Ho LT. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2002 March; 51(3): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891835

•

Low velocity gun shot wounds of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Vrettos BC, Rochkind S, Boome RS. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1995 April; 20(2): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7797973

•

Lower lobe collapse during continuous interscalene brachial plexus local anesthesia at home. Author(s): Sardesai AM, Chakrabarti AJ, Denny NM. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2004 January-February; 29(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727282

•

Low-volume interscalene brachial plexus block for perioperative shoulder pain. Author(s): Bruin G, McGuire G. Source: Reg Anesth. 1996 July-August; 21(4): 371. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8837199

•

Magnetic nerve root stimulation in two types of brachial plexus injury: segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration. Author(s): Oge AE, Boyaciyan A, Gurvit H, Yazici J, Degirmenci M, Kantemir E. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1997 July; 20(7): 823-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179154

•

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brachial plexus in patients with multifocal motor neuropathy. Author(s): Van Es HW, Van den Berg LH, Franssen H, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, Notermans NC, Feldberg MA, Wokke JH. Source: Neurology. 1997 May; 48(5): 1218-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153446

34

Brachial Plexus

•

Magnetic resonance myelography in brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Nakamura T, Yabe Y, Horiuchi Y, Takayama S. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1997 September; 79(5): 764-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9331032

•

Management of complete obstetric brachial plexus lesions. Author(s): Haerle M, Gilbert A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2004 March-April; 24(2): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15076607

•

Management of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy evaluation, prognosis, and primary surgical treatment. Author(s): Marcus JR, Clarke HM. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 2003 April; 30(2): 289-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12737357

•

Management of traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults. Author(s): Chuang DC. Source: Hand Clin. 1999 November; 15(4): 737-55, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10563273

•

Massive growth of a meningioma into the brachial plexus and thoracic cavity after intraspinal and supraclavicular resection. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Smith ER, Ott M, Wain J, Louis DN, Chiocca EA. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 January; 96(1 Suppl): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11795697

•

Measurement of tissue impedance in dorsal root entry zone surgery for pain after brachial plexus avulsion and herpes zoster. Author(s): Chen HJ. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1991 December; 7(4): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1809446

•

Measuring secondary deformities of the shoulder in children with obstetric brachial plexus lesion: reliability of three methods. Author(s): van der Sluijs JA, van der Meij M, Verbeke J, Manoliu RA, Wuisman PI. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2003 May; 12(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12703037

Studies

35

•

Mechanical properties of the human brachial plexus. Author(s): Zapalowicz K, Radek A. Source: Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2000; 34(6 Suppl): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452861

•

Microsurgical management of old injuries of the peripheral nerve and brachial plexus. Author(s): Rochkind S, Alon M. Source: Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 2000 October; 16(7): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11083393

•

Microsurgical relations of the roots of the brachial plexus. Practical applications. Author(s): Herzberg G, Narakas A, Comtet JJ, Bouchet A, Carret JP. Source: Ann Chir Main. 1985; 4(2): 120-33. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4026427

•

Morphometric study of the upper intercostal nerves: practical application for neurotizations in traumatic brachial plexus palsies. Author(s): Asfazadourian H, Tramond B, Dauge MC, Oberlin C. Source: Chir Main. 1999; 18(4): 243-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10855327

•

MR imaging of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Reede DL. Source: Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1997 November; 5(4): 897-906. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9314513

•

MR imaging of the brachial plexus: current imaging sequences, normal findings, and findings in a spectrum of focal lesions with MR-pathologic correlation. Author(s): Kichari JR, Hussain SM, Den Hollander JC, Krestin GP. Source: Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 2003 March-April; 32(2): 88-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658265

•

MRI of the brachial plexus in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Author(s): Eurelings M, Notermans NC, Franssen H, Van Es HW, Ramos LM, Wokke JH, van den Berg LH. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2001 October; 24(10): 1312-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562910

36

Brachial Plexus

•

MRI of the brachial plexus. Author(s): van Es HW. Source: European Radiology. 2001; 11(2): 325-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218035

•

MRI scanning in brachial plexus neuropathy. Author(s): Ahern V, Soo YS, Langlands AD. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1991 November; 35(4): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1667466

•

Multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block: A comparison of two methods of nerve localization-nerve stimulation versus paresthesia. Author(s): Sia S, Bartoli M, Lepri A, Marchini O, Ponsecchi P. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 September; 91(3): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10960393

•

Natural history of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review. Author(s): Pondaag W, Malessy MJ, van Dijk JG, Thomeer RT. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2004 February; 46(2): 138-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14974639

•

Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: an unpredictable injury. Author(s): Donnelly V, Foran A, Murphy J, McParland P, Keane D, O'Herlihy C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 187(5): 120912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439505

•

Nerve transfer for treatment of brachial plexus injury: comparison study between the transfer of partial median and ulnar nerves and that of phrenic and spinal accessary nerves. Author(s): Hou Z, Xu Z. Source: Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Chung-Hua Ch'uang Shang Tsa Chih / Chinese Medical Association. 2002 October; 5(5): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241634

•

Nerve transfers to the biceps and brachialis branches to improve elbow flexion strength after brachial plexus injuries. Author(s): Tung TH, Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 98(2): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593617

Studies

37

•

Neurogenic motor evoked potentials: role in brachial plexus surgery. Case report. Author(s): Burkholder LM, Houlden DA, Midha R, Weiss E, Vennettilli M. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 March; 98(3): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650435

•

Neurologic birth trauma. Intracranial, spinal cord, and brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Medlock MD, Hanigan WC. Source: Clin Perinatol. 1997 December; 24(4): 845-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395866

•

Neurological complications after interscalene brachial plexus blockade: what to make of it? Author(s): Casati A, Chelly JE. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 July; 97(1): 279-80; Author Reply 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131137

•

Neurological recovery in obstetric brachial plexus injuries: an historical cohort study. Author(s): Hoeksma AF, ter Steeg AM, Nelissen RG, van Ouwerkerk WJ, Lankhorst GJ, de Jong BA. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2004 February; 46(2): 76-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14974631

•

Neuromuscular hamartoma (benign "triton" tumor) of the brachial plexus. Case report. Author(s): Awasthi D, Kline DG, Beckman EN. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991 November; 75(5): 795-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1919706

•

Neuromuscular hamartoma arising in the brachial plexus. Author(s): Lai PH, Ho JT, Lin SL, Hsu SS, Chen C, Yeh LR, Pan HB. Source: Neuroradiology. 2004 March; 46(3): 216-8. Epub 2004 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991257

•

Neuro-neural intraplexal transfers in traumatic radicular avulsions of the brachial plexus. Report on fifteen cases. Author(s): Narakas A, Herzberg G. Source: Ann Chir Main. 1985; 4(3): 211-8. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4083948

38

Brachial Plexus

•

Neuropathy following axillary brachial plexus block: is it the tourniquet? Author(s): Jankowski CJ, Keegan MT, Bolton CF, Harrison BA. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 November; 99(5): 1230-2. Erratum In: Anesthesiology. 2004 February; 100(2): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576566

•

Neurophysiological prediction of outcome in obstetric lesions of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Bisinella GL, Birch R, Smith SJ. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 April; 28(2): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631487

•

No enhancement of sensory and motor blockade by ketamine added to ropivacaine interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Author(s): Lee IO, Kim WK, Kong MH, Lee MK, Kim NS, Choi YS, Lim SH. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 46(7): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139537

•

Normative values for high voltage electrical stimulation across the brachial plexus. Author(s): Papathanasiou E, Zamba E, Papacostas S. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 April-May; 42(3): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11977428

•

Obstetric brachial plexus lesions: a study of 74 children registered with the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (March 1998-March 1999). Author(s): Bisinella GL, Birch R. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 February; 28(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12531667

•

Obstetric brachial plexus palsy associated with breech delivery. Author(s): Al-Qattan MM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 September; 51(3): 257-64; Discussion 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966236

•

Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a clinical and electrophysiologic evaluation. Author(s): Gopinath MS, Bhatia M, Mehta VS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 September; 50: 1121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518723

Studies

39

•

One-fascicle median nerve transfer to biceps muscle in C5 and C6 root avulsions of brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Sungpet A, Suphachatwong C, Kawinwonggowit V. Source: Microsurgery. 2003; 23(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616512

•

Orthopaedic sequelae in neurologically recovered obstetrical brachial plexus injury. Case study and literature review. Author(s): ter Steeg AM, Hoeksma AF, Dijkstra PF, Nelissen RG, De Jong BA. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2003 January 7; 25(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12554387

•

Osteotomy of the humerus to improve external rotation in nine patients with brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Ruhmann O, Gosse F, Schmolke S, Flamme C, Wirth CJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 2002; 36(6): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12564814

•

Our experience with surgical treatment of the tumours of peripheral nerves in extremities and brachial plexus. Author(s): Matejcik V, Benetin J, Danis D. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 2003; 45(2): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921257

•

Outcome after later combined brachial plexus and shoulder surgery after birth trauma. Author(s): Grossman JA, Price AE, Tidwell MA, Ramos LE, Alfonso I, Yaylali I. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 November; 85(8): 1166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14653601

•

Outcome following nonoperative treatment of brachial plexus birth injuries. Author(s): DiTaranto P, Campagna L, Price AE, Grossman JA. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2004 February; 19(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072099

•

Outcomes of surgery in 1019 brachial plexus lesions treated at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Author(s): Kim DH, Cho YJ, Tiel RL, Kline DG. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 May; 98(5): 1005-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744360

40

Brachial Plexus

•

Painful paresthesiae are infrequent during brachial plexus localization using lowcurrent peripheral nerve stimulation. Author(s): Karaca P, Hadzic A, Yufa M, Vloka JD, Brown AR, Visan A, Sanborn K, Santos AC. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556125

•

Paraverbal approach to the brachial plexus. Author(s): Ilfeld BM. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 November-December; 28(6): 581-2; Author Reply 583-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14679995

•

Paravertebral approach to the brachial plexus: an anatomic improvement in technique--is it really advantageous to come from behind? Author(s): Blumenthal S, Ekatodramis G, Nadig M, Borgeat A. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 November-December; 28(6): 582-3; Author Reply 583-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14679996

•

Perioperative intravenous adenosine infusion to extend postoperative analgesia in brachial plexus block. Author(s): Apan A, Ozcan S, Buyukkocak U, Anbarci O, Basar H. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003 November; 20(11): 916-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649345

•

Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in uremic and nonuremic patients after axillary brachial plexus block. Author(s): Pere P, Salonen M, Jokinen M, Rosenberg PH, Neuvonen PJ, Haasio J. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 February; 96(2): 563-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12538213

•

Pleural effusion and chest pain after continuous interscalene brachial plexus block. Author(s): Souron V, Reiland Y, Delaunay L. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 November-December; 28(6): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634945

•

Posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Moukoko D, Ezaki M, Wilkes D, Carter P. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 April; 86-A(4): 787-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15069145

Studies

41

•

Prediction of brachial plexus stretching during shoulder dystocia using a computer simulation model. Author(s): Gonik B, Zhang N, Grimm MJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 October; 189(4): 1168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586372

•

Progressive arm weakness and tonic hand spasm from multifocal motor neuropathy in the brachial plexus. Author(s): Veltkamp R, Krause M, Schranz C, Meinck HM. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 August; 28(2): 242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872332

•

Pulmonary and biceps function after intercostal and phrenic nerve transfer for brachial plexus injuries. Author(s): Chalidapong P, Sananpanich K, Kraisarin J, Bumroongkit C. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2004 February; 29(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14734060

•

Quality of axillary brachial plexus block. Author(s): McNicol LR. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 July; 42(7): 774-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3631480

•

Quality of axillary brachial plexus block. Comparison of success rate using perivascular and nerve stimulator techniques. Author(s): Tuominen MK, Pitkanen MT, Numminen MK, Rosenberg PH. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 January; 42(1): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3826569

•

Quality of life and functional outcome following brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Choi PD, Novak CB, Mackinnon SE, Kline DG. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1997 July; 22(4): 605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9260614

•

Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury by multiple nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve. Author(s): Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2004 January; 29(1): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751116

42

Brachial Plexus

•

Recovery of biceps function after delayed repair for brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Richardson PM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1997 May; 42(5): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9191658

•

Recurrence of preoperative painful sensation during brachial plexus block. Author(s): Gentili ME. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 January; 88(1): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9447894

•

Relationship between evoked motor response and sensory paresthesia in interscalene brachial plexus block. Author(s): Bollini CA, Urmey WF, Vascello L, Cacheiro F. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556126

•

Reliability of three classification systems measuring active motion in brachial plexus birth palsy. Author(s): Bae DS, Waters PM, Zurakowski D. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 September; 85A(9): 1733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954832

•

Repair of ventral root avulsions of the brachial plexus: a review. Author(s): Holtzer CA, Marani E, Lakke EA, Thomeer RT. Source: Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System : Jpns. 2002 December; 7(4): 233-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477170

•

Restricted infraclavicular distribution of the local anesthetic solution after infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Author(s): Rodriguez J, Barcena M, Alvarez J. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 January-February; 28(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567341

•

Results of the latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfer on to the rotator cuff for brachial plexus palsy at birth. Author(s): Vallejo GI, Toh S, Arai H, Arai K, Harata S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 2002; 36(4): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12426994

Studies

43

•

Risk factors and prognosis for brachial plexus injury and clavicular fracture in neonates: a prospective analysis from the United Arab Emirates. Author(s): Dawodu A, Sankaran-Kutty M, Rajan TV. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1997 September; 17(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9425373

•

Ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml versus bupivacaine 5 mg/ml for interscalene brachial plexus block--a comparative study. Author(s): Hofmann-Kiefer K, Herbrich C, Seebauer A, Schwender D, Peter K. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 June; 30(3): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075641

•

Schwannoma of the brachial plexus: cross-sectional imaging diagnosis using CT, sonography, and MR imaging. Author(s): Rettenbacher T, Sogner P, Springer P, Fiegl M, Hussl H, zur Nedden D. Source: European Radiology. 2003 August; 13(8): 1872-5. Epub 2002 October 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942287

•

Selective neurotization of the median nerve in the arm to treat brachial plexus palsy. An anatomic study and case report. Author(s): Zhao X, Lao J, Hung LK, Zhang GM, Zhang LY, Gu YD. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 April; 86-A(4): 736-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15069137

•

Shoulder contracture and osseous deformity in obstetrical brachial plexus injuries. Author(s): Hoeksma AF, Ter Steeg AM, Dijkstra P, Nelissen RG, Beelen A, de Jong BA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 February; 85A(2): 316-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12571311

•

Shoulder deformities in obstetric brachial plexus paralysis: a computed tomography study. Author(s): Terzis JK, Vekris MD, Okajima S, Soucacos PN. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2003 March-April; 23(2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604961

•

Shoulder supports, brachial plexus injury and head-down tilt. Author(s): Craig J. Source: Anaesthesia. 2004 February; 59(2): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14725534

44

Brachial Plexus

•

Significance of shoulder function in the reconstruction of prehension with double free-muscle transfer after complete paralysis of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Doi K, Hattori Y, Ikeda K, Dhawan V. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 November; 112(6): 1596-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578790

•

Study of the relationship between the suprascapular artery and the brachial plexus. Author(s): Dargaud J, Galichon V, Dargaud Y, Quesnel T, Morin A. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 2002 May; 24(2): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12197018

•

Surgical management of brachial plexus region tumors. Author(s): Huang JH, Zaghloul K, Zager EL. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 April; 61(4): 372-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031078

•

Surgical treatment of brachial plexus traction injuries in children, excluding obstetric palsy. Author(s): El-Gammal TA, El-Sayed A, Kotb MM. Source: Microsurgery. 2003; 23(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616513

•

Surgical treatment of superior sulcus tumors with spinal and brachial plexus involvement. Author(s): Bilsky MH, Vitaz TW, Boland PJ, Bains MS, Rajaraman V, Rusch VW. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 97(3 Suppl): 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408383

•

Tension pneumothorax: a pulmonary complication secondary to regional anesthesia from brachial plexus interscalene nerve block. Author(s): Childs SG. Source: Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses / American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses. 2002 December; 17(6): 404-10; Quiz 410-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476407

•

The cost comparison of infraclavicular brachial plexus block by nerve stimulator and ultrasound guidance. Author(s): Sandhu NS, Sidhu DS, Capan LM. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 January; 98(1): 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693638

Studies

45

•

The functional benefits of reconstructive surgery for complete lesions of the brachial plexus in adults. Author(s): De Jager LT. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 August; 27(4): 342-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360901

•

The infraclavicular brachial plexus block by the coracoid approach is clinically effective: an observational study of 150 patients. Author(s): Desroches J. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 March; 50(3): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620948

•

The prevalence of spinal trauma associated with brachial plexus injuries. Author(s): Webb JC, Munshi P, Saifuddin A, Birch R. Source: Injury. 2002 September; 33(7): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208062

•

The road to success: a review of 1000 axillary brachial plexus blocks. Author(s): Perris TM, Watt JM. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 December; 58(12): 1220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705687

•

Tramadol added to 1.5% mepivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block improves postoperative analgesia dose-dependently. Author(s): Robaux S, Blunt C, Viel E, Cuvillon P, Nouguier P, Dautel G, Boileau S, Girard F, Bouaziz H. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 April; 98(4): 1172-7, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15041620

•

Transient respiratory compromise after infraclavicular vertical brachial plexus blockade. Author(s): Heid FM, Kern T, Brambrink AM. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 September; 19(9): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243299

•

Transient vascular insufficiency after axillary brachial plexus block in a child. Author(s): Bhat R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 May; 98(5): 1284-5, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15105201

46

Brachial Plexus

•

Transposition of local muscles to restore elbow flexion in brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Ruhmann O, Schmolke S, Gosse F, Wirth CJ. Source: Injury. 2002 September; 33(7): 597-609. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208064

•

Ulnar distribution of reflex sympathetic dystrophy due to compression of the brachial plexus by a primary venous malformation. Author(s): Magnussen JS, Chik K, Karplus T, Van der Wall H. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1997 May; 26(5): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9194232

•

Ultrasonographic features of brachial plexus traumatic rupture. Case illustration. Author(s): Mallouhi A, Meirer R, Bodner G. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 99(2): 432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924723

•

Ultrasonography for depiction of brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Shafighi M, Gurunluoglu R, Ninkovic M, Mallouhi A, Bodner G. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 June; 22(6): 631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795559

•

Ultrasound imaging of brachial plexus. Author(s): Sandhu NS. Source: Anesthesiology. 2004 May; 100(5): 1325-6; Author Reply 1326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15114244

•

Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Author(s): Nadig M, Ekatodramis G, Borgeat A. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 January; 90(1): 107-8; Author Reply 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488395

•

Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Author(s): Sandhu NS, Capan LM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 August; 89(2): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12378663

•

Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Author(s): Chan VW, Perlas A, Rawson R, Odukoya O. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 November; 97(5): 1514-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570677

Studies

47

•

Unilateral brachial plexus injury as a complication of thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis: a case report. Author(s): Lee PH, Hsieh LF, Hong CZ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 September; 84(9): 1395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680580

•

Unilateral brachial plexus injury occurring after reduction mammaplasty. Author(s): Arslan E, Unal S, Bagis S, Ozge A, Demirkan F. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432478

•

Unilateral Horner's syndrome and brachial plexus anesthesia during lumbar epidural blockade. Author(s): Holzman RS. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 September; 14(6): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12393120

•

Vale supraclavicular brachial plexus block? Author(s): Berry FR. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2000 December; 28(6): 708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153310

•

Validity of median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of supraclavicular brachial plexus lesions. Author(s): Synek VM. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1986 January; 65(1): 2735. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2416544

•

Value of the Tinel sign in brachial plexus lesions. Author(s): Landi A, Copeland S. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1979 November; 61(6): 4701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=496240

•

Variations of the ventral rami of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Lee HY, Chung IH, Sir WS, Kang HS, Lee HS, Ko JS, Lee MS, Park SS. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1992 March; 7(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1418758

48

Brachial Plexus

•

Vascular complication of anterior dislocation of shoulder with associated brachial plexus injury--a case report. Author(s): Mullett H, Babu J, McMahon B, Burke P. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1998 July-September; 167(3): 196. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9780571

•

Vascular compression of the brachial plexus following stab injuries to the neck. Author(s): Robbs JV, Naidoo KS. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1981 August 29; 60(9): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7268594

•

Vascular compression of the brachial plexus following stab injuries to the neck. Author(s): Boome R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1981 June 13; 59(25): 889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7233318

•

Vascular effects of clonidine in patients with tetraplegia and unilateral brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Kooner JS, Stone F, Birch R, Frankel HL, Peart WS, Mathias CJ. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1988; 10 Suppl 1: 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243005

•

Vascular insufficiency following axillary block of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Merrill DG, Brodsky JB, Hentz RV. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1981 March; 60(3): 162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193991

•

Vertical infraclavicular brachial plexus block in a child with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Zimmermann P, Papenfuss T, Schwemmer U, Greim CA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 December; 95(6): 1825-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12456477

•

Warm local anaesthetic--effect on latency of onset of axillary brachial plexus block. Author(s): Chilvers CR. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1993 December; 21(6): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8122736

Studies

49

•

Watson-Jones Lecture, 1976. Some lesions of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Bonney G. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1977 July; 59(4): 298-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=879635

•

What is the relationship between paresthesia and nerve stimulation for axillary brachial plexus block? Author(s): Choyce A, Chan VW, Middleton WJ, Knight PR, Peng P, McCartney CJ. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2001 March-April; 26(2): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251131

•

What to do with clonidine with long-acting local anesthetic in brachial plexus block? Author(s): Nadig M, Ekatodramis G, Borgeat A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 July; 95(1): 254; Author Reply 254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088985

•

Why is the electromyogram in obstetric brachial plexus lesions overly optimistic? Author(s): van Dijk JG, Malessy MJ, Stegeman DF. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1998 February; 21(2): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466608

51

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and brachial plexus.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Brachial Plexus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

52

Brachial Plexus

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “brachial plexus” (or a synonym): •

Axillary brachial plexus block for perioperative analgesia in 250 children. Author(s): Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK. Source: Fisher, W J Bingham, R M Hall, R Paediatr-Anaesth. 1999; 9(5): 435-8 1155-5645

•

Buprenorphine added to the local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus block prolongs postoperative analgesia. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. [email protected] Source: Candido, Kenneth D Winnie, Alon P Ghaleb, Ahmed H Fattouh, Maher W Franco, Carlo D Reg-Anesth-Pain-Med. 2002 Mar-April; 27(2): 162-7 1098-7339

•

Congenital symmetrical weakness of the upper limbs resembling brachial plexus palsy: a possible sequel of drug toxicity in first trimester of pregnancy? Author(s): Department of Paediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K. Source: Philpot, J Muntoni, F Skellett, S Dubowitz, V Neuromuscul-Disord. 1995 January; 5(1): 67-9 0960-8966

•

Continuous axillary brachial plexus analgesia with low dose morphine in patients with complex regional pain syndromes. Author(s): Clinic for Anaesthesiology, Pain Management Unit and Clinic for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Source: Azad, S C Beyer, A Romer, A W Galle Rod, A Peter, K Schops, P Eur-JAnaesthesiol. 2000 March; 17(3): 185-8 0265-0215

•

Continuous brachial plexus infusion of butorphanol-mepivacaine mixtures for analgesia after upper extremity surgery. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Wajima, Z Shitara, T Nakajima, Y Kim, C Kobayashi, N Kadotani, H Adachi, H Ishikawa, G Kaneko, K Inoue, T Ogawa, R Br-J-Anaesth. 1997 January; 78(1): 83-5 00070912

•

Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block for postoperative analgesia following shoulder surgery. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Umea University Hospital, Sweden. Source: Lehtipalo, S Koskinen, L O Johansson, G Kolmodin, J Biber, B ActaAnaesthesiol-Scand. 1999 March; 43(3): 258-64 0001-5172

•

Potent and long lasting antinociceptive effects after injection of low doses of a muopioid receptor agonist, fentanyl, into the brachial plexus sheath of the rat. Author(s): Unite de Physiopharmacologie du Systeme Nerveux, U161 INSERM, Paris, France. Source: Kayser, V Gobeaux, D Lombard, M C Guilbaud, G Besson, J M Pain. 1990 August; 42(2): 215-25 0304-3959

Nutrition

53

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

55

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to brachial plexus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to brachial plexus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to brachial plexus: •

“Nerve rubbing” in the symptomatic treatment of ulnar nerve paresthesiae. Author(s): Jabre JF. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1994 October; 17(10): 1237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7935544

•

A comparison of a triple-injection axillary brachial plexus block with the humeral approach. Author(s): March X, Pardina B, Torres-Bahi S, Navarro M, del Mar Garcia M, Villalonga A. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 November-December; 28(6): 504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634938

56

Brachial Plexus

•

Acupuncture points of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Dung HC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1985; 13(1-4): 49-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025215

•

Brachial plexus injuries. Author(s): Wynn Parry CB. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1984 September; 32(3): 130-2, 134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6332656

•

Continuous blockade of both brachial plexus with ropivacaine in phantom pain: a case report. Author(s): Lierz P, Schroegendorfer K, Choi S, Felleiter P, Kress HG. Source: Pain. 1998 November; 78(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9839824

•

Continuous brachial plexus block as treatment for the Pancoast syndrome. Author(s): Vranken JH, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2000 December; 16(4): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153789

•

Early parental experiences of obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Bellew M, Kay SP. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 August; 28(4): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12849945

•

Management of obstetric brachial plexus lesions: state of the art and future developments. Author(s): van Ouwerkerk WJ, van der Sluijs JA, Nollet F, Barkhof F, Slooff AC. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2000 November; 16(10-11): 638-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11151713

•

Management of pain in brachial plexus lesions. Author(s): Frampton V. Source: J Hand Ther. 1996 October-December; 9(4): 339-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8994008

•

Motor evoked potentials following cervical electrical stimulation in brachial plexus lesions. Author(s): Abbruzzese G, Morena M, Caponnetto C, Trompetto C, Abbruzzese M, Favale E.

Alternative Medicine 57

Source: Journal of Neurology. 1993 December; 241(2): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8138827 •

Obstetrical lesions of the brachial plexus. Natural history in 34 personal cases. Author(s): Rossi LN, Vassella F, Mumenthaler M. Source: European Neurology. 1982 January-February; 21(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7094945

•

Occurrence and treatment of pain after brachial plexus injury. Author(s): Bruxelle J, Travers V, Thiebaut JB. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1988 December; (237): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3056648

•

Osteopathic manipulation for syndromes of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Larson NJ. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1972 December; 72(4): 378-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4345376

•

Pain in avulsion of the brachial plexus. Author(s): Parry CB. Source: Neurosurgery. 1984 December; 15(6): 960-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6334817

•

Proceedings: The response to osteopathic manipulative treatment of a case of brachial plexus neuritis. Author(s): Lacey R. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1976 January; 75(5): 531-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1044319

•

Rehabilitation of patient with brachial plexus lesion and break in axillary artery. Case study. Author(s): Bajuk S, Jelnikar T, Ortar M. Source: J Hand Ther. 1996 October-December; 9(4): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8994018

•

Thoughts on the rehabilitation of patients with brachial plexus lesions. Author(s): Parry CB. Source: Hand Clin. 1995 November; 11(4): 657-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8567747

58

Brachial Plexus

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

59

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BRACHIAL PLEXUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to brachial plexus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on brachial plexus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Brachial Plexus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to brachial plexus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and brachial plexus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on brachial plexus: •

Cervical Pain Syndromes Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 1060-1070. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals presents an overview of mechanical and degenerative pain syndromes that affect the cervical spine. The functional anatomy of the cervical spine is described. The pathology, symptoms, signs, radiological assessment, and complications of cervical spondylosis are discussed. The characteristics of other mechanical pain syndromes are highlighted, including those of cervical disc prolapse, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Soft tissue syndromes considered to be mechanical are described, including spasm, postural, and tension-related neck pain; fibrositis; and whiplash syndrome. Options for treating mechanism cervical disease are presented, including bed

60

Brachial Plexus

rest, physiotherapy, soft collars, drugs, surgery, and pain clinic participation. In addition, brachial plexus lesions are discussed. 52 references, 3 figures, and 7 tables. •

Section Two: Shoulder Source: in Greene, W.B., Ed. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. 2nd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 2001. p. 104-160. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018-4262. (800) 626-6726 (toll-free) or (847) 823-7186. Fax (800) 823-8025 (toll-free) or (847) 823-8025. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aaos.org. PRICE: $105.00 for nonmembers; $90.00 AAOS members; $80.00 for residents; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0892032170. Summary: This section of a book on musculoskeletal care provides health professionals with information on common conditions affecting the shoulder girdle, including acute and chronic or repetitive injuries and degenerative, inflammatory, or idiopathic conditions. The section begins with information on the principles of evaluating and examining a patient presenting with a shoulder complaint, focusing on inspection, palpation, range of motion, muscle testing, and special testing. This is followed by a description of acromioclavicular injuries; arthritis of the shoulder; burners and other brachial plexus injuries; frozen shoulder; fracture of the clavicle, humeral shaft, proximal humerus, and scapula; impingement syndrome; rotator cuff tear; rupture of the biceps tendon; shoulder instability; and thoracic outlet syndrome. Information includes synonyms for and red flags associated with each condition; the definition, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, adverse outcomes, and treatment of the condition; diagnostic tests; and adverse treatment outcomes. Other topics include subacromial bursa injection, reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation, and shoulder rehabilitation. 63 figures.

61

APPENDICES

63

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

64

Brachial Plexus

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

65

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

66

Brachial Plexus

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 17079 87 23 0 9 17198

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

67

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

69

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on brachial plexus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to brachial plexus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to brachial plexus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “brachial plexus”:

70

Brachial Plexus

Hand Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/handinjuriesanddisorders.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Peripheral Nerve Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html Thoracic Outlet Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thoracicoutletsyndrome.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to brachial plexus, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Peripheral Neuropathy Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00131

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Velocities Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q75ss.html

•

Treatment Injections Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PN00046 Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Source: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation http://www.aapmr.org/resident/newslttr/TreatmentofNeuropathicPain.htm

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Autonomic Neuropathy Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00544 Brachial Plexus Injuries Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/brachial_doc.htm Burners Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/478.xml Burning Sensation in Feet Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00362

Patient Resources

71

Cervical Radiculopathy Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=179&topcategory=Neck Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/cidp.htm Dysautonomia (Autonomic Dysfunction) Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/dysauto_doc.htm Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/brachbirth_doc.htm False Claudication (Pseudoclaudication) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01278 Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/glossopharyngeal_neu ralgia.htm Hereditary Neuropathies Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/neuropathy_hereditary .htm Nerve Injuries Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/brochure/thr_report.cfm?thread_id=49&topcategory=ha nd Pinched Nerve Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/pinchednerve.htm Polyneuropathy: Diabetic Neuropathy, AIDS Neuropathy, and Others Source: Beth Israel Medical Center, Dept. of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care http://stoppain.org/pain_medicine/polyneuropathy.html Postherpetic Neuralgia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00277 Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=143&topcategory=Arm •

Children Erb's Palsy (Brachial Plexus Injury) Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=314&topcategory=Arm

72

•

Brachial Plexus

From the National Institutes of Health Peripheral Neuropathy Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/peripheralneuropathy_ doc.htm Peripheral Neuropathy Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/peripheral_neuropathy.ht m

•

Latest News Weight Training Improves Diabetic Nerve Function Source: 06/04/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18170 .html

•

Organizations National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to brachial plexus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


Patient Resources

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

73

Associations and Brachial Plexus The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to brachial plexus: •

Support Group for Brachial Plexus Injury Telephone: (716) 787-0197 Fax: (716) 872-6158 Email: [email protected] Background: The Support Group for Brachial Plexus Injury was established in 1990 to provide resources and emotional support to families impacted by Erb’s Palsy and other brachial plexus injuries by advising on how best to receive and obtain insurance and treatment for this disorder. Erb’s Palsy is caused by an injury to one of more of the nerves that control the muscles of the shoulder and upper extremities (upper brachial plexus) and is characterized by a paralysis of the shoulder and upper extremity. Erb’s Palsy usually occurs in newborns and as a result of a difficult delivery.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to brachial plexus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with brachial plexus. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about brachial plexus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

74

Brachial Plexus

http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “brachial plexus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “brachial plexus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “brachial plexus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “brachial plexus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

75

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

76

Brachial Plexus

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

77

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

78

Brachial Plexus

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

79

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

80

Brachial Plexus

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

81

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

83

BRACHIAL PLEXUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Accessory Nerve: The 11th cranial nerve. The accessory nerve originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. It has a cranial root, which joins the vagus (10th cranial) nerve and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Damage to the nerve produces weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

84

Brachial Plexus

Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Amyotrophy: A type of diabetic neuropathy that causes muscle weakness and wasting. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or

Dictionary 85

sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]

Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause gangliodisosis GM1. EC 3.2.1.23. [NIH]

86

Brachial Plexus

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Birth Injuries: Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery. [NIH]

Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus Neuritis: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]

Dictionary 87

Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH]

88

Brachial Plexus

Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colectomy: An operation to remove the colon. An open colectomy is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. It allows the surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements,

Dictionary 89

megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

90

Brachial Plexus

etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when

Dictionary 91

the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dystocia: Difficult childbirth or labor. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH]

92

Brachial Plexus

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epidural block: An injection of an anesthetic drug into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fetal Macrosomia: A complication of several conditions including diabetes mellitus and prolonged pregnancy. A macrosomic fetus is defined as weighing more than 4000 grams. [NIH]

Fetal Weight: The weight of the fetus in utero, which is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during prenatal ultrasonography. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH]

Dictionary 93

Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibrositis: Aching, soreness or stiffness of muscles; often caused by inexpedient work postures. [NIH] Finite Element Analysis: A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components. [NIH] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the

94

Brachial Plexus

Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise. [NIH] Hyperostosis: Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume. [NIH] Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH]

Dictionary 95

Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Intercostal Nerves: The ventral rami of the thoracic nerves from segments T1 through T11. The intercostal nerves supply motor and sensory innervation to the thorax and abdomen. The skin and muscles supplied by a given pair are called, respectively, a dermatome and a myotome. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH]

96

Brachial Plexus

Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Dictionary 97

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammaplasty: Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modified radical mastectomy: Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over the chest muscles, and sometimes part of the chest wall muscles are removed. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural

98

Brachial Plexus

junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculocutaneous Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. The fibers of the musculocutaneous nerve originate in the lower cervical spinal cord (usually C5 to C7), travel via the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to the upper arm, elbow, and forearm. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nerve Transfer: Surgical reinnervation of a denervated peripheral target using a healthy donor nerve and/or its proximal stump. The direct connection is usually made to a healthy postlesional distal portion of a non-functioning nerve or implanted directly into denervated muscle or insensitive skin. Nerve sprouts will grow from the transferred nerve into the denervated elements and establish contact between them and the neurons that formerly controlled another area. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical

Dictionary 99

manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH]

100

Brachial Plexus

Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic

Dictionary 101

nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm. [NIH]

Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]

102

Brachial Plexus

Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries;

Dictionary 103

spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Restitution: The restoration to a normal state. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the

104

Brachial Plexus

glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH]

Dictionary 105

Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It

106

Brachial Plexus

passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supraclavicular: The depression above the clavicle and lateral to the sternomastoid muscle. [NIH]

Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tendon Transfer: Surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. The tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease. [NIH] Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia. [NIH]

Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Nerves: The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven intercostal nerves and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. [NIH] Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the superior thoracic outlet. This

Dictionary 107

may result from a variety of anomalies such as a cervical rib (cervical rib syndrome), anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles, paresthesia, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ischemia, and edema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5). [NIH] Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea. [EU] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based

108

Brachial Plexus

alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH]

Dictionary 109

Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

111

INDEX A Accessory Nerve, 12, 83 Action Potentials, 21, 83 Adenine, 83 Adenosine, 14, 40, 83 Adrenal Medulla, 83, 92 Adrenergic, 83, 92, 106 Adverse Effect, 83, 91 Afferent, 83, 105 Affinity, 83 Agonist, 52, 83 Algorithms, 83, 86 Alkaloid, 83, 88, 97, 108 Alternative medicine, 83 Amino acid, 84, 99, 100, 102 Amputation, 5, 84 Amyotrophy, 16, 84 Anaesthesia, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 20, 22, 25, 29, 31, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 84, 95 Anaesthetic, 31, 48, 84 Analgesic, 84, 86, 97, 99 Analogous, 84, 94, 107 Anatomical, 5, 8, 9, 28, 31, 84, 90, 106 Anesthetics, 84, 92 Aneurysm, 21, 84, 108 Animal model, 6, 84 Anions, 84, 106 Anomalies, 84, 107 Antibacterial, 84, 105 Antibiotic, 84, 105 Antibody, 83, 84, 88, 94, 95, 97 Antigens, 84, 94, 109 Apraxia, 16, 84 Arterial, 85, 102, 107 Arteries, 85, 86, 90, 97 Arteritis, 24, 85 Artery, 11, 25, 44, 84, 85, 86, 90, 106, 107 Arthroscopy, 12, 85 Attenuated, 85, 90, 108 Auditory, 85, 92 Autonomic, 70, 71, 85, 100, 101, 105, 106 Autonomic Nervous System, 85, 100, 106 Avulsion, 6, 9, 14, 18, 23, 25, 28, 33, 34, 41, 57, 85 Axilla, 85 Axillary Artery, 8, 32, 57, 85 Axillary Vein, 85, 105, 106 Axonal, 6, 33, 85

Axons, 85, 98, 100, 105 B Bacteria, 84, 85, 105, 108 Baroreflex, 18, 85 Bed Rest, 60, 85 Benign, 37, 85, 93, 98 Beta-Galactosidase, 6, 85 Bilateral, 10, 24, 27, 86, 100, 104 Biological Transport, 86, 90 Biotechnology, 7, 65, 86 Birth Injuries, 18, 31, 39, 86 Bladder, 5, 86, 95, 108 Blood pressure, 85, 86 Blood vessel, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 96, 105, 107, 108 Blood-Brain Barrier, 86, 98, 101 Body Fluids, 86, 91 Brachial Plexus Neuritis, 4, 17, 26, 27, 57, 86 Brain Diseases, 86, 100 Bronchi, 86, 92, 107 Buffers, 85, 86 Bupivacaine, 13, 43, 86, 96 Burns, 26, 29, 86 Burns, Electric, 86 Butorphanol, 52, 86 Bypass, 11, 86 C Carcinoma, 30, 86 Cardiac, 12, 13, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 96, 98, 100 Cardiac Output, 85, 87 Cardiovascular, 87, 107 Case report, 12, 18, 32, 34, 37, 43, 47, 48, 56, 87 Catheter, 17, 27, 87, 95 Catheterization, 12, 87, 95 Cauda Equina, 5, 87 Caudal, 87, 101 Cell, 6, 24, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 93, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 106, 109 Central Nervous System, 7, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 97, 101 Cerebral, 11, 86, 87, 92 Cerebral Palsy, 11, 87 Cerebrum, 87 Cervical, 3, 4, 56, 59, 71, 83, 87, 97, 98, 101, 107, 108

112

Brachial plexus

Cervical Plexus, 87, 101 Cervix, 87 Character, 87, 90, 102 Chest Pain, 40, 87 Chest wall, 25, 87, 97, 101 Choroid, 87, 89, 103 Chronic, 26, 60, 71, 87, 91, 95, 104, 105 Chronic renal, 26, 87 Clavicle, 29, 31, 60, 88, 106 Clinical trial, 5, 65, 88, 91, 103 Cloning, 86, 88 Colchicine, 6, 88 Colectomy, 10, 88 Collapse, 33, 88, 101 Colon, 88, 104 Complement, 88 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 58, 88 Complementary medicine, 55, 88 Compress, 89, 107 Computational Biology, 65, 89 Computed tomography, 43, 89 Computer Simulation, 41, 89 Computerized axial tomography, 89 Computerized tomography, 89 Concomitant, 3, 89 Congenita, 29, 89 Connective Tissue, 89, 93, 96, 100, 106 Consciousness, 84, 89 Contracture, 43, 89 Contraindications, ii, 89 Contralateral, 3, 14, 25, 89 Contrast medium, 89, 98 Conus, 5, 89 Convulsion, 25, 89 Cornea, 89, 104, 109 Coronary, 11, 89, 90, 97 Coronary Thrombosis, 90, 97 Cortex, 33, 85, 86, 90, 92 Cranial, 83, 90, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101 Cutaneous, 87, 90, 100 Cyst, 13, 90 D Degenerative, 59, 60, 89, 90 Dendrites, 90, 99 Diabetes Mellitus, 90, 92 Diagnosis, Differential, 60, 90 Diagnostic procedure, 90 Diaphragm, 87, 90, 101 Diffusion, 6, 86, 90, 95 Dilatation, Pathologic, 90, 108 Dilation, 90, 108

Dilution, 28, 90 Direct, iii, 6, 90, 98, 103, 105 Discrete, 90, 106, 109 Dislocation, 40, 48, 60, 90 Distal, 85, 90, 91, 98, 103 Dorsal, 11, 14, 18, 33, 34, 90, 101, 105 Dorsum, 90, 93 Dose-dependent, 45, 90 Double-blind, 26, 28, 29, 91 Double-blinded, 26, 29, 91 Drug Toxicity, 52, 91 Duct, 87, 91 Dystocia, 7, 41, 91 Dystrophy, 46, 70, 91 E Edema, 91, 95, 107 Efferent, 91, 97, 105 Efficacy, 19, 20, 91, 107 Effusion, 40, 91 Elastic, 91, 107 Elective, 19, 43, 91 Electrode, 5, 91 Electromyography, 4, 6, 27, 70, 91 Electrophysiological, 23, 91 Endothelium, 19, 91 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 91 Endothelium, Vascular, 91 End-stage renal, 87, 91 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 92 Enzyme, 92, 106 Eosinophilia, 92 Epidural, 47, 92 Epidural block, 47, 92 Epinephrine, 26, 83, 92, 99 Epithelium, 91, 92, 109 Esophagus, 92, 107 Eukaryotic Cells, 92, 94 Evoked Potentials, 15, 30, 37, 47, 56, 92 Extremity, 3, 52, 73, 92, 97, 98, 100, 104, 107, 108 F Family Planning, 65, 92 Fasciitis, 22, 92 Fat, 5, 92, 105 Fentanyl, 22, 52, 92 Fetal Macrosomia, 19, 92 Fetal Weight, 32, 92 Fetus, 92, 102, 108 Fibroblasts, 92, 93 Fibrosarcoma, 22, 92, 93 Fibrosis, 48, 89, 93 Fibrositis, 59, 93

113

Finite Element Analysis, 5, 93 Flaccid, 5, 93 Forearm, 19, 86, 92, 93, 97, 98, 108 Fossa, 93, 104 G Galactosides, 85, 93 Ganglia, 86, 93, 98, 101, 105, 106 Ganglion, 93, 109 Gas, 90, 93, 94, 101 Gastrointestinal, 92, 93 Gene, 6, 86, 93 Gene Expression, 6, 93 Gout, 88, 93 Governing Board, 93, 102 Graft, 5, 11, 93 Grafting, 93, 94 Gravis, 93, 98 H Hamartoma, 37, 93 Hemolytic, 92, 93 Hereditary, 16, 26, 29, 71, 93, 94 Heredity, 93, 94 Herpes, 25, 26, 34, 94 Herpes Zoster, 25, 34, 94 Hormone, 92, 94 Humeral, 21, 23, 55, 60, 94 Hydrogen, 86, 94, 97, 106 Hydrogen Peroxide, 94, 106 Hydrolysis, 85, 94 Hyperhidrosis, 47, 94 Hyperostosis, 59, 94 Hypoglossal Nerve, 30, 94 I Idiopathic, 28, 59, 60, 94 Immune response, 94, 109 Immunoglobulin, 94, 97 Implantation, 6, 28, 94 In situ, 6, 94 In Situ Hybridization, 6, 94 Incision, 88, 95 Induction, 95, 96 Infarction, 90, 95, 97 Infection, 92, 95, 96, 99, 105, 109 Infiltration, 95, 102, 109 Inflammation, 29, 85, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 101, 107 Infusion, 30, 40, 52, 95 Inguinal, 94, 95 Innervation, 23, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 104, 107, 108 Intercostal, 20, 35, 41, 95, 106 Intercostal Nerves, 35, 95, 106

Intervertebral, 95, 102 Intracranial Hypertension, 95, 100 Intravascular, 8, 25, 95 Intravenous, 26, 40, 95 Intravesical, 6, 95 Intubation, 87, 95 Invasive, 6, 95, 96 Involuntary, 89, 95, 98, 103, 105 Ipsilateral, 3, 33, 95 Ischemia, 96, 107 K Kb, 64, 96 Ketamine, 38, 96 L Larynx, 83, 96, 107 Latency, 31, 48, 96 Lens, 89, 96 Lesion, 4, 13, 15, 34, 57, 96 Lidocaine, 8, 13, 18, 20, 26, 32, 96 Ligament, 59, 96 Liver, 96 Lobe, 33, 96 Localization, 11, 32, 36, 40, 96 Localized, 94, 95, 96, 98, 104 Lumbar, 47, 87, 96, 104, 107 Luxation, 90, 96 Lymph, 85, 87, 91, 96, 97 Lymph node, 85, 87, 96, 97 Lymphatic, 91, 95, 96, 101 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 9, 17, 96 Malformation, 46, 93, 96 Malignant, 92, 97, 98 Mammaplasty, 47, 97 Mammary, 25, 30, 97 Manifest, 85, 97 Mastectomy, 97 Medial, 22, 97, 104, 107, 108 Median Nerve, 25, 39, 43, 47, 97 Medical Staff, 91, 97 MEDLINE, 65, 97 Membranes, 86, 97, 101 Meninges, 87, 97, 105, 106 Meningioma, 34, 97 Metastasis, 30, 97 MI, 81, 97 Modified radical mastectomy, 10, 97 Molecular, 65, 67, 86, 89, 97, 106 Molecule, 88, 94, 97, 103, 108 Monoclonal, 35, 97 Mononuclear, 92, 97 Morphine, 52, 97, 98, 99

114

Brachial plexus

Motor nerve, 97, 101 Muscle relaxant, 97, 98 Muscular Diseases, 98, 100 Muscular Dystrophies, 91, 98 Musculature, 4, 98 Musculocutaneous Nerve, 20, 98 Myasthenia, 98 Myelography, 34, 98 Myocardium, 97, 98 N Narcotic, 86, 92, 97, 98 Neck Pain, 4, 59, 98 Necrosis, 92, 95, 97, 98 Neonatal, 15, 16, 19, 32, 36, 40, 52, 98 Neoplasm, 93, 98 Neostigmine, 19, 98 Nerve Fibers, 87, 98, 101, 105, 107 Nerve Transfer, 14, 25, 41, 98 Nervous System, 56, 83, 85, 87, 98, 99, 100, 106 Neural, 6, 14, 37, 83, 98 Neuralgia, 71, 98 Neuritis, 4, 16, 98 Neuromuscular, 16, 37, 99, 100, 107 Neuronal, 6, 99, 100 Neurons, 6, 83, 90, 93, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106 Neuropathy, 26, 27, 29, 33, 36, 38, 41, 70, 71, 72, 84, 99 Neuropeptide, 19, 99 Neurosurgeon, 8, 99 Neurosyphilis, 99, 100 Neurotransmitter, 83, 84, 99 Nuclei, 96, 99 Nucleic acid, 94, 99 Nucleus, 85, 92, 94, 97, 99 O Observational study, 45, 99 Opiate, 97, 99 Opium, 97, 99 Ossification, 59, 99 Osteoporosis, 17, 99 Osteotomy, 31, 39, 100 P Pacemaker, 31, 100 Palpation, 60, 100 Palsies, 7, 26, 35, 71, 100 Paralysis, 18, 21, 43, 44, 73, 84, 100, 107 Paraparesis, 5, 100 Paraplegia, 5, 100 Paresis, 12, 25, 99, 100, 107 Paresthesia, 30, 36, 42, 49, 100, 107 Patch, 89, 100

Pathologic, 35, 86, 90, 100, 104, 105, 108 Pathophysiology, 19, 100 Pelvis, 96, 100, 108 Peptide, 84, 100, 102 Perineal, 94, 100 Perioperative, 33, 40, 52, 100 Peripheral Nerves, 39, 100, 101, 105 Peripheral Nervous System, 6, 42, 99, 100, 101 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 100, 101 Perivascular, 8, 41, 101 Peroneal Nerve, 101, 104 Phantom, 56, 101 Pharmacokinetic, 32, 101 Pharmacologic, 84, 101, 107, 108 Phospholipids, 92, 101 Phrenic Nerve, 18, 23, 41, 101 Physical Therapy, 4, 24, 101 Physiologic, 83, 101, 103 Physiology, 19, 91, 101 Physostigmine, 98, 101 Pilot study, 26, 101 Plasma, 20, 21, 25, 91, 101 Pneumonia, 89, 101 Pneumothorax, 44, 101 Poisoning, 91, 101 Posterior, 14, 22, 40, 59, 87, 90, 98, 101, 104 Postmenopausal, 99, 102 Postoperative, 14, 20, 28, 40, 45, 52, 102 Postural, 59, 102 Practicability, 102, 107 Practice Guidelines, 66, 102 Prenatal, 92, 102 Preoperative, 42, 102 Pressoreceptors, 85, 102 Prevalence, 45, 102 Procaine, 96, 102 Progression, 84, 102 Progressive, 6, 41, 87, 98, 102 Prolapse, 59, 102 Prosthesis, 5, 102 Protein S, 86, 102 Proteins, 6, 84, 88, 91, 97, 100, 101, 102, 108, 109 Psychogenic, 102, 108 Public Policy, 65, 102 Pulmonary, 25, 41, 44, 86, 102, 107 R Radiation, 101, 102, 103, 109 Radicular, 37, 102, 103 Radiculopathy, 4, 71, 102

115

Radioactive, 94, 103 Radiological, 59, 103 Radiology, 12, 28, 35, 36, 43, 46, 103 Randomized, 26, 29, 91, 103 Receptor, 6, 52, 92, 103 Recombinant, 6, 103, 108 Recurrence, 4, 42, 103 Refer, 1, 88, 94, 96, 103 Reflex, 46, 103 Refraction, 103, 105 Regimen, 91, 103 Reliability, 34, 42, 103 Remission, 103 Resection, 34, 103 Restitution, 6, 103 Retina, 87, 89, 96, 103 Retraction, 25, 103 Retrograde, 6, 103 Ribose, 83, 103 Risk factor, 3, 30, 43, 103 Rotator, 42, 60, 103 Rotator Cuff, 42, 60, 103 S Sagittal, 7, 104 Scatter, 101, 104 Sciatic Nerve, 6, 101, 104, 107 Sclera, 87, 89, 104 Scleroderma, 92, 104 Screening, 88, 104 Secondary tumor, 97, 104 Segmental, 33, 104, 105 Segmentation, 104 Senile, 99, 104 Sensibility, 84, 104 Sensory loss, 103, 104 Serous, 91, 104 Shock, 104, 107 Shoulder Pain, 4, 33, 104 Sigmoid, 10, 104 Sigmoid Colon, 104 Skeletal, 28, 46, 59, 98, 104, 105 Skeleton, 104, 105 Skull, 105, 106 Smooth muscle, 97, 98, 105 Soft tissue, 59, 92, 93, 104, 105 Somatic, 100, 105 Spasm, 41, 59, 105 Specialist, 73, 90, 105 Species, 88, 92, 97, 105, 107, 109 Spectrum, 35, 105 Sphincter, 6, 96, 105

Spinal cord, 5, 6, 13, 21, 37, 83, 86, 87, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108 Spinal Cord Diseases, 100, 105 Spinal Nerve Roots, 21, 102, 105 Spinal Nerves, 30, 100, 101, 105, 106 Stimulus, 91, 92, 95, 96, 103, 105 Streptococcal, 22, 105 Streptococcus, 92, 105 Subacute, 4, 95, 105 Subclavian, 8, 12, 31, 85, 105, 106 Subclavian Artery, 85, 106 Subclavian Vein, 12, 31, 85, 106 Subcutaneous, 32, 91, 106 Superoxide, 6, 106 Superoxide Dismutase, 6, 106 Supraclavicular, 9, 23, 34, 46, 47, 106 Sympathectomy, 47, 106 Sympathetic Nervous System, 85, 106 Sympathomimetic, 92, 106 Symptomatic, 55, 106 Symptomatic treatment, 55, 106 Systemic, 86, 92, 95, 104, 106, 108 T Temporal, 4, 106 Tendon, 42, 60, 93, 106 Tendon Transfer, 42, 106 Tetracaine, 20, 106 Thoracic, 16, 18, 23, 34, 60, 70, 90, 95, 97, 106, 107, 108 Thoracic Nerves, 95, 106 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 16, 60, 70, 106 Thoracic Surgery, 23, 107 Thorax, 95, 96, 106, 107 Tibial Nerve, 104, 107 Tissue, 5, 34, 85, 86, 89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105, 107 Tomography, 107 Tone, 107 Tonic, 41, 107 Tourniquet, 38, 107 Toxic, iv, 99, 107 Toxicology, 66, 107 Trachea, 86, 96, 107 Tracheitis, 26, 107 Traction, 3, 28, 31, 44, 107 Transfection, 86, 107 Transplantation, 87, 107 Trauma, 4, 25, 37, 39, 42, 45, 86, 98, 106, 107 Treatment Outcome, 60, 107 Tubocurarine, 98, 107

116

Brachial plexus

U Ulnar Nerve, 36, 55, 71, 108 Ultrasonography, 46, 92, 108 Ureters, 108 Urethra, 108 Urinary, 5, 108 Urinary Retention, 5, 108 Urinary tract, 6, 108 Urinate, 108 Urine, 86, 108 Uterus, 87, 108 V Vaccines, 108, 109 Vagina, 87, 108 Vaginal, 15, 18, 108 Vascular, 45, 48, 85, 87, 91, 95, 102, 105, 108 Vascular Resistance, 85, 108 Vasoconstriction, 92, 108

Vasodilation, 19, 108 Vasomotor, 18, 108 Vector, 6, 108 Vein, 84, 95, 106, 108 Venous, 46, 85, 102, 108 Venter, 108, 109 Ventral, 5, 28, 31, 42, 47, 95, 105, 109 Vertebrae, 95, 105, 109 Vesicular, 94, 109 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 109 Viral, 6, 109 Viral vector, 6, 109 Virus, 6, 109 X Xenograft, 84, 109 X-ray, 89, 98, 103, 109 Z Zoster, 26, 109

Brachial Plexus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Brachial Plexus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents