BLUEBERRIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Blueberries: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83796-1 1. Blueberries-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on blueberries. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLUEBERRIES ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Blueberries..................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLUEBERRIES ..................................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Blueberries ..................................................................................... 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLUEBERRIES ............................................................. 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 General References ....................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BLUEBERRIES ............................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Dissertations on Blueberries ........................................................................................................ 21 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BLUEBERRIES.......................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Patents on Blueberries ................................................................................................................. 23 Patent Applications on Blueberries.............................................................................................. 43 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BLUEBERRIES ............................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 47 Chapters on Blueberries ............................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLUEBERRIES ............................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 52 Academic Periodicals covering Blueberries.................................................................................. 54 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73
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BLUEBERRIES DICTIONARY...................................................................................................... 75 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 95
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with blueberries is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about blueberries, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to blueberries, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on blueberries. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to blueberries, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on blueberries. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLUEBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on blueberries.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and blueberries, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Wrinkle-Fighting Foods Source: Runner's World. p.25. July 2000. Summary: Eating foods rich in carotenes (tomatoes, carrots, bell peppers, or blueberries) may help to prevent skin damage.
•
10 Foods That Pack a Wallop Source: Time. 159(3): 76-81. January 21, 2002. Summary: Horowitz discusses 10 foods that help prevent or fight many chronic diseases. These foods are high in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and/or fiber. Many of the food chemicals that make foods good for us are the ones that are colorful, such as tomatoes, spinach, red wine, nuts, broccoli, oats, salmon (salmon contains omega-3 fatty
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Blueberries
acids, not phytochemicals, antioxidants, or fiber), garlic, green tea, and blueberries. Horowitz provides a summary of the research that shows the health benefits of the substances found in each of these foods. •
Balancing Act Source: Shape. p.120-126. June 1999. Summary: Morford discusses the concept of a low-fat diet and what that means. She notes that the diet should balance out over a few days, rather than have every meal be low fat. She includes a meal plan to help keep fat low overall, while allowing the individual to enjoy favorite foods. Tips include keeping a food diary over several days to keep track of meals and snacks; examining all the options for a meal; being cautious about portion size; accepting that some days will be high fat; and being sure to eat low fat meals three-fourths of the time. She also examines the fallacies behind some popular diet plans, and explains why some diet myths are not true. The meal plan includes recipes for dishes such as Cajun couscous, minted blueberries with lemon, chocolate chip pancakes, death by chocolate cake, and mixed berry parfait.
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Color-Coded Nutrition Source: Time. 158(2): 8. July 16, 2001. Summary: Some medical experts contend that the colors found in plant foods from phytochemicals play a key role in disease prevention. The blueberries' color may protect the brain, while the orange in carrots promotes a healthy heart. Daniel Nadeau, a professor at Tufts Medical School, advises being 'drawn to brightly colored fruits and vegetables.' David Heber, founding director of the University of California at Los Angeles' Center for Human Nutrition, suggests seven servings a day of fruits and vegetables, each from a different color group.
Federally Funded Research on Blueberries The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to blueberries. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to blueberries. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore blueberries.
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with blueberries, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for blueberries (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry. Author(s): Wu X, Cao G, Prior RL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 132(7): 1865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097661&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. Author(s): Mazza G, Kay CD, Cottrell T, Holub BJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 December 18; 50(26): 7731-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475297&dopt=Abstract
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After the blueberries. Summer is gone and so are the healthy fruits and veggies of the season. What do we eat now? Author(s): Gupta S. Source: Time. 2002 October 7; 160(15): 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389454&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw blueberries. Author(s): Calder L, Simmons G, Thornley C, Taylor P, Pritchard K, Greening G, Bishop J. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 August; 131(1): 745-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948375&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Anemia, blueberry-muffin rash, and hepatomegaly in a newborn infant. Author(s): Silver MM, Hellmann J, Zielenska M, Petric M, Read S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 April; 128(4): 579-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8618200&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry juice used per os in upper abdominal MR imaging: composition and initial clinical data. Author(s): Karantanas AH, Papanikolaou N, Kalef-Ezra J, Challa A, Gourtsoyiannis N. Source: European Radiology. 2000; 10(6): 909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10879701&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry juice: preliminary evaluation as an oral contrast agent in gastrointestinal MR imaging. Author(s): Hiraishi K, Narabayashi I, Fujita O, Yamamoto K, Sagami A, Hisada Y, Saika Y, Adachi I, Hasegawa H. Source: Radiology. 1995 January; 194(1): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7997537&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry muffin baby: neonatal neuroblastoma with subcutaneous metastases. Author(s): Shown TE, Durfee MF. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1970 July; 104(1): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5426702&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry muffin rash as a presentation of alveolar cell rhabdomyosarcoma in a neonate. Author(s): Godambe SV, Rawal J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 January; 89(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10677070&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry muffin syndrome: cutaneous erythropoiesis and possible intrauterine viral infection. Author(s): Hendricks WM, Hu CH. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 December; 34(6): 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6542845&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry muffins and mystery novels. Author(s): Linzer M. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 July 1; 121(1): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198348&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry picking is easy as pie. Author(s): Murray J. Source: J Long Term Care Adm. 1994 Summer; 22(2): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10138002&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry rakers' tendinitis. Author(s): Tanaka S, Estill CF, Shannon SC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 August 25; 331(8): 552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041434&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as a blueberry muffin baby. Author(s): Kitagawa N, Arata J, Ohtsuki Y, Hayashi K, Oomori Y, Tomoda T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1989 October; 16(5): 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2600281&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of blueberry and cranberry juice consumption on the plasma antioxidant capacity of healthy female volunteers. Author(s): Pedersen CB, Kyle J, Jenkinson AM, Gardner PT, McPhail DB, Duthie GG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 May; 54(5): 405-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822287&dopt=Abstract
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Fetomaternal haemorrhage and prenatal intracranial bleeding: two more causes of blueberry muffin baby. Author(s): Smets K, Van Aken S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 November; 157(11): 932-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9835440&dopt=Abstract
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Late onset Blueberry Muffin Syndrome following congenital rubella. Author(s): Vozza A, Tolone C, Carrano EM, Di Girolamo F, Santinelli R, Ascierto PA, Toraldo R, Nacca L, Vozza G. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 March; 17(2): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705753&dopt=Abstract
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Maine students' musculoskeletal injuries attributed to harvesting blueberries. Author(s): Millard PS, Shannon SC, Carvette B, Tanaka S, Halperin WE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 December; 86(12): 1821-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9003151&dopt=Abstract
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MR cholangiopancreatography before and after oral blueberry juice administration. Author(s): Papanikolaou N, Karantanas A, Maris T, Gourtsoyiannis N. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2000 March-April; 24(2): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752883&dopt=Abstract
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Natural uranium and thorium distributions in podzolized soils and native blueberry. Author(s): Morton LS, Evans CV, Estes GO. Source: J Environ Qual. 2002 January-February; 31(1): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837419&dopt=Abstract
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The blueberry syndrome. Author(s): Levinson BM. Source: Psychological Reports. 1980 February; 46(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7367553&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on postprandial serum antioxidant status in human subjects. Author(s): Kay CD, Holub BJ. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 October; 88(4): 389-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12323088&dopt=Abstract
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Transient blueberry muffin appearance of a newborn with congenital monoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Gottesfeld E, Silverman RA, Coccia PF, Jacobs G, Zaim MT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 August; 21(2 Pt 2): 34751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2754068&dopt=Abstract
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Using blueberry juice as a negative contrast agent in paediatric MR urography. Author(s): Rivoal E, Letourmy JM. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2000 July; 30(7): 498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929373&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLUEBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and blueberries.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Blueberries The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “blueberries” (or a synonym): •
Cultivated blueberries: the good-for-you blue food. Source: Kenyon, N. Nutrition-today (USA). (May-June 1997). volume 32(3) page 122-124.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. Author(s): Food Research Program, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Mazza, G Kay, C D Cottrell, T Holub, B J J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 December 18; 50(26): 7731-7 0021-8561
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Anticarcinogenic activity of strawberry, blueberry, and raspberry extracts to breast and cervical cancer cells. Source: Wedge, D.E. Meepagala, K.M. Magee, J.B. Smith, S.H. Huang, G. Larcom, L.L. Jmed-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. Spring 2001. volume 4 (1) page 49-51. 1096-620X
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Bioactive properties of wild blueberry fruits. Source: Smith, M.A.L. Marley, K.A. Seigler, D. Singletary, K.W. Meline, B. J-food-sci. Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists. Mar 2000. volume 65 (2) page 352-356. 0022-1147
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Blueberries from harvest to health. Source: Willenberg, B. Hughes, K. Konstant, L. MP-Univ-Mo-Ext-Divolume Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri. [1989?]. (583) 6 page
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Blueberries. Source: Ext-bull-Coop-Ext-Serv,-Mich-State-Univolume East Lansing : Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service,. Sept 1994. (E-2544) 2 page 0092-1394
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Ergonomic considerations of manually harvesting Maine wild blueberries. Source: Estill, C.F. Tanaka, S. J-agric-saf-health. St. Joseph, MI : ASAE, c1995-. February 1998. volume 4 (1) page 43-57. 1074-7583
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Evaluation of a methyl anthranilate formulation for reducing bird damage to blueberries. Source: Cummings, J.L. Avery, M.L. Pochop, P.A. Davis, J.E. Jr. Decker, D.G. Krupa, H.W. Johnson, J.W. Crop-prot. Kidlington, Oxford, UK : Elsevier Science Ltd. May 1995. volume 14 (3) page 257-259. 0261-2194
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Feeding rats diets enriched in lowbush blueberries for six weeks decreases ischemiainduced brain damage. Author(s): Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3.
[email protected] Source: Sweeney, M I Kalt, W MacKinnon, S L Ashby, J Gottschall Pass, K T NutrNeurosci. 2002 December; 5(6): 427-31 1028-415X
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Growing highbush blueberries in Kentucky. Source: Strang, J. Jones, T.R. Brown, G.R. HO-Univ-Ky-Coll-Agr-Coop-Ext-Serv. Lexington, Ky. : The Service. Sept 1989. (60,revolume) 8 page 1057-2988
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Health functionality of blueberries. Source: Kalt, W. Dufour, D. HortTechnology. Alexandria, VA : American Society for Horticultural Science, c1991-. July/Sept 1997. volume 7 (3) page 216-221. 1063-0198
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Highbush blueberry production in Washington and Oregon. Source: Doughty, C.C. Adams, E.B. Martin, L.W. PNW-Pac-Northwest-Ext-Publ-WashOreg-Idaho-State-Univ-Coop-Ext-Servolume Corvallis, Or. : The Service. October 1988. (215) 25 page 0887-7254
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Horticultural factors affecting antioxidant capacity of blueberries and other small fruit. Source: Kalt, W. Howell, A. Duy, J.C. Forney, C.F. McDonald, J.E. HortTechnology. Alexandria, VA : American Society for Horticultural Science, c1991-. Oct/December 2001. volume 11 (4) page 523-528. 1063-0198
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Hydrophilic carboxylic acids and iridoid glycosides in the juice of American and European cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos), lingonberries (V. vitis-idaea), and blueberries (V. myrtillus). Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Jensen, H D Krogfelt, K A Cornett, C Hansen, S H Christensen, S B J-Agric-FoodChem. 2002 November 6; 50(23): 6871-4 0021-8561
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Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1120 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
[email protected] Source: Prior, R L Lazarus, S A Cao, G Muccitelli, H Hammerstone, J F J-Agric-FoodChem. 2001 March; 49(3): 1270-6 0021-8561
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Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium section cyanococcus spp.). Author(s): Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Kalt, W Ryan, D A Duy, J C Prior, R L Ehlenfeldt, M K Vander Kloet, S P J-AgricFood-Chem. 2001 October; 49(10): 4761-7 0021-8561
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Mechanism of browning in fresh highbush blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L). Role of blueberry polyphenol oxidase, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanins. Source: Kader, F. Rovel, B. Girardin, M. Metche, M. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. May 1997. volume 74 (1) page 31-34. 0022-5142
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Mineral and vitamin content of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait). Source: Bushway, R.J. McGann, D.F. Cook, W.P. Bushway, A.A. J-Food-Sci. Chicago : Institute of Food Technologists. Nov/December 1983. volume 48 (6) page 1878, 1880. charts. 0022-1147
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Native Vaccinium spp. and Gaylussacia spp. infested by Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Great Lakes Region: a potential source of inoculum for infestation of cultivated blueberries. Author(s): Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing 48824, USA. Source: Smith, J J Gavrilovic, V Smitley, D R J-Econ-Entomol. 2001 December; 94(6): 1378-85 0022-0493
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Blueberries
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Nondestructive leaf area estimation of rabbiteye blueberries. Source: NeSmith, D.S. HortScience. Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural Science. October 1991. volume 26 (10) page 1332. 0018-5345
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Nutrient deficiencies of rabbiteye and highbush blueberries. Source: Tamada, T. Acta-Hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. May 1989. (241) page 132-138. 0567-7572
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Observations on the pollination of blueberries in south Florida. Source: Morse, R.A. Morse, M.L. Morse, S.A. Miller, G. Miller, M. Am-Bee-J. Hamilton, Ill. : Dadant & Sons. April 1993. volume 133 (4) page 290-292. 0002-7626
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Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. Author(s): Fruit Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. Source: Zheng, W Wang, S Y J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2003 January 15; 51(2): 502-9 0021-8561
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Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7610, USA. Source: Sellappan, Subramani Akoh, Casimir C Krewer, Gerard J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 April 10; 50(8): 2432-8 0021-8561
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Postharvest infection of highbush blueberries following contact with infested surfaces. Source: Cline, W.O. HortScience. Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural Science. October 1996. volume 31 (6) page 981-983. 0018-5345
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Recovery of anthocyanins, pectin, and dietary fiber from cull lowbush blueberries. Source: Chen, H.C. Camire, M.E. J-food-qual. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press. July 1997. volume 20 (3) page 199-209. 0146-9428
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Researching a blueberry/brain power connection. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. March 2001. volume 19 (1) page 4-5.
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Snack ideas from fruits to nuts: cultivated blueberries and California walnuts. Source: Payne, T.J. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. October 2000. volume 45 (10) page 453-456. 0146-6283
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Strawberries & blueberries. Source: Fla-Food-Resour-Econ-Inst-Food-Agric-Sci-Univ-Fla-Fla-Coop-Ext-Servolume Gainesville, Fla. : The Institute. July/August 1991. (101) 2 page 0886-5868
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The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on postprandial serum antioxidant status in human subjects. Author(s): Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Source: Kay, C D Holub, B J Br-J-Nutr. 2002 October; 88(4): 389-98 0007-1145
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The medicinal potential of blueberries. A new nutraceutical for South Carolina farmers. Author(s): South Carolina Research Authority and Advanced Technology Institute, USA. Source: Bradham, R R Gangemi, J D J-S-C-Med-Assoc. 2000 July; 96(7): 300-3 0038-3139
Nutrition
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What about those blueberries. Source: Sch-Foodserv-J. Alexandria, Va. : American School Food Service Association. April 1992. volume 46 (4) page 59, 62. 0160-6271
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Blueberries
The following is a specific Web list relating to blueberries; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Food and Diet Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blueberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,101,00.html Low-oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Muffins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Strawberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,108,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLUEBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to blueberries. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to blueberries and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to blueberries: •
10 foods that pack a wallop. Author(s): Horowitz JM. Source: Time. 2002 January 21; 159(3): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833128&dopt=Abstract
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Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease model. Author(s): Joseph JA, Denisova NA, Arendash G, Gordon M, Diamond D, Shukitt-Hale B, Morgan D. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2003 June; 6(3): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793519&dopt=Abstract
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Content of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol in 25 edible berries. Author(s): Hakkinen SH, Karenlampi SO, Heinonen IM, Mykkanen HM, Torronen AR.
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Blueberries
Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 June; 47(6): 2274-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10794622&dopt=Abstract •
Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries. Author(s): Seeram NP, Momin RA, Nair MG, Bourquin LD. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 September; 8(5): 362-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695879&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of aging on cerebellar noradrenergic function and motor learning: nutritional interventions. Author(s): Bickford PC, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph J. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 1999 November; 111(2-3): 141-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656533&dopt=Abstract
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Hydrophilic carboxylic acids and iridoid glycosides in the juice of American and European cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos), lingonberries (V. vitis-idaea), and blueberries (V. myrtillus). Author(s): Jensen HD, Krogfelt KA, Cornett C, Hansen SH, Christensen SB. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 November 6; 50(23): 6871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405790&dopt=Abstract
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Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. Author(s): Zheng W, Wang SY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 January 15; 51(2): 502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517117&dopt=Abstract
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Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries. Author(s): Sellappan S, Akoh CC, Krewer G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 April 10; 50(8): 2432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929309&dopt=Abstract
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Potential mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by anthocyanins. Author(s): Hou DX. Source: Current Molecular Medicine. 2003 March; 3(2): 149-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630561&dopt=Abstract
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Protection by beverages, fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flavonoids against genotoxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
Alternative Medicine 17
(PhIP) in metabolically competent V79 cells. Author(s): Edenharder R, Sager JW, Glatt H, Muckel E, Platt KL. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 November 26; 521(1-2): 57-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438004&dopt=Abstract •
Resveratrol in raw and baked blueberries and bilberries. Author(s): Lyons MM, Yu C, Toma RB, Cho SY, Reiboldt W, Lee J, van Breemen RB. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 September 24; 51(20): 5867-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129286&dopt=Abstract
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The medicinal potential of blueberries. A new nutraceutical for South Carolina farmers. Author(s): Bradham RR, Gangemi JD. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 2000 July; 96(7): 300-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933008&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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Blueberries
The following is a specific Web list relating to blueberries; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Night Blindness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Night Vision (impaired) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 19
Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com UTI Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Herbs and Supplements Anthocyanins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1026,00.html Arctostaphylos Alternative names: Bearberry; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bilberry Alternative names: European Blueberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html Black Cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html Blackberry Alternative names: Rubus fructicosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blueberry Alternative names: Vaccinium spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Blueberries
Cherry Fruit Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10015,00.html Cranberry Alternative names: Vaccinium macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cranberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com European Blueberry Alternative names: Bilberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Huckleberry Alternative names: Bilberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Opcs (oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vaccinium Macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaccinium Myrtillus Alternative names: Bilberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BLUEBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to blueberries. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “blueberries” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on blueberries, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Blueberries ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to blueberries. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemicals of Rabbiteye Blueberry (vaccinium Ashei) Fluid Products and By-products and Aroma Impact Components of Blueberry Vinegars As Affected by Fermentation by Su, Min-sheng; Phd from Mississippi State University, 2003, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080208
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Antioxidant Assessment in Western Maine Elderly Women Following 30 Days of Wild Blueberry Consumption by Bagnulo, John David; Phd from University of Maine, 2003, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087697
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Assessment of the in Vivo Antioxidant Potential of Wild Blueberries in Humans by Kay, Colin David; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71796
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Economically Efficient Handling of Blueberries in Mississippi by Muhammad, Safdar, Phd from Mississippi State University, 1997, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9801491
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Establishment and Early Growth of Blueberry Cultivars in Northern Mississippi, and Postharvest Studies by Al-qurashi, Adel Daifallah; Phd from Mississippi State University, 2002, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043143
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Extending Market Potential of Blueberries with Controlled Atmosphere Storage by Boonprasom, Pichaya; Phd from Oregon State University, 2002, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044319
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Influence of Osmotic Concentration and Dehydration on Anthocyanins, Phenolics, Color, Structure and Antioxidant Effect of Rabbiteye Blueberries by Stojanovic, Jelena; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2003, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412998
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Modulation of Cognition by Dietary Blueberry Supplementation: Role of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Associated Molecular Mechanisms by Casadesus, Gemma; Phd from Tufts University, 2003, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081374
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Resveratrol Content in Raw and Baked Blueberries and Bilberries (vaccinium) by Lyons, Mary Margaret; Ms from California State University, Long Beach, 2003, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413279
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Studies in the Taxonomy and Ecology of Blueberries (vaccinium, Subgenus Cyanococcus) in Ontario by Smith, David William; Advdeg from University of Toronto (canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01091
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Studies of Exobasidium Parasitic on Lowbush Blueberries and Other Ericaceae in Atlantic Canada by Nickerson, Nancy L; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67645
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The Impact and Management of Blueberry Stem Gall in Commercial Lowbush Blueberry Fields by Hayman, David Ian; Msc from Acadia University (canada), 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ72650
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BLUEBERRIES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “blueberries” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on blueberries, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Blueberries By performing a patent search focusing on blueberries, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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Blueberries
example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on blueberries: •
Adjustable harvesting machine for blueberries and other plants Inventor(s): Burton; Charles G. (Lewiston, NY) Assignee(s): Chisholm-Ryder Company, Inc. (Niagara Falls, NY) Patent Number: 4,292,792 Date filed: July 2, 1979 Abstract: An adjustable mechanism for the spoke-carrying shaft of a harvesting machine for blueberries and other plants including a first shaft for receiving rotary motion, a second shaft offset from and parallel to the first shaft, harvesting spokes mounted in tiers on and projecting radially from the second shaft, a first screw adjustment for varying the distance between the first and second shafts to thereby vary the orbit of the second shaft, counterweight members mounted relative to the second shaft, second screw adjustments for varying the positions of the counterweight members to correspond with the adjusted position of the second shaft to thereby balance the second shaft in all adjusted positions thereof, with certain of the spokes having their outer ends inclined upwardly relative to the horizontal while other spokes have their outer ends inclined downwardly relative to the horizontal so that the projection of the outer ends of the spokes in a vertical direction provides relatively great vertical coverage of the plant being harvested, and mounting structure for varying the inclination of the spokes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a harvesting machine for blueberries and other plants having an improved spoke-carrying mechanism which has an adjustable orbit and in which the spokes are adjustably inclined to the horizontal. By way of background, blueberry harvesting machines are known wherein a spoke-carrying shaft is journalled for free rotation and is driven in an orbit so that the spokes jab in and out of blueberry bushes while they "walk" through the bushes as a result of the free rotation of the shaft. However, in the prior machine, there was no arrangement for adjusting the orbit of movement of the spoke-carrying shaft. Thus, the blueberry bushes were always subjected to the same amount of spoke thrust, although the speed of orbital movement could be changed. I have discovered that successful harvesting depends on a combination of the speed and magnitude of orbital movement. Thus, for harvesting varieties of blueberries which are easily bruised, it is desirable to have a relatively small orbital movement and low speed. Other varieties can be harvested with a larger orbital stroke and low speed, and yet other varieties which are difficult to harvest may be subjected to relatively large orbital spoke movement and relatively high speeds. The ultimate objective is to remove as many ripe blueberries as gently as possible, while permitting the unripe berries to remain on the bushes for subsequent harvesting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04292792__
Patents 25
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Apparatus for harvesting berries on low plants Inventor(s): Bragg; R. Douglas (Collingwood, CA), Weatherbee; H. Loyd (Collingwood, CA) Assignee(s): Doug Bragg Enterprises Ltd. (CA) Patent Number: 4,862,683 Date filed: July 10, 1985 Abstract: Apparatus for harvesting berries on low plants incorporating means enabling the machine to accommodate the rugged terrain often encountered during use. The apparatus efficiently picks low bush berries such as blueberries, with a minimum of damage both to the plants and the berries. The apparatus can be connected to and powered from a wide range of conventional farm tractors. The harvester is rugged and durable and reasonable in cost. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved apparatus for harvesting crops such as berries on low plants and in particular is directed to apparatus for harvesting low bush (commonly known as wild) blueberries. Over the past many years blueberries have been picked using manual labor. In early years the blueberries were simply picked by hand in suitable containers; however this slow, tedious procedure is totally unsuited for commerical operations. Consequently, picking rakes were developed allowing workers to strip the blueberries from the plants with the stripped blueberries, together with a certain amount of debris, being thereafter put through a fanning machine to remove the debris. In more recent years the demand for wild blueberries has increased substantially and significant export markets have been developed. In certain areas, the demand for manual labor during the relatively short picking season has placed a strain on the available labor pool. Current labor rates also place a strain on profit margins so therefore the need has arisen for apparatus capable of harvesting a substantial acreage of berries per unit of time in an acceptable manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04862683__
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Berry harvester Inventor(s): Grant; Laurence R. (both c/o Agreco, Inc., P.O. Box 100, Millbridge, ME 04658), Nason; Elton N. (both c/o Agreco, Inc., P.O. Box 100, Millbridge, ME 04658) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,790,127 Date filed: March 19, 1987 Abstract: A berry picker, especially for blueberries, is equipped with a plurality of picking units forming at least one row of picking units in a picking head movably carried by a mobile support chassis. Each picking unit has its own picking conveyor carrying a plurality of picking combs. Each picking conveyor is supported by its own picking frame. All the picking frames are carried by a mounting frame or carriage floatingly mounted on the mobile support chassis. Each picking frame is movably supported by the floating mounting frame or carriage for automatically lifting each picking frame individually by a respective first power lifter in response to an obstacle signal representing the ground condition. The ground condition signal is sensed by a ground sensor provided individually for each picking unit. The floating movement of the mounting frame is accomplished by separate second power lifters in response to
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further sensors or in response to a manual operator control. By staggering and overlapping the picking units of one row with the picking units of another row, strips of unpicked areas are avoided. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a berry harvester for picking berries, especially blueberries. Harvesting machines, including berry pickers are known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 1,193,189 (Richter) issued Aug. 1, 1916 discloses a potatoe picker. A rotating hollow drum or cylinder carries a plurality of rake teeth for picking potatoes to be dropped into a chute passing longitudinally through the hollow drum and leading laterally out of the drum. The chute may be vibrated to facilitate the transport of the potatoes onto a conveyor which extends along one side of the apparatus and in the travel direction. Richter's potatoe picker is suitable only for operation on cultivated fields on which ground obstacles do not pose a problem. U.S. Pat. No. 1,354,283 (Clapp) issued Sept. 28, 1920 discloses a cranberry picker in which picking fingers perform a rocking movement and cranberry collecting scoops travel, driven by chains, in a direction opposite to the pointing direction of the fingers for collecting the berries from the fingers. The frame which carries the rocking fingers and the travelling scoops is adjustable into several fixed positions to determine the clearance between the ground on which the picker travels and the picking fingers. The picking fingers are not capable of automatically responding to obstacles on the ground. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04790127__ •
Blueberry container Inventor(s): Knoss; Robert (19081 Hopi St., Anoka, MN 55303), Krupa; Calvin S. (750 Navajo Rd., Medina, MN 55340) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,456,379 Date filed: October 3, 1994 Abstract: A re-usable tray for securely containing both small and large perishable goods, while providing a unique means for ventilating and circulating fluids is described. The ventilating means efficiently permits the transfer of fluids between the interior and exterior of the tray. The tray may be combined with a cover to form a container. The container may contain blueberries and other small perishable goods, wherein the ventilating means is not blocked by these goods. Further, the ventilating means provides for drainage to minimize condensation build up. The container also has ribs extending from the sides, front and back of the container providing rigidity and support to the container. The ribs have slits that provide additional ventilation to the container. The container also has a support means for preventing the top and bottom of the container from bending or curving into the interior storage area of the container. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to trays for containing perishable goods within the tray's interior storage area. More particularly, this invention relates to reusable trays for containing both small and large perishable goods, while providing a ventilation means that efficiently permits the flow of fluids around the tray's bottom and between the tray's exterior and interior. The tray also provides drainage to minimize condensation build up. The tray may be combined with a cover to form a container which includes support means that prevents the cover or tray from collapsing into the interior storage area. Various containers have been used for the transportation, storage, and display of perishable fruits, vegetables, and other perishable goods. The container
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may include a tray or a tray with a cover. These containers or containers often have openings formed in the walls. The openings allow overall ventilation between the interior and exterior of the container. One such example is the L. Hames patent, U.S. Pat. No. 3,286,877 (the '877 patent), which discloses a plastic vegetable container having vent slits in the sides and ends of the tray. Hames also shows a base having a plurality of relatively narrow bottom stiffening ribs provided for structural support. Within the bottom of the tray drain holes are formed. These drain holes may be used for ventilation, however, smaller items of perishable goods such as blueberries could block the holes, thereby preventing drainage and ventilation of the tray and container. Further, when the containers are stacked, the trays do not provide an adequate passageway to circulate air between all of the containers in the stack. By circulating air into the middle of a stack of containers, all the containers in the stack are more thoroughly ventilated. Therefore, there is a need for a tray or container that allows for such ventilation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05456379__ •
Blueberry flavor Inventor(s): Parliment; Thomas Holden (New City, NY) Assignee(s): General Foods Corporation (White Plains, NY) Patent Number: 4,041,185 Date filed: November 24, 1976 Abstract: A flavoring agent and a method of imparting to foodstuffs, especially beverages, a pleasant blueberry flavor and aroma by adding thereto a defined ratio range of linalool to a 5 to 7 carbon alcohol or aldehyde known for its fresh green note. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new flavoring agents capable of imparting to foodstuffs the taste of blueberry which agents comprise linalool and at least an equal amount of a fresh green flavorant. More specifically, the invention relates to the discovery that blueberry flavor is obtained by combining linalool with a 5 to 7 carbon alcohol, aldehyde, or combination thereof known for its characteristic green taste. The flavor components of blueberries have received little attention. However, Arctander, in his 1969 publication [Arctander, S. "Perfume and Flavor Chemicals," Vol. 2, Monograph 1803, S. Arctander, Publisher, Montclair, New Jersey (1969)] refers to Linalool, an essential component employed in the immediate invention as a compound used in, among other things, imitation blueberry flavor due to its peculiar creamy-floral, but not distinctly sweet taste. Thus, while linalool has been employed to impart the natural floral note of blueberries in imitation blueberry flavor, the fact that certain green-noteflavorants at specific concentrations in relation to the amount of linalool contribute the remaining flavor character to derive a natural blueberry flavor is new to the art. I have discovered that a natural blueberry flavoring composition may be derived by combining linalool with at least an equal part by weight of a 5 to 7 carbon alcohol, aldehyde, or combinations thereof having a fresh green flavor some of which I have further discovered as being natural components of blueberries. Exemplary of the suitable compounds which may be employed are cis-3-hexenol, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2hexenol, and combinations thereof. Surprisingly, when linalool is combined with one or more of the naturally-occurring green flavorants at their naturally-occurring ratios, a blueberry flavor is not obtained. In fact, a sharp, very green and fatty flavor is derived. A critical ratio range of linalool to at least one of these components or similar 5 to 7, and
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preferably 6 carbon green flavorant not naturally present in the blueberry, has been determined whereat such a flavor is derived. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04041185__ •
Blueberry harvester Inventor(s): Weatherbee; Brian (234 Madison Road, R. R. #1, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, CA), Weatherbee; Lloyd H. (234 Madison Road, R. R. #1, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,000,203 Date filed: March 9, 1998 Abstract: A blueberry harvester comprising a platform mountable behind an agricultural tractor. The platform has a post near the harvesting side thereof with a jibboom crane mounted on that post. There is also provided a blueberry picking head having riggings connected to the jib-boom crane and a pair of conveyors connected to the picking head for conveying the blueberries withdrawn from blueberry plants, from the picking head to a region over the platform. A hinged frame is pivotally mounted on the post, and connected to the conveyors for supporting the conveyors. The hinged frame with the conveyors supported thereon are movable from a harvesting position alongside the harvesting side of the tractor to a stowed position over the platform near the harvesting side. The jib-boom crane is movable with the picking head suspended thereto from a position along the harvesting side of the tractor, to a space over the platform between the stowed position of the conveyors and the harvested side of the platform. The blueberry harvester of the present invention is thereby safely transportable on public roads from one field of blueberries to another. Other aspects of the blueberry harvester of the present invention comprise human-like movements of the tines during the fruit withdrawing motions, and an extensive contact of the picking trays with a rotary brush inside the picking head for effectively cleaning the trays between each fruit withdrawing passes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for harvesting blueberries and more specifically it relates to an apparatus which is attachable to an agricultural tractor for harvesting blueberries in commercial quantities. Harvesting of blueberries is usually done from mid-August to early September, depending upon the location of the field and the weather conditions at that time. Typical growers may harvest fields ranging in size from 25 acres to 250 acres. Therefore, the harvesting of these fields must sometimes be done within a 2-3 weeks period. When the cropland is relatively large, the harvesting task is too tedious to be done manually, or to be done by workers using manual implements. Therefore, there is a significant demand for self-propelled, efficient mechanical harvesters. A number of self-propelled apparatus for harvesting blueberries is available commercially. These machines, however, are not all very efficient, and in general, each type has inherent operational limitations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06000203__
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Blueberry harvester and method of harvesting blueberries Inventor(s): Robichaud; Ora (R.R. #1 Box 17, Site 21, Sheila N. B., CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,369,944 Date filed: December 13, 1993 Abstract: An apparatus for harvesting berries on low plants, such as wild blueberries, is adapted for mounting on the 3-point hitch of a farm tractor. The apparatus has a drum which rotates in a direction such that the lower segments thereof move in a direction against a direction of travel. A plurality of combs having a plurality of fingers generally pointing in a direction of rotation, are mounted at regular angular intervals on this drum. As the apparatus moves over a crop, plants are raked in an ascending movement, retaining thereby the fruits to be harvested. The berries are carried by respective combs atop the drum where emptying of each comb is done by gravity. The rotation of the drum and the corresponding advance of the combs being slower than the free rolling of the berries on the backward face of the drum, the fruits gain speed rapidly to rebound on the back surface of a preceding comb, to thereby jump from the surface of the drum and leap over a gap, reaching into an accept chute. As round fruits have negligible coefficient of friction as compared to leaves and debris, the rolling of berries has the additional effect of separating the fruits from leaves and twigs. Such debris remain on the surface of the drum until able to fail straight down, avoiding thereby the accept chute. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus for harvesting berries on low plants, and in particulars, is directed to apparatus for harvesting wild blueberries in commercial quantities. The market, demand for wild blueberries is such that over the last several years, blueberry fields have increased in number and in size wherever the climate and soil conditions are appropriate for growth thereof. Harvesting of wild blueberries is usually done from mid-July to early August, depending upon the location of the field and the weather conditions at that time. Hence, it is a common practice for a blueberry grower to harvest fields ranging from 25 acres to 250 acres within a 2-3 weeks period. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05369944__
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Blueberry harvesting machine Inventor(s): Windemuller; Donald (15410 Greenly St., Holland, MI 49424) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,074,107 Date filed: October 30, 1990 Abstract: A harvesting machine having a self-propelled substantially U-shaped frame which can straddle a row of blueberry bushes. A collection surface is provided within the machine made up of a plurality of pivotally mounted overlapping catcher pans which extend inwardly toward the center of the machine from each side. A blueberry bush when in the machine forms an opening in the catcher pans about the upwardly and outwardly extending branches of the bush. A large volume of air is directed from each side of the harvesting machine under the catcher pans forming the collection surface and upwardly through the opening in the collection surface into the blueberry bush. The fountain of air into the blueberry bush diverts to the sides of the machine for
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harvesting those berries that might have fallen through the opening in the collection surface to the ground. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved harvesting machine which substantially increases the amount of crop gathered in the harvesting process. The term "blueberry" is used as a generic expression for all types of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and the like, which grow on bushes, trees and vines and which can be harvested mechanically by a machine passing over the crop bearing plant. In the conventional blueberry harvesting machine, a frame is supported on ground contacting wheels which are driven by a motor so that the entire assembly is self-propelled. The frame for the harvesting machine is usually of an inverted "U" type having box-like sides extending substantially the full length of the machine. Within the U-shaped portion of the machine, and extending from each inwardly facing vertical side, are a plurality of movable arms which contact the bush bearing the blueberries to be harvested causing the blueberries to be dislodged from the branches of the bush without damaging the branches. The blueberries then drop onto a collection surface formed by a plurality of pivotally mounted overlapping catcher pans which extend inwardly from each side of the inverted U-shaped frame toward the longitudinal center line of the frame. The catcher pans are horizontally inclined so that any fruit which falls onto the pans will be directed toward the sides of the harvesting machine. As the harvesting machine advances over a row of bushes, the bushes cause the pivotally mounted and spring biased catcher pans to be deflected backward forming an opening in the collector pans about the upwardly extending branches of the bush. The catcher pans form a substantially continuous collecting surface under the extending fruit bearing branches. The blueberries dislodged by the arms drop onto the catcher pans and slide or roll to the sides of the harvesting machine where they are gathered on endless conveyor belts. The blueberries are then carried to the rear of the machine into collecting containers. As can be seen from the description above, the machine is quite efficient gathering approximately seventy-five percent of the harvestable fruit growing on each bush being harvested. The remaining twenty-five percent of the fruit, however, is usually lost by falling directly downward through the bush onto the ground through the opening in the catcher pans. A mature blueberry bush can have a base as large as 18-20 inches in diameter which is formed by a plurality of branches which extend upwardly and outwardly from the ground. The catcher pans contact the bush near the bottom of the outwardly extending branches and leave a substantial opening in the center of the bush where blueberries can drop directly to the ground and be lost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05074107__ •
Blueberry harvesting machine and method of harvesting Inventor(s): Gidge; Lester (Nashua, NH) Assignee(s): Nashua Industrial Machine Corporation (Nashua, NH) Patent Number: 5,450,716 Date filed: January 25, 1994 Abstract: Apparatus and method for harvesting a crop, for example, blueberries. The apparatus includes a plurality of groups of channels arranged side-by-side to create a plurality of picking heads with stripping gaps. The picking heads are connected to a frame. As a motive force, such as a tractor, moves the frame through a field of plants, the ends of the channels are moved below the crop. The gaps between the channels strip the
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crop from the plants, and the crop falls into the channels, where the crop may move along the channels for collecting. Excerpt(s): The low-bush, wild blueberry is widely harvested in the United States. These plants, found in various locations in the United States, particularly Maine, grow in rocky, hilly terrain, which makes mechanization of their harvesting extremely difficult. This difficulty is compounded because these wild berries grow close to the ground in untilled and untillable fields, bearing their fruit about 3 to 12 inches above ground level, and when laden with berries or beaten down by rain, some of the plants may lie on the ground. The deliciousness of the wild blueberry, however, has led to its being harvested and sold extensively in spite of these difficulties. Prior art methods for harvesting low-bush wild blueberries primarily include the use of hand rakes. These hand rakes typically have a short handle and a receptacle behind fine, flexible tines. The rakes are approximately 12 to 20 inches wide, with the tines spaced across the width. Each tine is solid, about 1/8 inch in diameter and about 10 inches long, with about 3/16 inch between each pair of adjacent tines. A worker, stooping over the bushes, runs the rake through each bush area 2 or 3 times, combing the bushes and stripping off the berries. When the rake receptacle is full, the worker dumps its contents into a pail or box. The use of these hand rakes has many drawbacks. Not only is the labor backbreaking and time-consuming, but it is wasteful. The need for more than one pass knocks some berries to the ground and they are lost, plus many blueberries are left behind on the bush. Consequently, 20% or more of each harvest is lost. Moreover, a very high percentage of debris, such as stems and other plant parts, is harvested along with the blueberry crop. This necessitates extensive winnowing steps later to prepare a product suitable for sale to consumers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05450716__ •
Blueberry picking machine Inventor(s): Vogel; Wayne A. (1291 Maple Island Rd., Fremont, MI 49412), Windemuller; Donald (15410 Greenly St., Holland, MI 49424) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,113,644 Date filed: July 30, 1991 Abstract: A blueberry picking machine having a supporting frame from which two brush-like bush contacting members depend. The brush-like bush contacting members rotate freely when they contact a bush. Each bush contacting member is reciprocated vertically by an end driver unit containing counter-rotating weights rotating in a vertical plane to enable each brush-like member to dislodge ripened fruit from each branch contacted. The ripened fruit falls onto a plurality of movable catcher pans from which the fruit can travel to a continuous conveyor belt on each side which carry the fruit to the rear of the machine. A source of air supplies a large volume of air under the catcher pans and also blows air through the conveyor belts to clean the picked fruit. Secondary air sources are provided for blowing additional air through the conveyor belts to further clean the picked fruit. Excerpt(s): The use of straddle-type blueberry picking machines is well known today. These machines employ a substantially U-shaped elevated ground contacting frame which is usually self-propelled. The fruit bearing bushes are usually planted in spaced rows. The machine then straddles each row with the blueberry bushes passing through
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a longitudinal opening in the center of the machine. In order to dislodge the ripened berries from the branches of the bush, arms have been used which project out from each side into the longitudinal opening to agitate the bushes as the machine moves along the row. Others have suggested the use of freely rotating spaced drums with fingers projecting from the outer surface which roll along the bush at the same speed as the harvesting machine passes over the ground. The drums are biased inwardly to force the drums into contact with the surface of the bushes. Fingers projecting from the drums comb the surface of the bushes and knock the ripened berries off the branches. In this description, blueberries and blueberry bushes will be used as a representative crop bearing bush. The invention, however, is not so limited. The term "blueberry" is used as a generic expression for all types of berries, fruits, beans, nuts, vegetables, and the like, which grow on bushes, trees and vines and which can be harvested mechanically by a machine passing over the crop bearing plant. In order to improve the harvesting with straddle-type harvest machines employing freely rotating shakers or brush-like members, means have been used to cause the shakers to vibrate or twist as they roll along the bushes. For example, Rust U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,908 has a pair of laterally and longitudinally spaced, vertically oriented shakers fixed to a ground contacting frame. A pair of spaced crankshafts connected by an endless chain extend across the top of the frame. Each shaker is rotatably connected to 180.degree. opposed cranks on the crankshafts. The crankshafts are driven by a power take off from a tractor which causes the shakers to move up and down as the shakers roll along in contact with the fruit bearing plants. When using this type of assembly, the drive mechanism for the shakers can be loaded down when the rods or fingers on each shaker enter into a bush with heavy vegetation. Also, the shaker assembly is directly attached to the frame which can cause substantial vibration of the frame during operation of the picker. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05113644__ •
Burner unit principally for flame cultivation of blueberries Inventor(s): Benjamin; William Richard (17, Chamberlain St., Amherst, Nova Scotia, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,826,371 Date filed: March 28, 1995 Abstract: A burner unit suitable for use in the burning of blueberry bushes comprises a frame having a front end attachable to a vehicle and a support device such as a roller for supporting the frame above the ground, the rear end of the frame carrying a generally vertically orientated combustion chamber supported above the ground. At least a part of the combustion chamber diverges laterally from an upper end towards a bottom outlet while maintaining a relatively narrow fore-and-aft dimension throughout its height, and such that the bottom outlet has a fore-and-aft dimension less than a quarter its width. An oil burner is mounted at the upper end of the combustion chamber and is directed downwardly, the shape of the combustion chamber and the positioning of the burner being such that flames from the burner are distributed across the width of the outlet, and are capable of producing temperatures at ground level suitable for flame cultivation of blueberry bushes, over the whole width of the frame. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a burner unit principally designed for the flame cultivation of blueberry bushes, but which also has application to other uses, for example the burning of weeds. The invention provides a relatively small and light unit, capable of being towed behind an all-terrain vehicle (ATV). In the cultivation of
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blueberry bushes, it is known that periodic burning is beneficial and that for example blueberries do well after a forest fire. It appears that blueberry seeds, which lie in the ground, need a fairly intense heat for their germination. Periodic burning also destroys weeds and insect larvae. It has become the custom for blueberry farmers to burn their bushes in spring time, every two years. Although the bushes are reduced to ash by this treatment, they grow back well and produce a good crop the following year. In the past, the blueberry bushes have been burnt by units designed for weed burning, generally using open-flame burners of the flame thrower type, which may be mounted on a trailer along with the fuel supply. These are wasteful of fuel and do not reliably produce sufficient temperature in the ground to ensure germination of seeds. Also, the trailer mounted units often include a 200 gallon oil tank, which means that the total weight of the unit with oil may be around 2 tons, so that these units usually require a large tractor for towing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05826371__ •
Compositions containing extracts of Morinda citrifolia, red wine, prune, blueberry, pomegranate, apple and enzyme mixture Inventor(s): Yegorova; Inna (Northridge, CA) Assignee(s): Braswell; A. Glenn (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 6,387,370 Date filed: January 19, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for reducing oxysterol buildup in the blood and normalizing cholesterol and blood pressure, in a mammal. The compositions comprise Morinda citrifolia extract, red wine extract, prune extract, blueberry extract, pomegranate extract, apple extract, and an enzyme mixture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for reducing oxysterols in the blood and normalizing cholesterol and blood pressure in a mammal, by the administration of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties found in fruits and vegetables, including polyphenols. The heart operates similar to a pulsatile pump, in that blood enters the arteries intermittently with each heart beat, causing pressure pulses in the arterial system. In a healthy circulatory system, the pressure at the height of a pulse (systolic pressure) is approximately 120 mm Hg and the pressure at the lowest point of the pulse (diastolic pressure) is approximately 80 mm Hg. The difference between these two pressures, 40 mm Hg, is termed the pulse pressure (Guyton and Hall, TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 221 (6.sup.th ed., W. B. Saunders Company, 1956) (1981)). Stroke volume output of the heart and compliance of the arterial system are the two most important factors in pulse pressure. Atherosclerosis, which is the principal cause of death in Western countries, decreases arterial compliance by depositing calcified plaques on arterial walls, thereby reducing the elasticity of arterial walls. When this occurs, systolic pressure increases greatly, while diastolic pressure, the pressure that causes blood to be transferred from the arteries to the veins, is decreased greatly (Guyton at 221). Thus, blood becomes backed-up in the system, due to the inability of blood to flow through the arteries efficiently, as well as, the inability of blood to flow back to the heart. One key process of artherosclerosis is the accumulation of lipids resulting in distribution of atheromatous plaque. As plaque accumulates in the inner artery wall, the restricted artery is weakened, bulging with cholesterol and toxic deposits. Eventually, the plaque blocks the arteries and interrupts blood flow to the organs they supply. Thus, hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of lipids), and specifically,
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hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol) are major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387370__ •
Hydrodynamic blueberry sorting Inventor(s): Patzlaff; Albert W. (South Haven, MI) Assignee(s): Blueberry Equipment, Inc. (South Haven, MI) Patent Number: 4,225,424 Date filed: November 20, 1978 Abstract: Blueberry sorting, i.e. classifying, and apparatus therefor, to separate ripe berries from unripened berries and stems, by dynamically immersing all of the berries beneath the surface of a water bath, the unripened berries being controllably allowed to rise to float on the surface of the bath, the ripe berries being deposited on a submersed conveyor and conveyed out of the bath to a separate location. Berry immersion is achieved hydrodynamically by a downward stream of water which propels the berries down to cause release of gas bubbles on the ripe berry surfaces, carry them through a flow zone to the conveyor and then recirculate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to sorting, i.e. classifying, of blueberries to separate ripe berries from unripened berries. It is known that ripe blueberries have a specific gravity greater than that of water and that unripe berries have a specific gravity less than that of water. A common practice when harvesting blueberries is to pour the ripe and unripe mixture of blueberries into a tank of water to not only wash them, but also cause ripe berries to sink and green or unripened berries to float on the surface to be skimmed off and separated. A difficulty experienced is that some of the ripe berries do not readily sink but rather remain floating to be skimmed off and discarded with the unripened fruit, resulting in losses. Using this practice, the tank also tends to become filled with berries, a condition which prohibits effective classification. And basically, the process is only partially effective unless performed very slowly and with relatively small batches of berries. Even then, there is little control over those berries not fully ripe but not really green. Such berries are typically sour but flavorful and highly valuable for use in pies or the like. It would be desirable to be able to controllably separate fully ripe berries from those not fully ripe, and to further separate green berries and stems. Hydrodynamic blueberry classification or sorting is achieved by dynamic immersion of the mixture of ripe, and partially ripe, and green berries to a substantial depth in a vessel such that the gas bubbles on the ripe berries are separated therefrom, allowing the ripe berries to remain immersed and settle in the vessel, while the unripened berries are buoyed to the surface to be skimmed off. The dynamic immersion of the ripe berries releases air bubbles that form around the characteristic "bloom" or white dust on the berry surfaces that engage the water and form at the depression where the stem attaches to the berry. This "bloom" is the coating that gives the blueberry its distinctive coloring. The water in the tank is circulated using fresh incoming water for propulsion, in a pattern which conveys the fruit in a steady flow through progressive zones of the vessel, as well as immersing the berries. The ripe berries are deposited onto a conveyor, preferably an open mesh belt to which the berries cling, to be separately removed from the vessel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04225424__
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Lowbush berry harvester Inventor(s): Collins; George E. (Southampton, CA), Collins; John E. (Springhill, CA), Collins; Michael G. (Sackville, CA) Assignee(s): Collins Border Holdings Ltd. (Nova Scotia, CA) Patent Number: 5,375,403 Date filed: October 28, 1993 Abstract: The invention relates to a harvester for lowbush berries such as wild blueberries. A truss section is mounted to the three-point hitch of a tractor adapted to run in reverse, the truss section pulling a pair of laterally and longitudinally offset picking heads contained within the periphery of the truss section. The picking heads are floatingly connected to the truss section so that they are free to follow the contours of the ground. Each picking head mounts a rotating, tine-carrying reel therein and is connected to one end of a counterbalance system, the other end of the system being carried by the tractor. The counterbalance system includes counterweights that can be raised or lowered between upper and lower limits at the will of the operator so as to offset the weight of the picking head, so that as little as 25% thereof is acting on the ground. This means that there will be little damage to the picking head if it encounters obstacles such as rocks or tree stumps during harvesting. The counterbalance system can also be used to raise the entire head clear of the ground to pass over obstacles or to permit travel of the harvester to or from the fields to be harvested. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a berry harvester in general and, in particular, to a harvester for lowbush berries such as strawberries or wild blueberries. There have been many attempts in the past to devise a mechanical harvester for the picking of lowbush blueberries, particularly in the maritime provinces of Canada where there are extensive fields of the crop to be picked each year. The typical manner of blueberry picking has involved the use of a hand tool wielded by an individual picker, the tool being like a combination comb and scoop, which is moved through the berries to scrape them from the bushes and collect them in a funnel-like portion of the tool. This is back-breaking work. Mechanical harvesters date back to the late 1960's, having been developed by individual berry farmers or by companies that see the business as a profitable one. For example, an early harvester is shown in Canadian Patent No. 961,275 of The Chisholm-Ryder Company. This harvester used a cylindrical reel having a plurality of tines spaced apart along an elongated rod, there being a plurality of such rods circumferentially spaced about the reel. The tines, as the reel rotated, were combed through the bushes so as to pull the berries therefrom and then they carried the berries upwardly until they fell therefrom into the centre of the reel. The falling berries encountered a conveyor running axially within the reel, which conveyor carried the berries laterally to another conveyor running to the rear of the harvester, from which they were deposited into a flat or other container. The Chisholm-Ryder harvester was mounted to the front of a small garden tractor and was pushed thereby through the berries. While it did work it was not particularly efficient and it did not operate satisfactorily on uneven ground. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05375403__
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Machine for packaging product Inventor(s): Williamson; Robert L. (67602 62nd St., Hartford, MI 49057) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,551,210 Date filed: March 31, 1995 Abstract: A machine for packaging product, such as blueberries and other similar small fruits in a container having a receptacle and a lid connected to the receptacle includes a hopper suspended over a conveying mechanism which conveys the container beneath the dispensing opening of the hopper to fill the container. The size of the dispensing opening is set for the speed of the line and the size of the container by adjusting the position of a movable wall of the hopper. The containers are then conveyed to a closing station at which the lids are closed and latched by applying pressure to the lid while one side of the container is deflected to move the corners away from the lid to thereby permit closing of the container. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a machine for packaging product such as blueberries and other small fruit. Thin plastic containers have become increasingly popular as containers for small products, such as blueberries and other small fruit. These containers include a "clam shell" lid which is attached to one edge of the container and thus may be moved from an open position to a closed position in which the corners of the lid engage the corners of the receptacle to thereby close the container until it is opened by the consumer. Commonly, the plastic from which the container is made is sufficiently flexible that the sides of the container are easily deflected when the container is empty and is transparent to permit the contents to be readily examined by the consumer. However, filling and processing the containers has proven to be difficult and requires much hand labor. It has proven to be particularly difficult to automatically close the lid and latch the lid of the container in a consistent manner by use of automatic equipment. Accordingly, production costs in packaging products in containers of this type have proven to be high. Although the machine disclosed herein is particularly suitable for packaging blueberries and other small fruits, it can also be used for any :other suitable food product (such as cranberries), and possibly small non-food products. Furthermore, prior art hoppers used to feed product into containers often sheared, bruised and damaged product such as blueberries or other small fruit. The present invention prevents damage to product as it is fed from the hopper into the containers by permitting adjustment of the size of the dispensing opening through which product is fed and by providing a baffle to regulate flow through the opening. The present invention provides a machine which supports a conveying mechanism which conveys the containers between a dispensing station and a closing station. Products are dispensed through a hopper into the container as the latter are transported through the conveying station with their clam shell lids held open. As the containers are transported from the dispensing station to the closing station, the lids are moved to a position overlying the product receiving receptacle portion of the container. A serrated wheel rotatably mounted adjacent the transport path applies pressure to the sides of the receptacle opposite the side to which the hinge is attached, thereby depressing the side and deflecting the corners. A pressure member then applies pressure to the lid to force it over the corners, so that when the pressure on the side is released, the corners relax into a position engaging the lid. Accordingly, the container is filled, and the lid is closed automatically. Referring now to the drawings, the machine generally indicated by the numeral 10 includes a fixed support or table 12 upon which the various components of the machine 10 are mounted. A conveying mechanism generally indicated by the
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numeral 14 transports containers generally indicated by the numeral 16 from the end 18 of the support 12, where they are deposited on the conveying mechanism 14 by an operator, through a dispensing station generally indicated by the numeral 20 and then to a closing station generally indicated by the numeral 22. After the containers 16 pass through the closing station 22, they are removed from the opposite end 24 of the supporter table 12 by another operator. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05551210__ •
Natural color concentrates and antimicrobial nutraceutial from plants Inventor(s): Shanbrom; Edward (Santa Ana, CA) Assignee(s): Shanbrom Technologies LLC (Ojai, CA) Patent Number: 6,093,401 Date filed: September 16, 1997 Abstract: An active coloring concentrate can be prepared from the juice of cranberries and blueberries by treating juice or homogenate with an appropriate binding matrix. Assorted ion exchange resins such as cholestyramine are effective binding matrices, but the currently preferred material is a food grade of cross-linked polyvinyl pyrollidone. The binding matrices are used to concentrate active materials from cranberry and a colored solid is produced. This substance shows anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. It can be readily consumed as a therapeutic or nutraceutical, used as a coloring agent, or it can be used topically. Significant amounts of active concentrate can be produced from cranberry presscake which is normally a waste material. Excerpt(s): The current invention concerns the field of natural products and foods and more specifically colors and an antimicrobial composition prepared from cranberry juice. Health foods are estimated to currently represent an annual market in the United States of at least ten billion dollars ($10,000,000,000.00). By health foods is meant vitamins, minerals and herbal products that are widely believed to be efficacious in improving human health without the cost and side-effects of ordinary pharmaceuticals. In recognition of the popularity and importance of these products the term "nutraceutical" has been coined and the product category has received special government regulatory treatment. There can be no denying that vitamins and minerals are essential for normal human health. Whether "excessive" doses of some vitamins, for example Vitamin C, provide special benefits is more controversial. More controversial still are the many herbal products of recent popularity such as saw palmetto and Ginkgo biloba. Many people swear by these and related products while large pharmaceutical companies claim that these remedies are untested and worthless. Nevertheless, virtually all important pharmaceutical drugs are based on natural plant products. Not too long ago the study of botany was a mandatory part of medical education. It is also clear that at least some of the herbal cures are effective. For example, feverfew, long a folk cure for headaches, is currently used in Europe as a legitimate cure for migraines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06093401__
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Particulate fruit product and method of making the same Inventor(s): Clark; Robert Hodge (Abbotsford, CA), de Haan; Edward Richard (Abbotsford, CA), McGuire; Denis (Abbotsford, CA) Assignee(s): Brookside Foods Ltd. (Abbotsford, CA) Patent Number: 6,113,968 Date filed: May 21, 1999 Abstract: A non-liquid particulate fruit product and method for its manufacture which has a natural fruit flavor and which can be formed in desired configurations and sizes is described. The fruit ingredient can be derived from such fruits as blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, raspberries, etc. There is added to the fruit product pectin, liquid glucose, sodium citrate and sugar (e.g. sucrose). These ingredients are combined in a certain sequence. The mixture is brought to a boiling point to boil off a portion of the water. At a later time in the boiling of the mixture, a large portion of the sucrose is added to lower the temperature. The mixture is fed through a heating unit to raise the temperature of small quantities in the mixture very rapidly. Acid is added, and then the mixture is form in the desired shape, such as being dispensed as droplets onto a conveyor belt, where the droplets form into the particulate fruit product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of making a non-liquid fruit product which has a natural fruit flavor and which can be formed in desired configurations and sizes. More particularly, the present invention relates to particulate fruit product as a food product, where a substantial portion of the end product is derived from the fruit itself. The fruit chip product has a desirable balance of qualities of taste, texture, shelf life and other characteristics, giving a semblance or character of fresh fruit. The product by itself is a very tasty snack-like product, but it can also be incorporated advantageously in any number of other products, such as baked products, cookies, snacks, confectionery cereals, etc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,296 (Lugay et al) discloses a method of making simulated fruit pieces to be combined in breakfast cereals. The moisture content in breakfast cereals is generally about two percent to three percent, and when the particulate fruit product are mixed into the breakfast cereal and stored for a period of time (four to eight weeks), the fruit's moisture drops below ten percent. The process in this patent is to make the fruit piece so that the dry food product in the cereal/fruit mixture can maintain a moisture content as low as two percent, and yet the fruit pieces maintain a softness. The above weights are given as percentage of the total fruit piece. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06113968__
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Preparation of shelf stable blueberries and moist shelf stable blueberry product Inventor(s): Phillips; Robert M. (Sullivan, ME) Assignee(s): Maine Wild Blueberry Company (Machias, ME) Patent Number: 6,254,919 Date filed: June 29, 1999 Abstract: A moist, shelf-stable blueberry product is prepared in a form suitable for packaging separately with muffin mixes, breakfast cereal and the like. The preferred product has a moisture content of from about 30 to about 50% and an A.sub.w of from about 0.80 to about 0.85. The process entails immersing blueberries in two baths, the
Patents 39
first of sugar syrup and the second containing an aqueous food acid. Following removal from the baths, the blueberries are rinsed and then dried with hot air at a temperature effective for pasteurization. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods that enable the production and packaging of blueberries. Blueberry muffins are a breakfast and snack favorite of thousands of people. They are especially good if made with fresh wild blueberries. Unfortunately, wild blueberries are in season for only limited periods of time. Frozen blueberries are of good quality, but cannot be conveniently packaged with a muffin mix. Such mixes usually include a can of blueberries in liquid. The liquid will typically amount to 50% of the canned weight and, due to heat processing, the quality of the fruit is somewhat degraded. In some cases, the blueberries lose most of their texture by the time baking is completed. Blueberries are also a favorite with breakfast cereals. However, drying them to the degree necessary for packaging with the cereal makes them chewy. The canned blueberries can't practically be packaged with the cereal because that would require one can per serving. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254919__ •
Process for dehydration of berries Inventor(s): Durance; Timothy D. (Vancouver, CA), Hu; Chun (Vancouver, CA), Kitts; David D. (Richmond, CA), Scaman; Christine H. (Vancouver, CA), Vaghri; Ziba (Vancouver, CA), Wang; Jian Hua (Burnaby, CA) Assignee(s): The University of British Columbia (Vancouver, CA) Patent Number: 6,312,745 Date filed: July 7, 2000 Abstract: A process for drying antioxidant-rich berries (such as blueberries) to preserve their antioxidant action and their antioxidant compounds is disclosed. The process may conventionally dry the antioxidant-rich berries to remove 0 to 90% of the initial mass of water associated with them, but the important step is subjecting the antioxidant-rich berries to vacuum microwave drying (VMD) at an absolute pressure of 0 to 200 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) (preferably 30 to 60 mm Hg) and 0.1 to 2 watts of microwave power/gram of berries (preferably 0.5 to 1 watt/gram) to reduce the moisture content to a residual moisture content of less than 35% of the dry weight of the final dry product Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the drying of antioxidant-rich berries while preserving antioxidant characteristics of the berries. Many berries, including blueberries, strawberries, cranberries, raspberries, black currants and others, contain naturally occurring chemical constituents with antioxidant activity and may therefore be termed "antioxidant-rich berries". Antioxidants are chemicals that can inhibit oxidation reactions. Oxidation reactions are known to produce harmful chemicals within living animals, including humans. Chemically, oxidation is an event in which a compound loses electrons. In biological systems, unsaturated lipids are important constituents that are highly susceptible to oxidation reactions, especially autoxidation reactions, that is oxidation reactions with molecular oxygen. Autoxidation reactions of complex compounds typically occur in a series or chain-reaction, which can be divided into three stages described as initiation, propagation and termination stages (Pokorny, J. 1999. Antioxidants in Food Preservation. p. 309-337, IN "Handbook of Food Preservation" M. S. Rahman, ed. Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y.). Initiation requires a free radical, that is a
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compound with an unpaired electron. Free radicals may arise from a number of physiological or degradative reactions within biological tissues and materials. Free radicals are very reactive and quickly react with unsaturated lipids, oxygen and other compounds to form degradation products, some of which are themselves free radicals. This is called the propagation stage of autoxidation. Eventually the chain reaction may terminate when all oxidizable materials or free radicals are consumed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312745__ •
Process for producing a semi-moist fruit product and the products therefrom Inventor(s): Ismail; Amr A. (Machias, ME) Assignee(s): Maine Wild Blueberry Co. (Machias, ME) Patent Number: 4,713,252 Date filed: October 24, 1986 Abstract: A semi-moist fruit product produced by a sugar-syrupping processing used in conjunction with wash-rinsing, surface air-drying and freeze-drying particularly adapted for use with blueberries, cherries and other similarly constituted fruits, whereby, liquid within the fruit is removed from the fruit through osmotic pressure exchange and is replaced by sugar molecules and an equilibrium is reached, thereafter through washing, rinsing and blotting of excess syrup, the process ensures independent individual dried fruit from sticking together, followed by freezing, vacuuming drying and packaging. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to food preservation and sweetening, and more particularly to the preservation of blueberries, cherries and similarly constituted fruits. U.S. Pat. No. 2,899,319, Issued July 30, 1959; "Dehydration of Cherries", Powers, M. J., Norman, J. D. U.S. Pat. No. 3,356,512, Issued Dec. 5, 1967; "Method of Making Freeze Dried Artificially Sweetened Fruit Products", Lemaire, N. A., Peterson, R. D., Assignors to Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, Mich. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04713252__
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Rotary picker for harvesting fruit Inventor(s): Kuryluk; Michael H. (7 Cornwall St., Lower Sackville NS, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,141,204 Date filed: March 17, 1977 Abstract: A rotary picker drum for use in a machine for harvesting fruit on a relatively low plants, such as low bush blueberries. The drum contains a series of circumferentially spaced rows of tines which can be retracted during the descending movement thereof as the drum rotates, and extended during the passage of the respective row through the bush and over substantial portion of the upward movement as the drum is rotated. The oscillatory extension/retraction movement is effected within a cylindric plane generally coaxial with the axis of rotation of the drum, the tines of the rows being curved such as to be generally coincident with such cylindric plane. The tines are guided in guiding plates forming one wall of a food collecting trough in the
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surface of the drum. The guiding plates reinforce the tines and clean same during the retracting movement thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to fruit harvesting machines of the type used in harvesting fruit on relatively low plants, such as low bush blueberries. The art to which the present invention relates is represented by Canadian Pat. No. 961,275 issued Jan. 21, 1975 to Charles G. Burton. A typical fruit harvesting machine of this type contains a drum or frame rotatable about a horizontal axis at the front end of a mobile machine, the periphery of such drum structure normally carrying a plurality or rows of tines intended to "comb" the bush to pick up the fruit. The picked-up fruit is then removed from the drum area either into a trough inside the drum or to a collection trough located outside the drum near the periphery thereof. In general terms, the operation of this type of machine is intended to simulate to the maximum extent the mechanics of picking blueberries with a hand rake. It is preferable to have each of the rows of tines of the harvesting machine of the above type movable relative to the drum from an extended position to a retracted position, to clear the respective row of tines of the fruit. In the known machines, such movement of the rows is effected by pivotal movement of the respective row about an axis generally coincident with the periphery of the picker drum so that in an extended position, the respective row protrudes beyond the periphery of the drum while in the retracted position, the respective row is generally coincident with the periphery of the drum. One of the disadvantages of the known drum-type pickers is that the tines are not actually inserted into the bush with their tips first. Instead, due to the protruding arrangement of the rows, the respective rows enter the bush in a somewhat side-wise fashion which results not only in an unnecessary damage to the bush but also in losses of the picked-up fruit. The known machines of the drum-picker type further require a cleaning device, such as a rotary brush which is located near the periphery of the drum, usually near the upper portion thereof, to remove from the tines any berries, leaves or twigs not removed from the respective tines by gravity. The rotary brush presents an additional, relatively complex integer of the overall machine. A further drawback of the known machines is that the rows of tines are normally mounted for pivotal movement relative to the frame of the drum but are not protected against accidental damage, e.g. when a row hits a solid object such as a rock or the like on the ground. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04141204__ •
Top desiccation of crop plants Inventor(s): Dykes; Willis G. (Vicksburg, MS), Pluenneke; Ricks H. (Forth Worth, TX) Assignee(s): Lasco, Inc. (Vicksburg, MS) Patent Number: 4,007,794 Date filed: January 29, 1976 Abstract: The above-ground growth of potatoes and like root crops are contacted with high voltage electricity several days prior to harvesting, the electricity desiccating the above-ground portion of the crops while not harming the tubers. A no-load voltage of about 20 kv with an energy density of about 11-15 kw/foot of width treated is effective. Low-bush blueberries, and like perennial crops, are pruned by contacting the aboveground growth thereof with electricity. Pruning, in the case of blueberries, is most effective when done approximately every other year in the case of blueberries, a noload voltage of 10-20 kv with an energy density of about 2-3 kw/foot of width treated being effective.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of killing mature root crop tops prior to harvesting, and to a method of pruning certain perennial crop plants, with minimum adverse impact on the environment. In the past it has been proposed to kill plants with electricity, as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,007,383, 2,607,165, 2,632,285, 3,543,488, and 3,559,337. It has not previously been recognized, however, that certain root crops can be contacted with electricity to destroy the above-ground portions thereof while not adversely affecting the tubers -- the crop portion -- thereof. This has been recognized according to the present invention, however, and may be utilized to facilitate the harvesting of potatoes, beets, carrots, onions, and the like. According to the present invention, some time before harvesting, after the crops to be harvested are substantially mature, the above ground growth of the crops is contacted with electricity from a highvoltage source, which causes desiccation thereof; for instance for potatoes, the above ground growth is contacted with electricity from a 20 kv source about 10-20 days prior to harvesting, and by the time for harvesting the skin of the potatoes has become more firm, the potatoes are not subject to disease (i.e. leaf roll), and harvesting thereof with conventional equipment is greatly facilitated. In the past, it has been known to kill the above-ground growth of some root crops -- i.e. potatoes -- prior to harvesting to facilitate the harvesting and firm the skin thereof, but past methods have had a number of drawbacks. For instance, when conventional chemicals are used to kill the aboveground growth, they can and do leave residues which might migrate to the food portion of the crop, and in any event are retained in the soil to some extent and can be assimilated by the next year's crop; if the chemicals are applied too closely to a time when it rains, they may be washed off before they can be effective for killing the aboveground growth and thus a complete wasteful repeat of the application is necessary; dense foliage is not easily penetrated; also; the chemical treatments are often temperature dependent which means that it is not always possible to apply them at the optimum time, and therefore optimum harvesting conditions may not exist. Rotobeating -- that is, actual physical destruction of the above-ground growth -- also is practiced in addition to or in place of chemical application. While roto-beating avoids some of the problems inherent with chemical treatment, it is fairly energy intensive, and is not as completely successful as is the chemical treatment. It has also not been previously recognized that certain perennial crops -- such as blueberries -- can be pruned with the application of high-voltage electricity, but not destroyed. Conventional proposals for the application of electricity to plants, such as the patents mentioned above, do not recognize that a crop plant may not be killed but merely the aboveground growth thereof destroyed by the application of electricity. According to the present invention, blueberries and like perennial crops, may be treated by the application of electricity -- from a 20 kv source, for instance -- to the above-ground portions thereof every other year to prune the bushes and thereby encourage future growth. Conventionally, pruning of blueberry bushes on a commercial scale is accomplished by burning off of the plants with oilfired burners. While this effectively prunes the plants without serious damage to the root systems, it also destroys much of the organic material in the soil, and is fairly energy intensive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04007794__
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Trellis wires tieing clips used when controlling the direction of growth and the support of plant foliage of a crop Inventor(s): Huntting; Leonard M. (394 Huntting Rd., Silver Creek, WA 98585) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,784,762 Date filed: January 22, 1997 Abstract: Trellis wires tieing clips are used with pairs of spaced longitudinal trellis wires which are located to control the direction of growth and support of plant foliage of crops such as raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, and grapes. One wire is the longitudinal reference trellis wire, and the other wire is the longitudinal gathering trellis wire. Each trellis wires tieing clip is made of a molded plastic having: resiliency and a retention of shape memory, and having the integral portions of a transverse elongated top body portion; a transverse elongated trellis wire receiving volume in the top body portion; a centered bottom entry to guide trellis wires into the transverse elongated trellis wire receiving volume; a right side arm depending at a wire guiding angle from the transverse elongated top body portion; and a left side arm depending at a wire guiding angle from the transverse elongated top body portion. The right side of the transverse elongated trellis wire receiving volume restrictively and frictionally positions the longitudinal reference trellis wire, whereby the trellis wires tieing clips remain positioned at a selected location for an extended time until intentionally relocated. The left side of the transverse elongated trellis wire receiving volume freely and slidably positions a the longitudinal gathering trellis wire. The trellis wires tieing clips are of an overall size with their right and left arms depending sufficiently at wire guiding angles, that a person wearing gloves easily manipulates them. Excerpt(s): The Applicant, Leonard M. Huntting, filed his provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/010442 on Jan. 23, 1996 entitled Cane Berry Trellis Wire Tieing Clip. In the cane berry industry and specifically the red raspberry industry, tieing of the fruiting canes to a trellis wire or wires is a necessary cultural practice. The trellis consists of end anchor posts in line with the row of berries with support posts of wood or steel fence posts spaced every 25 to 35; feet down the length of the row onto which support wires of usually number 12 or 12.5 gage wires are fastened. The trellis support wires are either clipped or stapled to the posts down the row and are anchored to the end posts, by sometimes using a tightening device to take up slack when end posts tip and loosen the trellis wires. Several methods of placing the trellis wires are used. One method consists of using two wires, with one wire being located near the top of the posts and another wire being located half way between the top wire and the ground. Then the berry canes are either tied or woven or wrapped onto these two wires by various methods, techniques, and patterns. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05784762__
Patent Applications on Blueberries As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take 6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to blueberries: •
Extracts of blueberries with anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties Inventor(s): Rosen, Robert T.; (Monroe Township, NJ) Correspondence: Licata & Tyrrell P.C.; 66 E. Main Street; Marlton; NJ; 08053; US Patent Application Number: 20030031734 Date filed: June 17, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods for treating and preventing cancer are provided based on administration of a highbush blueberry extract. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/311,503, filed Aug. 13, 2001. Naturally occurring non-nutritive agents present in plants are believed to have disease preventive properties. It is wellknown that consumption of adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lowered risk of degenerative diseases such as cancer (Ames, B. N. et al. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5258-5265). Extensive research has begun into identifying particular plants and plant extracts that have disease prevention or curative properties, including plants or plant extracts that have anti-cancer activity. Blueberries are a fruit that is produced commercially in North America, Europe and Japan. It is consumed fresh or as a processed product. The chemical components of blueberry have not been extensively studies, although anthocyanins are known to be a major chemical component of the fruit. The major anthocyanins identified in highbush blueberry include malvidin 3-galactoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, delphinidin 3-arabinoside, petunidin 3-galactoside, petunidin 3-arabinoside, and malvidin 3-arabinoside (Gao, L. and G. Mazza. 1994. J. Food Sci. 59:1057-1059). There are reports of flavonols and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives in blueberry (Gao, L. and G. Mazza. 1994. J. Food Sci. 59:1057-1059; Bilyk, A. and G. M. Sapers. 1986. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34:585-588; Piironen, V. et al. 1986. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34:742-745; Teeling, C. G. V. et al. 1971. J. Food Sci. 36:1061-1063; Schuster, B and K. Hermann. 1985. Phytochem. 24:2761-2764). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Feminine care products for the delivery of therapeutic substances Inventor(s): Dvoracek, Barbara Jo; (Appleton, WI), Geiser, Kimberly Marie; (Appleton, WI), Koenig, David William; (Menasha, WI), Krzysik, Duane Gerard; (Appleton, WI), Minerath, Bernard Joseph; (Oshkosh, WI), Tyrrell, David John; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE, INC.; 401 NORTH LAKE STREET; NEENAH; WI; 54956 Patent Application Number: 20030120224 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: An absorbent personal care device, such as an interlabial pad, tampon, sanitary pad or liner, or incontinence product adapted to deliver a therapeutic agent to the vaginal epithelium for systemic and topical treatment, the tampon including absorbent material and a formulation including a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a botanical. The botanical may be, but is not limited to, Agnus castus, aloe vera, comfrey, calendula, dong quai, black cohosh, chamomile, evening primrose, Hypericum perforatum, licorice root, black currant seed oil, St. John's wort,
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tea extracts, lemon balm, capsicum, rosemary, Areca catechu, mung bean, borage seed oil, witch hazel, fenugreek, lavender, soy, heath, cranberries, blueberries, azaleas, red onion skin, short red bell peppers, long red bell peppers, beet root extract, capsanthin, whortleberry, lingenberry, chokeberry, sweet rowan, rowanberry, seabuckhrouberry, crowberry, strawberries, or gooseberries. Excerpt(s): Many disease states and physiological conditions can occur in a woman, including symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome, menstruation, and menopause. These symptoms may include dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramping), irritability, water retention, moodiness, depression, anxiety, skin changes, headaches, breast tenderness, tension, weight gain, cravings, fatigue, and hot flashes. Symptoms of conditions can include itching and other associated sensory maladies. Many of these symptoms are due to changes in hormonal levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cramping is associated with increased levels of prostaglandin F2.alpha., prostaglandin E2, and in some cases leukotrienes in the endometrium and menstrual fluid. These eicosinoids lead to restricted blood flow to the uterus and increased uterine contractions, causing pain. One example is dysmenorrhea, which is the occurrence of painful uterine cramps during menstruation that affects a large number of postpubescent women. The pain of dysmenorrhea originates in the uterus. Various analgesics can be effective in limiting the pain from dysmenorrhea; some have used orally-delivered analgesics, while others have searched for alternative analgesic delivery methods. Attempts have been made to deliver analgesics in the vicinity of the cervix and the vaginal mucosa using various vaginally-inserted devices and methods. A similar situation exists with many other disease states and physiological conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with blueberries, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on blueberries. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning blueberries. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BLUEBERRIES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to blueberries. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on blueberries include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “blueberries” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “blueberries” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “blueberries” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Field Guide to Blueberries by Jim Johnson (1992); ISBN: 0878390723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878390723/icongroupinterna
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Among the Blueberries/059 by Robert Matchet (1992); ISBN: 0921633394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921633394/icongroupinterna
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Basically Blue: A Collection of Blueberry Recipes by Fern Walker (1992); ISBN: 0921165005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921165005/icongroupinterna
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Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums (Royal Horticultural Society/Timber Press Plant Collectors Guides Series) by Jennifer Trehane (2004); ISBN: 0881926159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881926159/icongroupinterna
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Blueberries: A Century of Research by Robert E. Gough (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 1560220538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560220538/icongroupinterna
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Blueberry Connection (The Connection Cookbook Series) by Beatrice Ross Buszek; ISBN: 0920852327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920852327/icongroupinterna
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Blueberry Sampler by Jan Siegrist (1988); ISBN: 0933050577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933050577/icongroupinterna
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Blueberry Science by Paul Eck (1988); ISBN: 0813512832; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813512832/icongroupinterna
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Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases by Frank L. Caruso (Editor), Donald C. Ramsdell (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0890541736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890541736/icongroupinterna
•
Diseases of Small Fruits: Blackberry, Blueberry, Cranberry, Grape, Raspberry, Strawberry (Digital Images Collection) (2000); ISBN: 089054252X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089054252X/icongroupinterna
•
From Blueberries to Wild Roses: A Northwoods Wild Foods Cookbook by Dottie Reeder; ISBN: 1879432153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879432153/icongroupinterna
•
Good for You, Lolly (Brook, Ruth. Blueberry Book.) by Ruth. Brook, Vala Kondo (Illustrator); ISBN: 0816709157; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816709157/icongroupinterna
•
Great Blueberry Recipes (Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin, A-175) by Karen Matthews (1998); ISBN: 0882669796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882669796/icongroupinterna
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Grow the Best Blueberries (Country Wisdom Bulletins, Vol. A-89) by V. Shutak (1997); ISBN: 0882663291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882663291/icongroupinterna
•
Growing Blueberries: A Guide for the Serious Gardener & Commercial Grower by John D. Cuddy, Teresa M. Cuddy (2000); ISBN: 1888863021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888863021/icongroupinterna
•
Growing Blueberries: A Guide for the Small Commercial Grower by John D. Cuddy, Teresa Cuddy (1996); ISBN: 1888863005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888863005/icongroupinterna
•
Pick Your Own Blueberries, Raspberries, and Other Berries: Locations With Berry Recipes by Ctr for Self Sufficiency Staff (1985); ISBN: 0910811504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910811504/icongroupinterna
•
Rabbiteye Blueberries: Development, Production, and Marketing by Max E. Austin (1994); ISBN: 096313972X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096313972X/icongroupinterna
•
The Berry Book: Strawberries Blueberries Raspberries Blackberries Cranberries (Cookbook) by Lawrence Rosenberg, Larry Rosenberg (Photographer) (1995); ISBN: 0942320484; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942320484/icongroupinterna
•
The Best of Blueberries by R. Marilyn Schmidt (1997); ISBN: 0937996203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937996203/icongroupinterna
•
The Best of Blueberries (1993); ISBN: 0937996068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937996068/icongroupinterna
Books
49
•
The Compleat Blueberry Cookbook by Elizabeth W. Barton; ISBN: 0914016105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914016105/icongroupinterna
•
The Great American Pie Book: Recipes for the Sweet and the Savory from Chicken Potpie to Peach Blueberry (American Kitchen Classics) by Judith Choate; ISBN: 0671735500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671735500/icongroupinterna
•
The Highbush Blueberry and Its Management by Robert E., Ph.D. Gough (1994); ISBN: 1560220228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560220228/icongroupinterna
•
The Joy of Blueberries Cookbook by Theresa Millang (2003); ISBN: 159193012X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159193012X/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Blueberries In order to find chapters that specifically relate to blueberries, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and blueberries using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on blueberries: •
Fruits Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 121-163. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Fruits are packed with vitamins and minerals, they may satisfy one's sweet tooth, and many fruits make great portable snacks or put the finishing touch on a meal. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 2 to 4 servings of fruit each day. This chapter on fruits is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating fruits, tips for portion control, fruit juices, fruits as sources of vitamin A and vitamin C, common questions about fruits and nutrition, fanciful fruits (figs, pomegranates, papayas, pineapples), berries, and citrus. Numerous recipes are then provided: blueberries with almond cream, blueberry lemon muffins, strawberry-peach soup, strawberry raspberry almond shake, orange and fennel salad, grapefruit combo salad, lime guacamole with mango, pan-seared pork with mango salsa, mango chicken salad, cool melon soup, orange and kiwi salad, minted kiwi salad, apple sandwiches, red cherry frozen yogurt sundae, red grape and turkey salad, pears baked with white wine, and island sundaes.
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The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and two special focus sections on fiber and on fats.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLUEBERRIES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover blueberries.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on blueberries is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to blueberries. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “blueberries” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for blueberries: •
Blueberries may help old folks keep their smarts Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 19, 2002
•
Blueberries reverse signs of aging in rats Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 16, 1999
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “blueberries” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to blueberries, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “blueberries” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
Periodicals and News
53
to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on blueberries: •
Cranberry: Science Backs Folk Remedy for Urinary Infections Source: Environmental Nutrition. 22(6): 8. June 1999. Contact: Available from Environmental Nutrition, Inc. 52 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10024-6599. (800) 829-5384. Summary: This brief article offers research support for the use of cranberries as a folk remedy for urinary tract infections (UTIs). Well controlled clinical evidence is limited to a 1994 landmark study of 153 elderly women. Those who drank 10 ounces of a saccharin sweetened cranberry beverage daily for six months were about half as likely to have bacteria in their urine (an indication of infection) compared to those who drank a placebo beverage. Cranberry acts against infection, but does not acidify urine and kill bacteria, as was once thought. Instead, laboratory studies show that cranberry prevents bacteria like E. coli from adhering to the lining of the urinary tract. Presumably, rather than hanging around to multiply, bacteria are flushed out in the urine. The active compounds in cranberry have recently been identified as the same proanthocyanidins found in blueberries. The article concludes with recommendations for readers who wish to utilize cranberry as a preventive measure against UTIs. The author notes that a capsule containing 300 to 800 milligrams of dried cranberry powder is available, but it is not yet known if the body absorbs as much proanthocyanidins from supplements as it does from juice.
•
Cranberry Connection Source: Quality Care. 18(3): 4. Summer 2000. Contact: Available from National Association for Continence. P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) 252-3337 or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. Summary: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a serious health problem that affects nearly 7 million women a year. Often UTIs are recurrent, requiring patients to take daily doses of antibiotics to prevent infections. Prolonged antibiotic use has resulted in bacterial resistance problems and has left researchers searching for alternative therapies. This brief article reviews the connection between cranberry juice and the maintenance of urinary tract health. There is mounting scientific evidence to suggest that cranberries do help ward off UTIs. Research has shown that compounds called tannins can prevent Escherichia coli, the primary cause of UTIs, from attaching to the walls of the urinary tract, therefore preventing their multiplying and causing infection. Tannin has been extracted from cranberries. A 10 ounce glass of cranberry juice or two 400 milligram capsules of cranberry powder supplement each day can result in the beneficial effect of these tannins (research studies showed a reduction of nearly 50 percent in urinary tract bacteria in elderly women who followed this regimen). The author cautions that cranberry juice products must be labelled as at least 25 percent cranberry; juices are often diluted or sweetened with white grape juice and other juices. Juice blends such as cranberry apple can also be low in cranberry. Blueberries (1 cup of fresh or frozen per day) can be eaten as an alternative to cranberries. Blueberries are closely related to
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cranberries and contain the same tannins. Other foods such as grapes and wine have a different type of tannin and are not effective against UTIs.
Academic Periodicals covering Blueberries Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to blueberries. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering blueberries that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
55
APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 67 0 420 0 0 487
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “blueberries” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted 16
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on blueberries can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to blueberries. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to blueberries. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “blueberries”:
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•
Other guides Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Nausea and Vomiting http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nauseaandvomiting.html Nutrition for Seniors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nutritionforseniors.html Pancreatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticdiseases.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to blueberries. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to blueberries. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with blueberries. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about blueberries. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “blueberries” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “blueberries”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “blueberries” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “blueberries” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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BLUEBERRIES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves Nhydroxylation to the arylhydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]
Dictionary 77
Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH]
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Calendula: Genus of annuals in the family Asteraceae that contains carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. It is used both topically and internally. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH]
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Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chlorogenic Acid: A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68). [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholestyramine: Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides,
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mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a
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myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic pressure: The lowest pressure to which blood pressure falls between contractions of the ventricles. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the
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latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoiesis: The production of erythrocytes. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fence: A hearing threshold level above which degrees of hearing handicap (or disability) are deemed to exist. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH]
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Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH]
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Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH]
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Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Exchange Resins: High molecular weight, insoluble polymers which contain functional groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions (ion exchange) with either cations or anions. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]
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Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United
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States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
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Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH]
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Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]
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Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rhabdomyosarcoma: A malignant tumor of muscle tissue. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU]
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Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in
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the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic pressure: The highest pressure to which blood pressure rises with the contraction of the ventricles. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific
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biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urography: Radiography of any part of the urinary tract. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU]
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Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH]
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INDEX 2 2-Acetylaminofluorene, 16, 81 A Abdomen, 81, 91, 98 Abdominal, 6, 81, 94, 95 Acceptor, 81, 93 Adjustment, 24, 36, 81 Adverse Effect, 81, 97 Affinity, 81, 97 Agar, 81, 94 Algorithms, 81, 83 Alimentary, 81, 87, 91 Aloe, 44, 81 Alternative medicine, 56, 81 Alveoli, 82, 99 Amino Acids, 82, 84, 95 Analgesic, 45, 82 Anions, 82, 91 Anthocyanins, 5, 10, 11, 12, 16, 19, 22, 44, 82 Antibiotic, 57, 82 Antibody, 81, 82, 86, 90 Antigen, 81, 82, 86, 90 Antimicrobial, 37, 82 Antioxidant, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 21, 22, 33, 39, 82, 94 Antipruritic, 82, 85 Anxiety, 45, 82 Aqueous, 39, 82, 83 Arachidonic Acid, 82, 91, 95 Aromatic, 81, 82, 84, 97 Arterial, 33, 82, 95, 98 Arteries, 33, 82, 83, 86, 92 Astringents, 82, 92 B Bacteria, 57, 82, 83, 99 Bacteriophage, 83, 94 Base, 10, 27, 30, 83, 87, 91 Baths, 38, 83 Benign, 83, 89, 96 Beta Rays, 83, 87 Bile, 83, 85, 88, 91 Biliary, 83, 85 Biotechnology, 5, 56, 65, 83 Bladder, 18, 83, 90, 99 Blood pressure, 33, 83, 87, 97, 98 Blood vessel, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92, 98, 99 Body Fluids, 83, 97
Branch, 31, 77, 83, 92, 97, 98 Breakdown, 83, 87, 88 C Calcium, 83, 86, 93 Calcium Oxalate, 83, 93 Calendula, 44, 84 Capsaicin, 84 Capsicum, 45, 84 Capsules, 57, 84 Carbohydrate, 54, 84, 93 Carboxy, 84 Carboxylic Acids, 11, 16, 84 Carcinogen, 81, 84 Carcinogenic, 84, 85, 90, 96 Cardiovascular, 84, 91 Carotene, 84, 85 Carotenoids, 84 Cathode, 83, 84, 87 Cations, 84, 91 Cause of Death, 33, 84 Cell, 6, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95 Cell Division, 82, 84, 94 Cellulose, 84, 94 Central Nervous System, 84, 89, 91 Cerebellar, 16, 84 Cerebellum, 84 Cervical, 10, 85, 96 Cervix, 45, 85 Chamomile, 44, 85 Character, 27, 38, 85, 87 Chemoprevention, 16, 85 Chlorogenic Acid, 11, 85 Cholesterol, 33, 83, 85, 90 Cholestyramine, 37, 85 Choline, 85 Chronic, 3, 85, 90, 98 Chronic Disease, 3, 85 Circulatory system, 33, 85 CIS, 27, 85 Citrus, 54, 85 Clinical trial, 4, 65, 85 Cloning, 83, 85 Comfrey, 44, 85 Complement, 86 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 20, 86 Complementary medicine, 15, 86
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Computational Biology, 65, 86 Consciousness, 82, 86 Constriction, 86, 91 Consumption, 5, 7, 8, 12, 21, 44, 86 Contraindications, ii, 86 Coronary, 86, 92 Coronary Thrombosis, 86, 92 Coumarins, 85, 87 Curative, 44, 87, 98 Cutaneous, 6, 87 Cyclic, 87, 95 D Databases, Bibliographic, 65, 87 Degenerative, 44, 87, 89 Dehydration, 22, 39, 40, 87 Density, 41, 87, 93 Desiccation, 41, 42, 87 Diagnostic procedure, 23, 56, 87 Diarrhea, 18, 85, 87 Diastole, 87 Diastolic, 33, 87 Diastolic pressure, 33, 87 Dietary Fiber, 12, 70, 87 Digestion, 81, 83, 87, 91, 98 Diploid, 87, 94 Direct, iii, 87, 96 Drive, ii, vi, 9, 32, 57, 87 Drug Interactions, 60, 87 Dysmenorrhea, 45, 87 E Elasticity, 33, 87 Electrolyte, 87, 97 Electrons, 39, 82, 83, 84, 87, 91, 93 Elementary Particles, 87, 88 Emodin, 81, 88 Endometrium, 45, 88, 92 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 88 Enzymatic, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88 Enzyme, 33, 88, 91 Epithelial, 88, 89 Epithelial Cells, 88, 89 Epithelium, 44, 88 Erythrocytes, 88 Erythropoiesis, 6, 88 Extracellular, 88, 97 F Family Planning, 65, 88 Fat, 4, 82, 84, 88, 93 Fatigue, 45, 88 Fatty acids, 84, 88, 91, 95 Fence, 43, 88 Fetus, 88, 95, 99
Flatus, 88 Flavoring Agents, 27, 88 Forearm, 83, 88 Friction, 29, 88 G Gallbladder, 81, 83, 88 Gas, 34, 88, 90, 99 Gas exchange, 88, 99 Gastrointestinal, 6, 89, 91 Gastrointestinal tract, 89, 91 Gene, 83, 89 Glucose, 38, 84, 89, 97 Governing Board, 89, 95 Grade, 37, 89 Growth, 22, 29, 41, 42, 43, 82, 89, 92, 94 H Habitual, 85, 89 Haematoma, 89 Haemorrhage, 7, 89 Handicap, 88, 89 Haploid, 89, 94 Headache, 89, 95 Helminths, 89, 90 Hemorrhage, 89, 96, 98 Hepatic, 81, 89 Hepatitis, 5, 89 Hepatocytes, 89 Hepatomegaly, 6, 89 Hepatotoxic, 86, 89, 96 Homogenate, 37, 89 Hormonal, 45, 90 Hormone, 90 Host, 83, 90, 91 Hydrogen, 81, 83, 84, 90, 92, 93 Hydroxylation, 81, 90 Hypercholesterolemia, 34, 90 Hyperlipidemia, 33, 90 Hypersensitivity, 90, 91 I Id, 13, 17, 70, 76, 78, 90 Immersion, 34, 83, 90 Immune system, 90, 91 Immunity, 90, 93 Incontinence, 18, 44, 90 Indicative, 47, 90, 99 Infarction, 87, 90, 92 Infection, 5, 6, 12, 18, 19, 57, 90, 91, 92, 98 Infestation, 12, 90 Inflammation, 18, 89, 90, 91, 98 Initiation, 39, 90 Inoculum, 12, 90 Insomnia, 91, 95
Index 97
Intestines, 81, 89, 91 Intracellular, 90, 91, 95 Ion Exchange, 37, 84, 91 Ion Exchange Resins, 37, 91 Ions, 83, 85, 87, 90, 91 Ischemia, 10, 91 K Kb, 64, 91 Kidney stone, 91, 93 L Leukemia, 8, 91 Leukotrienes, 45, 82, 91 Library Services, 76, 91 Lipoxygenase, 91 Liver, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 91 Localized, 89, 90, 91, 94 Locomotion, 91, 94 Lymph, 85, 91, 92, 96 Lymph node, 85, 91, 92, 96 Lymphatic, 90, 91, 92, 96 Lymphatic system, 91, 92, 96 M Malignant, 92, 96 Malignant tumor, 92, 96 MEDLINE, 65, 92 Membrane, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96 Memory, 43, 92 Menopause, 45, 92 Menstrual Cycle, 45, 92, 95 Menstruation, 45, 87, 92, 95 Mercury, 39, 92 MI, 10, 29, 31, 34, 36, 79, 92 Milligram, 57, 92 Molecular, 16, 22, 39, 65, 67, 83, 86, 91, 92 Molecule, 82, 83, 86, 92, 93 Mucosa, 45, 92 Mung bean, 45, 92 Mutagenicity, 81, 92 Myocardium, 92 N Nausea, 70, 92, 95 NCI, 1, 63, 85, 92 Necrosis, 90, 92, 93 Need, 3, 25, 27, 31, 33, 53, 56, 71, 93 Neonatal, 6, 93 Nerve, 93, 96, 98 Neuroblastoma, 6, 93 Nuclear, 88, 93, 99 Nuclei, 87, 93, 96 Nutritive Value, 10, 93 O Ointments, 85, 93
Omega-3 fatty acid, 4, 93 Opacity, 87, 93 Orbit, 24, 93 Orbital, 24, 93 Osmosis, 93 Osmotic, 22, 40, 93 Oxalate, 14, 93 Oxidation, 39, 81, 82, 93, 94 Oxidative metabolism, 91, 94 Oxidative Stress, 85, 94 P Paediatric, 8, 94 Palliative, 94, 98 Pancreas, 81, 94 Parasitic, 22, 89, 90, 94 Pathogen, 90, 94 Perennial, 41, 42, 85, 94, 99 Petechiae, 89, 94 Pharmacologic, 94, 98 Phospholipids, 88, 94 Physiologic, 92, 94, 95 Pigments, 82, 84, 94 Plants, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 85, 88, 89, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99 Plaque, 33, 94 Plasma, 7, 94 Poisoning, 92, 94 Pollen, 94, 96 Polymers, 91, 95 Postprandial, 8, 12, 95 Practice Guidelines, 66, 95 Premenstrual, 45, 95 Premenstrual Syndrome, 45, 95 Prenatal, 7, 95 Progressive, 34, 89, 93, 95 Projection, 24, 95 Prostaglandin, 45, 95 Prostaglandins A, 95 Protein S, 83, 95 Proteins, 82, 86, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98 Psychiatry, 96, 99 Public Policy, 65, 96 Pulmonary, 83, 86, 91, 96, 99 Pulmonary Artery, 83, 96, 99 Pulse, 33, 96 Purpura, 89, 96 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 86, 96 Q Quercetin, 15, 96 R Radioactive, 90, 93, 96, 99 Rectum, 88, 90, 96
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Recurrence, 85, 96 Refer, 1, 86, 91, 96 Regimen, 57, 96 Research Support, 57, 96 Respiratory Physiology, 96, 99 Restoration, 96, 97, 100 Retina, 96 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 6, 7, 96 Rigidity, 26, 94, 96 Risk factor, 34, 96 Rod, 35, 96 Rubella, 7, 96 Rutin, 96, 97 S Saccharin, 57, 97 Salicylate, 85, 97 Sanitary, 44, 97 Saponins, 84, 86, 97 Screening, 85, 97 Sensor, 25, 97 Serrated, 36, 97 Serum, 5, 8, 10, 12, 86, 97 Side effect, 59, 81, 97, 98 Skeleton, 95, 97 Skull, 93, 97 Sodium, 38, 97 Solvent, 93, 97 Specialist, 71, 97 Species, 84, 85, 89, 94, 96, 97, 99 Spices, 84, 97 Spinal cord, 84, 85, 97 Spores, 90, 98 Steel, 43, 51, 98 Stimulus, 87, 98 Stomach, 81, 89, 90, 91, 92, 98 Stool, 90, 98 Stroke, 24, 33, 64, 98 Subacute, 90, 98 Subclinical, 90, 98 Subcutaneous, 6, 98 Supplementation, 15, 22, 98 Systemic, 44, 83, 90, 98 Systolic, 33, 98
Systolic pressure, 33, 98 T Tendinitis, 7, 98 Therapeutics, 60, 98 Threshold, 88, 98 Thrombosis, 95, 98 Ticks, 90, 98 Tissue, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100 Topical, 44, 82, 98 Toxic, iv, 33, 89, 90, 98 Toxicity, 87, 88, 92, 98 Toxicology, 66, 98 Toxins, 82, 90, 98 Transfection, 83, 99 Trees, 30, 32, 99 Tuberculosis, 86, 99 U Unconscious, 90, 99 Uranium, 8, 99 Ureters, 91, 99 Urethra, 99 Urinary, 10, 18, 19, 57, 90, 99 Urinary tract, 10, 57, 99 Urinary tract infection, 57, 99 Urine, 57, 82, 83, 90, 91, 93, 99 Urography, 8, 99 Uterine Contraction, 45, 99 Uterus, 45, 85, 88, 92, 99 V Vagina, 85, 92, 99 Vaginal, 44, 45, 99 Vascular, 90, 99 Veins, 19, 33, 83, 99 Ventilation, 26, 99 Ventricle, 96, 98, 99 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 99 Viral, 6, 37, 99 Virus, 83, 94, 96, 99, 100 W Weight Gain, 45, 100 Womb, 99, 100 Wound Healing, 85, 100
Index 99
100 Blueberries
