Betasitosterol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

BETA-SITOSTEROL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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BETA-SITOSTEROL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Beta-Sitosterol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84353-8 1. Beta-Sitosterol-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on beta-sitosterol. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BETA-SITOSTEROL ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Beta-Sitosterol............................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BETA-SITOSTEROL ............................................................................. 7 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 7 Finding Nutrition Studies on Beta-Sitosterol................................................................................ 7 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 10 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BETA-SITOSTEROL..................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 General References ....................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BETA-SITOSTEROL ................................................................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Beta-Sitosterol............................................................................................................ 29 Patent Applications on Beta-Sitosterol ........................................................................................ 32 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 47 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 47 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 53 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 53 BETA-SITOSTEROL DICTIONARY ........................................................................................... 55 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 73

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with beta-sitosterol is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about beta-sitosterol, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to beta-sitosterol, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on beta-sitosterol. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to beta-sitosterol, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on beta-sitosterol. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BETA-SITOSTEROL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on beta-sitosterol.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and beta-sitosterol, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Beta-Sitosterol in Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Lancet. 345(8964): 1529-1532. June 17, 1995. Summary: This article reports on a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study, in which 200 patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were treated with either 20 mg beta-sitosterol three times per day or placebo. Primary endpoint was a difference of modified Boyarsky score between treatment groups after 6 months; secondary endpoints were changes in International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), urine flow, and prostate volume. Results showed significant improvement in symptoms and urinary flow parameters that indicate the effectiveness of beta-sitosterol in the treatment of BPH. No relevant reduction of prostatic volume

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was observed in either the experimental or placebo group. 1 figure. 2 tables. 17 references.

Federally Funded Research on Beta-Sitosterol The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to beta-sitosterol. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to beta-sitosterol. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore beta-sitosterol.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with beta-sitosterol, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for beta-sitosterol (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A unique patient with coexisting cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and betasitosterolemia. Author(s): Wang C, Lin HJ, Chan TK, Salen G, Chan WC, Tse TF. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1981 August; 71(2): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7258222&dopt=Abstract

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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Absorbability of beta-sitosterol in humans. Author(s): Gould RG, Jones RJ, LeRoy GV, Wissler RW, Taylor CB. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1969 August; 18(8): 652-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5799288&dopt=Abstract

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beta-Sitosterol as a nonabsorbable marker of dietary lipid absorption in man. Author(s): Newton DF, Mansbach CM 2nd. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1978 October 16; 89(2): 331-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=709879&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol: effects on jejunal fluid secretion induced by oleate, and absorption from mixed micellar solutions. Author(s): Slota T, Kozlov NA, Ammon HV. Source: Gut. 1983 July; 24(7): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6862286&dopt=Abstract

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Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Dietary cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Author(s): Nair PP, Turjman N, Kessie G, Calkins B, Goodman GT, Davidovitz H, Nimmagadda G. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984 October; 40(4 Suppl): 927-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6486101&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary beta-sitosterol as an internal standard to correct for cholesterol losses in sterol balance studies. Author(s): Grundy SM, Ahrens EH Jr, Salen G. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1968 May; 9(3): 374-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5646188&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol alone or in combination with chenic acid on cholesterol saturation of bile and cholesterol absorption in gallstone patients. Author(s): Tangedahl TN, Thistle JL, Hofmann AF, Matseshe JW. Source: Gastroenterology. 1979 June; 76(6): 1341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=437431&dopt=Abstract

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Fecal beta-sitosterol in patients with diverticular disease of the colon and in vegetarians. Author(s): Miettinen TA, Tarpila S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1978; 13(5): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=705252&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-Sitosterol

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Identification of beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol in human serum. Author(s): Rao MK, Perkins EG, Connor WE, Bhattacharyya AK. Source: Lipids. 1975 September; 10(9): 566-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1177671&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Beta-Sitosterol and chenodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Author(s): Gerolami A, Sarles H. Source: Lancet. 1975 October 11; 2(7937): 721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=52107&dopt=Abstract

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Lowering plasma cholesterol with beta-sitosterol and diet. Author(s): Drexel H, Breier C, Lisch HJ, Sailer S. Source: Lancet. 1981 May 23; 1(8230): 1157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6112507&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of beta-sitosterol in man. Author(s): Salen G, Ahrens EH Jr, Grundy SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1970 May; 49(5): 952-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5441548&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lipoproteins and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in hypercholesterolemic subjects given beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Weisweiler P, Heinemann V, Schwandt P. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 April; 22(4): 204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6715090&dopt=Abstract

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Side-chain cleavage of 4-cholesten-3-one, 5-cholesten-3 alpha-ol, beta-sitosterol, and related steroids in endocrine tissues from rat and man. Author(s): Aringer L, Eneroth P, Nordstrom L. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1979 September; 11(3): 1271-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=513749&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of beta-sitosterol on biliary cholesterol saturation and bile acid kinetics in man. Author(s): Begemann F, Bandomer G, Herget HJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1978; 13(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=345413&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BETA-SITOSTEROL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and beta-sitosterol.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Beta-Sitosterol The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Beta-Sitosterol

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “beta-sitosterol” (or a synonym): •

A chlorinated monoterpene ketone, acylated beta-sitosterol glycosides and a flavanone glycoside from Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae). Author(s): H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, -75270, Karachi, Pakistan. [email protected] Source: Shaiq Ali, M Saleem, M Ahmad, W Parvez, M Yamdagni, R Phytochemistry. 2002 April; 59(8): 889-95 0031-9422

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A comparative study of the effects of cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and melatonin on in vitro lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Department of Chemical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital and University of Stellenbosch Medical School, South Africa. [email protected] Source: van Rensburg, S J Daniels, W M van Zyl, J M Taljaard, J J Metab-Brain-Dis. 2000 December; 15(4): 257-65 0885-7490

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A novel method of producing a microcrystalline beta-sitosterol suspension in oil. Author(s): Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Department of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland. [email protected] Source: Christiansen, L I Rantanen, J T von Bonsdorff, A K Karjalainen, M A Yliruusi, J K Eur-J-Pharm-Sci. 2002 April; 15(3): 261-9 0928-0987

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A randomised placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy of beta-sitosterol and its glucoside as adjuvants in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics and Child Health. Source: Donald, P R Lamprecht, J H Freestone, M Albrecht, C F Bouic, P J Kotze, D van Jaarsveld, P P Int-J-Tuberc-Lung-Dis. 1997 December; 1(6): 518-22 1027-3719

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Angiogenic activity of beta-sitosterol in the ischaemia/reperfusion-damaged brain of Mongolian gerbil. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Source: Choi, Seongwon Kim, Kyu Won Choi, Jae Sue Han, Sang Taek Park, Young In Lee, Seung Ki Kim, Jeong Soon Chung, Myung Hee Planta-Med. 2002 April; 68(4): 330-5 0032-0943

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Antihyperglycemic and insulin-releasing effects of beta-sitosterol 3-beta-D-glucoside and its aglycone, beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Departamento de Farmacologia y Farmacotecnia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain. Source: Ivorra, M D D'Ocon, M P Paya, M Villar, A Arch-Int-Pharmacodyn-Ther. 1988 Nov-December; 296224-31 0003-9780

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Antilipidemic agents, III: Synthesis of some heterocyclic derivatives of betasitosterol. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt. Source: Habib, N S Khalil, M A Arch-Pharm-(Weinheim). 1990 July; 323(7): 401-4 03656233

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beta-sitosterol for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. Author(s): The VA Coordinating Center of the Cochrane Collaborative Review Group in Prostatic Diseases and Urologic Malignancies, 13/Minneapolis, VA, USA. Source: Wilt, T J MacDonald, R Ishani, A BJU-Int. 1999 June; 83(9): 976-83 1464-4096

Nutrition

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Bioactivity studies of beta-sitosterol and its glucoside. Source: Villasenor, I.M. Angelada, J. Canlas, A.P. Echegoyen, D. PTR,-Phytother-res. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. August 2002. volume 16 (5) page 417-421. 0951418X

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Effect of a high saturated fat and cholesterol diet supplemented with squalene or beta-sitosterol on lipoprotein profile in F1B hamsters. Source: Smith, D. Espino Montoro, A. Perez Jimenez, F. Pedro Botet, J. Pereperez, J.J. Ordovas, J.M. Nutr-res. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. Sept 2000. volume 20 (9) page 1309-1318. 0271-5317

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Effect of inhibitors of cell envelope synthesis on beta-sitosterol side chain degradation by Mycobacterium sp. NRRL MB 3683. Author(s): Microbiology and Virology Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland. Source: Sedlaczek, L Gorminski, B M Lisowska, K J-Basic-Microbiol. 1994; 34(6): 387-99 0233-111X

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Effects of a new soy/beta-sitosterol supplement on plasma lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Author(s): Atherosclerosis and Dysmetabolic Disease Study Center G. Descovich, Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotechnologies D. Campanacci, University of Bologna, Italy. [email protected] Source: Cicero, A F Fiorito, A Panourgia, M P Sangiorgi, Z Gaddi, A J-Am-Diet-Assoc. 2002 December; 102(12): 1807-11 0002-8223

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Enhancement of beta-sitosterol transformation in Mycobacterium vaccae with increased cell wall permeability. Author(s): Centre for Microbiology and Virology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Lodowa 106, Poland. Source: Korycka Machala, M Rumijowska Galewicz, A Lisowska, K Ziolkowskit, A Sedlacze, L Acta-Microbiol-Pol. 2001; 50(2): 107-15 0137-1320

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Influence of beta-sitosterol on the fibrinolytic potential in rabbits. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Academy Erfurt, GDR. Source: Hoffmann, A Klocking, H P Folia-Haematol-Int-Mag-Klin-Morphol-Blutforsch. 1988; 115(1-2): 189-96 0015-556X

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Inhibition of growth and stimulation of apoptosis by beta-sitosterol treatment of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in culture. Author(s): 15 Farber Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. Source: Awad, A B Downie, A C Fink, C S Int-J-Mol-Med. 2000 May; 5(5): 541-5 11073756

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Liver targeting liposomes containing beta-sitosterol glucoside with regard to penetration-enhancing effect on HepG2 cells. Author(s): Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Kawano, K Nakamura, K Hayashi, K Nagai, T Takayama, K Maitani, Y BiolPharm-Bull. 2002 June; 25(6): 766-70 0918-6158

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Measurement variability of plasma beta-sitosterol and campesterol, two new biomarkers for cancer prevention. Author(s): Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA. Source: Li, J H Awad, A B Fink, C S Wu, Y W Trevisan, M Muti, P Eur-J-CancerPrevolume 2001 June; 10(3): 245-9 0959-8278

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Beta-Sitosterol

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Metabolic blocks in the degradation of beta-sitosterol by a plasmid-cured strain of Arthrobacter oxydans. Author(s): Biochemistry Division, Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat, Assam, India. Source: Dutta, R K Roy, M K Singh, H D J-Basic-Microbiol. 1992; 32(3): 167-76 0233-111X

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Selection of Mycobacterium sp. strains with capacity to biotransform high concentrations of beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chile. [email protected] Source: Vidal, M Becerra, J Mondaca, M A Silva, M Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2001 October; 57(3): 385-9 0175-7598

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Synergistic effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-sitosterol and squalene on antioxidant activity assayed by crocin bleaching method. Author(s): National Institute of Nutrition, Rome, Italy. Source: Finotti, E D'Ambrosio, M Paoletti, F Vivanti, V Quaglia, G Nahrung. 2000 October; 44(5): 373-4 0027-769X

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The enhancing effect of nasal absorption of FITC-dextran 4,400 by beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside in rabbits. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, 142-8501, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Nakamura, K Maitani, Y Takayama, K J-Control-Release. 2002 February 19; 79(13): 147-55 0168-3659

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Treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia with beta-sitosterol: an 18month follow-up. Author(s): Department of Urology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Herne, Germany. Source: Berges, R R Kassen, A Senge, T BJU-Int. 2000 May; 85(7): 842-6 1464-4096

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

Nutrition

11

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to beta-sitosterol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocados Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,46,00.html Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

13

CHAPTER 3. SITOSTEROL

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

BETA-

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to beta-sitosterol. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to beta-sitosterol and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to beta-sitosterol: •

A chlorinated monoterpene ketone, acylated beta-sitosterol glycosides and a flavanone glycoside from Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae). Author(s): Shaiq Ali M, Saleem M, Ahmad W, Parvez M, Yamdagni R. Source: Phytochemistry. 2002 April; 59(8): 889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937172&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of the effects of cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and melatonin on in vitro lipid peroxidation. Author(s): van Rensburg SJ, Daniels WM, van Zyl JM, Taljaard JJ. Source: Metabolic Brain Disease. 2000 December; 15(4): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383550&dopt=Abstract

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A marked and sustained reduction in LDL sterols by diet and cholestyramine in betasitosterolemia. Author(s): Parsons HG, Jamal R, Baylis B, Dias VC, Roncari D. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1995 October; 18(5): 389-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8529322&dopt=Abstract

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A multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. German BPH-Phyto Study group. Author(s): Klippel KF, Hiltl DM, Schipp B. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1997 September; 80(3): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9313662&dopt=Abstract

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A novel angiogenic factor derived from Aloe vera gel: beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol. Author(s): Moon EJ, Lee YM, Lee OH, Lee MJ, Lee SK, Chung MH, Park YI, Sung CK, Choi JS, Kim KW. Source: Angiogenesis. 1999; 3(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14517429&dopt=Abstract

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A novel method of producing a microcrystalline beta-sitosterol suspension in oil. Author(s): Christiansen LI, Rantanen JT, von Bonsdorff AK, Karjalainen MA, Yliruusi JK. Source: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2002 April; 15(3): 261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923058&dopt=Abstract

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A plant food-based diet modifies the serum beta-sitosterol concentration in hyperandrogenic postmenopausal women. Author(s): Muti P, Awad AB, Schunemann H, Fink CS, Hovey K, Freudenheim JL, Wu YW, Bellati C, Pala V, Berrino F. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 December; 133(12): 4252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652381&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy of beta-sitosterol and its glucoside as adjuvants in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Donald PR, Lamprecht JH, Freestone M, Albrecht CF, Bouic PJ, Kotze D, van Jaarsveld PP. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1997 December; 1(6): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487449&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 15

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Absorption of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol from cigarette smoke in Macaca mulatta. Author(s): Malinow MR, McLaughlin P, Aigner-Held R, Upson B, Isabelle LM, Connor WE, Lin D. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1986 April; 60(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3707670&dopt=Abstract

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Allylic nitration of 3 beta-sitosterol and cholesterol acetate: preparation of 7-nitro derivatives. Author(s): Jimenez-Estrada M, Garcia MO, Navarro AO, Eusebio JL, Alvarez CT, Penieres GC, Gutierrez RP. Source: Steroids. 1997 June; 62(6): 500-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185299&dopt=Abstract

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Angiogenic activity of beta-sitosterol in the ischaemia/reperfusion-damaged brain of Mongolian gerbil. Author(s): Choi S, Kim KW, Choi JS, Han ST, Park YI, Lee SK, Kim JS, Chung MH. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 April; 68(4): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988857&dopt=Abstract

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Antifertility effects of beta-sitosterol in male albino rats. Author(s): Malini T, Vanithakumari G. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1991 December; 35(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809820&dopt=Abstract

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Antihyperglycemic and insulin-releasing effects of beta-sitosterol 3-beta-D-glucoside and its aglycone, beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Ivorra MD, D'Ocon MP, Paya M, Villar A. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1988 November-December; 296: 224-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3071280&dopt=Abstract

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Antilipidemic agents, III: Synthesis of some heterocyclic derivatives of betasitosterol. Author(s): Habib NS, Khalil MA. Source: Archiv Der Pharmazie. 1990 July; 323(7): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2241533&dopt=Abstract

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Avocado fruit is a rich source of beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Duester KC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 April; 101(4): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320941&dopt=Abstract

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beta-Sitosterol activates the sphingomyelin cycle and induces apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Author(s): von Holtz RL, Fink CS, Awad AB. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 32(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824850&dopt=Abstract

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beta-Sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation: implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. Author(s): Bouic PJ, Etsebeth S, Liebenberg RW, Albrecht CF, Pegel K, Van Jaarsveld PP. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1996 December; 18(12): 693-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9172012&dopt=Abstract

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beta-sitosterol for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. Author(s): Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Ishani A. Source: Bju International. 1999 June; 83(9): 976-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368239&dopt=Abstract

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beta-Sitosterol inhibits growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells by activating the sphingomyelin cycle. Author(s): Awad AB, von Holtz RL, Cone JP, Fink CS, Chen YC. Source: Anticancer Res. 1998 January-February; 18(1A): 471-3. Erratum In: Anticancer Res 1998 March-April; 18(2A): 1227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568122&dopt=Abstract

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beta-Sitosterol inhibits HT-29 human colon cancer cell growth and alters membrane lipids. Author(s): Awad AB, Chen YC, Fink CS, Hennessey T. Source: Anticancer Res. 1996 September-October; 16(5A): 2797-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917388&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-Sitosterol, a plant sterol, induces apoptosis and activates key caspases in MDAMB-231 human breast cancer cells. Author(s): Awad AB, Roy R, Fink CS. Source: Oncol Rep. 2003 March-April; 10(2): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579296&dopt=Abstract

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Bioactivity studies on beta-sitosterol and its glucoside. Author(s): Villasenor IM, Angelada J, Canlas AP, Echegoyen D. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 August; 16(5): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203259&dopt=Abstract


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Biosynthesis of beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol in Croton sublyratus proceeds via a mixed origin of isoprene units. Author(s): De-Eknamkul W, Potduang B. Source: Phytochemistry. 2003 February; 62(3): 389-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620352&dopt=Abstract

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Cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, ergosterol, and coprostanol in agricultural soils. Author(s): Puglisi E, Nicelli M, Capri E, Trevisan M, Del Re AA. Source: J Environ Qual. 2003 March-April; 32(2): 466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708669&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of the effects of beta-sitosterol, estradiol and progesterone on selected biochemical parameters of the uterus of ovariectomised rats. Author(s): Malini T, Vanithakumari G. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1992 February; 36(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1501493&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of beta-sitosterol oxides and a cholesterol oxide, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, in cultured mammalian cells. Author(s): Maguire L, Konoplyannikov M, Ford A, Maguire AR, O'Brien NM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 90(4): 767-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129445&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution and partitioning of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol in micellar bile salt solutions. Author(s): Chijiiwa K. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1987 September; 253(3 Pt 1): G268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3631263&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution study of radioactivity in rats after oral administration of the lipido/sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) supplemented with [1-14C]-lauric acid, [1-14C]-oleic acid or [4-14C]-beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Chevalier G, Benard P, Cousse H, Bengone T. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1997 January-March; 22(1): 73-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179563&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol as inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase in hamster prostate. Author(s): Cabeza M, Bratoeff E, Heuze I, Ramirez E, Sanchez M, Flores E. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2003; 46: 153-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14699915&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol on precipitation of cholesterol from non-aqueous and aqueous solutions. Author(s): Christiansen L, Karjalainen M, Seppanen-Laakso T, Hiltunen R, Yliruusi J. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2003 March 26; 254(2): 155-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623191&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol on transforming growth factor-beta-1 expression and translocation protein kinase C alpha in human prostate stromal cells in vitro. Author(s): Kassen A, Berges R, Senge T. Source: European Urology. 2000 June; 37(6): 735-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828677&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol on ultrastructure of liver cells in young and aged mice. Author(s): Tamura M, Suzuki H, Itoh K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68(2): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565831&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol on uterine biochemistry: a comparative study with estradiol and progesterone. Author(s): Malini T, Vanithakumari G. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993 November; 31(4): 659-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7507762&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol, a plant sterol, on growth, protein phosphatase 2A, and phospholipase D in LNCaP cells. Author(s): Awad AB, Gan Y, Fink CS. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 36(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798219&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-sitosterol-3-beta-D-glucoside on insulin secretion in vivo in diabetic rats and in vitro in isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Author(s): Ivorra MD, Paya M, Villar A. Source: Pharmazie. 1990 April; 45(4): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2200064&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of inhibitors of cell envelope synthesis on beta-sitosterol side chain degradation by Mycobacterium sp. NRRL MB 3683. Author(s): Sedlaczek L, Gorminski BM, Lisowska K. Source: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1994; 34(6): 387-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7815307&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of micellar beta-sitosterol on cholesterol metabolism in CaCo-2 cells. Author(s): Field FJ, Born E, Mathur SN.


Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1997 February; 38(2): 348-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9162754&dopt=Abstract •

Enhancement of beta-sitosterol transformation in Mycobacterium vaccae with increased cell wall permeability. Author(s): Korycka-Machala M, Rumijowska-Galewicz A, Lisowska K, Ziolkowskit A, Sedlacze L. Source: Acta Microbiol Pol. 2001; 50(2): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720305&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure of Chironomus riparius larvae (diptera) to lead, mercury and beta-sitosterol: effects on mouthpart deformation and moulting. Author(s): Vermeulen AC, Liberloo G, Dumont P, Ollevier F, Goddeeris B. Source: Chemosphere. 2000 November; 41(10): 1581-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11057685&dopt=Abstract

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Hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-sitosterol in cholesterol fed sea quail. Author(s): Day CE. Source: Artery. 1991; 18(3): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2069517&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo implants of beta-sitosterol cause reductions of reactive cholesterol pools in mitochondria isolated from gonads of male goldfish (Carassius auratus). Author(s): Leusch FD, MacLatchy DL. Source: General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2003 December; 134(3): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14636632&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of Bax and activation of caspases during beta-sitosterol-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Author(s): Choi YH, Kong KR, Kim YA, Jung KO, Kil JH, Rhee SH, Park KY. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2003 December; 23(6): 1657-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612938&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of beta-sitosterol on the fibrinolytic potential in rabbits. Author(s): Hoffmann A, Klocking HP. Source: Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch. 1988; 115(1-2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2459019&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of growth and stimulation of apoptosis by beta-sitosterol treatment of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in culture. Author(s): Awad AB, Downie AC, Fink CS.

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Beta-Sitosterol

Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2000 May; 5(5): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762659&dopt=Abstract •

Isolation of 3-O-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-beta-sitosterol and 4-[4'-(4”hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyloxy]benzyl methyl ether from fresh tubers of Gastrodia elata. Author(s): Yun-Choi HS, Pyo MK, Park KM. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1998 June; 21(3): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875458&dopt=Abstract

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Kimchi and an active component, beta-sitosterol, reduce oncogenic H-Ras(v12)induced DNA synthesis. Author(s): Park KY, Cho EJ, Rhee SH, Jung KO, Yi SJ, Jhun BH. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003 Fall; 6(3): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14585179&dopt=Abstract

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Liver targeting liposomes containing beta-sitosterol glucoside with regard to penetration-enhancing effect on HepG2 cells. Author(s): Kawano K, Nakamura K, Hayashi K, Nagai T, Takayama K, Maitani Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 June; 25(6): 766-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081144&dopt=Abstract

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Mass spectrometry characterization of the 5alpha-, 7alpha-, and 7beta-hydroxy derivatives of beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol. Author(s): Bortolomeazzi R, De Zan M, Pizzale L, Conte LS. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 August; 47(8): 3069-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552610&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement variability of plasma beta-sitosterol and campesterol, two new biomarkers for cancer prevention. Author(s): Li JH, Awad AB, Fink CS, Wu YW, Trevisan M, Muti P. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2001 June; 10(3): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432711&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic blocks in the degradation of beta-sitosterol by a plasmid-cured strain of Arthrobacter oxydans. Author(s): Dutta RK, Roy MK, Singh HD. Source: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1992; 32(3): 167-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1512707&dopt=Abstract


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Microbial transformation of beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol into 26-oxygenated derivatives. Author(s): Ambrus G, Ilkoy E, Jekkel A, Horvath G, Bocskei Z. Source: Steroids. 1995 September; 60(9): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8545851&dopt=Abstract

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Optimizing the crystal size and habit of beta-sitosterol in suspension. Author(s): von Bonsdorff-Nikander A, Rantanen J, Christiansen L, Yliruusi J. Source: Aaps Pharmscitech. 2003; 4(3): E44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14621976&dopt=Abstract

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Peanuts as a source of beta-sitosterol, a sterol with anticancer properties. Author(s): Awad AB, Chan KC, Downie AC, Fink CS. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 36(2): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890036&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of beta-sitosterol in the beagle dog. Author(s): Ritschel WA, Kastner U, Hussain AS, Koch HP. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1990 April; 40(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2357248&dopt=Abstract

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Preparation and mass spectrometry of 14 pure and 18O(2)-labeled oxidation products from the phytosterols beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Author(s): Johannes C, Lorenz RL. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2004 February 1; 325(1): 107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14715290&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitation of beta-sitosterol in bourbon. Author(s): Rosenblum ER, Van Thiel DH, Campbell IM, Gavaler JS. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1991 March; 15(2): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2058796&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-Sitosterol Study Group. Author(s): Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, Senge T. Source: Lancet. 1995 June 17; 345(8964): 1529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7540705&dopt=Abstract

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Rat toxicity studies with beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Malini T, Vanithakumari G.

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Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990 February; 28(2): 221-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2329812&dopt=Abstract •

Redistribution of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol between intralipid and rat plasma lipoproteins and red blood cells in vivo. Author(s): Kakis G, Kuksis A, Breckenridge WC. Source: Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire. 1988 December; 66(12): 1312-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3245906&dopt=Abstract

•

Regional intestinal absorption of FITC-dextran 4,400 with nanoparticles based on beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside in rats. Author(s): Nakamura K, Takayama K, Nagai T, Maitani Y. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2003 February; 92(2): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532381&dopt=Abstract

•

Selection of Mycobacterium sp. strains with capacity to biotransform high concentrations of beta-sitosterol. Author(s): Vidal M, Becerra J, Mondaca MA, Silva M. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001 October; 57(3): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759690&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous measurement of phytosterols (campesterol and beta-sitosterol) and 7ketocholesterol in human lipoproteins by capillary column gas chromatography. Author(s): Dyer RG, Hetherington CS, Alberti KG, Laker MF. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 January 6; 663(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704195&dopt=Abstract

•

Synergistic effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-sitosterol and squalene on antioxidant activity assayed by crocin bleaching method. Author(s): Finotti E, D'Ambrosio M, Paoletti F, Vivanti V, Quaglia G. Source: Die Nahrung. 2000 October; 44(5): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075383&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of beta-sitosterol on spore germination and germ-tube elongation of Aspergillus niger and Botryodiplodia theobromae. Author(s): Aderiye BI, Ogundana SK, Adesanya SA, Roberts MF. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1989 February; 8(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2641488&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, coumestrol, and beta-sitosterol on pituitary responsiveness and sexually dimorphic nucleus volume in the castrated


adult rat. Author(s): Register B, Bethel MA, Thompson N, Walmer D, Blohm P, Ayyash L, Hughes C Jr. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1995 January; 208(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892299&dopt=Abstract •

The enhancing effect of nasal absorption of FITC-dextran 4,400 by beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside in rabbits. Author(s): Nakamura K, Maitani Y, Takayama K. Source: Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2002 February 19; 79(1-3): 147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853926&dopt=Abstract

•

The enhancing effect of soybean-derived sterylglucoside and beta-sitosterol beta-Dglucoside on nasal absorption in rabbits. Author(s): Maitani Y, Nakamura K, Suenaga H, Kamata K, Takayama K, Nagai T. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 April 25; 200(1): 17-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10845682&dopt=Abstract

•

The in vitro anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities of beta-sitosterol from Senecio lyratus (Asteraceae). Author(s): Kiprono PC, Kaberia F, Keriko JM, Karanja JN. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2000 May-June; 55(5-6): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928565&dopt=Abstract

•

The phytoestrogen beta-sitosterol alters the reproductive endocrine status of goldfish. Author(s): MacLatchy DL, Van Der Kraak GJ. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1995 October; 134(2): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570607&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia with beta-sitosterol: an 18month follow-up. Author(s): Berges RR, Kassen A, Senge T. Source: Bju International. 2000 May; 85(7): 842-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792163&dopt=Abstract

•

Tribulosin and beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside, the anthelmintic principles of Tribulus terrestris. Author(s): Deepak M, Dipankar G, Prashanth D, Asha MK, Amit A, Venkataraman BV.

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Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 December; 9(8): 753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587699&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to beta-sitosterol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


•

Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aralia Alternative names: Spikenard; Aralia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Beta-Sitosterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-Sitosterol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,972,00.html Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Nettle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pumpkin Alternative names: Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pygeum Alternative names: Prunus africanum, Pygeum africanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sarsaparilla Alternative names: Smilax spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sitosterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Stevia Alternative names: Sweetleaf; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum V Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Uncaria Catclaw Alternative names: Cat's Claw, Uno de Gato; Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitex Alternative names: Chaste; Vitex agnus-castus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org


General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

29

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BETA-SITOSTEROL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “betasitosterol” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on beta-sitosterol, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Beta-Sitosterol By performing a patent search focusing on beta-sitosterol, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Beta-Sitosterol

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on beta-sitosterol: •

Method of assessing risk for cardiovascular disease and other disorders and phytosterol-based compositions useful in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease and other disorders Inventor(s): Novak; Egon (Richmond, CA) Assignee(s): Forbes Medi-tech, Inc. (ca) Patent Number: 5,965,449 Date filed: July 3, 1996 Abstract: Methods are provided for determining whether a subject animal has an increased risk of cardiovascular or related disorder. The level of serum campesterol and beta-sitosterol are determined and a campesterol/beta-sitosterol ratio obtained. The ratio determined for the subject animal is compared with that of a normal control animal and correlated with the risk of cardiovascular or a related disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention the physiological homeostasis of cholesterol using phytosterols and in particular to the use of phytosterols as independent risk markers or indicators of cardiovascular disease and other related disorders. The present invention also relates to the correction of deficiencies indicated by the results of these markers using phytosterol-based compositions. While recent advances in science and technology are helping to improve quality and add years to human lives, the prevention of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease ("CVD"), has not been properly addressed and remains the leading cause of disability and death among middle-aged men. Cardiovascular disease is the leading contributor towards spiralling health care costs, estimated at approximately $17 billion in Canada and remains the most common single cause of death in both men and women. Each year, more than 1,000,000 coronary angiography procedures, approximately 400,000 angioplasties and 400,000 coronary artery bypass operations are performed in the United States alone. The 1992 statistics in Washington State indicate that CVD mortality accounts for 40% of all mortality with overall CVD death slightly more common in women than in men. By the age of 60, one in five men in the United States had experienced a coronary event compared to only one in 17 women. After the age of 60, death from coronary heart disease is one in four for both men and women. Research to date suggests that cholesterol may play a primary role in atherosclerosis by forming a atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels, ultimately cutting off blood supply to the heat muscle or alternatively to the brain or legs, depending on the location of the plaque in the arterial tree.sup.1,2. Recent overviews have indicated that a 1% reduction in a person's total serum cholesterol level yields a 2-3% reduction in risk of coronary artery disease.sup.3. Statistically, a 10% decrease in average serum cholesterol (e.g. from 6.0 mmol/L to 5.4 mmol/L) may result in the prevention of 100,000 deaths in the United States annually.sup.4. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05965449__

Patents 31

•

Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of diabetic male sexual dysfunction Inventor(s): Shlyankevich; Mark (Watterbury, CT) Assignee(s): Bio-virus Research Incorporated (san Mateo, Ca) Patent Number: 5,523,087 Date filed: February 15, 1995 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition is disclosed for the treatment of diabetic male sexual dysfunction, which comprises:(a) 45 to 60 parts by weight of one or more phytoestrogen compounds calculated as a free aglycon form of isoflavone;(b) 0 to 400, preferably 200 to 300 parts by weight of phosphatidyl choline;(c) 10 to 50 parts by weight of beta-sitosterol;(d) 0 to 300, preferably 30 to 100 parts by weight of Damiana leaf dry extract;(e) 0 to 15, preferably 1 to 3 parts by weight of Vitamin A;(f) 0 to 250, preferably 20 to 100 parts by weight of Vitamin B1;(g) 0 to 300, preferably 50 to 150 parts by weight of Vitamin B6;(h) 0 to 100, preferably 10 to 70 parts by weight of Vitamin E;(i) 0 to 300, preferably 50 to 200 parts by weight of calcium contained in a biologically acceptable calcium salt;(j) 0 to 750, preferably 300 to 500 parts by weight of magnesium contained in a biologically acceptable magnesium salt; and(k) 0 to 100, preferably 10 to 90 parts by weight of zinc contained in a biologically acceptable zinc salt; in admixture with a biologically acceptable inert carrier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diabetic male sexual dysfunction. More particularly, the invention relates to such pharmaceutical compositions that contain natural soybean phytoestrogens of the isoflavone group. The association between diabetes mellitus and erectile impotence is well known, and the frequency of these disorders ranges from 27 to 71%. In comparison to control subjects, diabetic patients show extensive behavioral decreases in sexual desire, arousal, activity and satisfaction. See Schiavi, R. C., Diabetologica, 36:745 to 751 (1993). The effect of glycemic control on the development of sexual problems is uncertain. In addition to the peripheral neurovascular pathology, the abnormal central nervous processes may also contribute to diabetic erectile dysfunction. There have been reports that link diabetic erectile dysfunction to a transient gonadotropin deficiency. See Ishida, Y. et al, "Unusual Combination of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Transient Pituitary Isolated Gonadotropin Deficiency", Intern. Med. (Japan), January 1994, 33(1) pp 27 to 30. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05523087__

•

Sterol esters of conjugated linoleic acids and process for their production Inventor(s): Liu; Linsen (Irvine, CA) Assignee(s): The Board of Regents for Oklahoma State University (stillwater, Ok) Patent Number: 6,413,571 Date filed: October 20, 2000 Abstract: Novel sterol/stanol esters of a conjugated fatty acid are provided through the esterification or transesterification of a sterol such as beta-sitosterol or a hydrogenated form thereof (stanol). Such novel esters exhibit the combined properties normally possess by the sterol/stanol compound and the conjugated fatty acid and as such are excellent additives for dietetic foods and supplements.

32

Beta-Sitosterol

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel sterol esters of conjugated linoleic acids and a process for the production of the same by esterification of sterols and stanols with a conjugated linoleic acid. It is known that the addition of plant sterol (phytosterol) to diets will reduce serum cholesterol levels. Such additives effect the reduction of serum cholesterol through the disruption of intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol by displacing it from bile and micelli. Free sterols or stanols, though, are not optimum candidates for use in typical pharmaceutical or dietary dosage forms as cholesterol reducing agents due to their very high melting points 130 C. and low solubility in aqueous and oil media. As a result such compounds are preferred to be converted into their fatty esters for food applications, which reduce their melting points and solubility in oil. However, the fatty acids attached to sterol in the current commercial products are from vegetable oil such as sunflower, canola, or soybean oil. Those fatty acids provide no pharmaceutical or nutraceutical functions except increasing the total calories of the products. Conjugated fatty acids are known to have many health benefits such as reducing body fat, inhibiting tumor growth and reducing atherosclerosis. Such conjugated fatty acids are naturally found in beef and dairy fats in trace amounts (0.2-30 mg/g food). One such conjugated fatty acid is conjugated linoleic acid (octadecadienoic acid), hereinafter referred to as CLA. Cattle convert the linoleic acid in grass into CLA by their special digestive processes. However, since humans cannot produce such conjugated fatty acids, such additives to the human system must be through the diet. Thus the providing of CLA in a form to permit its use in dietetic foods would serve as a significant contribution to the field of dietetic foods since it would enable the recipient to receive a valuable additive since it is known that CLA is effective in increasing body protein or preventing the loss of body protein in a human, increasing food efficiency in humans and assists in reducing body fat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06413571__

Patent Applications on Beta-Sitosterol As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to beta-sitosterol: •

Use of sterols as active ingredient in a cosmetic composition against adiposity Inventor(s): Gedouin, Antoine; (Saint Vincent, FR), Morvan, Pierre-Yves; (Rennes, FR), Vallee, Romuald; (St Meloir Des Ondes, FR) Correspondence: Armstrong,westerman & Hattori, Llp; 1725 K Street, NW.; Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20020106389 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of sterols derived from a plant or algae extract as the active principle of a cosmetic composition for combating adiposity. Said sterols are, for example, at least one of the three following sterols: campesterol, betasitosterol or stigmasterol.

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 33

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a use of sterols as active principle in a cosmetic composition to combat adiposity and thus refine the silhouette. Sterols are known for their use as active substance in anti-inflammatory medications in which they act as inhibitors of lipoxygenase. One may refer to the patent document FR-A-2 705 030 which shows such an activity. They are also known for cosmetic compositions for treatment of the skin in which they act as emollients by presenting good properties of moisturizing and barrier. Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,281 shows such a use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with beta-sitosterol, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on beta-sitosterol. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning betasitosterol. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

35

APPENDICES

37

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

38

Beta-Sitosterol

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

39

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 861 3 48 1 4 917

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

41

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

43

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on beta-sitosterol can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to beta-sitosterol. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to beta-sitosterol. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “beta-sitosterol”:

44

•

Beta-Sitosterol

Other guides Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Heart Attack http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to beta-sitosterol. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

45

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to beta-sitosterol. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with beta-sitosterol. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about beta-sitosterol. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “beta-sitosterol” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “beta-sitosterol”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “beta-sitosterol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

46

Beta-Sitosterol

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “betasitosterol” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

47

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

48

Beta-Sitosterol

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

49

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

50

Beta-Sitosterol

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

51

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

52

Beta-Sitosterol

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

53

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

55

BETA-SITOSTEROL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH]

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Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arcus Senilis: A corneal disease in which there is a deposition of phospholipid and cholesterol in the corneal stroma and anterior sclera. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

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[NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled

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with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Caspases: A family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian apoptosis. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: A primary fatty degeneration of the cornea occurring physiologically as an arcus senilis. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. [NIH]

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Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholestyramine: Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Coumestrol: A coumarin derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has

Dictionary 61

estrogenic activity. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Diptera: An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, Sarcophagidae, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Drosophilidae, Glossinidae, Muscidae, and Psychodidae. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU]

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Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emollients: Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH]

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Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-

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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators

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or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linoleic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH]

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Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning.

Dictionary 67

Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation)

68

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from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH]

Dictionary 69

Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]

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Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH]

Dictionary 71

Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]

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Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH]

73

INDEX A Acceptor, 55, 66, 68 Acetylcholine, 55, 59 Acyl, 55, 62 Adrenal Cortex, 55, 62, 69 Aerobic, 55, 67 Agar, 55, 68 Algorithms, 55, 57 Alkaline, 55, 58, 68 Alternative medicine, 55 Anthelmintic, 23, 55 Antibodies, 55, 66 Anti-inflammatory, 33, 55 Antioxidant, 10, 22, 55 Antipruritic, 55, 59 Aorta, 55, 60 Apolipoproteins, 55, 66 Apoptosis, 9, 16, 19, 56, 58 Aqueous, 18, 32, 56, 61, 64 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 56, 66 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 56, 66 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 56, 66 Arcus Senilis, 56, 58 Arterial, 30, 56, 59, 64, 69 Arteries, 55, 56, 57, 60, 66, 67 Arterioles, 56, 57, 58 Aspartic, 56, 58 Aspartic Acid, 56, 58 Astringents, 56, 66 B Bacteria, 55, 56, 57, 62, 67, 68, 72 Bacteriophage, 56, 68 Base, 56, 61, 65 Benign, 3, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 24, 56, 57 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 3, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 23, 57 Bile, 5, 6, 17, 32, 57, 58, 59, 63, 66, 71 Bile Acids, 57, 71 Bile Acids and Salts, 57 Bile Ducts, 57, 63 Biliary, 6, 57, 59 Bilirubin, 57, 63 Bioavailability, 21, 57 Biochemical, 17, 57 Biomarkers, 9, 20, 57 Biotechnology, 4, 22, 39, 57 Bladder, 57, 69, 71 Blood Coagulation, 57, 58

Blood pressure, 57, 58, 64 Blood vessel, 30, 57, 58, 65, 70, 71, 72 Body Fluids, 57, 62, 71 Bone Marrow, 57, 70 Branch, 51, 58, 68, 70 Breakdown, 58, 61, 63 C Calcium, 31, 58, 59, 62 Capillary, 22, 58, 72 Capsules, 58, 62 Carbohydrate, 58, 63 Carcinogenic, 58, 67 Cardiovascular, 30, 58 Cardiovascular disease, 30, 58 Caspases, 16, 19, 58 Cause of Death, 30, 58 Cell, 9, 16, 18, 19, 22, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72 Cell Death, 56, 58, 67 Cell Respiration, 58, 67 Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis, 4, 58 Cerebrovascular, 58 Chenodeoxycholic Acid, 6, 58 Choleretic, 58, 59 Cholesterol, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 30, 32, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 66, 70 Cholesterol Esters, 59, 66 Cholestyramine, 14, 59 Choline, 31, 59 Chromatin, 56, 59 Chromosomal, 59, 68 Chylomicrons, 59, 66 Clear cell carcinoma, 59, 61 Clinical trial, 4, 14, 21, 39, 59, 67, 69 Cloning, 57, 59 Complement, 59, 60 Complementary and alternative medicine, 13, 27, 60 Complementary medicine, 13, 60 Computational Biology, 39, 60 Conjugated, 31, 32, 57, 58, 60 Connective Tissue, 57, 60, 70 Contraindications, ii, 60 Cornea, 58, 60 Coronary, 30, 58, 60, 67 Coronary Angiography, 30, 60 Coronary Artery Bypass, 30, 60 Coronary heart disease, 30, 58, 60

74

Beta-Sitosterol

Coronary Thrombosis, 60, 67 Corpus, 60, 69 Corpus Luteum, 60, 69 Cortex, 60 Coumarin, 60 Coumestrol, 22, 60 Cysteine, 58, 61 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 58, 61 Cytoplasm, 56, 61 Cytotoxic, 17, 61 D Dairy Products, 61, 70 Databases, Bibliographic, 39, 61 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 8, 13, 61 Deletion, 56, 61 Delivery of Health Care, 61, 64 Density, 61, 66 Dermatologic Agents, 61, 62 Diabetes Mellitus, 31, 61, 63 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 61 Diarrhea, 59, 61 Diethylstilbestrol, 22, 61 Digestion, 57, 61, 66 Dihydrotestosterone, 61, 69 Diptera, 19, 61 Direct, iii, 61, 69 Distal, 60, 61 Dosage Forms, 32, 62 Duodenum, 57, 62 E Efficacy, 8, 14, 62 Electrolytes, 57, 62 Electrons, 55, 56, 62, 65, 68 Emollients, 33, 62 Endotoxic, 62, 65 Environmental Health, 38, 40, 62 Enzymatic, 58, 59, 62, 63 Enzyme, 56, 62, 66, 69, 72 Erectile, 31, 62 Erection, 62 Erythrocytes, 57, 62, 69 Esterification, 31, 32, 62 Estradiol, 17, 18, 62 Estrogens, 62, 63 Ether, 20, 62 F Family Planning, 39, 63 Fat, 11, 32, 57, 60, 63, 65, 70 Fatty acids, 32, 63, 65, 66 Fetus, 63, 68, 71 Fibrin, 57, 63 Fibrinolytic, 9, 19, 63

Flatus, 63 Fructose, 63 G Gallbladder, 57, 63 Gallstones, 6, 57, 58, 63 Gas, 22, 63, 64 Gastric, 62, 63 Gene, 57, 63, 66 Gland, 55, 63, 68, 69, 70 Glucose, 61, 63, 65 Glucose Intolerance, 61, 63 Glycine, 57, 58, 63 Glycoside, 8, 13, 63 Gonadotropin, 31, 63 Gonads, 19, 63 Governing Board, 63, 69 Grafting, 60, 64 Growth, 9, 16, 18, 19, 32, 56, 58, 64, 68 H Health Care Costs, 30, 64 Health Expenditures, 64 Heart attack, 58, 64 Hemorrhage, 64, 70 Homeostasis, 30, 64 Hormone, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 69, 71 Hydrogen, 55, 56, 58, 64, 66, 67 Hydrogen Peroxide, 64, 66 Hydrophobic, 64, 66 Hypertension, 58, 64 Hypertrophy, 57, 64 I Id, 11, 24, 44, 50, 52, 64 Immune response, 64, 71, 72 Immune system, 64, 66, 72 Immunogenic, 64, 65 Impotence, 31, 62, 64 In vitro, 8, 13, 18, 23, 64 In vivo, 18, 19, 22, 64 Induction, 19, 64, 69 Infarction, 60, 65, 67, 70 Infection, 65, 66, 72 Inflammation, 55, 58, 65, 70 Insulin, 8, 15, 18, 31, 65 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 65 Intestinal, 22, 32, 58, 65 Intestines, 65 Intracellular, 58, 65, 66 Ions, 56, 59, 62, 64, 65 Ischemia, 65, 70 K Kb, 38, 65 Kinetics, 6, 65

Index 75

L Laxative, 55, 58, 65 Lesion, 60, 65 Library Services, 50, 65 Ligament, 65, 69 Linoleic Acids, 31, 32, 65 Lipid, 5, 8, 13, 19, 55, 59, 65, 66 Lipid A, 5, 65 Lipid Peroxidation, 8, 13, 66 Lipopolysaccharides, 65, 66 Lipoprotein, 9, 66 Liposomes, 9, 20, 66 Lipoxygenase, 33, 56, 66 Liver, 9, 18, 20, 57, 63, 66 Localized, 65, 66, 68 Low-density lipoprotein, 66 Lymphocyte, 16, 66 M Mammary, 60, 66 Meat, 66, 70 MEDLINE, 39, 66 Membrane, 16, 59, 66, 67, 68 Membrane Proteins, 66 Menopause, 66, 69 Menstrual Cycle, 66, 69 Mercury, 19, 66 MI, 53, 67 Microbe, 67, 71 Mitochondria, 19, 67 Mitosis, 56, 67 Molecular, 20, 39, 41, 57, 60, 66, 67 Molecule, 56, 59, 63, 67, 68 Mucosa, 67, 70 Multicenter study, 3, 67 Myocardium, 67 N Nausea, 62, 67 Necrosis, 56, 65, 67, 70 Need, 3, 45, 55, 67 Neonatal, 22, 67 Nuclear, 62, 67, 69 Nucleus, 22, 56, 59, 61, 67 O Ointments, 62, 67 Oncogenic, 20, 67 Ovary, 60, 62, 63, 67, 70 Ovum, 60, 67, 69, 72 Oxidation, 21, 55, 56, 66, 67 Oxides, 17, 68 P Pancreas, 57, 65, 68, 71 Pathologic, 56, 60, 68

Pathologic Processes, 56, 68 Pelvic, 68, 69 Peripheral blood, 16, 68 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 62, 68 Pharmacologic, 68, 71 Phospholipids, 63, 66, 68 Phosphorus, 58, 68 Placenta, 62, 68, 69 Plants, 56, 59, 63, 68 Plaque, 30, 68 Plasma, 6, 9, 20, 22, 55, 59, 63, 68, 70 Plasmid, 10, 20, 68 Poisoning, 66, 67, 68 Postmenopausal, 14, 69 Practice Guidelines, 40, 69 Precipitation, 18, 69 Precursor, 59, 62, 69 Progesterone, 17, 18, 69 Progressive, 64, 67, 69 Prostate, 3, 16, 17, 18, 24, 57, 69, 71 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 3, 24, 69 Protein C, 55, 56, 66, 69 Protein S, 57, 69 Proteins, 55, 56, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72 Public Policy, 39, 69 Pulmonary, 8, 14, 57, 69 R Radioactive, 64, 67, 69 Radioactivity, 17, 69 Randomized, 3, 62, 69 Rectum, 63, 69 Red blood cells, 22, 62, 69 Reductase, 17, 69 Refer, 1, 33, 59, 69 Regimen, 62, 70 Reperfusion, 8, 15, 70 Reperfusion Injury, 70 S Saphenous, 60, 70 Saphenous Vein, 60, 70 Saturated fat, 9, 70 Screening, 59, 70 Secretion, 5, 18, 65, 70 Semen, 69, 70 Serum, 6, 14, 30, 32, 59, 63, 66, 70 Small intestine, 57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 70 Soybean Oil, 32, 70 Specialist, 45, 70 Species, 67, 70, 71, 72 Spinal cord, 59, 70 Steroids, 6, 15, 21, 61, 70 Stroke, 38, 44, 58, 70

76

Beta-Sitosterol

Stromal, 18, 70 Stromal Cells, 18, 70 Substance P, 70, 71 Symphysis, 69, 71 Symptomatic, 3, 10, 23, 71 T Taurine, 57, 58, 71 Testis, 62, 63, 71 Testosterone, 69, 71 Thrombosis, 69, 70, 71 Tissue, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71 Tome, 26, 71 Toxic, iv, 71 Toxicity, 21, 67, 71 Toxicology, 9, 23, 40, 71 Transfection, 57, 71 Translocation, 18, 71 Tuberculosis, 8, 14, 71 Tumor marker, 57, 71

U Unconscious, 64, 71 Urethra, 57, 69, 71 Urinary, 3, 71 Urine, 3, 57, 71 Uterus, 17, 60, 69, 71, 72 V Vaccines, 72 Vagina, 61, 72 Vascular, 60, 65, 68, 72 Veins, 57, 72 Venules, 57, 58, 72 Veterinary Medicine, 39, 72 Viral, 67, 72 Virulence, 71, 72 Virus, 31, 56, 68, 72 Vitro, 72 Vivo, 72 W White blood cell, 66, 72 Womb, 71, 72

Index 77

78

Beta-Sitosterol

Index 79

80

Beta-Sitosterol

Betasitosterol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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