EETS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Beets: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83766-X 1. Beets-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on beets. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BEETS ......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Beets .............................................................................................. 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BEETS ............................................................................................... 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 Finding Nutrition Studies on Beets............................................................................................. 11 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BEETS ......................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 General References ....................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BEETS ..................................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Patents on Beets ........................................................................................................................... 23 Patent Applications on Beets ....................................................................................................... 55 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BEETS ......................................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 61 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 65 Chapters on Beets......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BEETS ........................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 68 Academic Periodicals covering Beets ........................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 73 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 75 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 77 The Genome Project and Beets ..................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91 BEETS DICTIONARY..................................................................................................................... 93
viii Contents
INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 119
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with beets is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about beets, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to beets, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on beets. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to beets, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on beets. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BEETS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on beets.
Federally Funded Research on Beets The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to beets. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to beets. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore beets.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
4
Beets
Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for beets in the PubMed Central database: •
A Cross-Polarization, Magic-Angle-Spinning, 13C-Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Study of Polysaccharides in Sugar Beet Cell Walls. by Renard CM, Jarvis MC.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32016
•
Antibiotic and Biosurfactant Properties of Cyclic Lipopeptides Produced by Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. from the Sugar Beet Rhizosphere. by Nielsen TH, Sorensen D, Tobiasen C, Andersen JB, Christophersen C, Givskov M, Sorensen J.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=126818
•
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Nutrient Interactions in Beta vulgaris L. as Influenced by Nitrogen Source, NO3- versus NH4+. by Raab TK, Terry N.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157161
•
Characterization of Six Bacteriophages of Serratia liquefaciens CP6 Isolated from the Sugar Beet Phytosphere. by Ashelford KE, Fry JC, Bailey MJ, Jeffries AR, Day MJ.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91283
•
Early iron deficiency stress response in leaves of sugar beet. by Winder TL, Nishio JN.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157528
•
Effects of Point Mutations in the Major Capsid Protein of Beet Western Yellows Virus on Capsid Formation, Virus Accumulation, and Aphid Transmission. by Brault V, Bergdoll M, Mutterer J, Prasad V, Pfeffer S, Erdinger M, Richards KE, Ziegler-Graff V.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149785
•
Exopolysaccharide-Producing Bacteria from Sugar Beets. by Tallgren AH, Airaksinen U, von Weissenberg R, Ojamo H, Kuusisto J, Leisola M.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91111
4
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
Studies
5
•
Impact of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Biocontrol Strain Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 on Intraspecific Diversity of Resident Culturable Fluorescent Pseudomonads Associated with the Roots of Field-Grown Sugar Beet Seedlings. by Moenne-Loccoz Y, Tichy HV, O'Donnell A, Simon R, O'Gara F.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=93037
•
Leaf Phosphate Status, Photosynthesis, and Carbon Partitioning in Sugar Beet (IV. Changes with Time Following Increased Supply of Phosphate to Low-Phosphate Plants). by Rao IM, Terry N.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157266
•
Lipopeptide Production in Pseudomonas sp. Strain DSS73 Is Regulated by Components of Sugar Beet Seed Exudate via the Gac Two-Component Regulatory System. by Koch B, Nielsen TH, Sorensen D, Andersen JB, Christophersen C, Molin S, Givskov M, Sorensen J, Nybroe O.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124083
•
Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus, Beet Soilborne Virus, and Beet Virus Q and Their Vector Polymyxa betae KESKIN on Sugar Beet. by Meunier A, Schmit JF, Stas A, Kutluk N, Bragard C.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=154803
•
Nitrogen Source Regulation of Growth and Photosynthesis in Beta vulgaris L. by Raab TK, Terry N.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159444
•
Possible Role of Xanthobaccins Produced by Stenotrophomonas sp. Strain SB-K88 in Suppression of Sugar Beet Damping-Off Disease. by Nakayama T, Homma Y, Hashidoko Y, Mizutani J, Tahara S.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91574
•
Production of Cyclic Lipopeptides by Pseudomonas fluorescens Strains in Bulk Soil and in the Sugar Beet Rhizosphere. by Nielsen TH, Sorensen J.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=143599
•
Secondary Metabolite- and Endochitinase-Dependent Antagonism toward PlantPathogenic Microfungi of Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolates from Sugar Beet Rhizosphere. by Nielsen MN, Sorensen J, Fels J, Pedersen HC.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106465
•
Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. Strain BD413 by Transgenic Sugar Beet DNA. by Gebhard F, Smalla K.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106187
6
Beets
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with beets, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for beets (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Bioavailability of oxalic acid from spinach, sugar beet fibre and a solution of sodium oxalate consumed by female volunteers. Author(s): Hanson CF, Frankos VH, Thompson WO. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1989 March; 27(3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2731814&dopt=Abstract
•
Blood glucose and insulin levels in normal subjects following a meal with and without added sugar beet pulp. Author(s): Tredger J, Sheard C, Marks V. Source: Diabete Metab. 1981 September; 7(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6274715&dopt=Abstract
•
Blood glucose response to pea fiber: comparisons with sugar beet fiber and wheat bran. Author(s): Hamberg O, Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 August; 50(2): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2547300&dopt=Abstract
•
Borscht, beets, glutamate. Author(s): Bessman SP, Hochstein P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 April 2; 282(14): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5416978&dopt=Abstract
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
7
•
Chemical and sensory properties of liquid beet sugar. Author(s): Pihlsgard P, Larsson M, Leufven A, Lingnert H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552814&dopt=Abstract
•
Discoloration of stools from beets. Author(s): Paulson EC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 December 15; 240(25): 2733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=713000&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect on lipid metabolism of beet fibre in desert nomads with low habitual fibre intake. Author(s): Cossack ZT, Musaiger AO. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 February; 45(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1646710&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla) extract on pancreatic B cells in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: a morphological and biochemical study. Author(s): Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Tabakoglu-Oguz A, Ozsoy-Sacan O. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 November; 73(1-2): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11025163&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation and control of worker exposure to fungi in a beet sugar refinery. Author(s): Jensen PA, Todd WF, Hart ME, Mickelsen RL, O'Brien DM. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1993 December; 54(12): 742-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8304278&dopt=Abstract
•
Food idiosyncrasies: beetroot and asparagus. Author(s): Mitchell SC. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 April; 29(4 Pt 2): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259347&dopt=Abstract
•
Health effects of pesticides on female beet growers. Author(s): Kundiev YI, Chusova VN, Karakashyan AN. Source: Med Lav. 1990 November-December; 81(6): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2100767&dopt=Abstract
8
Beets
•
Improved detection of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus in a DAS ELISA by means of antibody single chain fragments (scFv) which were selected to protease-stable epitopes from phage display libraries. Author(s): Uhde K, Kerschbaumer RJ, Koenig R, Hirschl S, Lemaire O, Boonham N, Roake W, Himmler G. Source: Archives of Virology. 2000; 145(1): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664416&dopt=Abstract
•
In vitro fermentation of cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp, and citrus pectin using fecal inoculum from cats, dogs, horses, humans, and pigs and ruminal fluid from cattle. Author(s): Sunvold GD, Hussein HS, Fahey GC Jr, Merchen NR, Reinhart GA. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 December; 73(12): 3639-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655439&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of starch absorption by dietary fibre. A comparative study of wheat bran, sugar-beet fibre, and pea fibre. Author(s): Hamberg O, Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 January; 24(1): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2538917&dopt=Abstract
•
Investigation of organic aerosols generated during sugar beet slicing. Author(s): Forster HW, Crook B, Platts BW, Lacey J, Topping MD. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1989 January; 50(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929426&dopt=Abstract
•
Metabolic effects and clinical value of beet fiber treatment in NIDDM patients. Author(s): Karlander S, Armyr I, Efendic S. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1991 February; 11(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1850691&dopt=Abstract
•
Occupational asthma in a beet sugar processing plant. Author(s): Rosenman KD, Hart M, Ownby DR. Source: Chest. 1992 June; 101(6): 1720-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1600801&dopt=Abstract
•
Quantification of urinary oxalate with oxalate oxidase from beet stems. Author(s): Obzansky DM, Richardson KE. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1983 October; 29(10): 1815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6616830&dopt=Abstract
Studies
9
•
Reduced glycemic response to beet-fibre meal in non-insulin-dependent diabetics and its relation to plasma levels of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones. Author(s): Hagander B, Asp NG, Efendic S, Nilsson-Ehle P, Lungquist I, Schersten B. Source: Diabetes Res. 1986 February; 3(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3009077&dopt=Abstract
•
Serum lipid and fecal bile acid changes with cereal, vegetable, and sugar-beet fiber feeding. Author(s): Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Baglien KS, Thompson WO, Duane WC, Zavoral JH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 May; 53(5): 1235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1850577&dopt=Abstract
•
Sugar beet fiber in formula diet reduces postprandial blood glucose, serum insulin and serum hydroxyproline. Author(s): Thorsdottir I, Andersson H, Einarsson S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 52(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9505164&dopt=Abstract
•
Sugar beet pollen allergy as an occupational disease. Author(s): Ursing B. Source: Acta Allergol. 1968 October; 23(5): 396-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5757078&dopt=Abstract
•
Sugar-beet fibre increases cholesterol and reduces bile acid excretion from the small bowel. Author(s): Langkilde AM, Andersson H, Bosaeus I. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1993 November; 70(3): 757-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117358&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of vegetables and beet fibre on the absorption of zinc in humans from composite meals. Author(s): Sandstrom B, Davidsson L, Kivisto B, Hasselblad C, Cederblad A. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1987 July; 58(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3040077&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of sugar-beet fibre supplementation for five weeks on zinc, iron and copper status in human subjects. Author(s): Cossack ZT, Rojhani A, Musaiger AO. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 March; 46(3): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1313763&dopt=Abstract
11
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BEETS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and beets.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Beets The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
12
Beets
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “beets” (or a synonym): •
A continuous, farm-scale, solid-phase fermentation process for fuel ethanol and protein feed production from fodder beets. Source: Gibbons, W.R. Westby, C.A. Dobbs, T.L. Biotechnol-Bioeng. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. Sept 1984. volume 26 (9) page 1098-1107. ill. 0006-3592
•
Bioavailability of oxalic acid from spinach, sugar beet fibre and a solution of sodium oxalate consumed by female volunteers. Author(s): Food, Nutrition and Institution Administration Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078. Source: Hanson, C F Frankos, V H Thompson, W O Food-Chem-Toxicol. 1989 March; 27(3): 181-4 0278-6915
•
Biosynthetic origin of geosmin in red beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376, USA.
[email protected] Source: Lu, G Edwards, C G Fellman, J K Mattinson, D S Navazio, J J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2003 February 12; 51(4): 1026-9 0021-8561
•
Boron nutrition of carrots and table beets grown in a boron deficient soil. Source: Gupta, U.C. Cutcliffe, J.A. Commun-Soil-Sci-Plant-Anal. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker. 1985. volume 16 (5) page 509-516. 0010-3624
•
Detection of orange juice adulteration with beet medium invert sugar using anionexchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Author(s): University of Saskatchewan, Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, Saskatoon, Canada. Source: Swallow, K W Low, N H Petrus, D R J-Assoc-Off-Anal-Chem. 1991 Mar-April; 74(2): 341-5 0004-5756
•
Early iron deficiency stress response in leaves of sugar beet. Author(s): Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071-3165, USA. Source: Winder, T L Nishio, J N Plant-Physiol. 1995 August; 108(4): 1487-94 0032-0889
•
Enzymatic degradation studies of pectin and cellulose from red beets. Author(s): Deutsches Institut fur Ernahrungsforschung, Abteilung PraventivMedizinische Lebensmittelforschung, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Bergholz-Rehbrucke.
[email protected] Source: Dongowski, G Nahrung. 2001 October; 45(5): 324-31 0027-769X
•
Evaluation of the physical structure of fodder beets, potatoes, pressed beet pulp, brewers grains, and corn cob silage. Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, Agricultural Research Centre-Gent, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium. Source: De Brabander, D L De Boever, J L De Smet, A M Vanacker, J M Boucque, C V JDairy-Sci. 1999 January; 82(1): 110-21 0022-0302
•
Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 2nd communication: glufosinate tolerant sugar beets (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs. Author(s): Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Bohme, H Aulrich, K Daenicke, R Flachowsky, G Arch-Tierernahr. 2001; 54(3): 197-207 0003-942X
Nutrition
13
•
Identification of fonofos metabolites in Latuca sativa, Beta vulgaris, and Triticum aestivum by packed capillary flow fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Syngenta, 1200 South 47th Street, Box 4023, Richmond, California 94804-0023, USA.
[email protected] Source: Onisko, Bruce C Tambling, Doug R Gorder, Greg W Diaz, David G Ericson, John L Prisbylla, Mike P Spillner, Chuck J J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 March 27; 50(7): 1922-8 0021-8561
•
Leaf phosphate status, photosynthesis, and carbon partitioning in sugar beet. IV. Changes with time following increased supply of phosphate to low-phosphate plants. Source: Rao, I.M. Terry, N. Plant-physiol. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-. April 1995. volume 107 (4) page 1313-1321. 0032-0889
•
Monitoring gene flow from transgenic sugar beet using cytoplasmic male-sterile bait plants. Author(s): Department of Biology V, Ecology, Ecochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Aachen University of Technology - RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Saeglitz, C Pohl, M Bartsch, D Mol-Ecol. 2000 December; 9(12): 2035-40 09621083
•
Potassium nutrition of sugar beets. Source: Moraghan, J.T. Potassium in agriculture / Robert D. Munson, editor. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy, 1985. page 1063-1076. ISBN: 0891180869
•
Semicontinuous diffusion fermentation of fodder beets for fuel ethanol and cubed protein feed production. Source: Gibbons, W.R. Westby, C.A. Arnold, E. Biotechnol-Bioeng. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. May 1988. volume 31 (7) page 696-704. ill. 0006-3592
•
The effect of supplementary formalin treated soya-bean meal on feed intake, milk yield and live-weight gain of dairy cows fed ensiled fodder beets. Author(s): National Institute of Animal Science, Foulum, Denmark. Source: Hermansen, J E Kristensen, T Arch-Tierernahr. 1993; 43(3): 245-50 0003-942X
•
Toxin production by Fusarium species from sugar beets and natural occurrence of zearalenone in beets and beet fibers. Author(s): Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108. Source: Bosch, U Mirocha, C J Appl-Environ-Microbiol. 1992 October; 58(10): 3233-9 0099-2240
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
14
Beets
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to beets; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html
Nutrition
•
Minerals Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Food and Diet Beet Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,309,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beets Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,10,00.html Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Fresh Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutrition Booster Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Refined Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Swiss Chard Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,140,00.html
15
16
Beets
Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
17
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BEETS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to beets. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to beets and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to beets: •
Comparative potencies of nutraceuticals in chemically induced skin tumor prevention. Author(s): Villasenor IM, Simon MK, Villanueva AM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 44(1): 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672643&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis. Author(s): Allen PC, Danforth HD, Augustine PC. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1998 July; 28(7): 1131-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9724884&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) extract on oxidative injury in the aorta and heart of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Author(s): Sener G, Sacan O, Yanardag R, Ayanoglu-Dulger G.
18
Beets
Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2002 Spring; 5(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511111&dopt=Abstract •
Enzymatic degradation studies of pectin and cellulose from red beets. Author(s): Dongowski G. Source: Die Nahrung. 2001 October; 45(5): 324-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11715343&dopt=Abstract
•
Further comment on abnormally pigmented organs presenting at autopsy. Author(s): Matschke J, Tsokos M, Sperhake J. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2002 April; 126(4): 400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900561&dopt=Abstract
•
Protection by beverages, fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flavonoids against genotoxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in metabolically competent V79 cells. Author(s): Edenharder R, Sager JW, Glatt H, Muckel E, Platt KL. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 November 26; 521(1-2): 57-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438004&dopt=Abstract
•
Retention of quality characteristics of dehydrated green leaves during storage. Author(s): Negi PS, Roy SK. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2001; 56(3): 285-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442228&dopt=Abstract
•
Selected topics from forty years of natural products research: betalains to flavonoids, antiviral proteins, and neurotoxic nonprotein amino acids. Author(s): Mabry TJ. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 December; 64(12): 1596-604. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754626&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) extract on the kidney tissue, serum urea and creatinine levels of diabetic rats. Author(s): Yanardag R, Bolkent S, Ozsoy-Sacan O, Karabulut-Bulan O. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 December; 16(8): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458482&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of CC traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Author(s): Chu CC, Pinter PJ Jr, Henneberry TJ, Umeda K, Natwick ET, Wei YA, Reddy VR, Shrepatis M.
Alternative Medicine 19
Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2000 August; 93(4): 1329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985050&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to beets; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
20
Beets
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Chinese Medicine Tubiechong Alternative names: Ground Beetle; Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga Source: Chinese Materia Medica
•
Herbs and Supplements Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine (trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 21
Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Docusate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
23
CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BEETS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “beets” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on beets, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Beets By performing a patent search focusing on beets, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
24
Beets
tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on beets: •
Apparatus and method for recovering spent lime for use as a nutritional flowing agent for poultry and animal feeds Inventor(s): Herzog; William E. (St. Joseph, MO) Assignee(s): Herzog Contracting Corporation (St. Joseph, MO) Patent Number: 5,191,723 Date filed: January 9, 1991 Abstract: An apparatus and method to recover spent lime from various manufacturing processes, such as sugar manufacturing from sugar beets and sugar cane, for use as a nutritional flowing agent for poultry and animal feeds, comprises a first holding bin for receiving expended lime cake from a lime lagoon, a second holding bin for receiving expended lime cake from dewatering stockpiles, a rotary kiln dryer, a cyclone dust collector, a negative-air-pressure dust collector, and a product storage bin. As the lime cake is processed through the rotary kiln dryer, the lime cake is dried at a temperature having an upper limit such that the nutritive value of the lime cake is not destroyed. In the kiln, a substantial portion of the lime cake is converted to dust particles suspended in air, which air is directed through one or both of the collectors to collect and remove the suspended particles therefrom. The lime cake which does not become air-borne in the rotary kiln dryer is, nevertheless, mechanically broken down into its constituent particles. Conveyors transport the finished, dried, particulate lime with its nutrients from the kiln and from the collectors to the product storage bin for further distribution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for the recovery of valuable lime from various manufacturing processes for use as a flowing agent and nutritional supplement for poultry feeds and animal feeds. Various types of feeds, such as poultry feeds and animal feeds, tend to agglomerate rather than remain divided into relatively small particles such as pellets, which are readily ingestible without further processing just prior to distributing such feeds for their intended purposes. It is well known in the art that the addition of certain powdery materials as a "flowing agent" to such feeds before such agglomeration occurs will generally promote retention of nonagglomerated particles. The flowing agents are effective because they comprise fine particulate matter and tend to remove excess moisture and oil from the meal particles which would otherwise promote agglomeration. Such flowing agents are useful for most types of feeds, including oilseed meals manufactured from soybeans, sunflowers, flax, canola, and the like. The flowing agent additives, such as those added to soy bean meal, include bentonite, finely ground limestone, low quality clay or dirt products, and the like. While most of these flowing agent additives generally comprise approximately 0.5-5 per cent by weight of the feeds to which they are added, such flowing agents usually have negligible nutritional value. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05191723__
Patents 25
•
Assay for the detection of beet sugar adulteration of food products Inventor(s): Mansell; Richard L. L. (Tampa, FL), Potter; Robert L. (Tampa, FL) Assignee(s): University of South Florida (Tampa, FL) Patent Number: 5,128,243 Date filed: June 28, 1990 Abstract: An immunoassay for the detection of beet sugar adulteration of sugarcontaining materials such as fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates utilizes antibodies to proteinaceous components of beet sugar. These proteinaceous components have been found in all samples of beet sugar, tested, regardless of source or degree of refinement; these proteinaceous components have also been found in both crystal and invert sugars. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the detection of beet sugar in food products. More particularly, the present invention relates to an immunoassay directed to the detection of beet sugar in food products and a kit to effect such an immunoassay. Beet sugar is a relatively pure, multi-use food composed almost totally of sucrose. Its sweetness and relative cost make it a useful additive to a number of commercially available food stuffs to enhance flavor and desirability. Considering the purity of beet sugar, e.g., 99.96% (McGinnis, R. A., "Juice Purification" in Beet Sugar Technology, R. A. McGinnis Ed., Chapter 7, pp. 155-84 (1982)), and the fact that sucrose from beets is chemically identical to sucrose from apples and oranges, beet sugar has also been used as an adulterant of various food products, especially juices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05128243__
•
Beet harvester Inventor(s): Dietz; Paul F. (Wahpeton, ND) Assignee(s): Red River Service Center Inc. (Wahpeton, ND) Patent Number: 5,387,155 Date filed: April 14, 1993 Abstract: A towed type beet harvester includes a main frame having ground engaging wheels and having a lifter wheel assembly for excavating beets, potatoes, carrots and similar root crops. A front set of grab rollers are positioned rearwardly of the lifter wheel assembly and are coated with a high impact plastic material to minimize damage to the harvested crop. A rear set of grab rollers are positioned rearwardly of the front set of rollers and are also coated with a high impact plastic material. A vertically disposed discharge wheel assembly is positioned interiorly of the harvester main frame and conveys harvested crop to a reversible discharge conveyor. An open top holding tank is mounted at the rear of the harvester for temporarily holding the harvested crop during the harvesting operation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a harvesting machine and more particularly to a machine for harvesting sugar beets, potatoes, carrots and similar root crops. Harvesting machines, usually described as beet harvesters, which are used to harvest sugar beets, potatoes and other root crops typically excavate, clean and discharge the crops into a truck for transport to a processing plant. The crops are temporarily stored in piles at the processing plant until these crops can be processed. In the conventional beet harvesting machine, the excavated beets, potatoes or other crops are cleaned by various cleaning devices including cleaning rolls before the crops are discharged from the harvesting
26
Beets
machine. It is desirable to clean the beets or potatoes as efficiently as possible while minimizing damage to the beets or potatoes. Beets, potatoes or other root crops are often damaged by the cleaning mechanisms during the harvesting operation. For example, damaged beets bleed prior to further processing and thereby diminish the yield of the beets. It is an object of this invention to provide a novel and improved beet harvester, which is highly efficient in cleaning the beets, potatoes or other root crops and which is arranged and constructed to minimize damage to the beets, potatoes or other root crops. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05387155__ •
Beet tare-taking apparatus Inventor(s): Silver; Joseph M. (1568 28th Street, Ogden, UT 84401) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,121,641 Date filed: May 31, 1990 Abstract: A beet tare-taking mechanism and associated sample bucket, wherein the bucket travels in a long narrow elliptic path requiring minimum clearance. A direct drive gear powers a central arm at the end of which is journaled a tare bucket arm carrying the bucket at its outermost end. The tare bucket is geared to rotate with respect to the central arm as it rotates about the central shaft, alternately folding across the mechanism and extending directly outward from it, causing the bucket to travel in the aforementioned elliptic path. Excerpt(s): The field of the present invention is tare sampling apparatus and more particularly such apparatus adapted for sampling a moving stream of beets. The large scale growing, harvesting and processing of sugar beets prompted the early design and manufacture of automatic beet handling apparatus called pilers wherein the beets were dumped or otherwise transferred from the harvesting wagons, trucks or the like onto a system of conveyor belts so as to ultimately be stored in large piles at the processing plant or the rail loading sidings. The beets typically were first elevated then cascaded through a screening device to dislodge the bulk or adhering soil and other foreign material. However, the screened beets still carry significant amounts of foreign materials which must be quantified before reimbursement of the grower. Also, the sugar content of the beets, after divestment of adhered soil, required similar measurement. Accordingly, various tare sample taking devices have been conceived and developed. From the screening portion of the piler, the beets typically free fall a short distance into another elevating conveyor, generally controlled by a gantry boom on the piler, for transport up onto the storage pile. Initially, the sample bucket was manually inserted into the stream of falling beets to be filled and withdrawn. However, it was not long until various mechanical devices were developed for this purpose. Perhaps the simplest of these was a bucket held on the end of a pivoting arm which was rotated by crank means to insert the bucket into and withdraw it from the stream. Powered devices basically inserting the bucket through swinging it in complete or partial circles became common. Sometimes these devices also included provisions for elevating the sample to a higher level where the sample was transferred to a tare house actually built as part of the piler. More recently, this utilization of the tare house has become less prevalent, the beets being transported as necessary to the closest testing laboratory, wherein both the foreign material and the sugar content is determined. Examples of powered beet sampling machines are found in U.S. Pat. No. 2,650,498 to Armer (the tare bucket
Patents 27
swinging through a near vertical plane briefly into the edge of the stream of beets and then being rotated away and elevated by a complicated combination of gearing and linkages), U.S. Pat. No. 2,600,329 to Romine et al (the tare bucket pivoted through approximately 180.degree. so as to enter the beet stream and reversely withdraw therefrom), U.S. Pat. No. 3,358,512 to J. W. Silver et al (the tare bucket powered to make full circular swings in a horizontal plane to pass through a portion of the stream of beets) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,615 to J. M. Silver et al (tare bucket path requires little clearance for filling, but the bucket swings wide to reach dumping position). Almost all of these prior art devices share the disadvantage of requiring considerable horizontal space in which to accommodate the moving bucket and its support arm. Accordingly, the bucket in most of these apparatus may not fully penetrate or traverse the stream of beets, so that the sample taken may not be accurately representative. This is especially true in more advanced piler designs, which often involve a larger and wider stream of beets. Therefore, there remains a need for a beet tare sample taking apparatus wherein the bucket moves continuously without reversal through the stream of beets, and wherein the installation space requirement is minimized. With the foregoing in mind, the present invention eliminates or substantially alleviates the shortcomings and disadvantages in prior art beet tare sampling devices, being such a device requiring minimum installation and operating space while providing continuous, unreversed movement of a sampling bucket into, through and out of the stream of beets. The required space is shaped for easy installation within the clearances provided by beet piler structures. The bucket travels horizontally through a long narrow elliptic path around a central propelling mechanism, being carried on the far end of a bucket arm which at its other end is journaled to rotate about the distal end of a central arm which in turn revolves about a fixed vertical axis at its other end. The bucket arm is made to rotate with respect to the central arm at twice the latter's rate of rotation, but in the opposite direction, so that the bucket arm, during each revolution of the central arm is successively twice folded parallel inwardly to and extended parallel outwardly from the rotating central arm, resulting in the aforesaid narrow elliptic path. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05121641__ •
Degradation of polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds with white-rot fungus grown on sugar beet pulp Inventor(s): Black; William E. (Butte, MT), Bradley; Clifford A. (Butte, MT), Kearns; Robert D. (Butte, MT), Wood; Pauline P. (Butte, MT) Assignee(s): Mycotech Corporation (Butte, MT) Patent Number: 5,583,041 Date filed: January 27, 1994 Abstract: Polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds can be degraded by white-rot fungus grown on a sugar beet pulp substrate. The method is useful for bioremediation of materials contaminated with polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds. Excerpt(s): Fungi and bacteria have been used to degrade polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCB's). The use of white-rot fungi, for example, to degrade PCB's is described by Aust and Tien, U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,320; Bumpus, J. A. et al. (1985) Science 228:1434-1436 and Eaton, D. C. (1985) Microbial Technology 7:194-196. These bioremedial processes have significant limitations and generally, they have not been used commercially. Fungal degradation of PCB's has been demonstrated only in small volumes of defined laboratory media with very low concentrations of polychlorinated
28
Beets
biphenyl compound (100 to 1000 times less than typical concentration encountered in the field). Bacterial processes have been limited by the selective degradation of congeners of PCB's. Although significant levels of PCB's can be degraded with bacteria, certain congeners usually are left undegraded. As a result, it would be difficult to achieve EPA mandated clean-up levels which, under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), currently allow a maximum of 10 ppm total concentration with no congener greater than 2 ppm. In addition, bacterial degradation proceeds rather slowly in field trials. Improved processes for degradation of polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds are needed. This invention pertains to a method of degrading polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds in soil, water or other materials. The method comprises contacting the material containing the polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds to be degraded with a culture of white-rot fungus grown on a sugar beet pulp substrate, under conditions which permit the fungus to degrade at least a portion of the polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds in the material. The method can be used in the bioremediation of materials contaminated with polyhalogenated biphenyl compounds such as PCB's and it offers several advantages over other methods of fungal or bacterial degradation of these compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05583041__ •
Device for expressing plant matter, particularly for re-pressing sugar-beet chips Inventor(s): Bahr; Albert (Am Hungerberg 10, D-6682 Ottweiler 2, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,059,321 Date filed: May 11, 1990 Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for crushing plant matter, particularly for re-pressing sugar-beet chips. The matter to be pressed is distributed in thin layers of approximately 10 mm thickness on filter cloths (2) and is then subjected in a plurality of superposed plies (3, 4, 5, 6) to a high compressive pressure between a press platen (7) and a press crown (8). A loading device (10) is provided to deposit the matter to be pressed in layers on the filter cloth (2). The press platen (7) and the press crown (8) are essentially level, rectilinear and horizontal. The stack (25, 25') formed by the filter cloth (2) and the matter to be pressed is also fed rectilinearly and horizontally through the press opening (9, 9A) between the press planten (7) and the press crown (8). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for expressing plant matter, particularly for re-pressing sugar-beet chips, in which the matter to be pressed is distributed in thin layers of approximately 10 mm thickness on filter cloths and is then subjected in a plurality of superposed plies to a high compressive pressure between a press platen and a press crown and in which a loading device is provided to spread the matter to be pressed in layers on the filter cloth. During sugar production, sugar beet is generally washed and chopped, at which stage it has a dry matter content of the order of 5%. After the addition of hot water the sugar-beet chips which have been pre-treated in this way are further processed in an extraction tower, where the sugar-beet chips emerging from said extraction tower are initially regarded as a waste product with a dry matter content of the order of 10%. During the standard process the pulped chips are then crushed in worm extruders where the filtrate from the crushing process is then recycled to the sugar production process. After leaving the worm extruders, the sugarbeet chips have a maximum dry matter content of approximately 25 to 28%.
Patents 29
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05059321__ •
DNA sequences and plasmids for the preparation of sugar beet with changed sucrose concentration Inventor(s): Hesse; Holger (Berlin, DE), Muller-Rober; Bernd (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 5,866,790 Date filed: November 17, 1995 Abstract: DNA sequences and plasmids are described, that by integration in a plant genome of sugar beet change the sucrose concentration. In addition, transgenic plants that, by introduction of the DNA sequences of the invention, have altered sugar concentrations, are described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to DNA sequences and plasmids, containing these DNA sequences, which by integration into the genome of a sugar-beet plant, changes the sugar metabolism of the plant to be changed. The invention also relates to transgenic plants formed with the help of these sequences. Sucrose is of central importance for the plant and serves many functions. For the long distance transport of photoassimilates and/or energy between various organs in plants, sucrose is almost exclusively used. The sucrose, which is transported in a specific heterotrophic organ, determines the growth and the development of this organ. Thus it is known, e.g. from EP 442 592, that transgenic plants, in which the transport away of the sucrose from the exporting leaves is inhibited by expression of an apoplastic invertase, shows a strong reduction in the growth of e.g. roots or tubers in the case of potato plants. For tobacco plants, the principal importance of sucrose as the central function for the long distance transport of energy carriers within the plant is described (von Schaewen et al, 1990, EMBO J 9: 3033-3044). Further it is also known from EP 455 316 that DNA sequences present on plasmids, after introduction in a plant genome of a potato plant can affect the starch biosynthesis as well altering the amount and composition of the protein in the potato tubers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05866790__
•
Fluoroalkoxy amino triazines for control of weeds in sugar beets Inventor(s): Moon; Marcus P. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,090,993 Date filed: September 14, 1990 Abstract: This invention comprises novel fluoroalkoxy amino triazines, agriculturally suitable compositions containing them, and their method-of-use as preemergence and/or postemergence herbicides or plant growth regulants. Excerpt(s): Z is CH or N. R.sub.12 and R.sub.13 are independently H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl. While these two references generically disclose some of the compounds of the instant invention, there is no specific mention of the instant compounds or their utility in sugar beets.
30
Beets
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05090993__ •
Gelling of pectic material using carboxylic ester hydrolase and oxidase and/or peroxidase Inventor(s): Budolfsen; Gitte (Frederiksberg, DK), Pedersen; Lars Saaby (Farum, DK) Assignee(s): Novo Nordisk A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK) Patent Number: 5,998,176 Date filed: May 27, 1998 Abstract: A method for causing gelling or increase of viscosity of an aqueous medium containing a gellable polymeric material which has functionalities with phenolic hydroxy groups, and which, in aqueous medium, is susceptible to viscosity increase or gelling in the presence of a carboxylic ester hydrolase, comprises treating the aqueous medium with: a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1); and an oxidase (EC 1.10.3) and/or a peroxidase (EC 1.11.1); in the presence of an oxidizing agent suitable for use with the oxidase and/or peroxidase. Gelled products obtainable by the method may be dried or dehydrated to give products which are useful as absorbents for absorbing aqueous media, such as body fluids. In particular, gelling a pectic material obtainable from sugar beets using pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11) and laccase (EC 1.10.3.2). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for causing gelling (gelation) or increase of viscosity of aqueous media containing gellable polymeric materials, notably pectins or pectic materials, which have functionalities or substituents with phenolic hydroxy groups and which, in aqueous medium, are susceptible to viscosity increase or gelling in the presence of certain carboxylic ester hydrolases, especially pectinesterases (vide infra). The use of a type of enzyme known as a "pectinesterase" (EC 3.1.1.11; systematic name "pectin pectylhydrolase"; also known as "pectin esterase", "pectin methylesterase", "pectin methoxylase" or "pectin demethoxylase"; abbreviated hereafter as PE) for causing gelling or increase of viscosity of aqueous media containing certain pectins is well known. By way of example, WO 94/12055 (Gist-Brocades N.V.) and WO 94/25575 (Novo Nordisk A/S) both describe, inter alia, foodstuff-related applications of PE-catalyzed gelling or viscosity increase of pectin-containing media. Moreover, certain pectins (hereafter often referred to as "phenolic pectins"), notably pectins obtainable from members of the plant family Chenopodiaceae (which includes beets and spinach), as well as hemicellulosic material from some cereals (e.g. from wheat and maize), are substituted to some extent with substituents derived from certain carboxylic acids containing phenolic hydroxy groups. These phenolic substituents are often derived from substituted cinnamic acids, and in the case of, e.g., phenolic pectins the substituents in question are often "ferulyl" functionalities, i.e. ester functionalities derived from "ferulic acid" (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid; it does ot appear to have been established clearly whether "ferulic acid" embraces cis or trans isomeric forms, or both). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05998176__
Patents 31
•
Grab roller cleaner for sugar beet harvestor and conveyor systems Inventor(s): Brakke; Henry D. (5060 - 173rd Ave. S.E., Hickson, ND 58047) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,372,546 Date filed: April 12, 1993 Abstract: A sugar beet harvestor having a grab roller assembly is equipped with a cleaner for removing mud and debris from the rollers of the grab roller assembly. The cleaner has a pair of rails that movably support a traveler. Downwardly directed blades attached to the traveler have lower ends located in close proximity to the rollers of the grab roller assembly. A reversible power driven drive operates to reciprocate the traveler along the rails thereby moving the blades relative to the outer surfaces of the rollers so that mud and debris on the rollers are removed therefrom. Excerpt(s): The invention is in the field of root crop harvesting machines having structures for separating soil and debris from the root crop. More particularly, the invention is directed to a sugar beet harvestor having grab rollers that separate soil and debris from sugar beets and a cleaner for removing soil and debris from the grab rollers. Root crop harvestors are used to lift, clean and load sugar beets onto transport vehicles. The harvestors have beet lifting wheels that lift the beets from the soil along with a considerable amount of soil which must be separated from the beets. Under wet soil conditions, the soil will stick and build up on the grab roller assembly causing considerable strain on the parts of the harvestor as well as substantially increasing the power requirements to operate the harvestor. The harvestor must be periodically shut down to clean the mud and soil from the grab roller assembly to provide for an efficient and effective operation of the harvestor. Examples of sugar beet harvestors having grab roller assemblies are shown by E. C. Rollins in U.S. Pat. No. 3,399,766 and F. W. Eisenhardt in U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,058. The invention relates to a grab roller cleaner used with a root crop harvestor, such as a sugar beet harvestor having a plurality of power driven grab rollers. The cleaner has a frame that is mounted on the harvestor adjacent and above the grab rollers. A plurality of longitudinal rails are secured to the frame and extend generally parallel to and above the rollers. A traveler is movably mounted on the rails for movement along the rails. The traveler supports downwardly directed blades that have end portions located adjacent the outer surfaces of the rollers so that on rotation of the rollers and movement of the traveler in a direction generally parallel to the rollers, the soil and other material that has accumulated on the rollers is removed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05372546__
•
High Pigment Beet Inventor(s): Breitbach; D. Nicholas (Middleton, WI), Gabelman; Warren H. (Madison, WI), Goldman; Irwin L. (Madison, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,353,156 Date filed: February 10, 2000 Abstract: Novel high pigment beet populations and varieties and methods to produce are disclosed. The invention relates to a beet seed, a beet plant, a beet population, a beet
32
Beets
variety, a beet hybrid and to a method of producing beets having a high level of total betalain pigments in the root. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a beet seed, a beet plant, a beet population, a beet variety, a beet hybrid and to a method of producing beets having a high level of total betalain pigments in the root. Using color enhancements in food makes certain types of food more aesthetically appealing and appetizing. Previously, research on color enhancement primarily focused on the cosmetic value of colorants until organizations such as the FDA started denying the use of certain colorants. More specifically in the 1970's, the FDA denied the use of certain coal tar dyes for food coloring. In order to avoid the bans placed on synthetic and manufactured colorants, the food industry started looking to natural plant pigments as a food colorant source. For example, beet pigments (betalains) are a native red colorant that is useful as a food coloring. Betalain pigments include the red-violet betacyanins (BC) and the yellow betaxanthins (BX), which when combined, produce a red hue useful in certain foods as a colorant. One source of betalains that is readily available is the garden beet. Thus garden beets have become a source of betalains for the red pigment. The beet juice concentrates and powders made from standard table beets typically contain pigment concentrations of 1% or less. These concentrations are relatively low and therefore require large quantities of beets to reach desired levels of pigment. These low concentrations make the preparation of purified red food colorants from beet sources more difficult and costly than they would be at higher concentrations. Moreover, beet extracts naturally contain solutes, such as sugars, which also hinder the production of high concentrations. Several breeding experiments have already been done to elevate the betalain concentrations in beets (Beta vulgaris L.). The beets were obtained through a recurrent selection process where the highest pigment beets for flowering, open pollination, and subsequent seed production were selected. The beets selected were selected for both increased pigment levels and high and low total dissolved solids. The naturally contained dissolved solids such as sugars in beet extracts have been found to limit the production of highly concentrated pigment solutions for food dyes (von Elbe; J., 1978, The betalains, p. 29-39. In: T. E. Furia (ed.) Current aspects of food colorants. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio). Successful selection for concentrations of pigment and dissolved solids depends on the availability of adequate genetic variability for both traits and a favorable genetic correlation between traits a (Wolyn D J and Gabelman W H, 1990, Selection for betalain pigment concentration and total dissolved solids in red table beets. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 115 (1):165-169). The average pigment level in a beet ranges from 75 to 80 milligrams (mg) of pigment per 100 grams (g) fresh weight of the beet. There is a need for a quantitative increase in betalain concentrations to improve the commercial applications of betalain as a food colorant. Beets having high concentrations of pigment would make the preparation of natural red colorants easier and less costly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06353156__ •
Imidazolinone herbicide resistant sugar beet plants Inventor(s): Penner; Donald (Williamston, MI), Wright; Terry R. (Lansing, MI) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees operating Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) Patent Number: 5,773,702 Date filed: July 17, 1996 Abstract: Sugar beet plants which are resistant to imidazolinone herbicides are described. The sugar beet plants are derived from susceptible cells by selection for
Patents 33
mutant imidazolinone resistant cells with the herbicide. The resistant plants derived from the cells can be grown in fields where imidazolinones have been used for weed control. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L.) which are resistant to imidazolinone herbicides used for weed control. In particular, the present invention relates to sugar beet plants derived from a susceptible sugar beet by selection for a mutation of a gene encoding acetolactate synthase (ALS), also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), using the herbicide with cells in a culture medium. The prior art has described the genetic alteration of the acetolactate synthase gene by recombinant means as shown by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,659; 5,141,870 and 5,378,824 to Bedbrook et al. This type of modification in sugar beet plants is shown by Example IV of the '824 patent. The results were less than satisfactory in producing plants which bred true for the herbicide resistance. Various resistant plants were produced and cross breed. Saunders et al. in Crop Science 32:1357-1360 (1992) also describe the production of the sugar beet plant (CR1-B) which is resistant to sulfonylureas from the susceptible self-fertile clone (REL-1) by selection for mutant cells in a culture medium containing the herbicide. Various resistant plants were produced and cross-bred. Hart et al. (Weed Sci. 40:378-383 (1992); and Weed Sci. 41:317-324 (1993)) further characterized the resistant line and determined that resistance was due to altered ALS activity and showed no cross resistance to other ALS-inhibiting herbicides, and was coded for by a single, semidominant gene. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05773702__ •
Mechanized beet harvester Inventor(s): Barnard; W. Tennan (Wilder, ID) Assignee(s): PARMA Company (Parma, ID) Patent Number: 5,197,550 Date filed: November 20, 1991 Abstract: The invention is a mechanized beet harvester with a front-end beet digging and lifting assembly. A special grabroll assembly whch directs the beets inwardly from both ends of the harvester towards the center and backwardly towards a low level pickup reservoir in an elevator assembly which lifts the beets to a storage/discharge system. Excerpt(s): 1. Technical Field. This invention relates to farm machinery, especially mechanized beet harvesters. In particular, it relates to a tow-type beet harvester which digs the beets from the ground and lifts them for loading into a bin for transport from the field. 2. Background Art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05197550__
•
Method and apparatus for cleaning roots, tubers, bulbs, and the like Inventor(s): Silver; Barnard Stewart (4391 Carol Jane Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84124-3601), Zimmerman; Robert V. (1813 S. Glencoe St., Denver, CO 80222-3918) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,824,356 Date filed: August 7, 1996
34
Beets
Abstract: There is disclosed method and apparatus for cleaning roots, tubers, bulbs, and the like, for example, sugar beets, chicory, Jerusalem artichokes, dahlia, potato, and onions (hereinafter "articles"). In the apparatus, spaced horizontal rollers have helices on their cylindrical surfaces which scroll the articles laterally to the ends of the rollers where they are deposited on a slide that removes them from the cleaner, or, optionally, returns the articles to the cleaner at strategically located lower positions for stalk removal and/or leaf stripping, or for other desired cleaning. The first sets of rollers are designed to separate small chips, small stones and loose soil from the articles. The next sets of rollers are designed to remove adhering soil and/or mud, weeds, and larger stones. Strategic placement sizing, rotational speed, and direction of rotation of the helices on the rollers are instrumental in removing leaves, stalks, weeds, breaking up dirt clods and mud balls, and cleaning of the articles. A collector for stones and chips is located at the ends, and between pairs, of all rollers. The stone and chip collectors have an adjustable opening for receiving stones and chips, but rejecting the articles. Separation of rocks or stools from the articles is accomplished by increasing the slope of the cleaning apparatus to where the rocks and stools go straight down the screen and the articles are carried to the sides of the cleaning apparatus. Excerpt(s): Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/005,749, filed Oct. 20, 1995, is relied upon for the effective fling date of the present application. This invention relates to a method and apparatus for cleaning roots, tubers, bulbs, and the like: in particular, to an apparatus for cleaning 1) roots, such as sugar beets, beets, chicory, sweet potatoes, rutabaga, radishes, turnips, and carrots; 2) tubers, such as Jerusalem artichokes, potatoes, taro, yams, and dahlias; and 3) bulbs, such as onions, sego lilies, garlic, and leeks. Roots, tubers, and bulbs that are grown underground, when harvested, usually have adhering soil, either loosely attached, muddy, or caked, and often have leaves, weed tops and roots, stalks, and rocks that accompany them when they are harvested. Thus, it is desirable in harvesting, storing, processing, or preparing for packing of such roots, tubers, and bulbs to undergo at least a preliminary cleaning, in the field and/or at the reception point of bulbs storage, or at the factory or packing shed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824356__ •
Method for demineralizing beet sugar thin juice Inventor(s): Bakker; Age (Oosterhout, NL), Koerts; Kees (Driebergen, NL), Schepers; Genesius J. J. M. (Noordhoek, NL) Assignee(s): Cooperatieve Vereniging Suiker Unie U.A. (NL) Patent Number: 4,799,965 Date filed: September 10, 1987 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for demineralizing beet sugar thin juice with a solids content of 10 to 40% by weight by first passing said juice through a solid bed of a weakly acidic cation exchanger in hydrogen form at 10.degree. to 60.degree. C. at a rate of 10 to 180 bed volumes per hour and a contact time of 20 to 360 sec. and then passing the juice through a solid bed of a weakly basic anion exchanger in hydroxyl form in the same temperature range, at the same rate and for the same contact time. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for demineralizing beet sugar thin juice with a solids content of 10 to 40% by weight by first passing said juice through a solid bed of a weakly acidic cation exchanger in hydrogen form and then passing the juice
Patents 35
through a solid bed of a weakly basic anion exchanger in hydroxyl form in the same temperature range and for the same contact time. In the production of sugar from sugar beets, after the beet cossettes have been leached out in diffusers, raw juice is obtained which, in addition to the desired sugar, also contains non-sugars such as salts, proteins, dye stuffs, pectin and organic acids. Said raw juice is heated to approximately 85.degree. C. and mixed with an excess of slaked lime. The free acids form insoluble salts with the lime which flocculate out with many other impurities such as proteins. A portion of the lime forms calcium monosaccharate and another portion dissolves. Since this slimy precipitate cannot be removed by filtration, saturation with carbon dioxide and steam is carried out. The saccharate which decomposes and the dissolved lime then form together the insoluble calcium carbonate which can in fact be removed by filtration. The raw juice treated in this manner is passed through filter presses which retain turbid constituents. The filtrate is again treated with lime and carbonic acid and filtered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04799965__ •
Method for processing sugar beets to produce a purified beet juice product Inventor(s): Donovan; Michael (Essex, GB3), Ekern; Eric P. (Greeley, CO), Goculdas; Bimal (Greeley, CO), Hlavacek; Marc (London, GB3) Assignee(s): The Western Sugar Company (Denver, CO) Patent Number: 5,759,283 Date filed: May 14, 1996 Abstract: An efficient method for manufacturing a purified juice product from sugar beets. Untreated beet juice is initially prelimed using lime and CaCO.sub.3 to produce a prelimed juice product. Instead of subjecting the prelimed product to main liming and dual carbonation stages, the product is delivered to a porous filtration membrane which allows sugar molecules to pass therethrough which preventing the passage of solid matter and dissolved impurities. Optimum results are achieved if the prelimed product flows across the membrane from end to end. The membrane permeate is thereafter combined with CO.sub.2(g) in a single carbonation stage to remove dissolved lime. This step generates a purified juice product which can be processed to manufacture pure crystalline sugar. The membrane retentate can be combined with water and refiltered to collect residual sugar materials. The foregoing process uses less energy and raw materials (e.g. lime) compared with conventional methods. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the manufacture of beet sugar, and more particularly to the efficient production of a purified sugar-containing juice product from raw beets which uses a substantially reduced number of process steps, equipment and reactants compared with prior methods. A considerable amount of sugar is produced throughout the world from sugar beets. To obtain a completed, purified sugar product from sugar beet materials, raw beets are treated to remove sugar-containing juices therefrom. The juices are thereafter subjected to numerous isolation and purification steps so that a final crystalline sugar product can be obtained. In a typical treatment process, sugar beet juice is obtained by physically slicing raw beets into strips or "cossettes" which are placed in contact with heated water. As a result, sugarcontaining beet juice is extracted from the beets to generate a raw juice product. This material normally contains a moderate amount of solid particulate matter therein (primarily derived from cellulosic materials within the raw beets). In most cases, the raw juice product will contain about 0.2-0.5% by weight solid, undissolved materials, and about 13-16% by weight water-soluble compositions (including dissolved sugar
36
Beets
molecules). The raw juice is thereafter treated using one or more mechanical screening processes to remove most of the solid matter therefrom. The resulting strained juice product is commonly known as "diffusion juice". This material (which is ultimately subjected to additional treatment steps) typically includes water, dissolved sugar (sucrose), dissolved non-sugar impurities, and colloidal (suspended) non-sugar impurities. The non-sugar impurities are often highly colorized and/or thermally unstable. In this regard, they can interfere with subsequent treatment steps and adversely impact the quality and quantity of the final sugar product. It is therefore necessary to remove as many non-sugar impurities from the diffusion juice as possible. At this stage in the process, the diffusion juice typically contains about 82-85% by weight water, about 13-15% by weight dissolved sugar, and about 2-3% by weight dissolved/colloidal non-sugar impurities. The overall weight of the diffusion juice is about 105-130% of the weight of the raw beet materials being processed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05759283__ •
Method for treating wash water originating from the washing of sugar beets Inventor(s): Blaak; Leendert Jakob (Zevenhuizen, NL) Assignee(s): Linatex (Nederland) B.V. (en Rodenrijs, NL) Patent Number: 5,783,096 Date filed: December 15, 1995 Abstract: A description is given of a method for treating wash water originating from the washing of sugar beets. This wash water essentially comprises water, sand, sludge and sugar beet particles. The wash water is subjected to a treatment in a cyclone, in which the sand is separated from the wash water, followed by a screen treatment, in which the sugar beet particles are separated from the wash water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for treating wash water originating from the washing of sugar beets and essentially comprising water, sand, sludge and sugar beet particles. A method of this kind is usually performed by leading the wash water, comprising water, sand, sludge and organic material, essentially in the form of sugar beet particles, to a so-called "settling pond", where the solid particles in the wash water will settle down. A drawback of this method is that the presence of organic material in the wash water will lead to the formation of an unpleasant odour in the settling pond. Another known method for treating the wash water is to conduct the wash water through a drum screen, so that the sand and part of the organic material are separated from the rest of wash water. A drawback of this method is that the organic material which is thus separated contains too much sand and pebbles, thereby making it unsuitable or less suitable for further processing. In addition, fine screening cannot be carried out with the known method, since the screen rapidly becomes blocked with sand. A further drawback of the method is that the presence of sand will result in rapid wearing of the screen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05783096__
Patents 37
•
Method of cultivating white-rot fungi on a sugar beet pulp substrate Inventor(s): Black; William E. (Butte, MT), Bradley; Clifford A. (Butte, MT), Kearns; Robert D. (Butte, MT), Wood; Pauline P. (Butte, MT) Assignee(s): Emerald BioAgriculture Corporation (Lansing, MI) Patent Number: 6,485,952 Date filed: February 1, 1991 Abstract: White-rot fungi are grown on a sugar beet pulp substrate. By-product of fungal growth, such as lignin-degrading enzymes, can be recovered from the culture. Excerpt(s): Enzymes for degrading aromatic compounds have potential commercial application in the pulp and paper industry, the production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulose, the enhancement of livestock feeds, and the bioremediation of aromatic hazardous wastes. Lignin is a complex polymer of phenyl propanoid units with a variety of interunit linkages forming a nonlinear, random structure. Lignin comprises 10-35% of the dry weight of lignocellulose-rich materials such as wood, straw, and corn stover. Lignin is resistant to biological destruction, although it is enzymatically degraded by various higher order fungi. In nature, the basidiomycetes that cause whiterot wood decay are major degraders of lignocellulose. White-rot fungi oxidize lignin completely to carbon dioxide. Extracellular enzyme complexes secreted by these fungi catalize oxidative reactions of the lignin structure. White-rot fungi have also been shown to oxidize and degrade a wide range of other aromatic structures including a variety of man-made, toxic aromatic compounds. The term "white-rot fungi" as used herein is intended to include fungi having enzymes capable of oxidizing and thereby degrading aromatic compounds. There are an estimated 1700 species of white-rot fungi. However, research on enzymatic lignin degradation has concentrated on one organism: Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Lignin-degrading enzymes from this organism have been purified and characterized. A large volume of research literature describes processes for growing P. chrysosporium in liquid media for lignin degradation or production of lignin-degrading enzymes. The conventional production of lignindegrading enzymes in liquid media occurs during secondary metabolism and is initiated by nitrogen or glucose starvation. For instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,075, Chang et al. describe a process for growing white-rot fungi by carrying growth into secondary metabolism wherein nitrogen starvation occurs. See also Ming Tien in an article in CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, titled "Properties of Ligninase From Phanerochaete Chrysosporium and Their Possible Applications", Volume 15, Issue 2 (1987) at p. 143 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,230 to Aust et al. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485952__
•
Method of manufacturing ceramic, metallic or ceramo-metallic, shaped bodies and layers Inventor(s): Ali-Khan; Imran (Artilleriestrasse 41, 52428 Julich, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,925,405 Date filed: August 19, 1997 Abstract: In a method of manufacturing ceramic, metallic shaped bodies or layers a castable moldable material mass consisting of sugar and/or urea-containing compounds
38
Beets
as well as metal components is produced and from that material mass a shaped body is formed or the material mass is applied to a material structure and the shaped body or material structure is then heated and sintered. The sugar material mass includes for example sugar syrup, sugar or beets, cane sugar, fruits, honey, alcohol-sugar solutions and beer. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of manufacturing ceramic, metallic or ceramo-metallic bodies and layers using a castable or moldable material mass which is formed into a raw body and then heated and sintered. However, the use of environmentally harmful solvents is environmentally objectionable. It is the object of the present invention to provide a simple method of manufacturing shaped bodies or layers which can be performed without harmful effects on the environment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05925405__ •
Method of preparation of sugar beet fiber material Inventor(s): Brown; Dennis (Fargo, ND), Fergle; Richard R. (Moorhead, MN), Groom; David R. (Moorehead, MN), Haakenson; Gregory (Moorhead, MN), McGillivray; Terry D. (Moorehead, MN) Assignee(s): American Crystal Sugar Company (Morehead, MN) Patent Number: 5,213,836 Date filed: September 18, 1991 Abstract: A method of preparation of sugar beet fiber material for use as a non-caloric, non-coloring, bland ingredient in foodstuffs, comprising cleaning, peeling, and slicing sugar beets into cossettes and blanching the cossettes. The blanched cossettes have the sugar removed by extraction and are tissue milled to reduce the particle size. The resulting slurry may be further solvent extracted, washed, and dried. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a method for preparing an edible fiber material, and more particularly to a method for the preparation of edible fiber material from sugar beets which can be incorporated into a food product. One manner of preparing foodstuffs having reduced caloric content involves the replacement of some of the caloric-containing constituents of the food product with non-digestible substances. Such non-digestible substances include various forms of purified plant cellulose, otherwise known as fiber. Due to the large amount of sugar beet pulp produced annually as a byproduct in the sugar industry, much incentive exists for the conversion of sugar beet pulp to an edible fiber for use as such a non-caloric substitute constituent in food products. Dietary fibers are currently enjoying a period of renewed interest in the food industry. The ability of fiber to absorb water increases salt hydration which facilitates intestinal transit. Diets rich in fiber are found to provide a wide variety of health benefits. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05213836__
Patents 39
•
Method of preparing l-arabinose from sugar beet pulp Inventor(s): Antila; Juhani (Espoo, FI), Ravanko; Vili (Kirkkonummi, FI), Walliander; Pertti (Kantvik, FI) Assignee(s): Danisco Finland Oy (Espoo, FI) Patent Number: 6,506,897 Date filed: October 30, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing crystalline L-arabinose by extraction of sugar beet pulp, from which sugar has been extracted, in a strong alkaline solution, by hydrolysis of the obtained crude araban with a strong acid at an elevated temperature, by neutralization and filtration of the obtained solution, by chromatographic separation of the L-arabinose fraction, by purification of the obtained L-arabinose solution by means of cation and anion exchangers and adsorbent resins, and by recovering the pure L-arabinose as a crystalline product. Excerpt(s): This is a 317 of PCT/F198/00667 filed Aug. 26, 1998. L-arabinose has been prepared by acid hydrolysis from arabinose-containing vegetable materials, such as gum arabic. Another well known raw material is sugar beet pulp from which sugar has been extracted; L-arabinose has been prepared from this material by alkaline or acid hydrolysis followed by multistep purification. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,078, for example, teaches a method of preparing L-arabinose from sugar beet pulp by hydrolysis in the presence of lime, by filtration and chromatographic separation of the araban fraction; whereupon the araban is subjected to hydrolysis by addition of acid, and the obtained Larabinose is separated by chromatography using a cation exchanger in Ca-form. According to a previous method described in GB published application 1,182,099, Larabinose is prepared from a beet pulp hydrolyzate by crystallization from an alcoholic solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506897__
•
Method of selecting live sugar beet seeds from a mixture of live and dead seeds Inventor(s): Sasaki; Yukio (Obihiro, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Tensaiseito Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,837,970 Date filed: April 10, 1987 Abstract: A method for selecting live seeds of sugar beet (those which are able to germinate) from dead seeds (those which are unable to germinate) based on the case of seed-cap releasing. When immersed in water, live seeds absorb much water and expand appreciably, while dead seeds expand only slightly because less water is absorbed. This expansion of live seeds upon absorption of water makes the seed caps, closely fitted onto the outer shells of fruit, ready to be released. When mechanical vibrations are given to a mixture of water-soaked fruit, only the seed caps of expanded fruit are easily released. Thus live seeds of sugar beet can be effectively obtained by selecting out the fruit from which seed caps have been released. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of effectively selecting live seeds (those which are able to germinate) of sugar beet out of a mixture thereof with dead seeds (those which are unable to germinate), thereby enhancing the germination rate of sown seeds. The fruit of sugar beet (the material for the production of beet sugar) is of two
40
Beets
types: polyembryonic and monoembryonic. The latter type is more commonly used because of the better adaptability to sowing machines and less labor required for subsequent thinning work. Sugar beet is a biennial plant. Vegetative propagation progresses to grow its roots in the first year after sowing, and reproductive propagation follows in the second year, resulting in florescence and fructification. The fruit of sugar beet is characterized in that each piece has a seed cap closely fitted onto the outer shell. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04837970__ •
Methods for somatic embryo formation and plant regeneration of Beta vulgaris Inventor(s): Golovko; Andrei E. (West Ampton, NJ) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (Parsippany, NJ) Patent Number: 6,555,375 Date filed: June 14, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to plant tissue culture methods, particularly for Beta vulgaris. Methods are provided for producing callus tissues, somatic embryos and plants. The methods find use in the field of agricultural biotechnology, particularly in the production of transgenic Beta vulgaris plants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of agricultural biotechnology. The invention further relates to in vitro embryogenesis from somatic cells. About one-third of the world's sugar is refined from sugar beets. Unlike sugarcane which must be grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, sugar beets thrive in the temperate regions of the world. The sugar beet is the same taxonomic species (Beta vulgaris L.) as the common garden beet or red beet. Through the efforts of plant breeders, the sugar beet was bred from the garden beet by selection for increased sugar content in the root. The sugar beet breeders were able to increase the sugar content of the beet roots considerably. Compared to garden beets which have roots with a sugar content of in the range of 1-4%, the sugar content of the roots of modern sugar beet cultivars is in the range of 15-20%. Despite the prominent position of the sugar beet in world sugar production, the rate of the development of new cultivars has been limited by a lack of efficient methods for producing transgenic sugar beets. The efforts of agricultural scientists to introduce important transgenic traits such as herbicide resistance and the resistance to diseases caused by pathogenic fungi and nematodes has been slowed by this lack of efficient methods for producing transformed sugar beet plants. While producing transformed sugar beet cells and tissues is not particularly difficult with methods such as biolistic transformation and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, the production of transgenic sugar beet plants is limited by the lack of efficient protocols for regenerating the transformed cells and tissues into transformed sugar beet plants. Agricultural scientists need improved methods for producing transgenic sugar beet plants to provide sugar beet producers with new cultivars having the desired transgenic traits. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06555375__
Patents 41
•
Mineral enriched sugar beet Inventor(s): Bichsel; Stanley E. (Fargo, ND), Cleary; Michael F. (Fargo, ND), Olson; Roland F. (Fargo, ND) Assignee(s): American Crystal Sugar Company (Moorhead, MN) Patent Number: 5,043,171 Date filed: June 8, 1990 Abstract: Mineral enriched sugar beets as a nutritional source of dietary fiber made by contacting, in an aqueous environment, sugar beets and an assimilable source of the mineral. Excerpt(s): Broadly, the invention relates to nutritionally enriched sources of dietary fiber. More specifically, the invention relates to mineral enriched sugar beet as a nutritional source of dietary fiber. In response to studies which indicate that an increase in the consumption of dietary fiber may decrease the risk of developing specific health problems (i.e., cancer of the colon), many individuals have been adding foods having a high fiber content to their diet. In order to meet this demand for foods having a high fiber content, many food processors are increasing the fiber content of foods by adding bran. Bran is the cleaned husks of cereal grains such as wheat, corn and rice. Other sources of dietary fiber are known and include sugar beets, citrus peels, apple pomace and sawdust, but for reasons of consumer appeal, low cost, ease of availability and ease of use, bran is the most commonly used source. In addition to being more conscious about the consumption of foods having a high proportion of dietary fiber, people are also more conscious about a food's nutritional value. Unfortunately, many of the processed foods consumed by the general public are nutritionally poor and must be nutritionally supplemented. Unfortunately, to the best of my knowledge, most known sources of dietary fiber are nutritionally poor. Therefore, in order to meet the demands for both high fiber content and high nutritional value it is typical, when possible, to add both bran and nutrition supplements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05043171__
•
Nonpowered disc scalping apparatus for sugar beets and like plants Inventor(s): Crummy; Kevin M. (P.O. Box 15, Argyle, MN 56713), Crummy; Paul R. (Rte. 1, Box 108A, Argyle, MN 56713) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,479,764 Date filed: November 30, 1993 Abstract: A scalping apparatus (10) is disclosed including a disc (32) having a circular periphery rotatably mounted upon a pivot post (46) located below and behind the lower surface of the disc (32). The axis (34) of the disc (32) is tilted at an acute angle in the order of 30.degree. from the ground surface and in a vertical plane which extends at a nonparallel angle preferably in the order of 30.degree.-40.degree. from the row (14) of sugar beets being scalped. In the most preferred form, the angular offset of the disc (32) causes the disc (32) to rotate about its axis (34) with the horizontal movement of the apparatus (10) such that rotation of the disc (32) need not be powered. The mount (38) of the disc (32) is adjustably positioned relative to the carriage of a shoe (16) which slides on the sugar beets and vertically moves relative to the ground surface. The trailing edge
42
Beets
(22) of the shoe (16) extends at a nonparallel angle preferably in the order of 30.degree.40.degree. from the row (14) of sugar beets being scalped and generally parallel to and spaced from a tangent to the circular periphery of the disc (32). The apparatus (10) is centered on the row (14) of sugar beets so that the sugar beets engage the disc (32) at the lowest point of the circular periphery. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to scalping apparatus for sugar beets and like plants, relates particularly to disc scalping apparatus, and specifically relates to nonpowered disc scalping apparatus. Prior to lifting, the leaves and stems are desired to be removed from sugar beets. This is conventionally performed by a defoliator which typically includes one or more rotors which are rotated to cut the greens or foliage of the beets. The defoliator further typically includes a scalper which cuts any remaining leaves as well as the stem from the beets while the beets are in the ground. Prior scalpers are generally of three types, i.e. a stationary blade, a powered disc, or a nonpowered disc with a stationary blade scalper, a blade is held at an angle to the row as the defoliator is moved parallel to the row. The major problem with blade scalpers is that the blades become dull due to the close proximity to the ground and beet leaves and other debris tend to wrap around the cutting edge of the blade. Powered disc scalpers such as the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,583,136, but which currently are powered by hydraulic motors, have less tendency to be wrapped by debris but are relatively expensive to manufacture and maintain. Prior nonpowered disc scalpers, while avoiding the costs of the drive components of prior powered disc scalpers, had difficulty in keeping the disc rotating and did not operate very well. Thus, prior to the present invention, nonpowered disc scalpers did not have large market acceptance. Thus, a need exists for improved scalpers which avoid the disadvantages and shortcomings of prior scalpers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05479764__ •
Process and apparatus for the pre-treatment of cut sugar beets Inventor(s): Dambrine; Francis (Residence Dauphine, rue Croix Rouge, 78430 Louveciennes, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,266,120 Date filed: June 10, 1992 Abstract: A preliminary treatment of sliced sugar beets before they are subjected to diffusion comprises a first stage wherein the sliced sugar beets are contacted with a first solution of calcium monosaccharate while the sliced sugar beets and the calcium monosaccharate solution flow countercurrently to each other, and a second stage wherein the sliced sugar beets are contacted with a second solution of calcium monosaccharate while the sliced sugar beets and the calcium monosaccharate solution flow concurrently with each other. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in the extraction of sugar from sliced sugar beets by diffusion, in which operation the sliced sugar beets are subjected to extraction by a countercurrent flow of hot water to produce, on the one hand, a sugar juice which is purified before being concentrated by evaporation, whereupon it is subjected to crystallization, and a pulp, on the other hand, which is pressed to extract therefrom an aqueous liquid which is recycled for the diffusion extraction and then dried. It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,270, dated Nov. 26, 1985,
Patents 43
to reduce the content of pectic substances in the juice and to improve the pressing of the residual pulp by a pre-treatment in which the sliced sugar beets are contacted with a calcium monosaccharate solution before the diffusion, the solution being obtained by adding quick lime or milk-of-lime to the diffusion juice. For this purpose, a layer of the sliced sugar beets is placed on a permeable conveyor belt and, during their conveyance, the sugar beets are sprinkled with a cold solution of the monosaccharate (saccharated juice) which is passed several times through the layer of sliced sugar beets to obtain a countercurrent circulation so that the concentration of the monosaccharate in the solution decreases from the first passage through the layer of sliced sugar beets (at the side of the diffusion) to the last passage (at the side where the sugar beets are charged onto the belt). Thus, the reaction of fixing the calcium on the sliced sugar beets is progressive. Before this pre-treatment, the sliced sugar beets are washed or leached with a suitable liquid to remove therefrom dry materials contained in the open cells of the sugar beets. For this purpose, purified sugar juice or, preferably, spent saccharated juice may be used, the latter having the advantage of reducing the volume of recycled purified juice. The countercurrent circulation of the saccharated juice and the sliced sugar beets makes it necessary to sprinkle the sliced sugar beets with a solution containing a considerable amount of the monosaccharate just before they enter the diffusion stage. Despite special precautions taken (permitting the monosaccharate solution to drip out of the mass of sliced beets or pressing it out), a fraction of the monosaccharate solution is entrained with the sliced sugar beets into the diffusion apparatus. However, the calcium monosaccharate is unstable in the presence of heat and, as soon as it enters the diffusion zone, it is decomposed into saccharose and lime. The action of lime on sliced sugar beets produces a number of undesirable reactions, such as deacetylation, formation of salts of lime, floculation, etc. This disadvantage is further aggravated when the saccharated juice contains hydrated lime (CaOH.sub.2). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05266120__ •
Process for mechanically dewatering extracted sugar beet pulp Inventor(s): Bliesener; Klaus-Michael (Braunschweig, DE), Henze; Rudolf (Barsinghausen, DE), Hille; Ruediger (Salzgitter-Ringelheim, DE), Ross; Guenther (Klein Denkte, DE) Assignee(s): Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt AG (Braunschweig, DE) Patent Number: 6,106,632 Date filed: December 9, 1996 Abstract: In a process for mechanically dewatering extracted sugar beet pulp, the dry matter content in the pressed pulp is increased by introducing directly into the pressed pulp layer in the pressing region a suspension of salt or salts of polyvalent ions. An apparatus for this process is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for mechanically dewatering extracted sugar beet pulp. The energy needed to remove a defined amount of water is several times lower in mechanical dewatering process compared to thermal drying in conventional drum driers. Increasing the proportion of press water and thus the dry matter content of the pressed pulp represents considerable energy savings. In addition, there is the fact that saving primary energy is a critical factor in decreasing emissions. The single- and twin-screw presses of vertical and horizontal type currently in general use for pulp pressing operate in accordance with the volume displacement principle, wherein the applied pressure and the pressing time are the relevant operating
44
Beets
parameters for pressing. Improving the dry matter content in the pressed pulp by decreasing the spindle speed (in order thereby to increase the pressing time) leads to a decrease in throughput. Increasing the dry matter content by prolonging the duration of pressing thus inevitably leads to higher capital costs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06106632__ •
Process for producing pectin with a high-to-medium methoxyl content from beet pulp Inventor(s): le Grand; Ferdinand (Gainesville, FL) Assignee(s): University of Florida (Gainesville, FL) Patent Number: 5,071,970 Date filed: February 12, 1990 Abstract: Beet pulp is reduced to small particle size and hydrolyzed in HCl at a low temperature for a long time and then peptized in hot water at 60.degree.-70.degree. C. for about one hour to produce an aqueous pulp slurry that is screened to recover the liquid which is filtered and mixed with aluminum chloride to lower the pH about 0.1 pH unit to the range of 1.8-2.25 pH. Ammonium hydroxide is then added to raise the pH to about 4.0-4.5 to form an aluminum pectinate precipitate, which is washed with an acidified alcoholic liquid to produce high-to-medium methoxyl pectin which is separated and dried to a stable powder. Waste streams are converted to animal feed or are recovered and recycled. Excerpt(s): Pectin, a food product used in the manufacture of jams, jellies, and other products that require gel-forming properties, has normally been made from apple pomace or citrus fruit peel. A desire to find other sources of pectin has led to research to find a method of producing pectin from sugar beets, a world-wide product that has not been successfully used as a valuable source of other food products, except for animal feed. 3. The presence of too many nonuronide groups on the beet pectin molecule as compared to the apple and citrus pectin. Pippen et al. concluded that beet pectin had an acceptable jelling power if the acetyl content of the pectin molecule was not greater than about 1% by weight. Generally, beet pectin has about 3-4% acetyl and 12-14% methoxyl content which is too high in acetyl content to provide good jelling power. The difficulty of preparing an acceptable beet pectin is that when acetyl groups are removed from the beet pectin molecule, methoxyl groups are also removed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05071970__
•
Process for the decoloration of sugar liquor Inventor(s): Boussely; Jean-Francois (Saint-Denis, FR), Pouillot; Michel (Ville d'Avray, FR) Assignee(s): Atochem (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 5,194,093 Date filed: August 5, 1991 Abstract: Process for the extraction of the sugar contained in plants such as sugar beets or sugar cane, wherein the concentration of a dilute liquor by the evaporation of water to obtain a liquor from which the sugar may be separated by crystallization, is applied
Patents 45
to a liquor to which hydrogen peroxide has been added and the pH of which is between 8 and 9.5 after the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process for the decoloration of sugar liquor in the extraction of the sugar contained in plants, such as sugar beets or sugar cane, more particularly a process for the decoloration of such a juice using hydrogen peroxide. the crystallization of the dense liquor, followed by drying, to obtain commercial white sugar and molasses as the residue. A description of the extraction of sugar may be found for example in "Sucrerie Fran aise", October 1985, 439-454 or in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,552. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05194093__ •
Process for the liquefaction of beets and chicory roots by enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid hydrolysate obtained Inventor(s): Baret; Jean-Luc A. G. (Moret-sur-Loing, FR), Brouard; Francois E. M. E. (Orleans, FR), de Baynast de Septfontaines; Regis J. M. P. (Versailles, FR), Gicquiaux; Yvon G. A. J. M. (Saint-Witz, FR), Olsen; Hans S. (Holte, DK) Assignee(s): Novo Industri A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK), Sucre Recherches et Developpement (Paris Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 4,886,672 Date filed: March 2, 1988 Abstract: A process for the liquifaction of beets or chicory roots which includes washing and grinding the beets or chicory roots to provide a ground product; mixing the ground product with a mixture of enzymes that include SPS-ase, cellulase and cellobiase, as well as an acid so as to provide a pH of about 3 to 5.5; leaving the mixture for about 1 to 6 hours to accomplish a prehydrolysis of the ground product; grinding the prehydrolyzed ground product; allowing the prehydrolyzed ground product to hydrolyze for about 20 to 120 hours; and recovering the liquid hydrolyzed product. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the liquefaction of beets and chicory roots by an enzymatic method and to the liquid hydrolysate obtained. The usual method of treating sugar beets consists of cutting them into thin strips and extracting the sucrose therefrom by diffusion. A sugary juice is thus obtained, which may be used for the production of food sugar. This sugary juice may also be subjected to an alcoholic fermentation in order to produce ethyl alcohol. After extraction by diffusion, there remains a pulp which may be used, after drying, in animal feeds. The subject of the present invention is a new process for converting beets directly by an enzymatic method into a liquid hydrolysate without having to use an extraction by diffusion, and without the need for adding water before of during the treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04886672__
46
Beets
•
Process of manufacturing crystal sugar from an aqueous sugar juice such as cane juice or sugar beet juice Inventor(s): Kwok; Robert J. (Puunene, HI), Lancrenon; Xavier (Chicago, IL), Theoleyre; Marc-Andre (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Societe Nouvelle de Recherches et d'Applications Industrielles (Epone, FR) Patent Number: 5,554,227 Date filed: November 12, 1993 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the manufacture of crystal sugar from an aqueous sugar juice containing sugars and organic and mineral impurities, including Ca.sup.2+ and/or Mg.sup.2+ ions, such as a sugar cane or sugar beet juice, comprising the following operations:(a) concentration of said sugar juice to give a syrup, and(b) crystallization of said syrup to give a crystal sugar and a molasses,characterized in that it also comprises an operation:(c) of tangential microfiltration, tangential ultrafiltration or tangential nanofiltration, this operation being effected before operation (a).It also relates to a process for the production of crystal white sugar from a sugar juice of the sugar cane juice type, comprising the above-mentioned process for the production of crystal sugar, completed by re-melt, decolorization and crystallization operations. Excerpt(s): (b) crystallization of said syrup to give a crystal sugar and a molasses. ii) scaling of the concentration equipment and boiling appliances by the Ca and/or Mg salts present in the initial sugar juice, such scaling limiting the energy yield of said equipment and appliances; also, the Ca.sup.2+ and Mg.sup.2+ ions result in turbidity of the crystal sugars. iii) low sugar extraction yield of the massecuite (material subjected to crystallization) because of the presence of organic impurities such as colloidal substances and mineral impurities such as Ca.sup.2+ and/or Mg.sup.2+ ions and other non-sugars within the massecuite, resulting in crystallization being retarded, the yield of the first crystallization crop generally not exceeding 40 to 56%, thus necessitating a high volume of crystallization syrup being recycled and increasing the energy consumption. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05554227__
•
Products from sweet potatoes, cassava, edible aroids, amaranth, yams, lotus, potatoes and other roots, seeds and fruit Inventor(s): Slimak; Kara M. (P.O. Box 2444, Springfield, VA 22152) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,789,012 Date filed: August 9, 1993 Abstract: Flours prepared from white sweet potatoes, cassava, edible aroids, tropical yams, lotus, arrowhead, buckbean, and amaranth, and a variety of different food products prepared from them, are substitutes for wheat and other grains, legumes, milk, eggs, and a partial substitute for nuts. A variety of different food products, prepared from edible roots, seeds, and starchy fruits including potatoes, arrowroot, water chestnut, sugar beets, jicama, buckwheat, legumes, millet, milo, barley, oats, corn, teff, rice, cotton seed meal, bread fruit, pumpkin, winter squash, white squash, plantain, banana, and jack fruit, are substitutes for wheat and other grains, milk, eggs, and a partial substitute for nuts. A variety of starches, soluble fibers, and insoluble fibers may
Patents 47
be combined to provide products that are substitutes for wheat and other grains, milk, eggs, and a partial substitute for nuts. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the utilization of sweet potatoes and all other light-fleshed tubers of the family Convolvulaceae, with the purpose of producing various flours from the tubers, and other valuable edible products and industrial products. Similarly, the present invention is concerned with producing flours and other valuable edible and industrial products from: 1) the tubers of the cassava and all other plants producing tubers of the family Euphorbiaceae; 2) tubers of malanga and all other plants producing tubers of the family Araceae; 3) the seeds of the amaranth, quinoa tubers of the yam and all plants producing tubers in the family Dioscoreaceae; and 5) the tubers of the lotus, arrowhead, buckbean and all other plants producing tubers in the families Nymphaeaceae, Alismataceae, and Gentianaceae. Also in my previous applications listed above, I disclosed whole flours prepared from sweet potatoes, cassava, malanga and other edible aroids, amaranth, quinoa, yams, lotus, and arrowhead, as well as products prepared from them as well as manufacturing processes, as well as edible products. The present application discloses alternate processes for manufacturing these and other flours as well as the obtaining of products from flours where the sources of raw materials for the flours are obtained from any of a variety of sources of starch, soluble fibers, and insoluble fibers. These flours and products can be manufactured and used in a manner similar to those described previously for sweet potatoes, cassava, malanga and other edible aroids, amaranth, quinoa, yams, lotus, arrowhead, and others, with modification as needed to allow for differences in consistency, moisture retention, and baking properties and the like. Unless otherwise indicated, all proportions, methods of preparation and so forth are as those described in the parent applications. The present invention is concerned with the utilization of starch, insoluble fiber, and soluble fiber to form flours suitable for obtaining baked products of risen structure, and also products with colloidal properties, and other properties as described for sweet potatoes in the above referenced patent application Ser. No. 522,820 filed on May 14, 1990, and as described for sweet potatoes, cassava, malanga, yam, lotus, amaranth, quinoa, and arrowheat and others in the above referenced patent application Ser. No. 294,690 filed on Aug. 1, 1988. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05789012__ •
Rear scrub dual drive means for a sugar beet harvester Inventor(s): Giffey; Travis W. (Cookeville, ND), Menze; Adam R. (Slater, ND), Peterson; Gary G. (Valley City, ND), Sprenger; Michael T. (Northwood, ND) Assignee(s): Amity Technology, Inc. (Fargo, ND) Patent Number: 6,168,671 Date filed: November 10, 1998 Abstract: A rear scrub dual drive for a sugar beet harvester includes functionallyindependent first and second variable speed actuators connected to respective first and second drive shafts of a rear scrub and further includes a fluid supply member, pump, and flow control members for energizing the actuators and controlling the speeds at which they can operate to effectively vary the relative speeds of first and second conveyors which are driven by the respective first and second actuators and which are used to scrub and move the harvested sugar beets. The ability to quickly and conveniently change the speeds of the conveyors on the go without replacing and
48
Beets
remounting any parts on the rear scrub on the go allows the user to better match the conditions the user may be presented with while harvesting sugar beets. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a rear scrub dual drive means for a sugar beet harvester which allows the user to quickly and conveniently change the relative speeds of the independently driven rear scrub chains. As sugar beets are being harvested they are cleaned and scrubbed by a sugar beet harvester. The sugar beets are picked up by the harvester and first transported upon cleaning rollers and then transported via a conveyor system of two endless conveyors, both of which move vertically and as they do so, the sugar beets are moved vertically between the back run of the first conveyor and the front run of the second conveyor. Both the back run of the first conveyor and the front run of the second conveyor move upwardly, and as they do so the sugar beets are scrubbed upon the spaced elongate member which comprise the conventional belted chain conveyor system. Generally the two conveyors move at different speeds to effect the scrubbing of the sugar beets. Prior to the present invention, the conveyors were driven by an endless chain carried about drive sprockets mounted to the drive shaft, which rotate the conveyors. One of the conveyors would have either a larger or smaller sprocket than the other conveyor so that the conveyors would move at different speeds to effect the scrubbing process. In order to change the speeds of the conveyors, one or the other of the drive sprockets would have to be removed from the drive shafts and a different sized drive sprocket or sprockets would have be to fastened to the particular drive shaft or shafts. This process is time consuming and costly, because the drive chain in addition to the drive sprocket would need to be taken off and then put back on again. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06168671__ •
Rod conveyor Inventor(s): Luscombe; Arthur (1075 530th Ave., Dolliver, IA 50531) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,480,352 Date filed: October 3, 1994 Abstract: A rod conveyor for a harvesting machine, such as a beet or potato harvester, includes a plurality of spaced apart, substantially parallel rods having flattened ends. The rods are interconnected at their flattened ends to a pair of elongate cables by clamping brackets or U-shaped bolts. The rods are trained over sprockets and support crops thereon such as potatoes or beets for movement in a harvesting machine. The means for attaching the rods to the flexible cables permits ready removal and replacement of damaged rods. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to conveyors for agricultural implements and more particularly to a rod type conveyor for an agricultural implement. Various types of harvesting machines including beet type harvesters use rod or bar conveyors to convey the harvested root crop such as beets, potatoes or similar crops in the harvester implement to cleaning rolls or a bin. This type of a conveyor permits dirt and other debris to fall between the bars of the conveyor while supporting the crop thereon. In conventional bar conveyors, adjacent bars are interconnected together at their ends. Each end of each bar is bent and connected to the adjacent end of the adjacent bar in chain like fashion. The bars are trained over sprockets which are driven in the usual manner. The manufacture of this type bar or rod conveyors is expensive, and such bar
Patents 49
conveyors are difficult to repair. Other bar conveyors are attached endless belts which are trained over pulleys. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05480352__ •
Root crop growth promotants Inventor(s): Burr; Thomas J. (Geneva, NY), Schroth; Milton N. (Orinda, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 4,849,008 Date filed: August 21, 1986 Abstract: Methods and compositions for enhancing the yield of root crops, such as potatoes, sugar beets, radishes and the like, comprise treating the roots, plants, seeds, seed pieces, or soil in which they are to be planted, with a root crop growth promotant bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. Excerpt(s): The following examples further illustrate the present invention. Bacteria were isolated from the surface of freshly dug, healthy potato tubers and selected for their ability to exhibit antibiosis against Erwinia carotovora, (EC) in vitro. Isolations were made from potato cv., White Rose and Russet Burbank. Each tuber was washed in 100 ml sterile distilled water for approximately 10 min. Dilutions were then made from wash water, plated on King's medium B (KB) and incubated at 28.degree. C. for 24 hr. After incubation, plates were sprayed with a 24 hr-old culture of Ecc and incubated an additional 24 hr at which time inhibition zones were apparent about antagonistic colonies. Isolates were subsequently checked for antibiosis against Ecc, E.carotovora var. atroseptica (Eca) and the sugarbeet soft-rot Erwinia (25)***. They were also examined for their potential to rot potatoes by inoculating slices of cv. Russet Burbank with suspensions of approximately 10.sup.7 colony forming units (cfu)/ml of each isolate and incubating at 28.degree. C. for 48 hr. Erwinia carotovora var. Carotovora (Ecc) strain SR55 and Eca strain SR-150 were obtained from Dr. Arthus Kelman (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and sugarbeet Erwinia strain Sh-1 was isolated from a rotted beet from Shandon, Calif. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04849008__
•
Soil-working machine for plants grown in rows Inventor(s): Paul; Karl-Heinz (Zur Wilde 8, D - 3590 Bad Wildungen-Wega, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,054,559 Date filed: July 6, 1990 Abstract: A cultivator for such crops as beets, maize, potatoes, etc., planted in rows. A machine frame can be mounted on the three-point hitch of a tractor. Several chopping tools mounted on it, can be detached from tool holders, and are rotated on vertical shafts. Force from a common drive mechanism is distributed to the shafts through a transmission. Each tool is rotated by one shaft and is mounted on a parallelogram. Each chopping tool (20) has one or more brushes that can be secured to the tool holder (18) and that have bristles of a flexible and resilient material and is shaped like an inverted flower pot. A stop (22) that rests against the ground at a level that can be adjusted in
50
Beets
relation to the tool is accommodated in the inside (21) of the tool and can be detached from its center. Excerpt(s): The purpose of the cultivator, according to the present invention, is to cultivate the soil between the rows, destroying the weeds that grow there without injuring the crops in the rows. Such vegetables as beans, peas, etc. can also be cultivated, and not only in the sprouting stage but even when they have arrived at a certain height. German OS 1 813 079 discloses a cultivator for crops planted in rows in which chopping tools are mounted on vertical shafts, and the shafts and hence the rotated chopping tools are positioned by parallelogram rods suspended from the machine frame. The chopping tools are disks, on which blades that project downward can be mounted interchangeably. The blades of the resulting chopping tools penetrate into the soil, with the total weight of each tool coming into action along with that of the shaft. The disks of course limit the depth of penetration into the soil. The tools are accordingly not resilient and their depth of penetration cannot be controlled. It is also impossible to precisely cultivate some crops, maize for example, near their roots with tools of this type. The disks entail a risk of nicking or otherwise damaging at least the above-ground sections of the stalks. The roots themselves can become damaged by the stationary blades. A relatively wide strip that cannot be cultivated next to the crops is accordingly necessarily left along the row when chopping tools of this type are employed. Another cultivator is known from German Patent 2 166 742. A common drive mechanism with a transmission that distributes force to various vertical shafts extends over the operating width inside the frame of the machine. The distance between the individual shafts cannot be varied. To adjust to different distances between rows or to rows of different widths, chopping tools are mounted on only some of the tool holders. The pillow block can be detached from the machine frame and shifted laterally to provide the adjustment. The chopping tools are more or less vertical prongs that travel on more or less cylindrical tracks and must be positioned so that they will not damage the plants in the row. Since crops expand as they grow, the strip of soil that cannot be reached with the prongs to the right and left becomes larger, and the weeds that grow there can also not be taken care of. Another drawback is that the depth of penetration of the individual chopping tools between the rows cannot be established separately, and, when the ground is undulatory, some of the prongs can penetrate too far into the soil and in some circumstances damage the roots of the crops, while the prongs will not even reach to the surface of the soil in other areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05054559__ •
Sugar beet juice purification process Inventor(s): Kearney; Michael M. (Twin Falls, ID), Kochergin; Vadim (Twin Falls, ID), Peterson; Kenneth R. (Twin Falls, ID), Velasquez; Larry (Twin Falls, ID) Assignee(s): The Amalgamated Sugar Company (Ogden, UT) Patent Number: 5,466,294 Date filed: December 14, 1993 Abstract: A process for purifying the raw juice (diffusion juice) obtained from sugar beets replaces the traditional liming and carbonation purification methods with ion exchange softening and chromatographic separation operations. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the process of purifying raw juice extracted from sugar beets prior to crystallization of the sucrose contained in the juice. In the
Patents 51
conventional production of crystallized sucrose (sugar) from sugar beets, a "raw juice" is initially obtained by diffusion of soluble material from the beets. The raw juice is then partially purified. The purpose of this initial purification step is to remove a significant portion of the "nonsucrose" fraction from the juice. The partially purified juice exhibits improved subsequent processing, yields a higher recovery of crystallized product and improves product quality with respect to color, odor, taste and solution turbidity. The most commonly used method for raw beet juice purification is ubiquitous, and is based upon the addition of lime and carbon dioxide. The initial steps of this method occur prior to crystallization, during a phase commonly referred to as the "beet end" of the process. The sugar beets are typically diffused with hot water to extract a "raw juice" or "diffusion juice". The raw juice contains (1) sucrose (2) nonsucroses and (3) water. The term "nonsucroses" includes all of the sugar beet derived substances, including both dissolved and undissolved solids, other than sucrose, in the juice. Other constituents which may be present in the raw juice are not of concern to the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05466294__ •
Sugar beet membrane filtration process Inventor(s): Donovan; Michael (Great Dunmow, GB), Hlavacek; Marc (London, GB), Jansen; Robert P. (Chevy Chase, MD), Walker; Gordon (Whitchurch Hill, GB), Williams; John C. (Wokingham, GB) Assignee(s): Tate & Lyle Industries, Limited (London, GB), Tate & Lyle, Inc. (Decatur, IL) Patent Number: 6,406,547 Date filed: July 18, 2000 Abstract: A process for producing sugar from beets includes the step of filtering a sucrose-containing feed juice, which has been obtained by diffusion from sliced sugar beets, through a first ultrafiltration membrane that has a first molecular weight cutoff. This ultrafiltration step produces a first ultrafiltration permeate and a first ultrafiltration retentate. The first ultrafiltration permeate is filtered through a second ultrafiltration membrane that has a second molecular weight cutoff that is lower than the first molecular weight cutoff. This second ultrafiltration step produces a second ultrafiltration permeate and a second ultrafiltration retentate. The second ultrafiltration permeate is nanofiltered through a nanofiltration membrane, thereby producing a nanofiltration permeate and a nanofiltration retentate. The nanofiltration retentate has a higher concentration of sucrose on a dry solids basis than the feed juice in step (a), and can be used in evaporation and crystallization operations to produce crystals of white sugar. The process can optionally include ion exchange and/or electrodialysis purification steps, prior to or after the nanofiltration step. Recycle syrups can be treated with enzyme or a chromatographic separator to remove raffinose. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for obtaining sucrose from sugar beets. The conventional beet sugar manufacturing process involves cleaning the beets, slicing them into cossettes, extracting juice from the cossettes by diffusion, purifying the juice by liming and carbonation, concentrating the juice by multiple effect evaporation, multi-stage boiling of concentrated juice in pans, separation, washing, and drying the sugar. Purification of beet juice in the conventional process is based on lime treatment. Lime serves many purposes in the juice purification process. It neutralizes the acidity of the juice and precipitates calcium salts of several organic and inorganic acids. The
52
Beets
precipitate absorbs other impurities. The lime precipitate produces a porous mass, which facilitates subsequent filtration of juice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06406547__ •
Sugar beet pectins and their use in comestibles Inventor(s): Weibel; Michael K. (120 Gallows Hill Rd., Redding, CT 06896) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,008,254 Date filed: November 1, 1989 Abstract: Sugar beet pectins are provided, which are characterized by unique properties which render them particularly useful in the preparation of food or drug comestibles. By incorporating the sugar beet pectins into food or drug products, improved properties, including physicochemical, rheological and nutritional properties are obtained. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to sugar beet pectins. In one aspect, this invention is directed to a pectin extract obtained from sugar beet. In another aspect, this invention relates to sugar beet pectin having utility in comestibles. Spent sugar beet pulp consists largely of structural polysaccharide complexes associated with the primary cell wall of parenchymatous tissue. This tissue has been subjected to an exhaustive hot water extraction to remove sugar and other intracellular constituents. Subsequent extraction of spent beet pulp under hydrolytic conditions generates solubilized forms of the non-cellulosic components whose yield and chemical classification vary depending on the severity of hydrolysis condition and the specific extractive method employed. Past reports tended to segregate the solubilized polysaccharides into largely neutral carbohydrate complexes (hemicelluloses) and acidic carbohydrate complexes (pectins). More recent investigations suggest that both the neutral and acidic carbohydrates may be covalently associated components of the noncellulosic structural macropolysaccharides compromising the cell wall of parenchymatous plant tissue. These reports imply that hemicellulose or pectin isolates represent highly heterogeneous fragments resulting from natural or induced hydrolysis occurring during their preparation. (F. M. Rombouts and J. F. Thibault, "Sugar Beet Pectins: Chemical Structure and Gelation Through Oxidative Coupling" in Chemistry and Function of Pectins, pp. 49-60, 1986, edited by M. L. Fishman and J. J. Jen, ACS, Washington, D. C.; I.C.M. Dea and J. K. Madden, "Acetylated Pectic Polysaccharides of Sugar Beet" in Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 1, pp. 71-88, 1986; L. Phatak, K. C. Chang and G. Brown, "Isolation and Characterization of Pectin in Sugar Beet Pulp" in J. of Food Science, Vol. 53, pp. 830-833, 1988). These and other investigators postulate a rhamnogalacturonide backbone with neutral sugar appendages composed largely of arabinogalactan emanating from the backbone in clusters along the chain. Several types of ester functionality are present -- the uronic acid component of the backbone is highly esterified as the methylester feruloyelster groups are believed to be located on the neutral carbohydrate appendages and a substantial degree of acetyl ester function is present which cannot at present be assigned to either pendant or backbone structure (or both). For descriptive purpose associated with the specification of this invention and the appended claims, the polysaccharide complex isolated by extractive hydrolysis of spent sugar beet pulp as described herein will be referred to as a pectin, or modified pectin. Commercial pectins are derived from citrus and apple pulps. They are characterized by high viscosity of low solids aqueous solutions and form gels in the presence of high solids sucrose solutions under mildly acidic conditions. Commercial pectins derived
Patents 53
from other plant sources have long been sought. Commercial pectin production from sugar beet commenced in Europe during World War II but ceased when citrus and apple pulps again became available. Sugar beet pectins were generally of inferior jelly grade and their function was enhanced by conversion to low ester pectinic acids which produce ionically crosslinked gels in the presence of polyvalent cations (R. H. McDowell, U.K. Patent 555,842, Sept. 9, 1943). Probably because of a preoccupation with commercial pectin replacement in jams, jellies and gels which still persists (F. M. Rombouts, J. F. Thibault and C. Merrier, French Patent 8,307,208, 1983) there has been virtuallY no other commercial use of this interesting hydrocolloid complex. While others have commented academically on potential application based on chemical or physical characterization, there has been no reduction to practice of any use of beet pectin other than that of its use as a gel forming additive in fruit spreads. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05008254__ •
Sulfonylurea compounds for inhibiting bolting in sugar beets Inventor(s): Dunbar; Joseph E. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 4,830,663 Date filed: February 6, 1987 Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel sulfonylurea compounds, compositions and methods for controlling bolting in sugar beets. Excerpt(s): Sugar beet flowering is controlled by a cold weather treatment of the plants known as vernalization followed by days of long, uninterrupted periods of light known as long days. As the days lengthen, the beets produce bolters which are elongated stems bearing flowers which ultimately produce seeds of indeterminate, multibranched racemes. In Europe where large acreages of sugar beet are grown, cold spring weather following spring sowing is often enough to induce bolting of the beets. This bolting causes various problems to the farmer who grows the beet for the sugar content of the beet root. One problem is that bolting reduces both the size and the sugar content of the beet root since the products of photosynthesis are diverted to flower production. Another problem is that bolting causes processing difficulties due to lignification of the root, since the presence of lignin reduced the efficiency with which sugars can be extracted. Bolters also physically interfere with mechanical harvesting by becoming entangled in harvesting machinery. Another problem is that bolted plants cause a large amount of competition by shading adjacent plants, thereby reducing their root size. With time, the seed from early bolters produce a weed beet with an annual habit requiring little or no vernalization. This weed beet, besides causing severe competition, prevents "beet-free periods" which are necessary for the control of beet yellowing virus. If bolting could be completely prevented, this would be a possible means of realizing the potential physiological advantages of autumn sowing. Greater utilization of the season would be achieved by the capturing of radiation which normally falls on bare ground. Yield increases of up to 25 percent have been predicted from autumn as opposed to spring sowing. Clearly, there is a need for compounds which can control and/or prevent bolting in sugar beets. X, Y and Z independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, halo, or CF.sub.3. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04830663__
54
Beets
•
Transgenic sugar beet plant expressing cp4/epsps enzyme activity Inventor(s): Mannerloef; Marie (Helsingborg, SE), Steen; Per (Stubbekoebing, DK), Tenning; Paul Peter (Helsingborg, SE) Assignee(s): Syngenta Participations AG (Basel, CH) Patent Number: 6,531,649 Date filed: November 4, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to transgenic sugar beet plants which due to the expression of cp4/epsps enzyme activity tolerate treatment with about 4 to about 18 liters Roundup.RTM. per hectar. The plants can be characterized by theis specific integration site. The invention further relates to seeds obtained from said plants and a method for producing said plants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to transgenic sugar beet plants capable of tolerating herbicide treatment with glyphosate as active ingredient. Weeds in sugar beet fields are a major problem for the farmer. They compete with the crop thus reducing yield. Today, no single herbicide is able to effectively control all weeds without harming the sugar beet crop itself (Miller et al, J. Sugar Beets Res. 26: 3-4, 1989). In practice, farmers use mixtures of herbicides, which also reduce growth of the crop. Meanwhile the number of weed species having developed resistance to said herbicides continues to increase (Schweizer et al, J. of Sugar Beet Research 28: 1-23, 1991) thereby aggravating the problem of weed control in sugar beet fields. Roundup.RTM. is a broadspectrum, environmentally preferable herbicide inhibiting the growth of both weed and crop species. In the context of the present invention one liter of a herbicidal Roundup.RTM. solution comprises 360 g of its active ingredient (a.i.) glyphosate (the common name of N-phosponomethyl-glycine) which is taken up by foliage. So far no glyphosate resistant weed has developed in over 20 years of use (Holt et al., Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 1993); additionally no natural tolerance to glyphosate has been found in sugar beet. However, pre-emergence use of Roundup.RTM. seems to be more efficient for weed control in sugar beet fields than a combination of herbicides often used in sugar beet agriculture, consisting of phenmediphan, metamitron and ethofumesate (Madsen et al, Weed Res. 35: 105-111, 1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531649__
•
Use of sugar beet pulps for making paper or cardboard Inventor(s): Bregola; Massimo (Castelnovo Bariano, IT), Wong; Emile (Neyron, FR) Assignee(s): Eridania Beghin-Say (Thumeries, FR) Patent Number: 6,074,856 Date filed: August 21, 1998 Abstract: The use of fermented sugar beet pulp for making paper or cardboard is disclosed as well as a fermented sugar beet pulp composition produced according to a method which comprises the steps of (a) storing the sugar beet pulp under conditions suitable for lactic acid fermentation, particularly until the pH is less than around 5 and advantageously higher than around 3.5, to give fermented pulp, (b) diluting the fermented pulp, particularly until its dry matter content is of around 1-10%, (c) mechanically processing the diluted fermented pulp to separate the parenchymal cells from the pulp and achieve a pulp size of less than around 1000 micrometers, and (d)
Patents 55
optionally bleaching the fermented pulp from step (a) simultaneously with step (b), or bleaching the fermented pulp from step (c). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of fermented sugar beet pulps for making paper or board. The present invention also relates to a process for the production of fermented beet pulps. The present invention describes a method for treating beet pulps which makes it possible to obtain a product having good characteristics as a substitute ingredient in the production of paper. Paper is a film composed of a network of welded individual fibres. Generally speaking, its production entails a wet process involving cellulose fibres. The pulp is produced from wood and the composition varies depending on the grades of paper. The sheet is formed after draining a uniform deposit on a wire provided for this purpose. The long fibres (obtained from hardwood) allow the formation of a network in which are deposited the short fibres (obtained from softwood) and the combination contributes to the mechanical strength of the material formed after drying. Additives and loadings are very often employed to improve the characteristics such as appearance, porosity and surface condition. Beet pulps are a by-product of the sugar beet processing industry. The beets are crushed and the sugar extracted with water. This operation is followed by pressing in order to increase the dry matter content to about 25 to 30%. The main components of beet pulps are, on average, cellulose (27%), hemicellulose (29%), pectin (29%), the minor components being sugar (3%), lignin (3%) and ash (4%). These components together form the characteristic cellular structure of beet pulps. This structure consists of parenchymal cells held together and bound crosswise by xylem and tubular phloem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06074856__
Patent Applications on Beets As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to beets: •
Preparation antioxidants enriched functional food products from sugar cane and beet Inventor(s): Chou, Chung Chi; (South Huntington, NY) Correspondence: Chung Chi Chou; 103A Pidgeon Hill Rd.; South Huntington; NY; 11746; US Patent Application Number: 20030198694 Date filed: April 22, 2002 Abstract: Functional food products with excellent antioxidative strength have been prepared from natural sugar cane and beet. The processes used include one or more of the following: Clarification, Crystallization, Chromatographic separation process, Adsorption on/Desorption from adsorbents, Ion exchange resin decolorization and regeneration, and Ultra-Nano membrane filtration. The antioxidative capacities of the products are quantified in term of ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) unit as
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
56
Beets
per analytical method developed at the Agricultural Research Services of the U.S. Department of agriculture. Excerpt(s): (4) Richard Riffer, non-sugar and sugar refining, chapter 36, Handbook of Sugar Refining (2000), edited by Chung Chi Chou, published by John Wily & Sons, Inc. New York. (10) Yukie Nagai, Takco Mizutani, Hiroshi Iwabe, Saiichi Araki, and Mamoru Suzuki Physiological function of sugar cane extracts. Technical proceeding of Sugar Technologists, Inc. 2001. (12) Frank G. Carpenter, chapter 17, decolorization, Cane sugar handbook 11.sup.th edition by James C. P. Chen, published by John Wiley and sons, 1985. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for production of purified beet juice for sugar manufacture Inventor(s): Mannapperuma, Jatal D.; (Davis, CA), Reisig, Richard C.; (Scottsbluff, NE) Correspondence: Kenneth D. Goodman; WILLIAMS, MORGAN & AMERSON, P.C.; Suite 250; 7676 Hillmont; Houston; TX; 77040; US Patent Application Number: 20010054420 Date filed: June 18, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing sugar from beets, comprising the steps of: (a) macerating beets or pieces thereof; (b) mechanically separating juice from the macerated beets; and (c) membrane filtering the separated juice, producing a retentate and a permeate. The mechanical extraction of juice can be done on a moving porous vacuum filtration belt with countercurrent flow of macerated beets and water. The pH of the vacuum extracted juice can be adjusted to at least about 7 by addition of sodium hydroxide. This process does not use conventional beet diffusion. No lime and no carbon dioxide are required to be contacted with the juice or the permeate in this process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing sucrose from sugar beets. The conventional beet sugar manufacturing process involves cleaning the beets, slicing them into cossettes, extracting juice from the cossettes by diffusion, purifying the juice by liming and carbonation, concentrating the juice by multiple effect evaporation, multi-stage boiling of concentrated juice in pans, separation, washing, and drying the sugar. Juice extraction in the conventional process is done by allowing the sugar to diffuse through the natural cell walls of beets. The cell walls allow sugars and other low molecular weight compounds to pass through but prevent the passage of high molecular weight compounds. This selective diffusion process has two advantages. Retaining the high molecular weight compounds helps produce a high purity juice. It also reduces filtration difficulties that are caused by polysaccharides and proteins that comprise the high molecular weight compounds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 57
•
Process for the fractionation of sugar beet pulp Inventor(s): Antila, Tapio Juhani; (Espoo, FI), Jumppanen, Juho; (Surrey, GB), Koivikko, Hannu; (Kantvik, FI), Lindqvist, Christina; (Kantvik, FI), Mayra, Nina; (Helsinki, FI), Tylli, Matti; (Kantvik, FI), Vakevainen, Timo; (Kirkkonummi, FI), Walliander, Pertti; (Kantvik, FI) Correspondence: SCULLY, SCOTT, MURPHY & PRESSER; 400 Garden City Plaza; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20020189606 Date filed: March 6, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of simultaneous purification and separation of pectin and pectic sugars/oligomers from sugar beet pulp using a multi-step process in an aqueous solution. The method comprises hydrolysis of the sugar beet pulp, solids separation from the sugar beet pulp hydrolysate as well as fractionation and desalting of the aqueous solution of the sugar beet pulp hydrolysate thus obtained into a desalted solution enriched in pectin and a desalted solution enriched in pectic sugars/oligomers. The process may also comprise optional further steps, such as clarification, adsorption, concentration and further chromatographic treatment. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation of International Application PCT/F100/00780 filed Sep. 15, 2000 which designated the U.S. and was published under PCT Article 21(2) in English. The invention relates to purification and fractionation of pectin-containing vegetable material, especially sugar beet pulp. The invention relates particularly to separating pectin and pectic sugars/oligomers and simultaneously salts from pectin-containing sugar beet pulp by using separation methods based on the molecular weight, such as ultrafiltration and chromatographic fractionation. Pectin is a commonly used additive in food industry. It is useful, for example, as a stabilizing agent, thickener and gelling agent in, for example, jams and other fruit-based products as well as in sour milk-based products, such as yoghurts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
System to produce sugar from plant materials Inventor(s): Sanders, David O.; (Loveland, CO) Correspondence: Santangelo Law Offices, P.C.; Third Floor; 125 South Howes; Fort Collins; CO; 80521; US Patent Application Number: 20030196653 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: A process system that uses a reduced amount of lime or other base to clarify or purify juice obtained from plant material such as sugar cane, sugar beets, or sweet sorghum. Specifically, apparatus and methods to reduce volatile materials in juice providing a product that has an increased pH requiring the use of less lime or other base to achieve the desired pH values for clarification or purification. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process system for the production of sugar along with other products from sucrose containing juice obtained from plant material, such as, sugar cane, sugar beets, or sweet sorghum. The invention further relates to apparatus and methods to produce sucrose containing juice having a reduced amount of dissolved material. The invention further relates to the conversion of conventional sugar
58
Beets
process systems to produce or to utilize such sucrose containing juices that have a reduce amount of dissolved materials. Sucrose, C.sub.12H.sub.22O.sub.11, a disaccharide, is a condensation molecule that links one glucose monosaccharide and one fructose monosaccharide. Sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables of the plant kingdom, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, sweet sorghum, sugar palms, or sugar maples. The amount of sucrose produced by plants can be dependent on the genetic strain, soil or fertilization factors, weather conditions during growth, incidence of plant disease, degree of maturity or the treatment between harvesting and processing, among many factors. Sucrose may be concentrated in certain portions of the plant, for example, the stalks of the sugarcane plant or the sugar beet root. The entire plant, or a portion of the plant in which the sucrose is concentrated, may be harvested and the plant juices may be removed or extracted to obtain a juice containing a certain concentration of sucrose. Typically, the removal or extraction of juices from plant material involves milling, diffusion, pressing, or a combination thereof. Milling is one of the conventional methods for extracting juice from sugar cane stalks. The sugar cane stalks may be cut up into pieces having the desired size and then passed through rollers to squeeze out the juices. This process may be repeated several times down a series of mills to ensure that substantially all the sugar cane juice is removed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Ungulate game animal feed system and method Inventor(s): Fore, John; (Denham Springs, LA) Correspondence: Joseph N. Breaux; Suite A; 10630 N. Oak Hills Pkwy; Baton Rouge; LA; 70810; US Patent Application Number: 20030019437 Date filed: July 26, 2001 Abstract: An ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system that includes a housing having a hopper area, and a feed material processor unit that utilizes whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items, such as potatoes, carrots, apples, sweet potatoes, sugar beets, etc., as the feed material. During operation of the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system, the whole fleshy vegetable matter feed items are processed by the feed material processor unit to form feed material sub-portions of the whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items, such as slices, chunks, pulp, puree, etc., in a manner such that an attractant scent is given off. The processed feed material is discharged for the ungulate game animals attracted by the smell given of during the forming of the feed material sub-portions to feed on. In some embodiments, juice is also generated during the formation of the sub-portions and falls from the feeder and attracter system and is absorbed by the soil near the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system in a manner to provide a second ungulate game animal attractant mechanism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to animal feeder systems and methods and more particularly to an animal feeder and attracter system and method specifically for ungulate game animals, such as deer, elk, moose, antelope, and other mammalian game animals having hoofs, that includes a housing having a hopper area for holding multiple whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items, such as potatoes, carrots, apples, sweet potatoes, sugar beets, etc., and a feed material processor unit in connection with the hopper area; the feed material processor unit mechanically processing the whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items to form feed material sub-portions, such as slices, chunks, pulp, puree, etc., in a manner such that an ungulate attractant scent is given off and the
Patents 59
feed material sub-portions are discharged from the feed material processor unit to be eaten by ungulate game animals attracted to the area around the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter by the ungulate attractant scent generated during formation of the feed material sub-portions. The feed material processor unit optionally also generating juice during formation of the feed material sub-portions that is transferred from the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system during operation and is absorbed into the ground beneath or around the feeder and attracter system where it acts as a secondary ungulate game animal attractant mechanism. The ungulate game animal feeder and attracter method of the invention includes the steps of: a) providing an ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system as described herein above; b) positioning the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system at a location where it is desired to attract and feed ungulate game animals; c) providing a quantity of whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items; d) positioning the provided quantity of whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items into the hopper area of the housing of the provided ungulate game animal feed system; e) operating the feed material processor unit of the provided ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system to process a portion of the quantity of provided whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items within the hopper area to form feed material sub-portions and an attractant scent; and f) operating the feed material processor unit in a manner to discharge the feed material sub-portions formed in step e) from the provided ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system to be available for eating at the desired location by ungulate game animals attracted to the desired location where the provided ungulate game animal feeder and attracter was placed by the attractant scent generated during formation of the feed material subportions. Deer feeders and feeders for other game animals with hoofs such as elk, antelope, moose and the like typically include a hopper for holding particulate ungulate game feed material, such as corn, wheat, processed feed pellets, etc., and a dispersing mechanism that is typically controlled by a timer or light sensor and that broadcasts a volume of the particulate ungulate game feed material about the area surrounding the feeder or into one or more feed troughs. Although ungulate game animals, such as deer, elk, moose, antelope, etc., tend to find these feeders after a period of time, it would be a benefit to have an ungulate game animal feeder system that utilized whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items, such as apples, pears, sweet potatoes, carrots, potatoes, etc, and that processed the fleshy vegetable matter feed items to form and discharge feed material sub-portions of the fleshy, vegetable matter feed items for eating by the ungulate game animals in a manner that generated and emitted an ungulate game animal attractant smell. It would be a further benefit to have an ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system as described that, in addition to utilizing whole fleshy vegetable material and generating and emitting an ungulate game attractant smell, would also generate juice in a manner such that the juice would be transferred from the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system to a location where the juice was available to be absorbed by the ground beneath or around the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system so as to provide a second ungulate game attractant mechanism. The transfer of the juice could take place in many manners such as for example by the formation and falling of juice droplets or by juice carried on the exterior of feed material sub-portions falling from the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system to the ground. It is thus an object of the invention to provide an ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system that includes a housing having a hopper area for holding multiple whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items, such as potatoes, carrots, apples, sweet potatoes, sugar beets, etc., and a feed material processor unit in connection with the hopper area; the feed material processor unit mechanically processing the whole, fleshy vegetable matter feed items to form feed material subportions, such as slices, chunks, pulp, puree, etc., in a manner such that an ungulate
60
Beets
attractant scent is given off and the feed material sub-portions are discharged from the feed material processor unit to be eaten by ungulate game animals attracted to the area around the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter by the ungulate attractant scent generated during formation of the feed material sub-portions. The feed material processor unit optionally also generating juice during formation of the feed material sub-portions that is transferred from the ungulate game animal feeder and attracter system during operation and is absorbed into the ground beneath or around the feeder and attracter system where it acts as a secondary ungulate game animal attractant mechanism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of a phenylurea derivative for controlling crown and root rot in beet Inventor(s): Dehne, Heinz-Wilhelm; (Bonn, DE), Mauler-Machnik, Astrid; (Leichlingen, DE), Zens, Irene; (Euskirchen, DE) Correspondence: BAYER CORPORATION; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 100 BAYER ROAD; PITTSBURGH; PA; 15205; US Patent Application Number: 20010016605 Date filed: January 10, 2001 Abstract: N-4-Chlorobenzyl-N-cyclopentyl-N'-phenyl-urea of the formula 1is highly suitable for controlling crown and root rot in beet. Excerpt(s): Use of a phenylurea derivative for controlling crown and root rot in beet The present invention relates to the novel use of a known phenylurea derivative against crown and root rot in beet. For some years, there have been epidemic-like occurrences of crown and root rot in beet, frequently causing serious damage to beet plants. However, hitherto no active compounds are known which are suitable for controlling this plant disease satisfactorily. It is already known that N-4-chloro-benzyl-N-cyclopentyl-N'phenylu- rea (=pencycuron) has fungicidal activity and can be used against various plant diseases (cf. DE-A 27 32 257). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with beets, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “beets” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on beets. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning beets. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
61
CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BEETS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to beets. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on beets include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “beets” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “beets” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “beets” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Raw, Solid Beet and Cane Sugars by Solid Beet and Cane S. The Raw (2000); ISBN: 0741828901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741828901/icongroupinterna
•
Advances in sugarbeet production: principles and practices; ISBN: 0813814154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813814154/icongroupinterna
•
Agrometeorological Aspects of Crops in Italy, Spain and Greece: a Summary Review for Common and Durum Wheat, Barley, Maize, Rice, Sugar Beet, Sunflower, Soya Bean, Rape, Potato, Cotton, Olive and Grape Crops by G. Narciso, et al; ISBN: 9282639959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282639959/icongroupinterna
•
Agrometeorological Aspects of Crops in the United Kingdom and Ireland: a Review for Sugar Beet, Oilseed Rape, Peas, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potatoes, Apples and Pears by M.N. Hough; ISBN: 9282616495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282616495/icongroupinterna
62
Beets
•
Application of Crop Growth Simulation Model of Potential Sugar Beet Production to California (Publications in Climatology, Vol 37, No 2); ISBN: 9997828402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997828402/icongroupinterna
•
Atlas of Diseases and Pests in Beet/Atlas Des Maladies Et Des Parasites De LA Betterave/Atlas Der Krankheiten Und Schadlinge Der Rube by J. Benada, et al; ISBN: 0444995013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444995013/icongroupinterna
•
Barnabus Beet by Giles Reed; ISBN: 0866250549; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0866250549/icongroupinterna
•
Beet Seeds Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1994: Seeds (Statutory Rule: 1994: 251); ISBN: 0337912513; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0337912513/icongroupinterna
•
Beet Sugar in the West : A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966 [CLV] by Leonard J. Arrington (Author); ISBN: 029574037X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/029574037X/icongroupinterna
•
Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet and Sugarcane: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet, Denver, Colorado, A (Sugar Series, 9) by Margaret A./ Godshall, Mary An/ Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarcane Symposium on the Chemistry and Processing of Sugarbeet / Clarke; ISBN: 0444430202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444430202/icongroupinterna
•
Compendium of Beet Diseases and Insects by E.D Whitney, James E Duffus (1986); ISBN: 0890540705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890540705/icongroupinterna
•
CRC Handbook of Diseases of Sugar Beet by A. N. Mukhopadhyay (1987); ISBN: 0849331307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849331307/icongroupinterna
•
From Beet to Sugar (First Topic Books) by Lil Thompson; ISBN: 0333172043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333172043/icongroupinterna
•
From Beet to Sugar (Start to Finish Book) by Ali Mitgutsch; ISBN: 0876141459; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876141459/icongroupinterna
•
Fuels from Sugar Crops: Systems Study for Sugarcane, Sweet Sorghum, and Sugar Beets by Richard A. Nathan (Editor) (1978); ISBN: 0870791117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870791117/icongroupinterna
•
Home Grown Sugar Beet (Research and Education) Fund: Accounts 1992-93: [HC]: [1993-94]: House of Commons Papers: [1993-94] by J.H. Proctor (1994); ISBN: 010217394X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/010217394X/icongroupinterna
•
How Sweet It Was! the Beet Sugar Industry in Microcosm: The National Sugar Manufacturing Company, 1899 to 1967 (American Business History) by Dena Markoff Sabin; ISBN: 0824083601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824083601/icongroupinterna
•
Influence of External Factors on Growth and Development of Sugar-Beet by A. L. Smit; ISBN: 9022008126; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9022008126/icongroupinterna
Books
63
•
Modern Energy Economy in Beet Sugar Factories (Sugar Series, No 10) by Klzysztof Urbaniec; ISBN: 0444872949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444872949/icongroupinterna
•
NIPPON BEET SUGAR MANUFACTURING CO.,LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd., Ltd. Icon Group; ISBN: 0597270872; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597270872/icongroupinterna
•
Nutrients for Sugar Beet Production: Soil-Plant Relationships by A. Philip Draycott, et al (2003); ISBN: 085199623X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085199623X/icongroupinterna
•
O.E.C.D. scheme for the varietal certification of sugar beet and fodder beet seed moving in international trade; ISBN: 0119203383; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119203383/icongroupinterna
•
Physics and chemistry of sugar-beet in sugar manufacture by Konstantin Vukov; ISBN: 0444998365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444998365/icongroupinterna
•
Pressing of Beet Pulp to Reduce Its Water Content to a Minimum in Order to Make Savings in Drying Costs: Demonstration Project (Energy) by S.C. Socode (1988); ISBN: 9282576892; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282576892/icongroupinterna
•
Red beet; a study of the production economics of the 1971 red beet crop in the East Midland region including the Holland division of Lincolnshire by Hugh William Thomas Kerr; ISBN: 0900573295; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900573295/icongroupinterna
•
Squeezing of Pre-Pressed Beet Pulp After Extraction Using a Specially Designed Secondary Press in Order to Save Energy for Drying by the Application by G. Jacobiak (1987); ISBN: 9282574997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282574997/icongroupinterna
•
Steam Drying of Beet Pulp: Demonstration Project (Energy); ISBN: 9282574865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282574865/icongroupinterna
•
Sugar Beet Cultivation: Technical Conclusions Based on Experience Gained in the Krasnodar Region (1995); ISBN: 928275183X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/928275183X/icongroupinterna
•
Sugar Beet Herbicides by Willinger; ISBN: 0471344494; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471344494/icongroupinterna
•
Sugar Beet Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms: A Color Atlas and Chemical Guide by Albert Ulrich, Hills F. Jackson (1969); ISBN: 0931876184; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931876184/icongroupinterna
•
Sugar beet pests by Frederick George William Jones; ISBN: 0112404626; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0112404626/icongroupinterna
•
Sugar beet: a study of sugar production by the UK and the feasibility of expansion by Ford Gibson Sturrock; ISBN: 0901978418; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901978418/icongroupinterna
•
Sugar-Beet Nutrition by A. P. Draycott; ISBN: 0470221607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470221607/icongroupinterna
64
Beets
•
The 2000 Import and Export Market for Raw, Solid Beet and Cane Sugars in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by Solid Beet and Cane S. The Raw, Cane Sugars Research Group; ISBN: 0741845393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741845393/icongroupinterna
•
The 2000 Import and Export Market for Raw, Solid Beet and Cane Sugars in Venezuela (World Trade Report) by Solid Beet The Raw, Cane Sugars Research Group; ISBN: 075762944X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075762944X/icongroupinterna
•
The 2000 Import and Export Market for Refined Sugars and Other Products of Refined Beet and Cane in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by The Refined Sugars and Other Products of, et al; ISBN: 0741845466; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741845466/icongroupinterna
•
The 2000 Import and Export Market for Refined Sugars and Other Products of Refined Beet and Cane in Zimbabwe (World Trade Report) by The Refined Sugars, et al; ISBN: 0757630170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757630170/icongroupinterna
•
The 2000 World Forecasts of Raw, Solid Beet and Cane Sugars Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by Solid Beet and Cane S. The Raw, Cane Sugars Research Group; ISBN: 0741835622; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741835622/icongroupinterna
•
The 2000 World Forecasts of Refined Sugars and Other Products of Refined Beet and Cane Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Refined Sugars and Other Products of, et al; ISBN: 0741835630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741835630/icongroupinterna
•
The 2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Refined Sugars and Other Products of Refined Beet and Cane by The Research Group, The Refined Sugars and Other Products of; ISBN: 074182891X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074182891X/icongroupinterna
•
The 2003 World Forecasts of Refined Sugars and Other Products of Refined Beet and Cane Export Supplies [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSU0I; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSU0I/icongroupinterna
•
The Beet Seeds Regulations 1993: Seeds (Statutory Instruments: 1993: 2006) (1993); ISBN: 0110350065; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110350065/icongroupinterna
•
The Disposal of Waste (Control of Beet Rhizomania Disease) Order 1988: Plant Health (Statutory Instruments: 1988: 45); ISBN: 0110860454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110860454/icongroupinterna
•
The Economics of Water Utilization in the Beet Sugar Industry by Allen V. Kneese, George O. G. Lof (1968); ISBN: 0801803845; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801803845/icongroupinterna
•
The Sugar Beet (Research and Education) Order 1996: Sugar (Statutory Instruments: 1996: 679) by Great Britain (1996); ISBN: 011054336X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011054336X/icongroupinterna
•
The sugar beet and cane industries : a selective economic bibliography by Richard Monypenny; ISBN: 0909714363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0909714363/icongroupinterna
Books
65
•
The Sugar Beet Crop: Science into Practice (World Crop Series) by R.K. Scott (Editor), D. A. Cooke (1993); ISBN: 0412251302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412251302/icongroupinterna
•
United States Beet Sugar Industry & the Tariff by Roy G. Blakey; ISBN: 0404511198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0404511198/icongroupinterna
•
We're Eating More Beets! by Garry B. Trudeau; ISBN: 0805009329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805009329/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Child labor and the work of mothers in the beet fields of Colorado and Michigan. Author: United States. Children's Bureau.; Year: 1994; Washington, Govt. print. off., 1923
•
Food dehydration wastes, a study of wastes from the dehydration of skim milk, raw and fermented whey, potatoes, beets rutabagas, and hominy, by F. E. De Martini, W. Allan Moore and G. E. Terhoeven. Author: De Martini, Frank E., 1904-; Year: 1946
•
Structure-activity relationships. Contributors: M. G. J. Beets [et al. Author: Beets, M. G. J.; Year: 1993; Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press [1973]-; ISBN: 0080168906 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080168906/icongroupinterna
•
Welfare of families of sugar-beet laborers; a study of child labor and its relation to family work, income, and living conditions in 1935, by Elizabeth S. Johnson. Author: Johnson, Elizabeth Sands,; Year: 1991; Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1939
Chapters on Beets In order to find chapters that specifically relate to beets, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and beets using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on beets:
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
66
Beets
•
Hyperoxaluria and Nephrolithiasis Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 475-478. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on hyperoxaluria (excessive amounts of oxalate in the urine) and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The finding of kidney stones in association with IBD occurs with a frequency ranging from 1 percent to 5 percent. The author cautions that not all kidney stones found in patients with IBD are oxalate stones. Chemical analysis of a passed stone or of the urine must be made before enteric hyperoxaluria (the urologic term for IBD associated hyperoxaluria) can be assumed to be the cause of the nephrolithiasis. Kidney stones classically present as renal colic (pain in the area of the kidneys). Unfortunately, in patients with IBD a high index of suspicion is necessary, because the pain associated with the kidney stone may easily (and erroneously) be attributed to the underlying IBD. Microscopic hematuria (blood in the urine) is suggestive of the diagnosis. The treatment for acute, symptomatic kidney stones is initially narcotic analgesia (pain medication) with copious hydration in an attempt to help the patient pass the stone spontaneously. If this is unsuccessful, a urologist is consulted, and the stone can be removed transureterally, surgically, or by using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Once alleviation of the stone is accomplished, preventing stone recurrence becomes important. Prevention strategies include restriction of dietary oxalate (common sources include rhubarb, spinach, beets, peanuts, chocolate, parsley, celery, tea, and coffee) and protein reduction (protein is an indirect dietary source of oxalate). 3 tables. 9 references.
67
CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BEETS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover beets.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on beets is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to beets. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “beets” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
68
Beets
at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “beets” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to beets, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “beets” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on beets:
Periodicals and News
•
69
Colorful Tales from the Urinary Tract Source: Environmental Nutrition. 21(10): 3. October 1998. Contact: Available from Environmental Nutrition, Inc. P.O. Box 420451, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0451. (800) 829-5384. Summary: This brief sidebar article reviews some of the common causes for changes in the appearance and smell of urine. The author focuses on the interrelationship of food intake and changes in the urine. The article discusses red urine (usually due to eating beets), bright yellow urine (the result of excess riboflavin, also called vitamin B2), and the smelly urine (with a sulfur like odor) that can result from eating asparagus. The article also notes that medications can turn urine various shades of brown, black, blue, green, or red. The author cautions that other odd looks or smells to the urine can signal problems. Cloudy urine can be normal, but it can also signal a kidney infection. Dark urine may simply mean that the person is not getting enough water, but it can also indicate liver problems. Pale urine indicates a good level of hydration.
Academic Periodicals covering Beets Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to beets. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering beets that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
71
APPENDICES
73
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
74
Beets
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
75
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
76
Beets
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 307 28 322 0 0 657
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “beets” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
77
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Beets In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and beets. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
78
Beets
To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for beets: •
Beeturia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?109600 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
Physician Resources
79
•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
80
Beets
select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
23
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
81
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on beets can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to beets. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to beets. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “beets”:
82
Beets
•
Other guides Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Immune System and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystemanddisorders.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to beets. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
Patient Resources
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
83
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to beets. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with beets. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about beets. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “beets” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “beets”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “beets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:”
84
Beets
box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “beets” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
85
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
25
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
86
Beets
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
26
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
87
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
88
Beets
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
89
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
90
Beets
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
91
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
93
BEETS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves Nhydroxylation to the arylhydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetolactate Synthase: A flavoprotein that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of pyruvate in the biosynthesis of valine and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of isoleucine. EC 4.1.3.18. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha
94
Beets
particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibiosis: A property of microorganisms which enables one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU]
Dictionary 95
Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of
96
Beets
donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Beta-glucans: Polysaccharides made by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. They may be able to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture
Dictionary 97
therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases: Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH]
98
Beets
Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulase: An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chrysosporium: A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH]
Dictionary 99
Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving
100 Beets
biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]
Dictionary 101
Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH]
102 Beets
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fonofos: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. [NIH]
Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is
Dictionary 103
used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fumigation: The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Hormones: Hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are
104 Beets
different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemicellulose: A general term to describe those polysaccharides other than cellulose which are constituents of vegetable cell walls. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other
Dictionary 105
organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperoxaluria: Excretion of an excessive amount of oxalate in the urine. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU]
106 Beets
Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invert sugar: Subjected to chemical inversion : inverted. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU]
Dictionary 107
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]
108 Beets
Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]
Dictionary 109
Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.
110 Beets
Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH]
Dictionary 111
Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating
112 Beets
circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postprandial Blood Glucose: Blood taken 1-2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino
Dictionary 113
acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU]
114 Beets
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH]
Dictionary 115
Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]
116 Beets
Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH]
Dictionary 117
Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
118 Beets
[NIH]
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes. [NIH]
119
INDEX 2 2-Acetylaminofluorene, 18, 93 A Abdominal, 93, 99, 110 Acetolactate Synthase, 33, 93 Adaptability, 40, 93 Adjustment, 50, 93 Adsorption, 55, 57, 93 Adsorptive, 93 Adverse Effect, 93, 115 Aerosol, 93, 116 Affinity, 93, 115 Algorithms, 93, 96 Alimentary, 93, 100 Alkaline, 39, 93, 94, 97 Alpha Particles, 93, 113 Alternative medicine, 68, 94 Aluminum, 44, 94, 96 Amino Acid Sequence, 94 Amino Acids, 18, 94, 97, 111, 112, 116, 117 Ammonia, 94, 117 Anabolic, 94, 118 Anaerobic, 94, 115 Analogous, 94, 112, 117 Anatomical, 94, 96, 107, 114 Anemia, 19, 79, 94 Anions, 94, 106 Antibiosis, 49, 94 Antibodies, 25, 94, 102, 111 Antibody, 8, 93, 94, 99, 105, 106, 113 Antigen, 93, 94, 99, 102, 105, 106 Anti-infective, 95, 105 Antioxidants, 20, 55, 95 Antipruritic, 95, 99 Antiviral, 18, 95 Aorta, 17, 95 Aqueous, 30, 41, 42, 44, 46, 52, 57, 95, 105, 107 Aromatic, 37, 93, 95, 97 Arterial, 95, 112 Arteries, 95, 96, 100, 108 Arterioles, 95, 96, 97 Ascorbic Acid, 95, 105, 110 Assay, 25, 95, 105 Ataxia, 78, 79, 95, 116 Atrophy, 78, 95 Autopsy, 18, 95 Avian, 17, 95
B Bacteria, 4, 27, 49, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 108, 117 Bactericidal, 95, 102 Basal Ganglia, 95 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 95 Base, 18, 57, 95, 107 Beer, 38, 96 Bentonite, 24, 96 Beta-glucans, 96, 98 Bile, 9, 96, 103, 107 Bile Acids, 96 Bile Acids and Salts, 96 Biochemical, 7, 96 Biological Transport, 96, 100 Biosynthesis, 29, 93, 96 Biotechnology, 3, 6, 40, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 79, 96 Bladder, 96, 107, 112, 114, 117 Blood Coagulation, 96, 97 Blood pressure, 96, 108, 115 Blood vessel, 96, 102, 106, 116, 118 Body Fluids, 30, 96, 115 Body Regions, 96, 99 Bone Cements, 96, 112 Boron, 12, 96, 97 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 97 Bowel, 9, 20, 66, 97, 100, 106 Branch, 89, 97, 115, 116 Breeding, 32, 97 C Calcium, 35, 42, 43, 51, 96, 97, 99, 110 Calcium Carbonate, 35, 96, 97 Calcium Oxalate, 97, 110 Callus, 40, 97, 101 Capillary, 13, 97, 118 Carbohydrate, 52, 97, 110, 112 Carbon Dioxide, 35, 37, 51, 56, 97, 114 Carboxy, 97 Carboxylic Acids, 30, 97 Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases, 30, 97 Carcinogen, 93, 97 Carcinogenic, 97, 99 Cathode, 97, 101 Cations, 53, 97, 106 Cell Division, 78, 95, 98, 111 Cellobiose, 98 Cellulase, 45, 98
120 Beets
Cellulose, 8, 12, 18, 38, 55, 98, 103, 104, 111 Cerebellar, 95, 98, 113 Cerebral, 95, 98 Cerebrum, 98, 117 Chlorophyll, 98, 103 Cholesterol, 9, 96, 98, 105 Chromosome, 98, 104, 107 Chronic, 78, 98, 101, 106, 107, 112, 113, 116, 118 Chronic renal, 98, 112 Chrysosporium, 37, 98 CIS, 30, 98 Citrus, 8, 41, 44, 52, 95, 98 Clinical trial, 3, 75, 98 Clone, 33, 98 Cloning, 96, 98 Coal, 32, 98, 99 Coal Tar, 32, 99 Coccidiosis, 17, 99 Cofactor, 99, 112 Colic, 66, 99 Colitis, 20, 66, 99, 106 Colloidal, 36, 46, 47, 96, 99, 116 Complement, 99 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 21, 99 Complementary medicine, 17, 99 Computational Biology, 75, 77, 99 Connective Tissue, 95, 100, 102, 103 Consumption, 41, 46, 100, 114 Contraindications, ii, 100 Coronary, 100, 108 Coronary Thrombosis, 100, 108 Cortex, 95, 100, 113 Creatinine, 18, 100 Crystallization, 39, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 55, 100 Curative, 100, 116 Cysteine, 100, 116 D Databases, Bibliographic, 75, 100 Deamination, 100, 117 Dehydration, 65, 100 Deuterium, 100, 105 Diagnostic procedure, 23, 68, 100 Dietary Fiber, 41, 82, 100 Diffusion, 13, 36, 42, 45, 50, 51, 56, 58, 96, 100, 117 Digestion, 93, 96, 97, 100, 106, 107, 115 Digestive system, 100, 103 Dihydroxy, 100, 118 Diploid, 100, 111
Direct, iii, 26, 100, 113 Disinfectant, 101, 102 Distal, 27, 101, 113 Drip, 43, 101 Drive, ii, vi, 11, 26, 31, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 101 Drug Interactions, 101 Drug Tolerance, 101, 117 Duodenum, 96, 101, 115 Dyes, 32, 101 Dysplasia, 79, 101 Dystrophy, 78, 101 E Electrolysis, 94, 97, 101 Electrolyte, 101, 104, 115 Electrons, 96, 97, 101, 106, 110, 113 Embryo, 40, 101, 112 Embryogenesis, 40, 101 Endotoxic, 101, 107 End-stage renal, 98, 101, 112 Environmental Exposure, 101, 110 Environmental Health, 74, 76, 102 Enzymatic, 12, 18, 37, 45, 93, 97, 99, 102 Enzyme, 30, 37, 51, 54, 98, 102, 111, 112, 116, 118 Epidemic, 60, 102, 115 Epitopes, 8, 102 Erythrocytes, 94, 102, 113 Essential Tremor, 78, 102 Estrogen, 102, 118 Ethanol, 12, 13, 102 Excipient, 102, 104 Exogenous, 93, 102 Extracellular, 37, 100, 102, 115 Extracorporeal, 66, 102, 104 Extraction, 28, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 46, 52, 56, 58, 63, 102 Exudate, 5, 102, 104 F Family Planning, 75, 102 Fat, 15, 96, 102, 107, 110 Fatty acids, 97, 102 Fermentation, 8, 12, 13, 45, 54, 96, 102, 115 Fibrosis, 79, 102, 114 Filtration, 35, 39, 51, 52, 55, 56, 102 Fonofos, 13, 102 Fractionation, 57, 102 Fructose, 58, 102 Fumigation, 103 Fungi, 7, 27, 37, 40, 98, 103, 108, 115, 117, 118 Fungus, 27, 28, 103, 109, 118
Index 121
G Gallbladder, 93, 100, 103, 107 Gas, 94, 97, 100, 103, 105, 110, 116 Gastrointestinal, 9, 102, 103 Gastrointestinal Hormones, 9, 103 Gastrointestinal tract, 102, 103 Gelatin, 103 Gels, 52, 103 Gene, 13, 33, 65, 79, 80, 96, 103, 110 Gland, 103, 110, 112, 114, 115 Glucose, 6, 37, 58, 78, 95, 98, 103, 104, 106, 112 Glutamate, 6, 103 Glycine, 54, 96, 103 Governing Board, 103, 112 Grade, 53, 103 Graft, 104, 105 Growth, 5, 29, 37, 49, 54, 58, 62, 78, 94, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 118 Gum Arabic, 39, 104 H Habitual, 7, 104 Hair follicles, 104, 118 Haploid, 104, 111 Hazardous Waste, 37, 104 Hematuria, 66, 104 Hemicellulose, 52, 55, 104 Hemodiafiltration, 104, 117 Hemodialysis, 97, 104, 117 Hemofiltration, 104, 117 Hemoglobin, 94, 102, 104, 107 Hemoglobinuria, 78, 104 Hepatic, 93, 104 Herbicide, 32, 33, 40, 54, 104 Hereditary, 104, 111, 114 Heredity, 103, 104 Heterotrophic, 29, 103, 104 Hormonal, 95, 105 Hormone, 105, 106 Host, 105 Hybrid, 32, 98, 105 Hydration, 38, 66, 69, 105 Hydrogen, 34, 45, 53, 95, 97, 100, 105, 108, 109, 110, 113 Hydrogen Peroxide, 45, 105 Hydrolysis, 39, 45, 52, 57, 97, 98, 105 Hydroxylation, 93, 105 Hydroxyproline, 9, 105 Hypercholesterolemia, 105, 111 Hyperoxaluria, 66, 105 I Id, 14, 19, 82, 88, 90, 105
Immune response, 94, 105, 118 Immunoassay, 25, 105 Immunodeficiency, 78, 105 Immunogenic, 105, 107 Immunologic, 105 In vitro, 8, 40, 49, 105, 116 In vivo, 105 Incubated, 49, 105 Incubation, 49, 105 Indicative, 61, 106, 118 Infarction, 100, 106, 108 Infection, 69, 95, 99, 105, 106, 107, 116, 118 Inflammation, 99, 102, 106, 118 Inflammatory bowel disease, 66, 106 Ingestion, 104, 106 Inhalation, 93, 104, 106 Inoculum, 8, 106 Inorganic, 51, 106 Insecticides, 106, 111 Insulin, 6, 9, 106 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 106 Intestinal, 20, 38, 106, 108 Intestine, 96, 97, 101, 105, 106, 113 Intracellular, 52, 106 Invert sugar, 12, 25, 106 Involuntary, 95, 102, 106, 109 Ion Exchange, 50, 51, 98, 106 Ions, 43, 46, 95, 101, 105, 106, 110 Ischemia, 95, 106 Isoleucine, 93, 107 K Kb, 74, 107 Kidney Disease, 74, 79, 107 Kidney stone, 66, 107, 109, 110 L Leukemia, 20, 78, 107 Leukocytes, 107, 111 Levo, 107, 118 Library Services, 88, 107 Life cycle, 103, 107 Ligament, 107, 112, 116 Linkages, 27, 37, 98, 104, 107 Lipid, 7, 9, 106, 107 Lipid A, 9, 107 Lipopolysaccharides, 107 Liquor, 44, 45, 107 Lithotripsy, 66, 107 Liver, 69, 93, 96, 100, 103, 104, 107, 114, 117 Localized, 106, 107, 111 Locomotion, 107, 111 Lymphatic, 106, 107
122 Beets
Lymphoid, 94, 107, 108 Lymphoma, 20, 78, 108 M Malabsorption, 78, 108 Malignant, 78, 108 Malnutrition, 95, 108, 109 Man-made, 37, 108 Mannans, 103, 108 MEDLINE, 75, 77, 79, 108 Melanocytes, 108 Melanoma, 78, 97, 108 Membrane, 35, 51, 55, 56, 99, 108, 111, 114 Methionine, 108, 116 MI, 32, 37, 53, 91, 108 Microorganism, 94, 99, 108, 111, 118 Modification, 33, 47, 108 Molasses, 45, 46, 108 Molecular, 51, 56, 57, 75, 77, 94, 96, 99, 104, 108, 111 Molecule, 44, 58, 94, 95, 99, 105, 108, 110 Monitor, 100, 108, 110 Morphine, 108, 109 Morphological, 7, 101, 103, 108 Motor Activity, 103, 108 Mucosa, 103, 108 Muscle Fibers, 109 Muscular Atrophy, 78, 109 Muscular Dystrophies, 101, 109 Mutagenicity, 93, 109 Mycosis, 98, 109 Myocardium, 108, 109 Myotonic Dystrophy, 78, 109 N Narcosis, 109 Narcotic, 66, 108, 109 NCI, 1, 73, 98, 109 Necrosis, 106, 108, 109 Need, 27, 32, 40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 53, 65, 68, 83, 98, 109, 117 Neoplasia, 78, 109 Neoplastic, 108, 109 Nephrolithiasis, 66, 109 Nephropathy, 107, 109 Nerve, 95, 109, 114, 115 Neurotoxic, 18, 109 Neutralization, 39, 109 Neutrons, 93, 97, 109, 113 Nitrogen, 4, 5, 37, 109 Nuclear, 4, 95, 101, 108, 109, 110 Nucleic acid, 110 Nutritive Value, 24, 110
O Odour, 36, 95, 110 Oncogene, 78, 110 Organ Culture, 110, 116 Ovary, 110, 112 Oxalate, 6, 8, 12, 15, 66, 105, 110 Oxalic Acid, 6, 12, 97, 110 Oxidation, 95, 110 P Palliative, 110, 116 Pancreas, 93, 100, 106, 110 Pancreatic, 7, 9, 78, 110 Pancreatic cancer, 78, 110 Paroxysmal, 78, 110 Particle, 38, 44, 108, 110 Particle Accelerators, 108, 110 Pathogen, 105, 106, 111 Pectins, 30, 52, 111 Pelvic, 111, 112 Peptide, 111, 112 Percutaneous, 107, 111 Peroxidase, 30, 111 Peroxide, 45, 111 Pesticides, 7, 106, 111 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 98, 102, 103, 111 Pharmacologic, 111, 117 Phenyl, 37, 60, 111 Phospholipids, 102, 111 Phosphorus, 97, 111 Physiologic, 96, 111 Pigment, 31, 32, 108, 111 Plant Diseases, 60, 111 Plasma, 9, 94, 103, 104, 111, 114 Plasma cells, 94, 111 Plasmids, 29, 111 Pollen, 9, 112 Polycystic, 79, 112 Polysaccharide, 52, 94, 98, 112 Polyvalent, 43, 53, 112 Porosity, 55, 112 Posterior, 95, 110, 112 Postprandial, 9, 112 Postprandial Blood Glucose, 9, 112 Practice Guidelines, 76, 112 Precursor, 102, 112, 118 Prenatal, 101, 112 Progressive, 43, 98, 101, 104, 109, 112 Proline, 105, 112 Prostate, 78, 112 Protease, 8, 112 Protein C, 94, 112, 117
Index 123
Protein S, 65, 79, 96, 112 Proteins, 18, 35, 56, 94, 99, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 117 Protons, 93, 105, 110, 113 Proximal, 101, 113 Psoriasis, 99, 113 Public Policy, 75, 113 Publishing, 4, 113 Pulmonary, 96, 98, 100, 104, 113 Purifying, 50, 51, 56, 113 R Radiation, 53, 101, 102, 108, 113 Radiation therapy, 102, 113 Radioactive, 105, 108, 110, 113 Raffinose, 51, 113 Reagent, 110, 113 Recombinant, 33, 113 Rectum, 100, 103, 106, 112, 113 Recurrence, 66, 113 Red blood cells, 102, 113, 115 Red Nucleus, 95, 113 Refer, 1, 99, 103, 107, 109, 112, 113 Regeneration, 40, 55, 113 Remission, 113, 114 Renal pelvis, 107, 114 Respiration, 97, 108, 114 Retina, 114 Retinoblastoma, 78, 114 Riboflavin, 69, 114 Rigidity, 111, 114 Rod, 48, 114 Rodenticides, 111, 114 S Salivary, 100, 110, 114 Sclerosis, 78, 114 Screening, 26, 36, 98, 114 Sebaceous, 114, 118 Secretion, 103, 106, 114 Seizures, 110, 114 Semen, 112, 114 Sensor, 59, 114 Serologic, 105, 114 Serum, 9, 18, 99, 114 Sex Determination, 79, 115 Shock, 66, 107, 115 Side effect, 93, 115, 117 Sil, 115 Silage, 12, 115 Sludge, 36, 115 Sodium, 6, 12, 56, 96, 115 Solvent, 38, 102, 115 Soma, 115
Somatic, 40, 101, 115 Somatic cells, 40, 115 Specialist, 83, 115 Species, 13, 37, 40, 54, 104, 105, 112, 115, 116, 117 Sperm, 98, 112, 115 Spinal cord, 98, 115 Sporadic, 114, 115 Spores, 106, 115 Sterile, 13, 49, 115 Stimulus, 101, 115 Stomach, 93, 100, 103, 105, 115 Strained, 36, 116 Stress, 4, 12, 116 Stupor, 109, 116 Subacute, 106, 116 Subclinical, 106, 114, 116 Subspecies, 115, 116 Substrate, 27, 28, 37, 116 Suction, 102, 116 Sulfur, 69, 108, 116 Supplementation, 9, 116 Suspensions, 49, 116, 117 Symphysis, 112, 116 Symptomatic, 66, 116 Systemic, 95, 96, 106, 113, 116 T Telangiectasia, 79, 116 Thalamic, 95, 116 Thalamic Diseases, 95, 116 Therapeutics, 116 Thermal, 43, 97, 109, 116 Thrombosis, 112, 116 Tissue Culture, 40, 116 Tolerance, 54, 93, 117 Topical, 99, 102, 105, 117 Toxic, iv, 28, 37, 101, 117 Toxicity, 101, 117, 118 Toxicology, 6, 76, 117 Toxins, 94, 106, 117 Trace element, 96, 117 Transfection, 96, 117 Tuberculosis, 100, 117 Tuberous Sclerosis, 79, 117 U Ultrafiltration, 46, 51, 57, 104, 117 Unconscious, 105, 117 Urea, 18, 37, 60, 117 Ureter, 107, 114, 117 Urethra, 112, 117 Urinary, 8, 69, 117
124 Beets
Urine, 66, 69, 96, 97, 100, 104, 105, 107, 110, 114, 117 Urologist, 66, 117 V Vaccines, 117, 118 Valine, 93, 118 Vascular, 106, 118 Vein, 5, 8, 110, 118 Venous, 112, 118 Venules, 96, 97, 118 Veterinary Medicine, 75, 118 Virus, 4, 5, 8, 53, 118
Viscera, 115, 118 Viscosity, 30, 52, 118 Vitro, 118 Vulgaris, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 17, 18, 32, 33, 40, 118 W Weight Gain, 13, 118 White blood cell, 94, 105, 107, 111, 118 Y Yeasts, 103, 118 Z Zearalenone, 13, 118
Index 125
126 Beets
Index 127
128 Beets
