Barley - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ARLEY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P AR...

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ARLEY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Barley: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83762-7 1. Barley-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on barley. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BARLEY ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Barley ............................................................................................ 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BARLEY ............................................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Barley........................................................................................... 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BARLEY ..................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 67 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 78 General References ....................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BARLEY ....................................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Dissertations on Barley................................................................................................................ 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BARLEY .................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patents on Barley ......................................................................................................................... 91 Patent Applications on Barley ................................................................................................... 119 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 146 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BARLEY .................................................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 147 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 151 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 156 Chapters on Barley..................................................................................................................... 156 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BARLEY ...................................................................... 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 171 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 172 Academic Periodicals covering Barley ....................................................................................... 174 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 177 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 179 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 181 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 183 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 191 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 193 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 193 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 193 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 193 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 193

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 199 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 199 BARLEY DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................... 201 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 259

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with barley is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about barley, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to barley, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on barley. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to barley, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on barley. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BARLEY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on barley.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and barley, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “barley” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease: An Evolving Spectrum Source: Gastroenterology. 120(3): 636-651. February 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.gastrojournal.org. Summary: Celiac disease (CD) is a syndrome characterized by damage of the small intestinal mucosa caused by the gliadin fraction of wheat gluten and similar proteins (prolamines) of barley and rye in persons with genetic susceptibility. The presence of gluten in these subjects (when they eat wheat, barley, rye, and other grains) results in self perpetuating mucosal damage in the small intestine, whereas elimination of gluten (by following a gluten free diet) results in full mucosal recovery. This article reviews

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current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of CD. The clinical manifestations of CD vary markedly with the age of the patient, the duration and extent of disease, and the presence of extraintestinal pathologic conditions. In addition to the classical gastrointestinal form, a variety of other clinical manifestations of the disease have been described, including atypical and asymptomatic forms. The authors stress that this makes the diagnosis of CD extremely challenging and recommend relying on a sensitive and specific diagnostic algorithm that allows the identification of different manifestations of the disease. Serologic (blood) tests developed in the last decade provide a noninvasive tool to screen both individuals at risk for the disease and the general population. However, the current gold standard for the diagnosis of CD remains histologic confirmation of the intestinal damage in serologically positive individuals. The keystone treatment of CD patients is a lifelong elimination diet in which food products containing gluten are avoided. 6 figures. 5 tables. 138 references. •

Coeliac Disease in Adults Source: Clinical Gastroenterology: International Practice and Research. 9(2): 329-350. June 1995. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Summary: Celiac disease can be defined as a chronic disease in which there is a characteristic, though not specific, mucosal lesion of the small intestine, which impairs nutrient absorption by the involved bowel and which improves on withdrawal of wheat gliadins and barley, rye and oat prolamins from the diet. This review article offers updated guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult patients with celiac disease. Topics include the epidemiological aspects of disease frequency, sex and age frequency; the mode of presentation, specific presenting features, physical findings, major hematological abnormalities, associated disorders, the natural course of celiac disease, the use of intestinal biopsy for diagnosis, radiology, screening tests, the glutenfree diet, managing patients who are unresponsive to a gluten-free diet, and the use of nutritional supplementation. The severity of nutrient malabsorption in celiac disease depends largely on the length of small intestine involved. This suggests an explanation as to why the clinical presentation of adult celiac disease can vary from clinicially severe forms to subclinical or silent forms. The authors emphasize that since it has been demonstrated that a strict gluten-free diet is protective against the complications of adult celiac disease (including gastrointestinal malignancy), it is important that even subclinical and silent forms of the disease are diagnosed and treated as early as possible. 4 figures. 2 tables. 116 references.

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Oat Cuisine Source: Health. p. 58, 60, 62. March 2001. Summary: This article describes the health benefits of oatmeal. It may help lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol, reduce the risks of developing diabetes and certain cancers, and help one eat less the rest of the day. Oats, along with barley, contain more soluble fiber than any other grain. Oatmeal contains hundreds of disease-fighting antioxidants. Oats have higher levels of protein, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, and vitamin E than either wheat or corn. The article also provides a recipe and nutritional analysis for oatmeal pancakes.

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Nutritional Modulation of Blood Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Educator. 27(3): 368-375. May-June 2001. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article discusses nutritional modulation of blood parameters in type 2 diabetes. Several nutrients have been identified that may be helpful for patients with type 2 diabetes in managing their blood glucose and blood lipids. These nutrients have been assembled into a 45 kcal beverage/tablet combination. All of the carbohydrate sources in the product are either low glycemic index carbohydrates, such as barley flakes, or fiber. The major sweetening agent is fructose. Other nutrients that modulate blood glucose levels include chromium and ginseng. People who have diabetes have a twofold to fourfold risk of coronary heart disease compared with those without the disease. There are some nutrients that modulate cardiovascular health, including red yeast rice and salicylic acid. The article presents evidence supporting the use of these nutrients to manage blood glucose and enhance cardiovascular health. In addition, the article discusses the use of the 45 kcal product and the relevance of this product for diabetes educators. 2 tables. 29 references.

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Wheat Ails You? Source: Diabetes Forecast. 54(10): 75-78. October 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article discusses the problems caused by intolerance to a protein called gluten. People who have celiac disease have a reaction to gluten that damages the lining of the small intestine. There seems to be a link between celiac disease and type 1 diabetes because about one in 20 people with type 1 diabetes has celiac disease. The article outlines the symptoms of celiac disease and discusses the steps involved in removing all gluten from the diet. Gluten restriction is difficult because gluten is found in wheat, rye, barley, possibly oats, and some other grains. Gluten intake cannot simply be reduced. A person's diet has to be 100 percent gluten free to prevent symptoms. Hidden gluten is a problem because many flavorings, colorings, and other additives contain gluten and some medications contain gluten as part of their inactive ingredients. People who have diabetes have additional problems in going gluten free because they will be changing their usual source of carbohydrate. The article offers suggestions for trying a gluten free diet, including eating plain vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, eggs, and rice; scrutinizing lists of ingredients for many of the taboo grains or flours; shopping at specialty food stores for gluten free products; keeping lactose low; considering eating the same food frequently; paying attention to carbohydrates on food labels; and avoiding alcohol.

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Cooking From the Diabetes Food Pyramid: Grains, Beans, and Starchy Vegetables Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 19(1): 17-20. January-February 2002. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article is the first in a six part series on cooking from the Diabetes Food Pyramid. This article focuses on grains, beans, and starchy vegetables. The Diabetes Food Pyramid is composed of six food groups and helps people with diabetes adapt

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healthy nutrition guidelines to their diabetes management plan. Most people with diabetes should eat six or more servings a day from the grains, beans, and starchy vegetables group. A registered dietitian can help determine exactly how many servings are best for an individual patient. Grains, beans, and starchy vegetables are packed with vitamins, minerals, energy, and carbohydrates. Readers are cautioned to watch serving size, and to weigh and measure food choices occasionally to make sure portion sizes are being estimated accurately. The article then offers suggestions for readers to work grains, beans, and starchy vegetables into their meal plans. The author also describes specific items from this food group: barley, bulgur, couscous, lentils, millet, orzo, and spaghetti squash. The article concludes with recipes: black beans and rice, instant 'refried' beans, roasted vegetable and barley salad, spaghetti squash saute, rosemary chicken orzo, and hearty apple cranberry oatmeal. Each recipe notes the yield, serving size, and nutritional and exchange list information. •

Wheat-Free Indulgence Source: Veggie Life. p. 40-45. July 1997. Contact: Available from EGW Publications. 1041 Shary Circle, Concord, CA 94518. Summary: This article outlines strategies for eating healthful, appetizing food that does not include gluten, the protein in wheat and other grains (such as oats, rye, barley, and spelt) that gives dough its elasticity. In baked goods, gluten provides a cell structure that allows the carbon dioxide from the leavening to make the dough rise while baking. Topics include the health threats of wheat (particularly for those individuals who are allergic or who have celiac disease), the digestive distress that can result from wheat sensitivity, health reasons to limit gluten intake, hidden sources of wheat and gluten, and how to convert recipes to wheat free. The remainder of the article provides recipes: wheat-free sugar cookies, pizza crust, pound cake, blueberry muffins, egg pasta, and baguettes. One sidebar provides recommendations for setting up a wheat-free pantry; another lists wheat-free resources including mail order supplies and resource and support organizations. 1 figure.

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Week of Healthy Lunches Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 9(1): 21-22, 24-25, 27-28. January-February 1992. Summary: This article presents suggestions and eight recipes to help people with diabetes better handle lunch-time nutrition. A chart provides the calories, carbohydrate, protein, fat, and sodium for each recipe and lists the exchange values. The chart also provides suggestions for adapting the lunch menus for 1,200 calorie, 1,500 calorie, and 1,800 calorie daily meal plans. Recipes include: crab cakes, spicy catsup, barbecued chicken sandwich, beef barley soup, spinach manicotti, tuna spread, turkey and squash in a shell, and spicy chicken stew. Each recipe is drawn from a cookbook, and availability information for each cookbook is included.

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Natural Products and Diabetes Treatment Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(2): 201-202, 205-206, 207. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article provides information about natural products as diabetes treatment. The authors point out that some natural products are potentially damaging to people with chronic diseases, especially if they are used instead of proven scientific

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treatment regimens. However, Americans spend about 14 billion dollars each year on alternative medicines and treatments. The authors briefly discuss the following natural products that have been promoted in relation to diabetes: ackee fruit, alfalfa, aloe vera, argimony, artichokes, barley, bitter melon, burdock root, capsaicin (cayenne pepper), carrot oil, charcoal, chromium, coriander, dandelion root, devil's club, eucalyptus, ephedra, evening primrose, fenugreek seeds, fo-ti, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucomannan, grape seed, guayusa, guar gum (karaya gum), gymnena, juniper, licorice, mushrooms, neem seed oil, onions, pectin (apples), periwinkle, potatoes, yellow root (golden seal), and yohimbine. The authors note that the few products that do have a mild impact on lowering blood glucose levels are significantly less effective than standard treatments. In order to ensure that no toxic effects occur and that treatment objectives are achieved, health professionals should closely monitor any person who decides to use a natural product for diabetes. The article includes general guidelines for counseling people who use herbs. 39 references. (AA-M). •

Coping with Celiac Sprue Disease Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 3(1): 33. January-February 2001. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief article offers suggestions and recipes for dealing with celiac sprue disease (gluten intolerance). The author notes that this disease requires some serious dietary changes to overcome the common symptoms of abdominal bloating, diarrhea or constipation, fatigue, anemia, and mood swings. These symptoms can appear at any age and are caused by an intolerance to a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, barley, and possibly oats. The only treatment for celiac disease is a gluten free diet. The author provides two recipes that are appropriate for a gluten free diet: Mexican lasagna (with no wheat, egg, or gluten) and Eggless Chocolate Chip Cookies (no wheat, egg, milk, or gluten). The author also encourages readers that they can find a wide variety of rice breads, waffles, muffins, and cookies from specialty food shops and by mail order. The article concludes with the website addresses for the Celiac Sprue Association (www.csaceliacs.org ) and the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (www.niddk.nih.gov/health/digest/pubs/celiac).

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An Alternative Treatment Activist Manifesto - Special Issue Source: GMHC Treatment Issues; Vol. 7, No. 11 / 12. Contact: Gay Mens Health Crisis, 119 W 24th St Tisch Bldg, New York, NY, 10011-1995, (212) 367-1205, http://www.gmhc.org. Summary: This special issue summarizes information on alternative treatments for HIV/AIDS. It provides an historical review on alternative therapies and describes common alternative therapies, vitamins, Chinese herbs, and antioxidants. Specific therapies include Acemannan, Artemisia, Astragalus, Bitter Melon, Spirulina, Coenzyme Q10, Compound Q, Curcumin, Echinacea, Garlic, Germanium-132, Ginseng, Glycyrrhizyn (Licorice Root), Green Barley Leaf Extract, Hypericin, Iscador, Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Milk Thistle (Silymarin), PCM-4, Prunellin, Shark Cartilage, Shiitake Mushrooms, and Sho-Saiko-To (SSKT). The issue features an interview with Jane Buckle, Director of Research Coordination at the Research Council on Complementary Medicine in London, an advocacy agency for alternative therapies. Vitamin requirements, deficiencies, and supplementation are discussed. One article

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addresses antioxidants, oxidative stress, and the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the synthesis of glutathione (GSH). It identifies points for evaluating alternative treatments and examines the controversial Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1993 (S. 784/H.R. 1709).

Federally Funded Research on Barley The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to barley. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to barley. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore barley. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for barley: •

Project Title: BETA NEUROBLASTOMA

GLUCAN

ENHANCES

ANTIBODY

THERAPY

FOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheung, Nai-Kong V.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: This proposal is a phase I trial of orally administered beta-glucan that can enhance the anti-tumor effects of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody. (MoAb) in the therapy of neuroblastoma (NB). Beta-glucans are polysaccharides of low toxicity found in many common foods. Herbal medicines containing beta-glucans are used clinically as antitumor treatments by alternative medicine practitioners. In the laboratory, pure betaglucans are used clinically as anti-tumor treatments by alternative medicine practitioners. In the laboratory, pure beta-glucans have been demonstrated to prime CR3 )C-receptor type 3, an iC3b-receptor) of circulating leukocytes (neutrophils, monocyte/macrophages, NK cells). These primed leukocytes can kill tumor cells targeted with iC3b through the activation fo complement by anti-cancer antibodies. Previous reports have shown that barley beta-glucans could prime leukocyte CR3 (CD11b/CD18; Mac-1; alphaMbeta2-integrin) for cytotoxicity of tumor cells in vitro, but only if the target cells were coated with iC3b, one of the ligands for CR3. In murine models, highly successful therapy with intravenous yeast beta-glucan required antitumor antibodies that could deposit IC3b, plus white cells that express CR3 receptors. The translation of these findings to the clinic has been hindered by the difficulty of isolating pharmaceutical grade soluble beta-glucans of the appropriate molecular weight for patient trials. Moreover, there are concerns about the practicality of a clinical 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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drug that needs to be administered i.v. on a daily basis over prolonged periods of time. We have identified a beta-glucan, extracted from barley (Hordeum vulgare), that strongly enhances the effects of anti-cancer MoAbs. This effect is independent of tumor type. Human NB, melanoma, lymphoma, breast cancer and epidermoid carcinoma xenografts respond in the presence of anti-GD2, anti-GD3, anti-CD2-, anti-HER2 and anti-EGFR MoAbs, respectively. While complement activation is essential, the effect is independent of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Barley betaglucan is highly soluble in water, extremely sable against heat and protease, inexpensive, easy to produce and purify, relatively non-allergenic, and has an excellent safety record when ingested. 3F8 is a murine IgG3 MoAb previously shown to activate human complement and ADCC. It targets efficiently to NB in patients and is clinically safe and efficacious. We plan to define the clinical toxicity of beta-glucan plus 3F8 and test if barley beta-glucan can enhance 3F8, in killing a tumor (i.e. NB) deficient in membrane complement resistance factors and thus allowing complement activation. These findings will have general implications for antibody and vaccine strategies in human cancer models, and the role of polysaccharides as complementary/herbal medicine in immune-based therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY OF CELIAC SPRUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Khosla, Chaitan S.; Professor; Chemical Engineering; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Celiac Sprue is a hereditary digestive disease in which dietary exposure to gluten from sources such as wheat, rye and barley induces an inflammatory response, leading to destruction of the villous structure of the small intestine. Despite its high prevalence (>1:200) and serious clinical manifestations, the molecular basis of this autoimmune disorder is unclear. There is no therapeutic option available to Celiac Sprue patients, and the only "treatment" of this disease is lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-flee diet. Our long-term goals are to understand the biochemical basis of Celiac Sprue, and to translate these insights into pharmacological agents that could allow patients to safely re-incorporate these otherwise nutritious and extremely common foodgrains into their diet. Recently, several Pro- and Gin-rich epitopes have been identified from primary sequences of gluten proteins that are exclusively recognized by gut-derived T cells from Celiac patients but not controls. The most potent of these epitopes have three remarkable properties. First, they are unusually resistant to proteolysis by gastric, pancreatic and intestinal brush border enzymes. Second, they are high-affinity substrates of tissue transglutaminase (TG2), the predominant auto-antigen associated with this autoimmune disorder. Third, the deamidated products of the TG2 catalyzed reaction are high-affinity ligands for HLADQ2, a class II major histocompatibility complex present in >90% of Celiac Sprue patients. A working model has emerged for the pathogenesis of Celiac Sprue. According to this model, intestinal villous damage is primarily induced when dietary gluten is recognized by inflammatory (CD4+) T-helper cells in a TG2-dependent and DQ2dependent manner. To the extent this is a valid model, it may be possible to develop a therapeutic alternative to a gluten-free diet by either (i) supplementing the Celiac diet with an exogenous prolyl endopeptidase capable of hydrolyzing proteolytically resistant immunogenic gluten epitopes, or (ii) local inhibition of TG2 in small intestinal tissue, or (iii) inhibiting HLA-DQ2 mediated presentation of gluten to disease-specific T cells. We propose to conduct biochemical studies to understand the mechanisms by

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which dietary gluten triggers an immunotoxic response in the small intestine of a Celiac patient. The following Specific Aims are proposed: 1) Identification of physiologically relevant immunogenic gluten peptides; 2) Fundamental studies on the feasibility of using prolyl endopeptidases to counter the toxic effects of gluten; and 3) Elucidating the role of tissue transglutaminase in the inflammatory response to gluten. In addition to shedding light on the earliest molecular events in the complex cascade that leads to gluten-induced enteropathy, these studies will provide a fundamental basis for developing a therapeutic approach to Celiac Sprue. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTROL OF CAP INDEPENDENT TRANSLATION BY A VIRAL 3' UTR Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, W Allen.; Plant Pathology; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many RNA viruses usurp the host's protein synthesis (translation) machinery by bypassing the cellular translational control systems. The 5' cap and poly(A) tail on cellular mRNAs interact with translation factors to form a closed-loop mRNA structure in a regulated process necessary to recruit the ribosome and initiate translation. Many viral RNAs avoid this control step by lacking a 5' cap or poly(A) tail and instead harboring sequences in the untranslated regions (UTRs) that control translation by non-canonical means. Understanding how viruses do this could lead to development of antiviral agents specific to the unique viral translation mechanisms. This proposal focuses on the novel cap-independent translation element (TE) in the 3' UTR of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) RNA that facilitates translation initiation at the 5' end. This research aims to determine how the TE (1) recruits translational machinery, and (2) communicates with the 5' end where initiation ensues. BYDV RNA forms the closed-loop structure by a novel means: direct base pairing between the 3' TE and the 5' UTR. This base pairing is necessary but insufficient to mediate translation in vivo. The first aim is to determine the tolerance of this closed-loop base pairing for sequence changes, and to distinguish the BYDV RNA sequences and structures that mimic 5' cap and poly(A) tail functions in vivo. The second aim is to identify the proteins that bind the TE, map their binding sites, and determine their roles. Preliminary evidence indicates that the TE may recruit the ribosome via factors that normally bind only to the 5' cap. The model to be tested is that factors and the ribosome are recruited to the 3' UTR and delivered to the 5' end by base pairing. The research will employ (and improve upon) established in vitro and in vivo translation assays, RNA replication assays, RNA structural analysis, RNA-protein binding and ribosome binding assays, proteomics, and structure-guided mutagenesis. This research on a model virus may contribute to means of controlling many human pathogens, including poliovirus and hepatitis C virus, that also employ cap-independent translation regulated by interactions between the UTRs. It also applies to nidoviruses and flaviviruses (e.g. Dengue, West Nile) that regulate gene expression and replication by long-distance RNA base pairing between UTRs. Finally, the research will provide fundamental insight on eukaryotic translation mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAPPING THE SGRNA2 AND SGRNA3 PROMOTERS OF BYDV Principal Investigator & Institution: Jackson, Jacquelyn R.; Plant Pathology; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, Ia 500112207

Studies

11

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 24-JUN-2003; Project End 23-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is a plusstranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Luteovirus of the Luteoviridae family. It is a very widespread pathogen of wheat, barley and oats. Plant viruses, whose genomes are usually smaller than animal viruses, are easier to culture and use in a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, giving plant viruses the advantage over animal viruses for studying replication, transcription, and translation control events. BYDV utilizes an assortment of strategies to express its genes and serves as a unique model to study novel transcriptional and translational control events. Like many (+) sense RNA viruses, BYDV deploys subgenomic (sg) RNAs to express its 3'-proximal genes. This strategy allows downstream ORFs to be positioned at the 5' end of the subgenomic mRNA, making them available to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Since transcription, replication and translation are all connected during the actual infection of the host, the long term goal is to develop a model that will explain the role of sgRNA synthesis in translation control. Understanding the mechanisms of how subgenomic RNAs are synthesized is relevant to many human pathogens such as alphaviruses and coronaviruses. The proposed research project centers on determining the molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis of subgenomic RNAs in BYDV, particularly the synthesis of subgenomic RNAs 2 and 3. The specific aims of this proposal are to investigate the regulation and mechanism(s) of subgenomic RNA synthesis by (1) determining the essential primary and secondary structures required for synthesis of subgenomic RNAs 2 and 3 (2) investigating possible trans-replication of sgRNAs 2 and 3 (3) determining the roles of sgRNA2 and sgRNA3, including mutants, in virus infection of whole plants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUMERICAL POLYMORPHISMS

ANALYSIS

OF

HUMAN

MOLECULAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Feldman, Marcus W.; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Two areas of research in human molecular population genetics are proposed. The first entails statistical and mathematical analysis of molecular variability in samples taken from a worldwide array of population. The molecular variation includes polymorphisms in short tandemly repeated DNA, also called microsatellites, and single nucleotide polymorphisms on the autosomes and X and Y chromosomes. Single nucleotide variation in microsatellite data whose values reflect the history of population expansion or contraction. Genealogical approaches will also be developed to analyze Ychromosomal and mtDNA haplotypes, giving estimates of the rates of population growth as well as the time since the most recent common ancestral haplotype. Estimates obtained from microsatellite data and single nucleotide variation will be compared. Linkage disequilibrium in haplotypes will be used to estimate the amount of migration. Data from wild ancestors of cultivated wheat, barley, and chickens will be compared with data from domesticated varieties to give estimates of the time of human cultivation of these important species. In the second area of research, we will investigate measures of disease association, population stratification, and admixture using case-control studies. We will use a statistical method to determine from multi-locus genotypes whether a case-control sample is subject to population stratification. We will also derive statistical tests of association, based on case-control studies, that can be used when the population is stratified, and investigate the power of these tests. Using multi-locus

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genotypes and likelihood analysis, we will develop a method to identify the population(s) of origin from individuals of unknown ancestry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VIRUS POPULATIONS

DISPERSAL

IN

GENETICALLY

DIVERSE

HOST

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Gerod S.; Ecology and Evolutionary Biol; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study will characterize the dispersal of an insect-borne plant virus in genetically diverse host populations and, in so doing, explore how vector-host relationships influence the propagation and maintenance of a disease epidemic. I will carry out a series of field and greenhouse experiments to explore the role of aphid infection prevalence, aphid movement and feeding behavior in determining the spread of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in genetically diverse stands of oats. The oat varieties used will either be susceptible, tolerant or resistant to infection by BYDV. Mixed stands of three different varieties of oats will be planted in the field and colonized by natural aphid populations. It will be necessary to measure aphid infection prevalence and disease incidence in the oat stands throughout the course of the epidemic. It will also be necessary to determine the spatial distribution of aphids within diseased and healthy patches within the stand. In order to determine if the acceptability of the variety changes as with its infection status, greenhouse experiments will compare feeding behavior of two aphid species on infected and uninfected plants of each variety listed above. This knowledge will grant new insight into the population dynamics of vector-borne pathogens and may in turn assist public health officials in developing more effective disease management strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for barley in the PubMed Central database: •

3 4

A carboxyl-terminal propeptide is necessary for proper sorting of barley lectin to vacuoles of tobacco. by Bednarek SY, Wilkins TA, Dombrowski JE, Raikhel NV.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159962 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A contiguous 60 kb genomic stretch from barley reveals molecular evidence for gene islands in a monocot genome. by Panstruga R, Buschges R, Piffanelli P, Schulze-Lefert P.; 1998 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147355

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A genomic clone encoding a phospholipid transfer protein from barley. by Abad MS, Rosenberger CA, Shah DM.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157430

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A high mobility group protein cDNA clone from barley. by Sutton F, Kenefick DG, Chang LY.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=161202

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A light-induced protease from barley plastids degrades NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase complexed with chlorophyllide. by Reinbothe C, Apel K, Reinbothe S.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230872

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A Metabolic Control Analysis of the Glutamine Synthetase/Glutamate Synthase Cycle in Isolated Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Chloroplasts. by Baron AC, Tobin TH, Wallsgrove RM, Tobin AK.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159370

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A Novel Nucleus-Targeted Protein Is Expressed in Barley Leaves during Senescence and Pathogen Infection. by Krupinska K, Haussuhl K, Schafer A, van der Kooij TA, Leckband G, Lorz H, Falk J.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166638

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A Photoperiod-Insensitive Barley Line Contains a Light-Labile Phytochrome B. by Hanumappa M, Pratt LH, Cordonnier-Pratt MM, Deitzer GF.; 1999 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32084

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A Role for the DOF Transcription Factor BPBF in the Regulation of GibberellinResponsive Genes in Barley Aleurone. by Mena M, Cejudo FJ, Isabel-Lamoneda I, Carbonero P.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166544

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A Single Limit Dextrinase Gene Is Expressed Both in the Developing Endosperm and in Germinated Grains of Barley. by Burton RA, Zhang XQ, Hrmova M, Fincher GB.; 1999 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32101

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A Small GTP-Binding Host Protein Is Required for Entry of Powdery Mildew Fungus into Epidermal Cells of Barley. by Schultheiss H, Dechert C, Kogel KH, Huckelhoven R.; 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154272

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Abscisic Acid Induces Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Barley Aleurone Protoplasts. by Knetsch M, Wang M, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Heimovaara-Dijkstra S.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161161

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Abscisic acid signal transduction in the barley aleurone is mediated by phospholipase D activity. by Ritchie S, Gilroy S.; 1998 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19466

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Abscisic Acid Stimulation of Phospholipase D in the Barley Aleurone Is G-ProteinMediated and Localized to the Plasma Membrane. by Ritchie S, Gilroy S.; 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59174

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Abscisic Acid Structure-Activity Relationships in Barley Aleurone Layers and Protoplasts (Biological Activity of Optically Active, Oxygenated Abscisic Acid Analogs). by Hill RD, Liu JH, Durnin D, Lamb N, Shaw A, Abrams SR.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157376

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Acquired Resistance in Barley (The Resistance Mechanism Induced by 2,6Dichloroisonicotinic Acid Is a Phenocopy of a Genetically Based Mechanism Governing Race-Specific Powdery Mildew Resistance). by Kogel KH, Beckhove U, Dreschers J, Munch S, Romme Y.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159664

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ADP-Dependent Phosphorylation Regulates Association of a DNA-Binding Complex with the Barley Chloroplast psbD Blue-Light-Responsive Promoter. by Kim M, Christopher DA, Mullet JE.; 1999 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32144

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Aleurones from a Barley with Low [alpha]-Amylase Activity Become Highly Responsive to Gibberellin When Detached from the Starchy Endosperm. by Skadsen RW.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158763

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Allele-Dependent Barley Grain [beta]-Amylase Activity. by Erkkila MJ, Leah R, Ahokas H, Cameron-Mills V.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34988

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An abscisic acid-induced protein kinase, PKABA1, mediates abscisic acid-suppressed gene expression in barley aleurone layers. by Gomez-Cadenas A, Verhey SD, Holappa LD, Shen Q, Ho TH, Walker-Simmons MK.; 1999 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15589

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An Aspergillus niger esterase (ferulic acid esterase III) and a recombinant Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa esterase (Xy1D) release a 5-5' ferulic dehydrodimer (diferulic acid) from barley and wheat cell walls. by Bartolome B, Faulds CB, Kroon PA, Waldron K, Gilbert HJ, Hazlewood G, Williamson G.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168315

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An Early Indicator of Resistance in Barley to Russian Wheat Aphid. by Belefant-Miller H, Porter DR, Pierce ML, Mort AJ.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159461

Studies

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Analysis of the pigment stoichiometry of pigment-protein complexes from barley (Hordeum vulgare). The xanthophyll cycle intermediates occur mainly in the lightharvesting complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II. by Lee AI, Thornber JP.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157160

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Appearance of type 1, 2, and 3 light-harvesting complex II and light-harvesting complex I proteins during light-induced greening of barley (Hordeum vulgare) etioplasts. by Sigrist M, Staehelin LA.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159171

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Assembly of the D1 precursor in monomeric photosystem II reaction center precomplexes precedes chlorophyll a-triggered accumulation of reaction center II in barley etioplasts. by Muller B, Eichacker LA.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144137

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Association of Ferredoxin-NADP Oxidoreductase with the Chloroplastic Pyridine Nucleotide Dehydrogenase Complex in Barley Leaves. by Jose Quiles M, Cuello J.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35008

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Bacterial Origin and Community Composition in the Barley Phytosphere as a Function of Habitat and Presowing Conditions. by Normander B, Prosser JI.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92311

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Barley aleurone cells contain two types of vacuoles. Characterization Of lytic organelles by use of fluorescent probes. by Swanson SJ, Bethke PC, Jones RL.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144374

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Barley Cbf3 Gene Identification, Expression Pattern, and Map Location. by Choi DW, Rodriguez EM, Close TJ.; 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166766

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Barley Coleoptile Peroxidases. Purification, Molecular Cloning, and Induction by Pathogens. by Kristensen BK, Bloch H, Rasmussen SK.; 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59288

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Barley pathogenesis-related proteins with fungal cell wall lytic activity inhibit the growth of yeasts. by Grenier J, Potvin C, Asselin A.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159116

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Brome Mosaic Virus RNA Syntheses In Vitro and in Barley Protoplasts. by Sivakumaran K, Hema M, Kao CC.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=153998

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Ca2+-Calmodulin Modulates Ion Channel Activity in Storage Protein Vacuoles of Barley Aleurone Cells. by Bethke PC, Jones RL.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160433

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Calcium-Dependent Protein Phosphorylation May Mediate the Gibberellic Acid Response in Barley Aleurone. by Ritchie S, Gilroy S.; 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35136

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Carbohydrates in Individual Cells of Epidermis, Mesophyll, and Bundle Sheath in Barley Leaves with Changed Export or Photosynthetic Rate. by Koroleva OA, Farrar JF, Deri Tomos A, Pollock CJ.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34771

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Cell-Autonomous Expression of Barley Mla1 Confers Race-Specific Resistance to the Powdery Mildew Fungus via a Rar1-Independent Signaling Pathway. by Zhou F, Kurth J, Wei F, Elliott C, Vale G, Yahiaoui N, Keller B, Somerville S, Wise R, SchulzeLefert P.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102246

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Cells of the Upper and Lower Epidermis of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Leaves Exhibit Distinct Patterns of Vacuolar Solutes. by Fricke W, Pritchard J, Leigh RA, Tomos AD.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159281

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Cellular Localization of Protoporphyrinogen-Oxidizing Activities of Etiolated Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Leaves (Relationship to Mechanism of Action of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicides). by Lee HJ, Duke MV, Duke SO.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158860

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cGMP Is Required for Gibberellic Acid-Induced Gene Expression in Barley Aleurone. by Penson SP, Schuurink RC, Fath A, Gubler F, Jacobsen JV, Jones RL.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161355

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Characterisation of the DNA-binding profile of barley HvCBF1 using an enzymatic method for rapid, quantitative and high-throughput analysis of the DNA-binding activity. by Xue GP.; 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=137095

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Characterization of a calmodulin-binding transporter from the plasma membrane of barley aleurone. by Schuurink RC, Shartzer SF, Fath A, Jones RL.; 1998 Feb 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19218

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Characterization of a family of chlorophyll-deficient wheat (Triticum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutants with defects in the magnesium-insertion step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. by Falbel TG, Staehelin LA.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159242

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Characterization of the association of nitrate reductase with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) root membranes. by Meyerhoff PA, Fox TC, Travis RL, Huffaker RC.; 1994; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160690

Studies

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Chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, pigment conversions, and early light-induced proteins in a chlorophyll b-less barley mutant. by Krol M, Spangfort MD, Huner NP, Oquist G, Gustafsson P, Jansson S.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157204

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Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Reactions during Senescence of Excised Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv IB 65) Leaves. by Hukmani P, Tripathy BC.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159462

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Chlorophyll Fluorescence as a Possible Tool for Salinity Tolerance Screening in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). by Belkhodja R, Morales F, Abadia A, Gomez-Aparisi J, Abadia J.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159245

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Cloning and Characterization of a Gibberellin-Induced RNase Expressed in Barley Aleurone Cells. by Rogers SW, Rogers JC.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32031

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Cloning and sequencing of a full-length cDNA clone encoding the PSI-D subunit of photosystem I from barley. by Kjarulff S, Okkels JS.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=158682

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Cold-Specific Induction of a Dehydrin Gene Family Member in Barley. by Van Zee K, Chen FQ, Hayes PM, Close TJ, Chen T.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157478

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Colocalization of barley lectin and sporamin in vacuoles of transgenic tobacco plants. by Schroeder MR, Borkhsenious ON, Matsuoka K, Nakamura K, Raikhel NV.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160591

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Colonization Pattern of the Biocontrol Strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA 342 on Barley Seeds Visualized by Using Green Fluorescent Protein. by Tombolini R, van der Gaag DJ, Gerhardson B, Jansson JK.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91550

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Comparative Induction of Nitrate and Nitrite Uptake and Reduction Systems by Ambient Nitrate and Nitrite in Intact Roots of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seedlings. by Aslam M, Travis RL, Huffaker RC.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158851

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Comparative Sequence Analysis of Colinear Barley and Rice Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes. by Dubcovsky J, Ramakrishna W, SanMiguel PJ, Busso CS, Yan L, Shiloff BA, Bennetzen JL.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65613

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Counteractive Effects of ABA and GA3 on Extracellular and Intracellular pH and Malate in Barley Aleurone. by Heimovaara-Dijkstra S, Heistek JC, Wang M.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159534

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Cryopreservation of Chlorophyll Synthesis and Apoprotein Stabilization in Barley Etioplasts. by Eichacker LA, Edhofer I, Wanner G.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157987

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C-Terminal Processing of Barley [alpha]-Amylase 1 in Malt, Aleurone Protoplasts, and Yeast. by Sogaard M, Olsen FL, Svensson B.; 1991 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52462

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Determination of the functional elements within the vacuolar targeting signal of barley lectin. by Dombrowski JE, Schroeder MR, Bednarek SY, Raikhel NV.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160296

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Development of Limit Dextrinase in Germinated Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Evidence of Proteolytic Activation). by Longstaff MA, Bryce JH.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158703

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Differences in Spatial Expression between 14-3-3 Isoforms in Germinating Barley Embryos. by Testerink C, van der Meulen RM, Oppedijk BJ, de Boer AH, HeimovaaraDijkstra S, Kijne JW, Wang M.; 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59392

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Differential Control of Xanthophylls and Light-Induced Stress Proteins, as Opposed to Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Proteins, during Photosynthetic Acclimation of Barley Leaves to Light Irradiance. by Montane MH, Tardy F, Kloppstech K, Havaux M.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34860

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Differential Effects of Methyl Jasmonate on the Expression of the Early LightInducible Proteins and Other Light-Regulated Genes in Barley. by Wierstra I, Kloppstech K.; 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59187

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Differential Expression of Lipoxygenase Isoenzymes in Embryos of Germinating Barley. by Holtman WL, Van Duijn G, Sedee N, Douma AC.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157868

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Differential Ion Accumulation and Ion Fluxes in the Mesophyll and Epidermis of Barley. by Karley AJ, Leigh RA, Sanders D.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58919

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Disaccharide-Mediated Regulation of Sucrose:Fructan-6-Fructosyltransferase, a Key Enzyme of Fructan Synthesis in Barley Leaves. by Muller J, Aeschbacher RA, Sprenger N, Boller T, Wiemken A.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59000

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Distribution of metabolic activity and phosphate starvation response of lux-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens reporter bacteria in the barley rhizosphere. by Kragelund L, Hosbond C, Nybroe O.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168819

Studies

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Dynamics of Nuclear DNA Quantities during Zygote Development in Barley. by Mogensen HL, Holm PB.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160798

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Early H2O2 Accumulation in Mesophyll Cells Leads to Induction of Glutathione during the Hyper-Sensitive Response in the Barley-Powdery Mildew Interaction. by Vanacker H, Carver TL, Foyer CH.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59088

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Effect of Gibberellin and Heat Shock on the Lipid Composition of Endoplasmic Reticulum in Barley Aleurone Layers. by Grindstaff KK, Fielding LA, Brodl MR.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157753

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Effect of Jasmonic Acid on the Interaction of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with the Powdery Mildew Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei. by Schweizer P, Gees R, Mosinger E.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158805

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Effect of pH and calcium on short-term NO3- fluxes in roots of barley seedlings. by Aslam M, Travis RL, Huffaker RC.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157394

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Effect of Salt Stress on Germin Gene Expression in Barley Roots. by Hurkman WJ, Tanaka CK.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157797

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Effects on Adaptedness of Variations in Ribosomal DNA Copy Number in Populations of Wild Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). by Zhang Q, Maroof MA, Allard RW.; 1990 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=55035

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Enzymes That Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species Are Down-Regulated Prior to Gibberellic Acid-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Barley Aleurone. by Fath A, Bethke PC, Jones RL.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102290

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Evidence for a Slow-Turnover Form of the Ca2 +-Independent Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Kinase in the Aleurone-Endosperm Tissue of Germinating Barley Seeds. by Osuna L, Pierre JN, Gonzalez MC, Alvarez R, Cejudo FJ, Echevarria C, Vidal J.; 1999 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32128

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Evidence for Substrate Induction of a Nitrate Efflux System in Barley Roots. by Aslam M, Travis RL, Rains DW.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158043

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Evidence for Symplastic Phloem Unloading in Sink Leaves of Barley. by Haupt S, Duncan GH, Holzberg S, Oparka KJ.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61003

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Evidence that barley 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase kinase is a member of the sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase family. by Barker JH, Slocombe SP, Ball KL, Hardie DG, Shewry PR, Halford NG.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158041

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Evolutionary Relationships of Lactate Dehydrogenases (LDHs) from Mammals, Birds, an Amphibian, Fish, Barley, and Bacteria: LDH cDNA Sequences from Xenopus, Pig, and Rat. by Tsuji S, Qureshi MA, Hou EW, Fitch WM, Li SS.; 1994 Sep 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44818

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Expression of a Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein Gene, HVA1, from Barley Confers Tolerance to Water Deficit and Salt Stress in Transgenic Rice. by Xu D, Duan X, Wang B, Hong B, Ho T, Wu R.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157716

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Expression of Catalytically Active Barley Glutamyl tRNAGlu Reductase in Escherichia coli as a Fusion Protein with Glutathione S-Transferase. by Vothknecht UC, Kannangara CG, Wettstein DV.; 1996 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38634

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Expression of Early Light-Inducible Proteins in Flag Leaves of Field-Grown Barley. by Humbeck K, Kloppstech K, Krupinska K.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159451

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Expression of NADH-Specific and NAD(P)H-Bispecific Nitrate Reductase Genes in Response to Nitrate in Barley. by Sueyoshi K, Kleinhofs A, Warner RL.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157265

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Extraordinarily Polymorphic Microsatellite DNA in Barley: Species Diversity Chromosomal Locations, and Population Dynamics. by Maroof MA, Biyashev RM, Yang GP, Zhang Q, Allard RW.; 1994 Jun 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44016

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Feedback Regulation of Nitrate Influx in Barley Roots by Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonium. by King BJ, Siddiqi MY, Ruth TJ, Warner RL, Glass A.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158916

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Flavone Glucoside Uptake into Barley Mesophyll and Arabidopsis Cell Culture Vacuoles. Energization Occurs by H +-Antiport and ATP-Binding Cassette-Type Mechanisms. by Frangne N, Eggmann T, Koblischke C, Weissenbock G, Martinoia E, Klein M.; 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148933

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Formate Dehydrogenase, an Enzyme of Anaerobic Metabolism, Is Induced by Iron Deficiency in Barley Roots. by Suzuki K, Itai R, Suzuki K, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK, Yoshimura E, Mori S.; 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35132

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Freezing of Barley Studied by Infrared Video Thermography. by Pearce RS, Fuller MP.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61005

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Fructan Synthesis in Excised Barley Leaves (Identification of Two Sucrose-Sucrose Fructosyltransferases Induced by Light and Their Separation from Constitutive Invertases). by Simmen U, Obenland D, Boller T, Wiemken A.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160592

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Generation of Large Numbers of Independently Transformed Fertile Barley Plants. by Wan Y, Lemaux PG.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159160

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Genetic Diversity and Ecogeographical Differentiation Among Ribosomal DNA Allels in Wild and Cultivated Barley. by Maroof MA, Allard RW, Zhang Q.; 1990 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54981

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Genome Dynamics and Evolution of the Mla (Powdery Mildew) Resistance Locus in Barley. by Wei F, Wing RA, Wise RP.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151473

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Genome evolution of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) by BARE-1 retrotransposon dynamics in response to sharp microclimatic divergence. by Kalendar R, Tanskanen J, Immonen S, Nevo E, Schulman AH.; 2000 Jun 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18673

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Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid Coordinately Regulate Cytoplasmic Calcium and Secretory Activity in Barley Aleurone Protoplasts. by Gilroy S, Jones RL.; 1992 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48914

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Gibberellic Acid Induces Vacuolar Acidification in Barley Aleurone. by Swanson SJ, Jones RL.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161346

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Gibberellin Dose-Response Curves and the Characterization of Dwarf Mutants of Barley. by Chandler PM, Robertson M.; 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59302

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Gibberellin Signaling in Barley Aleurone Cells. Control of SLN1 and GAMYB Expression. by Gubler F, Chandler PM, White RG, Llewellyn DJ, Jacobsen JV.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155883

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Gibberellin treatment stimulates nuclear factor binding to the gibberellin response complex in a barley alpha-amylase promoter. by Sutliff TD, Lanahan MB, Ho TH.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160396

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Barley

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Gibberellin/Abscisic Acid Antagonism in Barley Aleurone Cells Site of Action of the Protein Kinase PKABA1 in Relation to Gibberellin Signaling Molecules. by GomezCadenas A, Zentella R, Walker-Simmons MK, Ho TH.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135510

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Gibberellin-Induced Changes in Growth Anisotropy Precede Gibberellin-Dependent Changes in Cortical Microtubule Orientation in Developing Epidermal Cells of Barley Leaves. Kinematic and Cytological Studies on a Gibberellin-Responsive Dwarf Mutant, M489. by Wenzel CL, Williamson RE, Wasteneys GO.; 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59185

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Gibberellin-regulated expression of a myb gene in barley aleurone cells: evidence for Myb transactivation of a high-pI alpha-amylase gene promoter. by Gubler F, Kalla R, Roberts JK, Jacobsen JV.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161046

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Gibberellin-responsive elements in the promoter of a barley high-pI alpha-amylase gene. by Gubler F, Jacobsen JV.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160230

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Glucose and Disaccharide-Sensing Mechanisms Modulate the Expression of [alpha]amylase in Barley Embryos. by Loreti E, Alpi A, Perata P.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59056

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Grain Development Mutants of Barley ([alpha]-Amylase Production during Grain Maturation and Its Relation to Endogenous Gibberellic Acid Content). by Green LS, Faergestad EM, Poole A, Chandler PM.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158295

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Green Fluorescent Protein-Marked Pseudomonas fluorescens: Localization, Viability, and Activity in the Natural Barley Rhizosphere. by Normander B, Hendriksen NB, Nybroe O.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91619

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Greening under High Light or Cold Temperature Affects the Level of XanthophyllCycle Pigments, Early Light-Inducible Proteins, and Light-Harvesting Polypeptides in Wild-Type Barley and the Chlorina f2 Mutant. by Krol M, Ivanov AG, Jansson S, Kloppstech K, Huner NP.; 1999 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59251

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Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Herta): Studies Using an N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenedinitrilotriacetic Acid-Buffered Nutrient Solution Technique (I. Zinc Ion Requirements). by Norvell WA, Welch RM.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160611

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Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Herta): Studies Using an N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenedinitrilotriacetic Acid-Buffered Nutrient Solution Technique (II. Role of Zinc in the Uptake and Root Leakage of Mineral Nutrients). by Welch RM, Norvell WA.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160612

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Heterogeneity of Mitochondrial Protein Biogenesis during Primary Leaf Development in Barley. by Thompson P, Bowsher CG, Tobin AK.; 1998 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34782

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Heterogeneous geographic patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity between two alcohol dehydrogenase genes in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subspecies spontaneum). by Lin JZ, Brown AH, Clegg MT.; 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14621

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High-Affinity Potassium Transport in Barley Roots. Ammonium-Sensitive and Insensitive Pathways. by Santa-Maria GE, Danna CH, Czibener C.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59003

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Hormonal Regulation of Organic and Phosphoric Acid Release by Barley Aleurone Layers and Scutella. by Drozdowicz YM, Jones RL.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157399

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Hormonal regulation, processing, and secretion of cysteine proteinases in barley aleurone layers. by Koehler SM, Ho TH.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159929

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Hormonally regulated programmed cell death in barley aleurone cells. by Bethke PC, Lonsdale JE, Fath A, Jones RL.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144253

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Hydrogen Peroxide Mediates the Induction of Chloroplastic Ndh Complex under Photooxidative Stress in Barley. by Casano LM, Martin M, Sabater B.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65623

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Hypersensitive Cell Death and Papilla Formation in Barley Attacked by the Powdery Mildew Fungus Are Associated with Hydrogen Peroxide but Not with Salicylic Acid Accumulation. by Huckelhoven R, Fodor J, Preis C, Kogel KH.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32009

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Hypoxically Inducible Barley Lactate Dehydrogenase: cDNA Cloning and Molecular Analysis. by Hondred D, Hanson AD.; 1990 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54731

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Identification and characterization of cDNA clones encoding plant calreticulin in barley. by Chen F, Hayes PM, Mulrooney DM, Pan A.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160482

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Identification of a negative regulator of gibberellin action, HvSPY, in barley. by Robertson M, Swain SM, Chandler PM, Olszewski NE.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144045

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Identification of a sequence-specific DNA binding factor required for transcription of the barley chloroplast blue light-responsive psbD-psbC promoter. by Kim M, Mullet JE.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160969

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Barley

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Improved barley broiler feed with transgenic malt containing heat-stable (1,3 --1,4)[beta]-glucanase. by von Wettstein D, Mikhaylenko G, Froseth JA, Kannangara CG.; 2000 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17606

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In Vitro Cyclic Electron Transport in Barley Thylakoids follows Two Independent Pathways. by Scheller HV.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157708

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In vitro interactions of the aphid endosymbiotic SymL chaperonin with barley yellow dwarf virus. by Filichkin SA, Brumfield S, Filichkin TP, Young MJ.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191086

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In Vitro Processing of Aleurain, a Barley Vacuolar Thiol Protease. by Holwerda BC, Galvin NJ, Baranski TJ, Rogers JC.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159957

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In Vivo and in Vitro Studies of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Barley Root Plastids in Relation to Reductant Supply for NO2- Assimilation. by Wright DP, Huppe HC, Turpin DH.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158434

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In vivo transfer of barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus ribonucleotides to the 5[prime prime or minute] terminus of maize stripe tenuivirus RNAs. by Estabrook EM, Tsai J, Falk BW.; 1998 Jul 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20971

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Inducers of Glycinebetaine Synthesis in Barley. by Jagendorf AT, Takabe T.; 2001 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133586

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Induction of Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Barley Roots. by Hause B, Maier W, Miersch O, Kramell R, Strack D.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166642

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Inefficient rpl2 splicing in barley mutants with ribosome-deficient plastids. by Hess WR, Hoch B, Zeltz P, Hubschmann T, Kossel H, Borner T.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160533

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Inhibition of Nitrate Uptake by Ammonium in Barley. Analysis of Component Fluxes. by Kronzucker HJ, Glass AD, Siddiqi MY.; 1999 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59260

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Inositol Trisphosphate Metabolism in Subcellular Fractions of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Mesophyll Cells. by Martinoia E, Locher R, Vogt E.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158751

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Insensitivity of barley endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase to 3phosphoglycerate and orthophosphate regulation. by Kleczkowski LA, Villand P, Luthi E, Olsen OA, Preiss J.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158662

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Interaction Analyses of Genes Required for Resistance Responses to Powdery Mildew in Barley Reveal Distinct Pathways Leading to Leaf Cell Death. by Peterhansel C, Freialdenhoven A, Kurth J, Kolsch R, Schulze-Lefert P.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157006

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Interactions of the TGB1 Protein during Cell-to-Cell Movement of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus. by Lawrence DM, Jackson AO.; 2001 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=115116

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Investigation of the Apparent Induction of Nitrate Uptake in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Using NO3--Selective Microelectrodes (Modulation of Coarse Regulation of NO3- Uptake by Exogenous Application of Downstream Metabolites in the NO3Assimilatory Pathway). by Henriksen GH, Spanswick RM.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159060

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Involvement of protein kinase and extraplastidic serine/threonine protein phosphatases in signaling pathways regulating plastid transcription and the psbD blue light-responsive promoter in barley. by Christopher DA, Li X, Kim M, Mullet JE.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158250

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Ion Channels in the Xylem Parenchyma of Barley Roots (A Procedure to Isolate Protoplasts from This Tissue and a Patch-Clamp Exploration of Salt Passageways into Xylem Vessels. by Wegner LH, Raschke K.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160726

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Isolation and Characterization of HvNRT2.3 and HvNRT2.4, cDNAs Encoding HighAffinity Nitrate Transporters from Roots of Barley. by Vidmar JJ, Zhuo D, Siddiqi MY, Glass AD.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58914

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Isolation of Intact Protein Storage Vacuoles from Barley Aleurone (Identification of Aspartic and Cysteine Proteases). by Bethke PC, Hillmer S, Jones RL.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157747

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K +-Selective Inward-Rectifying Channels and Apoplastic pH in Barley Roots. by Amtmann A, Jelitto TC, Sanders D.; 1999 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59266

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Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase from Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (Purification, Properties, and Specific Inhibition). by Durner J, Knorzer OC, Boger P.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159062

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Kinetic Studies on the Xanthophyll Cycle in Barley Leaves (Influence of Antenna Size and Relations to Nonphotochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching). by Hartel H, Lokstein H, Grimm B, Rank B.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157742

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Barley

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Leaf-Atmosphere NH3 Exchange in Barley Mutants with Reduced Activities of Glutamine Synthetase. by Mattsson M, Hausler RE, Leegood RC, Lea PJ, Schjoerring JK.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158423

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Leucine-Derived Cyano Glucosides in Barley. by Nielsen KA, Olsen CE, Pontoppidan K, Moller BL.; 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166501

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Light-induced biogenesis of light-harvesting complex I (LHC I) during chloroplast development in barley (hordeum vulgare). Studies using cDNA clones of the 21- and 20-kilodalton LHC I apoproteins. by Anandan S, Morishige DT, Thornber JP.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158668

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Local and distant sequences are required for efficient readthrough of the barley yellow dwarf virus PAV coat protein gene stop codon. by Brown CM, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Miller WA.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190606

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Localization of Expression of Three Cold-Induced Genes, blt101, blt4.9, and blt14, in Different Tissues of the Crown and Developing Leaves of Cold-Acclimated Cultivated Barley. by Pearce RS, Houlston CE, Atherton KM, Rixon JE, Harrison P, Hughes MA, Alison Dunn M.; 1998 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34933

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Localized, Positive Charge Mediates Adhesion of Rhodosporidium toruloides to Barley Leaves and Polystyrene. by Buck JW, Andrews JH.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91314

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Methylation of B-Hordein Genes in Barley Endosperm is Inversely Correlated with Gene Activity and Affected by the Regulatory Gene Lys3. by Sorensen MB.; 1992 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49025

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Mitochondrial Contribution to Photosynthetic Metabolism (A Study with Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Leaf Protoplasts at Different Light Intensities and CO2 Concentrations). by Kromer S, Malmberg G, Gardestrom P.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158868

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Mitochondrial Respiration and Hemoglobin Gene Expression in Barley Aleurone Tissue. by Nie X, Hill RD.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158369

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Modular nature of abscisic acid (ABA) response complexes: composite promoter units that are necessary and sufficient for ABA induction of gene expression in barley. by Shen Q, Zhang P, Ho TH.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161185

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Modulation of Calmodulin mRNA and Protein Levels in Barley Aleurone. by Schuurink RC, Chan PV, Jones RL.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157846

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Molecular Characterization of the Oxalate Oxidase Involved in the Response of Barley to the Powdery Mildew Fungus. by Zhou F, Zhang Z, Gregersen PL, Mikkelsen JD, de Neergaard E, Collinge DB, Thordal-Christensen H.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35019

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Molecular Dissection of the Gibberellin/Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathways by Transiently Expressed RNA Interference in Barley Aleurone Cells. by Zentella R, Yamauchi D, Ho TH.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150771

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Mutants at the Slender1 Locus of Barley cv Himalaya. Molecular and Physiological Characterization. by Chandler PM, Marion-Poll A, Ellis M, Gubler F.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155882

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Nar-1 and Nar-2, Two Loci Required for Mla12-Specified Race-Specific Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Barley. by Freialdenhoven A, Scherag B, Hollricher K, Collinge DB, Thordal-Christensen H, Schulze-Lefert P.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160494

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Natural contamination of Manitoba barley by 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol and its detection by immunochromatography. by Usleber E, Abramson D, Gessler R, Smith DM, Clear RM, Martlbauer E.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168193

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New members of the barley Kas gene family encoding beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases. by Wissenbach M.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159728

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Nitric Oxide Acts as an Antioxidant and Delays Programmed Cell Death in Barley Aleurone Layers. by Beligni MV, Fath A, Bethke PC, Lamattina L, Jones RL.; 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166752

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Nitrogen Availability to Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57 Is Limited during Decomposition of Barley Straw in Bulk Soil and in the Barley Rhizosphere. by Jensen LE, Nybroe O.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91572

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Novel Phosphoinositides in Barley Aleurone Cells (Additional Evidence for the Presence of Phosphatidyl-scyllo-Inositol). by Narasimhan B, Pliska-Matyshak G, Kinnard R, Carstensen S, Ritter MA, Von Weymarn L, Murthy P.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158262

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Nucellain, a Barley Homolog of the Dicot Vacuolar-Processing Protease, Is Localized in Nucellar Cell Walls. by Linnestad C, Doan DN, Brown RC, Lemmon BE, Meyer DJ, Jung R, Olsen OA.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34733

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Nucleotide sequence and developmental expression of duplicated genes encoding protein disulfide isomerase in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). by Chen F, Hayes PM.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159725

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Nucleotide sequence diversity at the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 locus in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum): An evaluation of the background selection hypothesis. by Cummings MP, Clegg MT.; 1998 May 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20431

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding a heat-shock protein (HSP70) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). by Chen F, Hayes PM, Mulrooney DM, Pan A.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159603

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding an elongation factor (EF-1 alpha) from barley primary leaf. by Sutton F, Kenefick DG.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159266

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA from Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. A homolog of a jasmonate-induced protein from barley. by Cairney J, Newton RJ, Funkhouser EA, Chang S.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157484

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Nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding a 58.5-kilodalton barley dehydrin that lacks a serine tract. by Close TJ, Meyer NC, Radik J.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=161214

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Nucleotide sequence of a transcript encoding a germin-like protein that is present in salt-stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots. by Hurkman WJ, Lane BG, Tanaka CK.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159264

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Nucleotide sequences of cDNA clones encoding ferrochelatase from barley and cucumber. by Miyamoto K, Tanaka R, Teramoto H, Masuda T, Tsuji H, Inokuchi H.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159427

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Octadecanoid-Derived Alteration of Gene Expression and the "Oxylipin Signature" in Stressed Barley Leaves. Implications for Different Signaling Pathways. by Kramell R, Miersch O, Atzorn R, Parthier B, Wasternack C.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58992

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Overexpression of thioredoxin h leads to enhanced activity of starch debranching enzyme (pullulanase) in barley grain. by Cho MJ, Wong JH, Marx C, Jiang W, Lemaux PG, Buchanan BB.; 1999 Dec 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24489

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Pathogen-Induced Changes in the Antioxidant Status of the Apoplast in Barley Leaves. by Vanacker H, Carver TL, Foyer CH.; 1998 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34926

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Perception of Gibberellin and Abscisic Acid at the External Face of the Plasma Membrane of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Aleurone Protoplasts. by Gilroy S, Jones RL.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159279

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Phosphoinositides in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Aleurone Tissue. by Brearley CA, Hanke DE.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159303

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Photoperiod and Temperature Interactions Regulate Low-Temperature-Induced Gene Expression in Barley. by Fowler DB, Breton G, Limin AE, Mahfoozi S, Sarhan F.; 2001 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133572

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Photosystem I Is an Early Target of Photoinhibition in Barley Illuminated at Chilling Temperatures. by Erling Tjus S, Lindberg Moller B, Vibe Scheller H.; 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35135

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Physical and genetic mapping of barley (Hordeum vulgare) germin-like cDNAs. by Druka A, Kudrna D, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D, Kleinhofs A.; 2002 Jan 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117394

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Plastid Genes Encoding the Transcription/Translation Apparatus Are Differentially Transcribed Early in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Chloroplast Development (Evidence for Selective Stabilization of psbA mRNA). by Baumgartner BJ, Rapp JC, Mullet JE.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158691

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Porphyrin Accumulation and Export by Isolated Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Plastids (Effect of Diphenyl Ether Herbicides). by Jacobs JM, Jacobs NJ.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160637

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Prediction of Protein Cleavage Sites by the Barley Cysteine Endoproteases EP-A and EP-B Based on the Kinetics of Synthetic Peptide Hydrolysis. by Davy A, Sorensen MB, Svendsen I, Cameron-Mills V, Simpson DJ.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58852

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Primary and Secondary Structural Elements Required for Synthesis of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Subgenomic RNA1. by Koev G, Mohan BR, Miller WA.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104045

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Primary Structure of a Cerulenin-Binding [beta]-Ketoacyl-[Acyl Carrier Protein] Synthase from Barley Chloroplasts. by Siggaard-Andersen M, Kauppinen S, von Wettstein-Knowles P.; 1991 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51608

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Primer-Mediated in situ Detection of the B-Hordein Gene Cluster on Barley Chromosome 1H. by Abbo S, Dunford RP, Miller TE, Reader SM, King IP.; 1993 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48076

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Barley

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Protein repair L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in plants. Phylogenetic distribution and the accumulation of substrate proteins in aged barley seeds. by Mudgett MB, Lowenson JD, Clarke S.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158613

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Proteome Analysis of Grain Filling and Seed Maturation in Barley. by Finnie C, Melchior S, Roepstorff P, Svensson B.; 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166524

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Purification and Characterization of Barley Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV. by Davy A, Thomsen KK, Juliano MA, Alves LC, Svendsen I, Simpson DJ.; 2000 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58879

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Purification and characterization of three soluble invertases from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. by Obenland DM, Simmen U, Boller T, Wiemken A.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160657

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Purification, Cloning, and Functional Expression of Sucrose:Fructan 6Fructosyltransferase, a Key Enzyme of Fructan Synthesis in Barley. by Sprenger N, Bortlik K, Brandt A, Boller T, Wiemken A.; 1995 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40460

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Purification, Enzymatic Characterization, and Nucleotide Sequence of a HighIsoelectric-Point [alpha]-Glucosidase from Barley Malt. by Frandsen TP, Lok F, Mirgorodskaya E, Roepstorff P, Svensson B.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59001

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Rapid Germination of a Barley Mutant Is Correlated with a Rapid Turnover of Abscisic Acid Outside the Embryo. by Visser K, Vissers A, Cagirgan MI, Kijne JW, Wang M.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160988

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Rapid Up-Regulation of HKT1, a High-Affinity Potassium Transporter Gene, in Roots of Barley and Wheat following Withdrawal of Potassium. by Wang TB, Gassmann W, Rubio F, Schroeder JI, Glass AD.; 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34841

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Regeneration of Fertile Barley Plants from Mechanically Isolated Protoplasts of the Fertilized Egg Cell. by Holm PB, Knudsen S, Mouritzen P, Negri D, Olsen FL, Roue C.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160456

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Regulation of High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter Genes and High-Affinity Nitrate Influx by Nitrogen Pools in Roots of Barley. by Vidmar JJ, Zhuo D, Siddiqi MY, Schjoerring JK, Touraine B, Glass AD.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59004

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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-Mediated Targeting of the ml-o Resistance Locus in Barley (Hordeum vulgare). by Hinze K, Thompson RD, Ritter E, Salamini F, Schulze-Lefert P.; 1991 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51518

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Role of propeptide glycan in post-translational processing and transport of barley lectin to vacuoles in transgenic tobacco. by Wilkins TA, Bednarek SY, Raikhel NV.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159887

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Rubisco Small Subunit, Chlorophyll a/b-Binding Protein and Sucrose:Fructan-6Fructosyl Transferase Gene Expression and Sugar Status in Single Barley Leaf Cells in Situ. Cell Type Specificity and Induction by Light. by Lu C, Koroleva OA, Farrar JF, Gallagher J, Pollock CJ, Tomos AD.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166653

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S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine:l-Methionine S-Methyltransferase from Germinating Barley Purification and Localization. by Joao Pimenta M, Kaneta T, Larondelle Y, Dohmae N, Kamiya Y.; 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34818

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Sensitivity of Superoxide Dismutase Transcript Levels and Activities to Oxidative Stress Is Lower in Mature-Senescent Than in Young Barley Leaves. by Casano LM, Martin M, Sabater B.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159628

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Separate photosensory pathways co-regulate blue light/ultraviolet-A-activated psbDpsbC transcription and light-induced D2 and CP43 degradation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) chloroplasts. by Christopher DA, Mullet JE.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159272

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Sequence Haplotypes Revealed by Sequence-Tagged Site Fine Mapping of the Ror1 Gene in the Centromeric Region of Barley Chromosome 1H. by Collins NC, Lahaye T, Peterhansel C, Freialdenhoven A, Corbitt M, Schulze-Lefert P.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65604

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Sequence of a cDNA encoding carbonic anhydrase from barley. by Bracey MH, Bartlett SG.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157356

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Sequence organization of barley centromeres. by Hudakova S, Michalek W, Presting GG, Hoopen RT, Santos KD, Jasencakova Z, Schubert I.; 2001 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=97617

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Signal Transduction in Barley Aleurone Protoplasts Is Calcium Dependent and Independent. by Gilroy S.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161345

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Simultaneous Measurement of Intracellular pH and K+ or NO3- in Barley Root Cells Using Triple-Barreled, Ion-Selective Microelectrodes. by Walker DJ, Smith SJ, Miller AJ.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157396

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Barley

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Sodium Azide Mutagenesis: Preferential Generation of A[center dot]T [right arrow] G[center dot]C Transitions in the Barley Ant18 Gene. by Olsen O, Wang X, von Wettstein D.; 1993 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47284

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Spectroscopic Analysis of Desiccation-Induced Alterations of the Chlorophyllide Transformation Pathway in Etiolated Barley Leaves. by Le Lay P, Boddi B, Kovacevic D, Juneau P, Dewez D, Popovic R.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117976

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Stability of the Apoproteins of Light-Harvesting Complex I and II during Biogenesis of Thylakoids in the Chlorophyll b-less Barley Mutant Chlorina f2. by Preiss S, Thornber JP.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157186

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Stimulation of Barley Plasmalemma H+-ATPase by Phytotoxic Peptides from the Fungal Pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis. by Wevelsiep L, Rupping E, Knogge W.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158676

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Stimulation of Nitrate and Nitrite Efflux by Ammonium in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seedlings. by Aslam M, Travis RL, Huffaker RC.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159667

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Structure of the Transition State for the Folding/Unfolding of the Barley Chymotrypsin Inhibitor 2 and Its Implications for Mechanisms of Protein Folding. by Otzen DE, Itzhaki LS, ElMasry NF, Jackson SE, Fersht AR.; 1994 Oct 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45032

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Substrate Specificity of Barley Cysteine Endoproteases EP-A and EP-B. by Davy A, Svendsen I, Sorensen SO, Blom Sorensen M, Rouster J, Meldal M, Simpson DJ, CameronMills V.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35010

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Succession of Indigenous Pseudomonas spp. and Actinomycetes on Barley Roots Affected by the Antagonistic Strain Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54 and the Fungicide Imazalil. by Thirup L, Johnsen K, Winding A.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92707

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Sucrose:Fructan 6-Fructosyltransferase, a Key Enzyme for Diverting Carbon from Sucrose to Fructan in Barley Leaves. by Duchateau N, Bortlik K, Simmen U, Wiemken A, Bancal P.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157259

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Sugar Repression of a Gibberellin-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Barley Embryos. by Perata P, Matsukura C, Vernieri P, Yamaguchi J.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157068

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Synergistic Enhancement of the Antifungal Activity of Wheat and Barley Thionins by Radish and Oilseed Rape 2S Albumins and by Barley Trypsin Inhibitors. by Terras F, Schoofs H, Thevissen K, Osborn RW, Vanderleyden J, Cammue B, Broekaert WF.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159121

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T-DNA integration into the barley genome from single and double cassette vectors. by Stahl R, Horvath H, Van Fleet J, Voetz M, von Wettstein D, Wolf N.; 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122333

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The Allosterically Unregulated Isoform of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Barley Endosperm Is the Most Likely Source of ADP-Glucose Incorporated into Endosperm Starch. by Doan DN, Rudi H, Olsen OA.; 1999 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59461

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The Altered Pattern of Amylose Accumulation in the Endosperm of Low-Amylose Barley Cultivars Is Attributable to a Single Mutant Allele of Granule-Bound Starch Synthase I with a Deletion in the 5[prime prime or minute]-Non-Coding Region. by Patron NJ, Smith AM, Fahy BF, Hylton CM, Naldrett MJ, Rossnagel BG, Denyer K.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166552

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The Arabidopsis Protein SHI Represses Gibberellin Responses in Arabidopsis and Barley. by Fridborg I, Kuusk S, Robertson M, Sundberg E.; 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129265

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The aspartic proteinase of barley is a vacuolar enzyme that processes probarley lectin in vitro. by Runeberg-Roos P, Kervinen J, Kovaleva V, Raikhel NV, Gal S.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159360

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The barley lectin carboxyl-terminal propeptide is a vacuolar protein sorting determinant in plants. by Bednarek SY, Raikhel NV.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160086

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The Barley MLO Modulator of Defense and Cell Death Is Responsive to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Stimuli. by Piffanelli P, Zhou F, Casais C, Orme J, Jarosch B, Schaffrath U, Collins NC, Panstruga R, Schulze-Lefert P.; 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166502

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The barley stem rust-resistance gene Rpg1 is a novel disease-resistance gene with homology to receptor kinases. by Brueggeman R, Rostoks N, Kudrna D, Kilian A, Han F, Chen J, Druka A, Steffenson B, Kleinhofs A.; 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123140

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The barley stripe mosaic virus 58-kilodalton beta(b) protein is a multifunctional RNA binding protein. by Donald RG, Lawrence DM, Jackson AO.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191211

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The barley stripe mosaic virus gamma b gene encodes a multifunctional cysteine-rich protein that affects pathogenesis. by Donald RG, Jackson AO.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160546

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The Biophysics of Leaf Growth in Salt-Stressed Barley. A Study at the Cell Level. by Fricke W, Peters WS.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155900

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The Delivery of Salts to the Xylem. Three Types of Anion Conductance in the Plasmalemma of the Xylem Parenchyma of Roots of Barley. by Kohler B, Raschke K.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58863

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The Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Cellular Localization of Glutamine Synthetase Isoforms in Barley Roots. by Peat LJ, Tobin AK.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160986

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The Effects of Aluminum on the Influx of Calcium, Potassium, Ammonium, Nitrate, and Phosphate in an Aluminum-Sensitive Cultivar of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). by Nichol BE, Oliveira LA, Glass A, Siddiqi MY.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160648

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The Expression of Serine Carboxypeptidases During Maturation and Germination of the Barley Grain. by Degan FD, Rocher A, Cameron-Mills V, Wettstein DV.; 1994 Aug 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44575

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The HAK1 gene of barley is a member of a large gene family and encodes a highaffinity potassium transporter. by Santa-Maria GE, Rubio F, Dubcovsky J, RodriguezNavarro A.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157074

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The Interaction between Cold and Light Controls the Expression of the ColdRegulated Barley Gene cor14b and the Accumulation of the Corresponding Protein. by Crosatti C, Polverino de Laureto P, Bassi R, Cattivelli L.; 1999 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32145

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The NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase in Barley Thylakoids Is Photoactivatable and Uses NADPH as well as NADH. by Bernhard Teicher H, Vibe Scheller H.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34972

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The production of recombinant proteins in transgenic barley grains. by Horvath H, Huang J, Wong O, Kohl E, Okita T, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D.; 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26536

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The Role of Cytosolic Potassium and pH in the Growth of Barley Roots. by Walker DJ, Black CR, Miller AJ.; 1998 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34806

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The Sensitivity of Barley Aleurone Tissue to Gibberellin Is Heterogeneous and May Be Spatially Determined. by Ritchie S, McCubbin A, Ambrose G, Kao TH, Gilroy S.; 1999 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59274

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The Structure of the Transition State for the Association of Two Fragments of the Barley Chymotrypsin Inhibitor 2 to Generate Native-Like Protein: Implications for Mechanisms of Protein Folding. by Gay GD, Ruiz-Sanz J, Davis B, Fersht AR.; 1994 Nov 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45142

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The Two Genes Encoding Starch-Branching Enzymes IIa and IIb Are Differentially Expressed in Barley. by Sun C, Sathish P, Ahlandsberg S, Jansson C.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34872

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Thermostability and Photostability of Photosystem II in Leaves of the Chlorina-f2 Barley Mutant Deficient in Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Protein Complexes. by Havaux M, Tardy F.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158211

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Three semidominant barley mutants with single amino acid substitutions in the smallest magnesium chelatase subunit form defective AAA + hexamers. by Hansson A, Willows RD, Roberts TH, Hansson M.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129802

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Tissue-Specific Expression of Germin-Like Oxalate Oxidase during Development and Fungal Infection of Barley Seedlings. by Dumas B, Freyssinet G, Pallett KE.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157241

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Transcripts of the ndhH --D operon of barley plastids: possible role of unedited site III in splicing of the ndhA intron. by Campo EM, Sabater B, Martin M.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=102609

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Transgenic Barley Expressing a Protein-Engineered, Thermostable (1,3-1,4)-[beta]Glucanase during Germination. by Jensen LG, Olsen O, Kops O, Wolf N, Thomsen KK, Wettstein DV.; 1996 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39636

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Transport of Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acids across Protoplast and Vacuole Membranes Isolated from Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Gerbel) Leaves. by Rautenkranz A, Li L, Machler F, Martinoia E, Oertli JJ.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159515

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Transposon-Mediated Single-Copy Gene Delivery Leads to Increased Transgene Expression Stability in Barley. by Koprek T, Rangel S, McElroy D, Louwerse JD, Williams-Carrier RE, Lemaux PG.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65614

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Two cDNA clones encoding isoforms of the B subunit of the vacuolar ATPase from barley roots. by Berkelman T, Houtchens KA, DuPont FM.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159190

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Two Routes of Chlorophyllide Synthesis that are Differentially Regulated by Light in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). by Holtorf H, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Bereza B, Apel K.; 1995 Apr 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42144

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Visualizing Enzyme Secretion from Individual Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Aleurone Protoplasts. by Hillmer S, Gilroy S, Jones RL.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158773

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Zinc Deficiency Up-Regulates Expression of High-Affinity Phosphate Transporter Genes in Both Phosphate-Sufficient and -Deficient Barley Roots. by Huang C, Barker SJ, Langridge P, Smith FW, Graham RD.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59154

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with barley, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for barley (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of occupational asthma due to barley grain dust. Author(s): Yap JC, Chan CC, Wang YT, Poh SC, Lee HS, Tan KT. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1994 September; 23(5): 734-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7847756&dopt=Abstract

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A contiguous 60 kb genomic stretch from barley reveals molecular evidence for gene islands in a monocot genome. Author(s): Panstruga R, Buschges R, Piffanelli P, Schulze-Lefert P. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 1998 February 15; 26(4): 1056-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9461468&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A major baker's asthma allergen from rye flour is considerably more active than its barley counterpart. Author(s): Garcia-Casado G, Armentia A, Sanchez-Monge R, Sanchez LM, Lopez-Otin C, Salcedo G. Source: Febs Letters. 1995 May 1; 364(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7750539&dopt=Abstract

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A novel class of eukaryotic zinc-binding proteins is required for disease resistance signaling in barley and development in C. elegans. Author(s): Shirasu K, Lahaye T, Tan MW, Zhou F, Azevedo C, Schulze-Lefert P. Source: Cell. 1999 November 12; 99(4): 355-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571178&dopt=Abstract

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A purified green barley extract with modulatory properties upon TNF alpha and ROS released by human specialised cells isolated from RA patients. Author(s): Cremer L, Herold A, Avram D, Szegli G. Source: Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1998 July-December; 57(3-4): 231-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845435&dopt=Abstract

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Amelioratory effect of barley tea drinking on blood fluidity. Author(s): Suganuma H, Inakuma T, Kikuchi Y. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 April; 48(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171439&dopt=Abstract

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An ABA and GA modulated gene expressed in the barley embryo encodes an aldose reductase related protein. Author(s): Bartels D, Engelhardt K, Roncarati R, Schneider K, Rotter M, Salamini F. Source: The Embo Journal. 1991 May; 10(5): 1037-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1827067&dopt=Abstract

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An antimelanoma-barley ribosome inactivating protein conjugate is cytotoxic to melanoma cells in vitro. Author(s): Ovadia M, Hager CC, Oeltmann TN. Source: Anticancer Res. 1990 May-June; 10(3): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2369082&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody response against wheat, rye, barley, oats and corn: comparison between gluten-sensitive patients and monoclonal antigliadin antibodies. Author(s): Vainio E, Varjonen E. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 February; 106(2): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7819741&dopt=Abstract

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Barley and wheat foods: influence on plasma cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. Author(s): McIntosh GH, Whyte J, McArthur R, Nestel PJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 May; 53(5): 1205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1850576&dopt=Abstract

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Barley as high-chromium food. Author(s): Mahdi GS. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995 July; 95(7): 749. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7797801&dopt=Abstract

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Barley bran flour accelerates gastrointestinal transit time. Author(s): Lupton JR, Morin JL, Robinson MC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1993 August; 93(8): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8393033&dopt=Abstract

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Barley bread containing lactic acid improves glucose tolerance at a subsequent meal in healthy men and women. Author(s): Ostman EM, Liljeberg Elmstahl HG, Bjorck IM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042429&dopt=Abstract

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Barley foods and their influence on cholesterol metabolism. Author(s): McIntosh GH, Newman RK, Newman CW. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1995; 77: 89-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7732702&dopt=Abstract

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Barley lunasin suppresses ras-induced colony formation and inhibits core histone acetylation in mammalian cells. Author(s): Jeong HJ, Lam Y, de Lumen BO. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5903-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358457&dopt=Abstract

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Barley water babies--a commerciogenic condition? Author(s): Schweiger M, Cutting WA. Source: J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health. 1978 April; 24(2): 89-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=97395&dopt=Abstract

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Beer-induced anaphylaxis due to barley sensitization: two case reports. Author(s): Bonadonna P, Crivellaro M, Dama A, Senna GE, Mistrello G, Passalacqua G. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1999 July-August; 9(4): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513355&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrate digestion in humans from a beta-glucan-enriched barley is reduced. Author(s): Lifschitz CH, Grusak MA, Butte NF. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221214&dopt=Abstract

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Cereal allergens: rice-seed allergens with structural similarity to wheat and barley allergens. Author(s): Nakase M, Usui Y, Alvarez-Nakase AM, Adachi T, Urisu A, Nakamura R, Aoki N, Kitajima K, Matsuda T. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(46 Suppl): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826000&dopt=Abstract

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Cholesterol-lowering effect of barley bran flour and oil. Author(s): Lupton JR, Robinson MC, Morin JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1994 January; 94(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8270757&dopt=Abstract

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Chromium in barley potentiates insulin. Author(s): Mahdi GS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 March; 61(3): 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726974&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning and expression of a new cDNA from monocotyledonous plants coding for a diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate hydrolase from barley (Hordeum vulgare). Author(s): Churin J, Hause B, Feussner I, Maucher HP, Feussner K, Borner T, Wasternack C. Source: Febs Letters. 1998 July 24; 431(3): 481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9714569&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for barley ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase and molecular analysis of photorespiratory mutants deficient in the enzyme. Author(s): Avila C, Marquez AJ, Pajuelo P, Cannell ME, Wallsgrove RM, Forde BG. Source: Planta. 1993; 189(4): 475-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763576&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative modelling of barley-grain aspartic proteinase: a structural rationale for observed hydrolytic specificity. Author(s): Guruprasad K, Tormakangas K, Kervinen J, Blundell TL. Source: Febs Letters. 1994 September 26; 352(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7925961&dopt=Abstract

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Considering wheat, rye, and barley proteins as aids to carcinogens. Author(s): Hoggan R. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 September; 49(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293475&dopt=Abstract

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Contact dermatitis from barley dust. Author(s): Cronin E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1979 May; 5(3): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=156621&dopt=Abstract

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Contact dermatitis from barley. Author(s): Pereira F, Rafael M, Lacerda MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 November; 39(5): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9840269&dopt=Abstract

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Cysteine analogs of recombinant barley ribosome inactivating protein form antibody conjugates with enhanced stability and potency in vitro. Author(s): Bernhard SL, Better M, Fishwild DM, Lane JA, Orme AE, Garrison DA, Birr CA, Lei SP, Carroll SF. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 1994 March-April; 5(2): 126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8031875&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of the presence of coeliac-activating gliadin-like epitopes in malted barley. Author(s): Ellis HJ, Doyle AP, Day P, Wieser H, Ciclitira PJ. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994 July; 104(3): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7518270&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and estimation of the barley prolamin content of beer and malt to assess their suitability for patients with coeliac disease. Author(s): Ellis HJ, Freedman AR, Ciclitira PJ. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1990 August 15; 189(2): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2204500&dopt=Abstract

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Development patterns of telomerase activity in barley and maize. Author(s): Killan A, Heller K, Kleinhofs A. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1998 July; 37(4): 621-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9687066&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of boiled barley-rice-feeding in hypercholesterolemic and normolipemic subjects. Author(s): Ikegami S, Tomita M, Honda S, Yamaguchi M, Mizukawa R, Suzuki Y, Ishii K, Ohsawa S, Kiyooka N, Higuchi M, Kobayashi S. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1996 June; 49(4): 317-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8983058&dopt=Abstract

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Food-induced and occupational asthma due to barley flour. Author(s): Vidal C, Gonzalez-Quintela A. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1995 August; 75(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7648375&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal contamination in barley and Kashin-Beck disease in Tibet. Author(s): Chasseur C, Suetens C, Nolard N, Begaux F, Haubruge E. Source: Lancet. 1997 October 11; 350(9084): 1074. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10213552&dopt=Abstract

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Germinated barley foodstuff exhibits different adsorption properties for hydrophilic versus hydrophobic bile acids. Author(s): Araki Y, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Kanauchi O, Takenaka K, Higuchi A, Bamba T. Source: Digestion. 2001; 64(4): 248-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842282&dopt=Abstract

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Germinated barley foodstuff feeding. A novel neutraceutical therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Kanauchi O, Iwanaga T, Mitsuyama K. Source: Digestion. 2001; 63 Suppl 1: 60-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173912&dopt=Abstract

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Germinated barley foodstuff increases fecal volume and butyrate production in humans. Author(s): Kanauchi O, Mitsuyama K, Saiki T, Fushikia T, Iwanaga T. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 1998 June; 1(6): 937-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9852628&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose and insulin responses to barley products: influence of food structure and amylose-amylopectin ratio. Author(s): Granfeldt Y, Liljeberg H, Drews A, Newman R, Bjorck I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 May; 59(5): 1075-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8172094&dopt=Abstract

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Glycaemic response to maize, bajra and barley. Author(s): Shukla K, Narain JP, Puri P, Gupta A, Bijlani RL, Mahapatra SC, Karmarkar MG. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 October; 35(4): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1812099&dopt=Abstract

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Heat shock protein (hsp 70)-related epitopes are common allergenic determinants for barley and corn antigens. Author(s): Chiung YM, Lin BL, Yeh CH, Lin CY. Source: Electrophoresis. 2000 January; 21(2): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675004&dopt=Abstract

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Hormone response complex in a novel abscisic acid and cycloheximide-inducible barley gene. Author(s): Shen Q, Uknes SJ, Ho TH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993 November 5; 268(31): 23652-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8226892&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrolytic specificity of the barley grain aspartic proteinase. Author(s): Kervinen J, Sarkkinen P, Kalkkinen N, Mikola L, Saarma M. Source: Phytochemistry. 1993 March; 32(4): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763475&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of crossreacting wheat, rye, barley and soya flour allergens using sera from individuals with wheat-induced asthma. Author(s): Sandiford CP, Tee RD, Newman-Taylor AJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 April; 25(4): 340-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7600380&dopt=Abstract

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IgA and IgG binding components of wheat, rye, barley and oats recognized by immunoblotting analysis with sera from adult atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Varjonen E, Kalimo K, Savolainen J, Vainio E. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 September; 111(1): 5563. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8753845&dopt=Abstract

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IgE-binding components of wheat, rye, barley and oats recognized by immunoblotting analysis with sera from adult atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Varjonen E, Savolainen J, Mattila L, Kalimo K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 May; 24(5): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8087661&dopt=Abstract

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Immunobilization of barley oxalate oxidase onto alkylamine glass for determining urinary oxalate. Author(s): Pundir CS, Satyapal, Kuchhal NK. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1993 August; 39(8): 1750-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8353973&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoblot analysis of components of barley recognized by IgE antibodies in sera from pig farm workers. Author(s): Chiung YM, Shen HD, Huang JW. Source: Electrophoresis. 1998 June; 19(8-9): 1317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9694273&dopt=Abstract

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Improved determination of urinary oxalate with alkylamine glass bound barley oxalate oxidase. Author(s): Chandran P, Thakur M, Pundir CS. Source: Journal of Biotechnology. 2001 January 23; 85(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164956&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro digestibility of protein from barley and other cereals. Author(s): Buchmann NB. Source: J Sci Food Agric. 1979 June; 30(6): 583-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=388074&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo allergenic activities of eleven purified members of a major allergen family from wheat and barley flour. Author(s): Armentia A, Sanchez-Monge R, Gomez L, Barber D, Salcedo G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 May; 23(5): 410-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8334538&dopt=Abstract

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Increased growth of Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium by germinated barley foodstuff, accompanied by enhanced butyrate production in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Kanauchi O, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Araki Y, Ishii T, Nakamura T, Hitomi Y, Agata K, Saiki T, Andoh A, Toyonaga A, Bamba T. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 1999 February; 3(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917526&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of the physical form of barley grain on the digestion of its starch in the human small intestine and implications for health. Author(s): Livesey G, Wilkinson JA, Roe M, Faulks R, Clark S, Brown JC, Kennedy H, Elia M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 January; 61(1): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825542&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalation of wild barley into the airways: two different outcomes. Author(s): Ammari FF, Faris KT, Mahafza TM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 May; 21(5): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500683&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of coagulation factors by recombinant barley serpin BSZx. Author(s): Dahl SW, Rasmussen SK, Petersen LC, Hejgaard J. Source: Febs Letters. 1996 September 30; 394(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843156&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory capacity of some fractions isolated from a green barley extract upon TNF alpha production by the cells of the THP-1 human monocytes line. Author(s): Cremer L, Herold A, Avram D, Szegli G. Source: Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1996 October-December; 55(4): 285-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558963&dopt=Abstract

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Intake and digestion of barley straw by sheep given expelled groundnut meal with different amounts of calcium. Author(s): Shrestha BD, Topps JH, Pratt G. Source: Tropical Animal Health and Production. 1972; 4(3): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4671465&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of trypsin, beta-factor XIIa, and plasma kallikrein with a trypsin inhibitor isolated from barley seeds: a comparison with the corn inhibitor of activated Hageman factor. Author(s): Chong GL, Reeck GR. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1987 October 15; 48(2): 211-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3501175&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of barley lipid transfer protein and protein Z as beer allergens. Author(s): Garcia-Casado G, Crespo JF, Rodriguez J, Salcedo G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 October; 108(4): 647-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590395&dopt=Abstract

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Let's not throw out the barley with the dishwater. Author(s): Pliner P. Source: Appetite. 1992 August; 19(1): 74-5; Discussion 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1416940&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function after exposure to barley dust. Author(s): McCarthy PE, Cockcroft AE, McDermott M. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1985 February; 42(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3970868&dopt=Abstract

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Malnutrition associated with a formula of barley water, corn syrup, and whole milk. Author(s): Fabius RJ, Merritt RJ, Fleiss PM, Ashley JM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1981 July; 135(7): 615-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6894664&dopt=Abstract

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Mutagenic and chromosome-breaking effects of azide in barley and human leukocytes. Author(s): Sander C, Nilan RA, Kleinhofs A, Vig BK. Source: Mutation Research. 1978 April; 50(1): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=642963&dopt=Abstract

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Natural contamination of spring barley with group A trichothecene mycotoxins in south-eastern Poland. Author(s): Perkowski J, Jelen H, Kiecana I, Golinski P. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1997 May-June; 14(4): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205559&dopt=Abstract

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Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (trichothecenes and zearalenone) in barley and corn in Korea. Author(s): Kim JC, Kang HJ, Lee DH, Lee YW, Yoshizawa T. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1993 November; 59(11): 3798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8285686&dopt=Abstract

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New alpha-amylase and trypsin inhibitors among the CM-proteins of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Author(s): Barber D, Sanchez-Monge R, Mendez E, Lazaro A, Garcia-Olmedo F, Salcedo G. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1986 January 17; 869(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3484638&dopt=Abstract

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA from Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. A homolog of a jasmonate-induced protein from barley. Author(s): Cairney J, Newton RJ, Funkhouser EA, Chang S. Source: Plant Physiology. 1995 July; 108(3): 1289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7630945&dopt=Abstract

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Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects. Author(s): Lia A, Hallmans G, Sandberg AS, Sundberg B, Aman P, Andersson H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 December; 62(6): 1245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7491888&dopt=Abstract

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Oats and barley toxicity in coeliac patients. Author(s): Baker PG, Read AE. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1976 May; 52(607): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=959100&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of zearalenone in Korean barley and corn foods. Author(s): Park JW, Kim EK, Shon DH, Kim YB. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 February; 19(2): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11820497&dopt=Abstract

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Overexpression of barley BAX inhibitor 1 induces breakdown of mlo-mediated penetration resistance to Blumeria graminis. Author(s): Huckelhoven R, Dechert C, Kogel KH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 29; 100(9): 5555-60. Epub 2003 Apr 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704231&dopt=Abstract

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Pollen allergen homologues in barley and other crop species. Author(s): Astwood JD, Mohapatra SS, Ni H, Hill RD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 January; 25(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7537171&dopt=Abstract

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in common Japanese foods. I. Broiled fish, roasted barley, shoyu, and caramel. Author(s): Masuda Y, Mori K, Kuratsune M. Source: Gann. 1966 April; 57(2): 133-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4163707&dopt=Abstract

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Primary structure of a barley-grain aspartic proteinase. A plant aspartic proteinase resembling mammalian cathepsin D. Author(s): Runeberg-Roos P, Tormakangas K, Ostman A. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1991 December 18; 202(3): 1021-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1722454&dopt=Abstract

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Primary structure of omega-hordothionin, a member of a novel family of thionins from barley endosperm, and its inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell-free systems. Author(s): Mendez E, Rocher A, Calero M, Girbes T, Citores L, Soriano F. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1996 July 1; 239(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8706720&dopt=Abstract

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Proanthocyanidins from barley bran potentiate retinoic acid-induced granulocytic and sodium butyrate-induced monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells. Author(s): Tamagawa K, Fukushima S, Kobori M, Shinmoto H, Tsushida T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1998 August; 62(8): 1483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9757552&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of rolled barley flakes as affected by batch of grain and processing technique. Author(s): Sundberg B, Abrahamsson L, Aman P. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1994 February; 45(2): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153065&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized controlled crossover study of the effect of a highly beta-glucan-enriched barley on cardiovascular disease risk factors in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Author(s): Keogh GF, Cooper GJ, Mulvey TB, McArdle BH, Coles GD, Monro JA, Poppitt SD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 October; 78(4): 711-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522728&dopt=Abstract

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Release of mixed linkage (1-->3),(1-->4) beta-D-glucans from barley by protease activity and effects on ileal effluent. Author(s): Robertson JA, Majsak-Newman G, Ring SG. Source: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 1997 August; 21(1-2): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283016&dopt=Abstract

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Rye flour allergens associated with baker's asthma. Correlation between in vivo and in vitro activities and comparison with their wheat and barley homologues. Author(s): Garcia-Casado G, Armentia A, Sanchez-Monge R, Malpica JM, Salcedo G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 April; 26(4): 428-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8732240&dopt=Abstract

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Rye gamma-70 and gamma-35 secalins and barley gamma-3 hordein cross-react with omega-5 gliadin, a major allergen in wheat-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Author(s): Palosuo K, Alenius H, Varjonen E, Kalkkinen N, Reunala T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 March; 31(3): 466-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260160&dopt=Abstract

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Rye inhibitors of animal alpha-amylases show different specificities, aggregative properties and IgE-binding capacities than their homologues from wheat and barley. Author(s): Garcia-Casado G, Sanchez-Monge R, Lopez-Otin C, Salcedo G. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1994 September 1; 224(2): 525-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7925368&dopt=Abstract

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Substrates available for colonic fermentation from oat, barley and wheat bread diets. A study in ileostomy subjects. Author(s): Lia A, Sundberg B, Aman P, Sandberg AS, Hallmans G, Andersson H. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1996 December; 76(6): 797-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014649&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo activity of a hybrid composed of ricin B chainbarley ribosome-inactivating protein. Author(s): Ovadia M, Wiley RG, Hager C, LaRocca C, Oeltmann TN. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1988 July; 264(1): 168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3164992&dopt=Abstract

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The Arabidopsis protein SHI represses gibberellin responses in Arabidopsis and barley. Author(s): Fridborg I, Kuusk S, Robertson M, Sundberg E. Source: Plant Physiology. 2001 November; 127(3): 937-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706176&dopt=Abstract

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The barley 60 kDa jasmonate-induced protein (JIP60) is a novel ribosome-inactivating protein. Author(s): Chaudhry B, Muller-Uri F, Cameron-Mills V, Gough S, Simpson D, Skriver K, Mundy J. Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 1994 December; 6(6): 815-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7849755&dopt=Abstract

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The HAK1 gene of barley is a member of a large gene family and encodes a highaffinity potassium transporter. Author(s): Santa-Maria GE, Rubio F, Dubcovsky J, Rodriguez-Navarro A. Source: The Plant Cell. 1997 December; 9(12): 2281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9437867&dopt=Abstract

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The prospects of breeding barley, wheat and oats to meet special requirements in human and animal nutrition. Author(s): Whitehouse RN. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1970 May; 29(1): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5536323&dopt=Abstract

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The use of complex carbohydrates in barley groats for determination of the mouth-tocaecum transit time. Author(s): De Vries JJ, Collin T, Bijleveld CM, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988 October; 23(8): 905-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3201127&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of ulcerative colitis by feeding with germinated barley foodstuff: first report of a multicenter open control trial. Author(s): Kanauchi O, Suga T, Tochihara M, Hibi T, Naganuma M, Homma T, Asakura H, Nakano H, Takahama K, Fujiyama Y, Andoh A, Shimoyama T, Hida N, Haruma K, Koga H, Mitsuyama K, Sata M, Fukuda M, Kojima A, Bamba T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 November; 37 Suppl 14: 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572869&dopt=Abstract

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Urticaria from beer: an immediate hypersensitivity reaction due to a 10-kDa protein derived from barley. Author(s): Curioni A, Santucci B, Cristaudo A, Canistraci C, Pietravalle M, Simonato B, Giannattasio M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 March; 29(3): 407-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202351&dopt=Abstract

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Variation of cadmium concentration in Swedish wheat and barley. An indicator of changes in daily cadmium intake during the 20th century. Author(s): Kjellstrom T, Linnman L, Elinder CarlGustaf. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1975 July; 30(7): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1147697&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc absorption in humans from meals based on rye, barley, oatmeal, triticale and whole wheat. Author(s): Sandstrom B, Almgren A, Kivisto B, Cederblad A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1987 November; 117(11): 1898-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2824731&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BARLEY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and barley.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Barley The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on barley: •

A comparison of wheat and barley in diets fed ad libitum as dry meal to finishing pigs. Source: Walker, N. Rec-Agric-Res. Belfast : Dept. of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. 1987. volume 35 page 37-41. 0375-0698

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A purified green barley extract with modulatory properties upon TNF alpha and ROS released by human specialised cells isolated from RA patients. Author(s): Cantacuzino Institute, Bucharest, Romania. Source: Cremer, L Herold, A Avram, D Szegli, G Roum-Arch-Microbiol-Immunol. 1998 Jul-December; 57(3-4): 231-42 1222-3891

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Barley alpha-amylase Met53 situated at the high-affinity subsite -2 belongs to a substrate binding motif in the beta-->alpha loop 2 of the catalytic (beta/alpha)8-barrel and is critical for activity and substrate specificity. Author(s): Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark. Source: Mori, H Bak Jensen, K S Svensson, B Eur-J-Biochem. 2002 November; 269(22): 5377-90 0014-2956

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Barley and sugar corn silage harvested at two-stages of maturity vs. corn silage for growing beef steers. Source: Kercher, C.J. Lauer, J. Jones, R. Proc-Annu-Meet-West-Sect-Am-Soc-Anim-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1987. volume 38 page 343-344, 315. 0569-7832

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Barley bran flour evaluated as dietary fiber ingredient in wheat bread. Source: Chaudhary, V.K. Weber, F.E. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. June 1990. volume 35 (6) page 560-562. 0146-6283

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Barley diets supplemented with beta-glucanase improve digestibility. Source: Goihl, J. Feedstuffs. Carol Stream, Ill. : Miller Publishing Company. Sept 23, 1996. volume 68 (40) page 13-14. 0014-9624

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Barley processing: its influence on digestibility and rumen fermentation in cattle. Source: Morgan, E.K. Gibson, M.L. Males, J.R. Nelson, M.L. Proc-Annu-Meet-West-SectAm-Soc-Anim-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1988. volume 39 page 318-321. 0569-7832

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Binding interactions between barley thaumatin-like proteins and (1,3)-beta-Dglucans. Kinetics, specificity, structural analysis and biological implications. Author(s): The Department of Plant Science, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia. Source: Osmond, R I Hrmova, M Fontaine, F Imberty, A Fincher, G B Eur-J-Biochem. 2001 August; 268(15): 4190-9 0014-2956

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Bioevaluation of barley cultivars using growing rats. Source: Danielson, A.D. Newman, C.W. Proc-Mont-Acad-Sci. [S.l.] : The Academy. 1989. volume 49 page 13-18.

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Canola meal compared with urea in a barley and potato processing residue finishing diet for feedlot steers. Source: Hinman, D.D. Sorensen, S.J. Momont, P.A. Spiece, L. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. Sept 1999. volume 15 (3) page 191195. 1080-7446

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Cell structure of pseudonodules formed on the roots of barley and rice. Source: Xueqin, S. Jing, Y. Nitrogen fixation with non-legumes proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes, held 16-21 October 1996 in Faisalabad, Pakistan / International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Nonlegumes. Dordrecht; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. page 133-142. ISBN: 0792348737 (hb : alk paper)

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Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of some hull less and hulled barley cultivars grown in India. Author(s): CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, IND-Hisar-125 004, India. [email protected] Source: Jood, S Kalra, S Nahrung. 2001 February; 45(1): 35-9 0027-769X

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Composition and utilization of barley pearling by-products for making functional pastas rich in dietary fiber and beta-glucans. Source: Marconi, E. Graziano, M. Cubadda, R. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Mar/April 2000. volume 77 (2) page 133-139. 0009-0352

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Digestibility and energy value of non-starch polysaccharides in young chickens, ducks and geese, fed diets containing high amounts of barley. Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Quality, Agricultural University, Ul. Chelmonskiego 38D, PL-51-630 Wroclaw, Poland. [email protected] Source: Jamroz, Dorota Jakobsen, Kirsten Bach Knudsen, Knud Erik Wiliczkiewicz, Andrzej Orda, Janusz Comp-Biochem-Physiol-A-Mol-Integr-Physiol. 2002 March; 131(3): 657-68 1095-6433

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Drylot wintering of pregnant beef cows supplemented with either a 12 percent crude protein heat processed molasses block or dry rolled barley. Source: Landblom, D.G. Nelson, J.L. Caton, J.S. Boyles, S.L. N-D-Farm-Res-N-D-AgricExp-Stn. Fargo, N.D. : The Station. Jan/February 1990. volume 47 (4) page 19-21. 00975338

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Effect of barley beta-glucan in durum wheat pasta on human glycemic response. Source: Yokoyama, W.H. Hudson, C.A. Knuckles, B.E. Chiu, M.C.M. Sayre, R.N. Turnlund, J.R. Schneeman, B.O. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. May/June 1997. volume 74 (3) page 293-296. 0009-0352

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Effect of barley flour and wheat bran supplementation on the properties and composition of Turkish flat bread, yufka. Source: Basman, A. Koksel, H. Eur-food-res-technol. Berlin : Springer, c1999-. 2001. volume 212 (2) page 198-202. 1438-2377

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Effect of Cu on the distribution of P, Ca, and Fe in barley plants. Source: Brown, J.C. Foy, C.D. Soil-Sci. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins. December 1964. volume 98 (6) page 362-370. ill. 0038-075X

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Effect of dietary fibers in rice and barley on lipid and cadmium metabolism in the rat. Author(s): Ewha Womans University, Seoul (Korea Republic). Department of Food and Nutrition Source: Kim, M.K. Paek, J.E. The-Korean-Journal-of-Nutrition. (April 1997). volume 30(3) page 252-265. 0367-6463

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Effect of formic acid with formalin or barley incorporation into grass silage on silage fermentation and the performance of dairy cows. Source: Haigh, P.M. Davies, O.D. J-agric-eng-res. London; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-. March 1998. volume 69 (3) page 261-265. 0021-8634

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Effects of mould and toxin contaminated barley on laying hens performance and health. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Tilzes 18, LT 3022 Kaunas, Lithuania. [email protected] Source: Garaleviciene, D Pettersson, H Augonyte, G Elwinger, K Lindberg, J E ArchTierernahr. 2001; 55(1): 25-42 0003-942X

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Effects of young barley leaf extract and antioxidative vitamins on LDL oxidation and free radical scavenging activities in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan. Source: Yu, Y M Chang, W C Chang, C T Hsieh, C L Tsai, C E Diabetes-Metab. 2002 April; 28(2): 107-14 1262-3636

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Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of alpha-amylase isozyme 1 from barley seeds. Author(s): Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines, Laboratoire de BioCristallographie CNRS-UMR 5086, 69367 Lyon CEDEX 07, France. Source: Robert, X Gottschalk, T E Haser, R Svensson, B Aghajari, N Acta-Crystallogr-DBiol-Crystallogr. 2002 April; 58(Pt 4): 683-6 0907-4449

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Factors affecting protein utilization in proanthocyanidin-free barley. Source: Newman, C.W. Newman, R.K. Bolin Heintzman, K. Roth, N.J. Hockett, E.A. Proc-Mont-Livest-Nutr-Conf. Bozeman, Mont. : Animal and Range Science Department, Montana State Univeristy. 1987. (38th) page 14.1-14.11.

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Flow behavior and functional properties of barley and oat water-soluble beta-Dglucan rich extractions. Source: Tejinder, S. Bhupinder, K. Harinder, K. Int-j-food-prop. Monticello, NY : Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2000. volume 3 (2) page 259-274. 1094-2912

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Genetic and environmental variation in beta-glucan content and quality parameters of barley for food. Source: Fastnaught, C.E. Berglund, P.T. Holm, E.T. Fox, G.J. Crop-sci. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-. July/Aug 1996. volume 36 (4) page 941-946. 0011-183X

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Growth and photosynthetic responses to manganese and copper deficiencies in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley grass (Hordeum glaucum and H. leporinum). Source: Kriedemann, P.E. Anderson, J.E. Aust-J-Plant-Physiol. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 1988. volume 15 (3) page 429-446. 0310-7841

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Health-promoting properties of a high beta-glucan barley fraction. Source: Keagy, P.M. Knuckles, B.E. Yokoyama, W.H. Kahlon, T.S. Hudson, C.A. Nutrtoday. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. May/June 2001. volume36 (3) page 121-123. 0029-666X

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Heterogeneous reduction of quinone acceptors in intact barley leaves. Author(s): Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ul. 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia. Source: Egorova, E A Bukhov, N G Krendeleva, T E Rubin, A B Dokl-Biochem-Biophys. 2001 Mar-April; 377: 119-22 1607-6729

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Hull-less barley bran: a potential new product from an old grain. Source: Bhatty, R.S. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. Nov/December 1995. volume 40 (11) page 819-824. 0146-6283

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Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat, rice, and barley dietary fibers and fractions. Source: Kahlon, T.S. Chow, F.I. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. February 1997. volume 42 (2) page 86-92. 0146-6283

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Identification of the tRNAs which up-regulate agrostin, barley RIP and PAP-S, three ribosome-inactivating proteins of plant origin. Author(s): Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale dell'Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy. Source: Brigotti, M Keith, G Pallanca, A Carnicelli, D Alvergna, P Dirheimer, G Montanaro, L Sperti, S FEBS-Lett. 1998 July 17; 431(2): 259-62 0014-5793

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Influence of magnesium on the dynamics of nutrient intake by spring barley. Vplyv horcika na dynamiku prijimania zivin jarnym jacmenom. Source: Fecenko, J. Pol'nohospod-Sel'sk-Khoz-Agric. Bratislava, Czechoslovakia : Slovenskej akademia vied. 1984. volume 30 (4) page 289-300 ill.

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Marker-based selection of QTL affecting grain and malt quality in two-row barley. Source: Igartua, E. Edney, M. Rossnagel, B.G. Spaner, D. Legge, W.G. Scoles, G.J. Eckstein, P.E. Penner, G.A. Tinker, N.A. Briggs, K.G. Falk, D.E. Crop-sci. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-. Sept/October 2000. volume 40 (5) page 14261433. 0011-183X

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Performance, intake and digestibility of lambs fed alfalfa hay and various levels of barley. Source: Ruder, R.P. Burgwald Balstad, L.A. Sanson, D.W. Riley, M.L. Russell, W.C. Sheep-goat-res-j. Englewood, CO : American Sheep Industry Association, 1994-. 1997. volume 13 (2) page 60-66.

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Physicochemical characterization of barley carbohydrates resistant to digestion in a human ileostomate. Source: Botham, R.L. Cairns, P. Faulks, R.M. Livesey, G. Morris, V.J. Noel, T.R. Ring, S.G. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Jan/February 1997. volume 74 (1) page 29-33. 0009-0352

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Prebiotic treatment of experimental colitis with germinated barley foodstuff: A comparison with probiotic or antibiotic treatment. Author(s): Pharmaceutical Division, Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 1508011, Japan. Source: Fukuda, Masanobu Kanauchi, Osamu Araki, Yoshio Andoh, Akira Mitsuyama, Keiichi Takagi, Kohsuke Toyonaga, Atsushi Sata, Michio Fujiyama, Yoshihide Fukuoka, Masamichi Matsumoto, Yoshiaki Bamba, Tadao Int-J-Mol-Med. 2002 January; 9(1): 65-70 1107-3756

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Proteolysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ferredoxin-glutamate synthase affects ferredoxin- and methyl viologen-dependent enzyme activities differently. Source: Pajuelo, P. Pajuelo, E. Marquez, A.J. J-plant-physiol. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer,. November 2000. volume 157 (5) page 575-579. 0176-1617

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Purification and characterization of a new class of insect alpha-amylase inhibitors from barley. Source: Zhang, N. Jones, B.L. Tao, H.P. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Mar/April 1997. volume 74 (2) page 119-122. 0009-0352

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Recovery and nutritional evaluation of dietary fiber ingredients from a barley byproduct. Source: Weber, F.E. Chaudhary, V.K. Cereal-foods-world (USA). (August 1987). volume 32(8) page 548-550. 0146-6283

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Size characterization of barley starch granules by gravitational field-flow fractionation: a rapid, low-cost method to assess the brewing capability of different strains. Author(s): Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy. [email protected] Source: Reschiglian, P Zattoni, A Casolari, S Krumlova, A Budinska, M Chmelik, J AnnChim. 2002 April; 92(4): 457-67 0003-4592

•

Stimulation of nitrate reductase activity by a latent protein factor in barley leaf extracts. Source: Koundal, K.R. Sawhney, S.K. Plant-Physiol-Biochem. New Delhi : Society for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 1986. volume 13 (2) page 68-77. 0254-3591

•

The effect of supplementation of grass silage with rapeseed meal or Gasol-treated barley on the performance of growing cattle. Source: Huhtanen, P. Poutiainen, E. Mikkola, T. J-Agric-Sci-Finl-MaataloustieteellinenAikak. Helsinki : The Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland. 1985. volume 57 (2) page 75-84. 0782-4386

•

The effect of supplements of whole or pelleted barley on the voluntary feed intake and digestibility of grass silage by ewes. Source: Tait, R.M. Robertson, M. Proc-Annu-Meet-West-Sect-Am-Soc-Anim-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1988. volume 39 page 392-394. 0569-7832

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The effects of intraruminal infusions of sucrose and xylose on nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen and intestines of cattle receiving diets of grass silage and barley. Source: Huhtanen, P. J-Agric-Sci-Finl-Maataloustieteellinen-Aikak. Helsinki : The Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland. 1987. volume 59 (5) page 405-424. 0782-4386

•

The hypocholesterolemic function of barley beta-glucans. Source: Newman, R.K. Newman, C.W. Graham, H. Cereal-Foods-World. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. October 1989. volume 34 (10) page 883-886. charts. 0146-6283

•

The influence of amino acids on feed intake and protein utilization in piglets. 2 The supplementation of synthetic amino acids to barley- and bloodmeal-protein. Einfluss von Aminosauren-Zulagen auf die Futteraufnhme und die Proteinverwertung von Ferkeln. 2. Erganzung von Gerste-Blutmehlrationen mit synthetischen Aminosauren. Source: Gruber, F. Menke, K.H. Z-Tierphysiol-Tierernahr-Futtermittelkd-J-AnimPhysiol-Anim-Nutr. Hamburg, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. May 1986. volume 55 (4/5) page 256-267. 0044-3565

•

The potential of hull-less barley--a review. Source: Bhatty, R.S. Cereal-Chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. Mar/April 1986. volume 63 (2) page 97-103. ill. 0009-0352

•

Treatment of ulcerative colitis by feeding with germinated barley foodstuff: first report of a multicenter open control trial. Author(s): Nutrient Food and Feed Division, Kirin Brewery, 10-1-2 Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8288, Japan.

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Source: Kanauchi, O Suga, T Tochihara, M Hibi, T Naganuma, M Homma, T Asakura, H Nakano, H Takahama, K Fujiyama, Y Andoh, A Shimoyama, T Hida, N Haruma, K Koga, H Mitsuyama, K Sata, M Fukuda, M Kojima, A Bamba, T J-Gastroenterol. 2002 November; 37 Suppl 14: 67-72 0944-1174 •

Tryptamine in zinc-deficient barley. Source: Takaki, H. Arita, S. Soil-Sci-Plant-Nutr. Tokyo : Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. Sept 1986. volume 32 (3) page 433-442. 0038-0768

•

Wheat and barley silages for beef cattle. Source: Bolsen, K. Rep-Prog-Kans-Agric-Exp-Stn-Kans-State-Coll-Agric-Appl-Sci. Manhattan, Kan. : The Station. April 1983. (434) page 23-27.

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “barley” (or a synonym): •

A broad spectrum of barley. Author(s): ICARDA, Aleppo (Syria) Source: Goodchild, T. El Haramein, F. ICARDA-Caravan (ICARDA). (1996). (no. 2) page 16-18. (Winter issue 1995/96). hordeum vulgare sheep straw heritability nutritive value infrared spectrophotometry middle east north africa 1025-0972

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Carbohydrate make up of huskey barley. Source: Yadav, S.K. Luthra, Y.P. Sood, D.R. Singh, D. Starch-Staerke (Germany). (2000). volume 52(4) page 125-128. cereals barley chemistry glumes peeling carbohydrates starch chemical composition dietary fibres sugar lignins organic matter 0038-9056

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Effects of supplementation of xylanase or beta-glucanase containing enzyme preparations to either rye- or barley-based broiler diets on performance and nutrient digestibility. Source: Daenicke, S. Simon, O. Jeroch, H. Archiv-fuer-Gefluegelkunde (Germany). (1999). volume 63(6) page 252-259. broiler chickens feed additives enzyme preparations glycosidases rye barley pentosans glucans nutrients digestibility weight gain feed conversion efficiency digesta viscosity 0003-9098

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Influence of feeding diets with barley or oat to growing geese on performance, digestibility of nutrients and concentration of VLDL, triglyceride and cholesterol in blood plasma. Source: Vetesi, M. Orosz, S. Mezes, M. Archiv-fuer-Gefluegelkunde (Germany). (2000). volume 64(5) page 219-223. geese rations barley oats dietary fibres crude fibre feed intake feed conversion efficiency growth dressing percentage lipid content blood plasma triglycerides cholesterol lipoproteins 0003-9098

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Investigation on the effect of additional bile salts on growth and blood parameters in Peking duck fed with barley-based diet. Source: Orosz, S. Mezes, M. Vetesi, M. Erdelyi, M. Kiss, L. Archiv-fuer-Gefluegelkunde (Germany). (2000). volume 64(5) page 224-230. ducks rations barley crude fibre dietary fibres growth weight gain feed conversion efficiency bile salts bile acids digestive absorption lipid metabolism blood plasma triglycerides cholesterol lipoproteins 00039098

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The effect of beta-glucanase alone and in combination with xylanase on the nutritive value of diets based on barley of low or high viscosity in broiler chickens. Source: Salobir, J. Pogorelec, R. Novak, B. Koman Rajsp, M. Bogdanic, C. Malensek, A. Salobir, K. Oresnik, A. Archiv-fuer-Gefluegelkunde (Germany). (2000). volume 64(5) page 231-236. broiler chickens rations barley feed additives enzyme preparations

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glycosidases growth weight gain feed conversion efficiency energy exchange nitrogen retention digesta viscosity 0003-9098 •

Variability in malting barley, cultivar Ruen, induced by tissue culture and mutagen tratment. Author(s): Barley Research Institute, 8400 Karnobat (Bulgaria) Source: Gramatikova, M. Mersinkov, N. Bojanova, V. Trifonova, A. Genetics-andBreeding (Bulgaria). (1996-1997). volume 28(3-4) page 21-25. hordeum malting barley varieties plant embryos mutagens genetic variation in vitro regeneration 1310-4292

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A comparison of wheat and barley in diets fed ad libitum as dry meal to finishing pigs. Source: Walker, N. Rec-Agric-Res. Belfast : Dept. of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. 1987. volume 35 page 37-41. 0375-0698

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A purified green barley extract with modulatory properties upon TNF alpha and ROS released by human specialised cells isolated from RA patients. Author(s): Cantacuzino Institute, Bucharest, Romania. Source: Cremer, L Herold, A Avram, D Szegli, G Roum-Arch-Microbiol-Immunol. 1998 Jul-December; 57(3-4): 231-42 1222-3891

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Barley alpha-amylase Met53 situated at the high-affinity subsite -2 belongs to a substrate binding motif in the beta-->alpha loop 2 of the catalytic (beta/alpha)8-barrel and is critical for activity and substrate specificity. Author(s): Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark. Source: Mori, H Bak Jensen, K S Svensson, B Eur-J-Biochem. 2002 November; 269(22): 5377-90 0014-2956

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Barley and sugar corn silage harvested at two-stages of maturity vs. corn silage for growing beef steers. Source: Kercher, C.J. Lauer, J. Jones, R. Proc-Annu-Meet-West-Sect-Am-Soc-Anim-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1987. volume 38 page 343-344, 315. 0569-7832

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Barley bran flour evaluated as dietary fiber ingredient in wheat bread. Source: Chaudhary, V.K. Weber, F.E. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. June 1990. volume 35 (6) page 560-562. 0146-6283

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Barley diets supplemented with beta-glucanase improve digestibility. Source: Goihl, J. Feedstuffs. Carol Stream, Ill. : Miller Publishing Company. Sept 23, 1996. volume 68 (40) page 13-14. 0014-9624

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Barley processing: its influence on digestibility and rumen fermentation in cattle. Source: Morgan, E.K. Gibson, M.L. Males, J.R. Nelson, M.L. Proc-Annu-Meet-West-SectAm-Soc-Anim-Sci. [S.l.] : The Society. 1988. volume 39 page 318-321. 0569-7832

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Binding interactions between barley thaumatin-like proteins and (1,3)-beta-Dglucans. Kinetics, specificity, structural analysis and biological implications. Author(s): The Department of Plant Science, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia. Source: Osmond, R I Hrmova, M Fontaine, F Imberty, A Fincher, G B Eur-J-Biochem. 2001 August; 268(15): 4190-9 0014-2956

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•

Bioevaluation of barley cultivars using growing rats. Source: Danielson, A.D. Newman, C.W. Proc-Mont-Acad-Sci. [S.l.] : The Academy. 1989. volume 49 page 13-18.

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Canola meal compared with urea in a barley and potato processing residue finishing diet for feedlot steers. Source: Hinman, D.D. Sorensen, S.J. Momont, P.A. Spiece, L. Prof-anim-sci. Savoy, IL : American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. Sept 1999. volume 15 (3) page 191195. 1080-7446

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Cell structure of pseudonodules formed on the roots of barley and rice. Source: Xueqin, S. Jing, Y. Nitrogen fixation with non-legumes proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes, held 16-21 October 1996 in Faisalabad, Pakistan / International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Nonlegumes. Dordrecht; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. page 133-142. ISBN: 0792348737 (hb : alk paper)

•

Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of some hull less and hulled barley cultivars grown in India. Author(s): CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, IND-Hisar-125 004, India. [email protected] Source: Jood, S Kalra, S Nahrung. 2001 February; 45(1): 35-9 0027-769X

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Composition and utilization of barley pearling by-products for making functional pastas rich in dietary fiber and beta-glucans. Source: Marconi, E. Graziano, M. Cubadda, R. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Mar/April 2000. volume 77 (2) page 133-139. 0009-0352

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Digestibility and energy value of non-starch polysaccharides in young chickens, ducks and geese, fed diets containing high amounts of barley. Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Quality, Agricultural University, Ul. Chelmonskiego 38D, PL-51-630 Wroclaw, Poland. [email protected] Source: Jamroz, Dorota Jakobsen, Kirsten Bach Knudsen, Knud Erik Wiliczkiewicz, Andrzej Orda, Janusz Comp-Biochem-Physiol-A-Mol-Integr-Physiol. 2002 March; 131(3): 657-68 1095-6433

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Drylot wintering of pregnant beef cows supplemented with either a 12 percent crude protein heat processed molasses block or dry rolled barley. Source: Landblom, D.G. Nelson, J.L. Caton, J.S. Boyles, S.L. N-D-Farm-Res-N-D-AgricExp-Stn. Fargo, N.D. : The Station. Jan/February 1990. volume 47 (4) page 19-21. 00975338

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Effect of barley beta-glucan in durum wheat pasta on human glycemic response. Source: Yokoyama, W.H. Hudson, C.A. Knuckles, B.E. Chiu, M.C.M. Sayre, R.N. Turnlund, J.R. Schneeman, B.O. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. May/June 1997. volume 74 (3) page 293-296. 0009-0352

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Effect of barley flour and wheat bran supplementation on the properties and composition of Turkish flat bread, yufka. Source: Basman, A. Koksel, H. Eur-food-res-technol. Berlin : Springer, c1999-. 2001. volume 212 (2) page 198-202. 1438-2377

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Effect of Cu on the distribution of P, Ca, and Fe in barley plants. Source: Brown, J.C. Foy, C.D. Soil-Sci. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins. December 1964. volume 98 (6) page 362-370. ill. 0038-075X

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Effect of dietary fibers in rice and barley on lipid and cadmium metabolism in the rat. Author(s): Ewha Womans University, Seoul (Korea Republic). Department of Food and Nutrition Source: Kim, M.K. Paek, J.E. The-Korean-Journal-of-Nutrition. (April 1997). volume 30(3) page 252-265. 0367-6463

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Effect of formic acid with formalin or barley incorporation into grass silage on silage fermentation and the performance of dairy cows. Source: Haigh, P.M. Davies, O.D. J-agric-eng-res. London; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-. March 1998. volume 69 (3) page 261-265. 0021-8634

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Effects of mould and toxin contaminated barley on laying hens performance and health. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Tilzes 18, LT 3022 Kaunas, Lithuania. [email protected] Source: Garaleviciene, D Pettersson, H Augonyte, G Elwinger, K Lindberg, J E ArchTierernahr. 2001; 55(1): 25-42 0003-942X

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Effects of young barley leaf extract and antioxidative vitamins on LDL oxidation and free radical scavenging activities in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Department of Nutrition, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan. Source: Yu, Y M Chang, W C Chang, C T Hsieh, C L Tsai, C E Diabetes-Metab. 2002 April; 28(2): 107-14 1262-3636

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Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of alpha-amylase isozyme 1 from barley seeds. Author(s): Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines, Laboratoire de BioCristallographie CNRS-UMR 5086, 69367 Lyon CEDEX 07, France. Source: Robert, X Gottschalk, T E Haser, R Svensson, B Aghajari, N Acta-Crystallogr-DBiol-Crystallogr. 2002 April; 58(Pt 4): 683-6 0907-4449

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Factors affecting protein utilization in proanthocyanidin-free barley. Source: Newman, C.W. Newman, R.K. Bolin Heintzman, K. Roth, N.J. Hockett, E.A. Proc-Mont-Livest-Nutr-Conf. Bozeman, Mont. : Animal and Range Science Department, Montana State Univeristy. 1987. (38th) page 14.1-14.11.

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Flow behavior and functional properties of barley and oat water-soluble beta-Dglucan rich extractions. Source: Tejinder, S. Bhupinder, K. Harinder, K. Int-j-food-prop. Monticello, NY : Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2000. volume 3 (2) page 259-274. 1094-2912

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Genetic and environmental variation in beta-glucan content and quality parameters of barley for food. Source: Fastnaught, C.E. Berglund, P.T. Holm, E.T. Fox, G.J. Crop-sci. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-. July/Aug 1996. volume 36 (4) page 941-946. 0011-183X

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Growth and photosynthetic responses to manganese and copper deficiencies in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley grass (Hordeum glaucum and H. leporinum). Source: Kriedemann, P.E. Anderson, J.E. Aust-J-Plant-Physiol. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 1988. volume 15 (3) page 429-446. 0310-7841

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Health-promoting properties of a high beta-glucan barley fraction. Source: Keagy, P.M. Knuckles, B.E. Yokoyama, W.H. Kahlon, T.S. Hudson, C.A. Nutrtoday. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. May/June 2001. volume36 (3) page 121-123. 0029-666X

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•

Heterogeneous reduction of quinone acceptors in intact barley leaves. Author(s): Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ul. 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia. Source: Egorova, E A Bukhov, N G Krendeleva, T E Rubin, A B Dokl-Biochem-Biophys. 2001 Mar-April; 377: 119-22 1607-6729

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Hull-less barley bran: a potential new product from an old grain. Source: Bhatty, R.S. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. Nov/December 1995. volume 40 (11) page 819-824. 0146-6283

•

Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat, rice, and barley dietary fibers and fractions. Source: Kahlon, T.S. Chow, F.I. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. February 1997. volume 42 (2) page 86-92. 0146-6283

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Identification of the tRNAs which up-regulate agrostin, barley RIP and PAP-S, three ribosome-inactivating proteins of plant origin. Author(s): Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale dell'Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy. Source: Brigotti, M Keith, G Pallanca, A Carnicelli, D Alvergna, P Dirheimer, G Montanaro, L Sperti, S FEBS-Lett. 1998 July 17; 431(2): 259-62 0014-5793

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Influence of magnesium on the dynamics of nutrient intake by spring barley. Vplyv horcika na dynamiku prijimania zivin jarnym jacmenom. Source: Fecenko, J. Pol'nohospod-Sel'sk-Khoz-Agric. Bratislava, Czechoslovakia : Slovenskej akademia vied. 1984. volume 30 (4) page 289-300 ill.

•

Marker-based selection of QTL affecting grain and malt quality in two-row barley. Source: Igartua, E. Edney, M. Rossnagel, B.G. Spaner, D. Legge, W.G. Scoles, G.J. Eckstein, P.E. Penner, G.A. Tinker, N.A. Briggs, K.G. Falk, D.E. Crop-sci. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-. Sept/October 2000. volume 40 (5) page 14261433. 0011-183X

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Performance, intake and digestibility of lambs fed alfalfa hay and various levels of barley. Source: Ruder, R.P. Burgwald Balstad, L.A. Sanson, D.W. Riley, M.L. Russell, W.C. Sheep-goat-res-j. Englewood, CO : American Sheep Industry Association, 1994-. 1997. volume 13 (2) page 60-66.

•

Physicochemical characterization of barley carbohydrates resistant to digestion in a human ileostomate. Source: Botham, R.L. Cairns, P. Faulks, R.M. Livesey, G. Morris, V.J. Noel, T.R. Ring, S.G. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Jan/February 1997. volume 74 (1) page 29-33. 0009-0352

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Prebiotic treatment of experimental colitis with germinated barley foodstuff: A comparison with probiotic or antibiotic treatment. Author(s): Pharmaceutical Division, Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 1508011, Japan. Source: Fukuda, Masanobu Kanauchi, Osamu Araki, Yoshio Andoh, Akira Mitsuyama, Keiichi Takagi, Kohsuke Toyonaga, Atsushi Sata, Michio Fujiyama, Yoshihide Fukuoka, Masamichi Matsumoto, Yoshiaki Bamba, Tadao Int-J-Mol-Med. 2002 January; 9(1): 65-70 1107-3756

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Proteolysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ferredoxin-glutamate synthase affects ferredoxin- and methyl viologen-dependent enzyme activities differently. Source: Pajuelo, P. Pajuelo, E. Marquez, A.J. J-plant-physiol. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer,. November 2000. volume 157 (5) page 575-579. 0176-1617

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Purification and characterization of a new class of insect alpha-amylase inhibitors from barley. Source: Zhang, N. Jones, B.L. Tao, H.P. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Mar/April 1997. volume 74 (2) page 119-122. 0009-0352

•

Recovery and nutritional evaluation of dietary fiber ingredients from a barley byproduct. Source: Weber, F.E. Chaudhary, V.K. Cereal-foods-world (USA). (August 1987). volume 32(8) page 548-550. 0146-6283

•

Size characterization of barley starch granules by gravitational field-flow fractionation: a rapid, low-cost method to assess the brewing capability of different strains. Author(s): Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy. [email protected] Source: Reschiglian, P Zattoni, A Casolari, S Krumlova, A Budinska, M Chmelik, J AnnChim. 2002 April; 92(4): 457-67 0003-4592

•

Stimulation of nitrate reductase activity by a latent protein factor in barley leaf extracts. Source: Koundal, K.R. Sawhney, S.K. Plant-Physiol-Biochem. New Delhi : Society for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 1986. volume 13 (2) page 68-77. 0254-3591

•

The effect of supplementation of grass silage with rapeseed meal or Gasol-treated barley on the performance of growing cattle. Source: Huhtanen, P. Poutiainen, E. Mikkola, T. J-Agric-Sci-Finl-MaataloustieteellinenAikak. Helsinki : The Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland. 1985. volume 57 (2) page 75-84. 0782-4386

•

The effects of intraruminal infusions of sucrose and xylose on nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen and intestines of cattle receiving diets of grass silage and barley. Source: Huhtanen, P. J-Agric-Sci-Finl-Maataloustieteellinen-Aikak. Helsinki : The Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland. 1987. volume 59 (5) page 405-424. 0782-4386

•

The hypocholesterolemic function of barley beta-glucans. Source: Newman, R.K. Newman, C.W. Graham, H. Cereal-Foods-World. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. October 1989. volume 34 (10) page 883-886. charts. 0146-6283

•

The influence of amino acids on feed intake and protein utilization in piglets. 2 The supplementation of synthetic amino acids to barley- and bloodmeal-protein. Einfluss von Aminosauren-Zulagen auf die Futteraufnhme und die Proteinverwertung von Ferkeln. 2. Erganzung von Gerste-Blutmehlrationen mit synthetischen Aminosauren. Source: Gruber, F. Menke, K.H. Z-Tierphysiol-Tierernahr-Futtermittelkd-J-AnimPhysiol-Anim-Nutr. Hamburg, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. May 1986. volume 55 (4/5) page 256-267. 0044-3565

•

The potential of hull-less barley--a review. Source: Bhatty, R.S. Cereal-Chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists. Mar/April 1986. volume 63 (2) page 97-103. ill. 0009-0352

•

Treatment of ulcerative colitis by feeding with germinated barley foodstuff: first report of a multicenter open control trial. Author(s): Nutrient Food and Feed Division, Kirin Brewery, 10-1-2 Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8288, Japan.

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Source: Kanauchi, O Suga, T Tochihara, M Hibi, T Naganuma, M Homma, T Asakura, H Nakano, H Takahama, K Fujiyama, Y Andoh, A Shimoyama, T Hida, N Haruma, K Koga, H Mitsuyama, K Sata, M Fukuda, M Kojima, A Bamba, T J-Gastroenterol. 2002 November; 37 Suppl 14: 67-72 0944-1174 •

Tryptamine in zinc-deficient barley. Source: Takaki, H. Arita, S. Soil-Sci-Plant-Nutr. Tokyo : Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. Sept 1986. volume 32 (3) page 433-442. 0038-0768

•

Wheat and barley silages for beef cattle. Source: Bolsen, K. Rep-Prog-Kans-Agric-Exp-Stn-Kans-State-Coll-Agric-Appl-Sci. Manhattan, Kan. : The Station. April 1983. (434) page 23-27.

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Barley

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to barley; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin B3 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html

•

Minerals Biotin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10008,00.html Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Food and Diet Amaranth Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,69,00.html Barley Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barley Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,70,00.html Chicken Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Cold Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Corn-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-free Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gluten-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High-fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Millet Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,72,00.html Miso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,201,00.html Multi-grain Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oat Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rye Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,78,00.html Wheat-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BARLEY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to barley. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to barley and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to barley: •

A differential rate of regional distribution of barley flavonoid patterns in Ethiopia, and a view on the center of origin of barley. Author(s): Bekele E. Source: Hereditas. 1983; 98(2): 269-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6874399&dopt=Abstract

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A new prebiotic from germinated barley for nutraceutical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Bamba T, Kanauchi O, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 August; 17(8): 818-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164955&dopt=Abstract

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Amino acid and vitamin supplementation to barley-cottonseed meal diets for growing-finishing swine. Author(s): Hintz HF, Heitman H Jr. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1967 May; 26(3): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6072047&dopt=Abstract

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An examination of the possibility of lowering the glycemic index of oat and barley flakes by minimal processing. Author(s): Granfeldt Y, Eliasson AC, Bjorck I. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 September; 130(9): 2207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958814&dopt=Abstract

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Barley distillers grains as a protein supplement for dairy cows. Author(s): Weiss WP, Erickson DO, Erickson GM, Fisher GR. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1989 April; 72(4): 980-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2745818&dopt=Abstract

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Barley yellow rust in North America. Author(s): Brown WM Jr, Hill JP, Velasco VR. Source: Annual Review of Phytopathology. 2001; 39: 367-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701870&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical properties and hormonal regulation of barley nuclease. Author(s): Brown PH, Ho TH. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1987 October 15; 168(2): 357-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2822411&dopt=Abstract

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Blue light regulates the accumulation of two psbD-psbC transcripts in barley chloroplasts. Author(s): Gamble PE, Mullet JE. Source: The Embo Journal. 1989 October; 8(10): 2785-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2479534&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron balances in young women: effects of a lowphytate barley-fiber concentrate. Author(s): Wisker E, Nagel R, Tanudjaja TK, Feldheim W. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 September; 54(3): 553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1652199&dopt=Abstract

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Catalase activity of a crude enzyme preparation from iron-chlorotic barley (hordeum vulgaris) seedlings. Author(s): KOTAKA S, KRUEGER AP, ANDRIESE PC.

Alternative Medicine 69

Source: Nature. 1964 December 19; 204: 1198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14264380&dopt=Abstract •

Characteristics of purified protoporphyrinogen oxidase from barley. Author(s): Jacobs NJ, Borotz SE, Jacobs JM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1989 June 15; 161(2): 790-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2735923&dopt=Abstract

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Compositional and digestibility changes in sprouted barley and canola seeds. Author(s): Chung TY, Nwokolo EN, Sim JS. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1989 September; 39(3): 267-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2608636&dopt=Abstract

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Cytochemical determination of changes in nuclear histone content in differentiating root cells of barley and garlic. Brief report. Author(s): Kusanagi A, Yanagi T. Source: Protoplasma. 1970; 69(2): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5417799&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and quantification of ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in barley grains by GC-MS and electronic nose. Author(s): Olsson J, Borjesson T, Lundstedt T, Schnurer J. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2002 February 5; 72(3): 203-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845819&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary effect of phytogenic phytase and an addition of microbial phytase to a diet based on field beans, wheat, peas and barley on the utilization of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and protein in piglets. Author(s): Pallauf J, Rimbach G, Pippig S, Schindler B, Hohler D, Most E. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1994 June; 33(2): 128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079507&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fiber fraction of germinated barley foodstuff attenuated mucosal damage and diarrhea, and accelerated the repair of the colonic mucosa in an experimental colitis. Author(s): Kanauchi O, Iwanaga T, Andoh A, Araki Y, Nakamura T, Mitsuyama K, Suzuki A, Hibi T, Bamba T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 February; 16(2): 160-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207896&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta-glucanase supplementation to hulless barley- or wheat-soybean meal diets on the digestibilities of energy, protein, beta-glucans, and amino acids in young

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pigs. Author(s): Li S, Sauer WC, Huang SX, Gabert VM. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1996 July; 74(7): 1649-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818811&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of biotin supplementation of a barley-wheat diet on restoration of healthy feet, legs and skin of biotin deficient sows. Author(s): Misir R, Blair R. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1986 March; 40(2): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3704339&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of calcium, other ions, and pH on the reactions of barley peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide and fluoride. Control of activity through conformational change. Author(s): Rasmussen CB, Hiner AN, Smith AT, Welinder KG. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998 January 23; 273(4): 2232-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9442066&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on barley and yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Author(s): Farkas GL, Gobel M. Source: Acta Biochim Biophys Acad Sci Hung. 1969; 4(2): 161-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4390586&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of some sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides on the biosynthesis of polyisoprenoid compounds in barley seedings. Author(s): Mercer EI, Khalil IA, Wang ZX. Source: Steroids. 1989 March-May; 53(3-5): 393-412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2799851&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamin E supplementation on weight gain, immune competence, and disease incidence in barley-fed beef cattle. Author(s): Pehrson B, Hakkarainen J, Tornquist M, Edfors K, Fossum C. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1991 March; 74(3): 1054-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2071706&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of preservation method and beta-glucanase supplementation on ileal amino acid digestibility and feeding value of barley for poultry. Author(s): Perttila S, Valaja J, Partanen K, Jalava T, Kiiskinen T, Palander S. Source: British Poultry Science. 2001 May; 42(2): 218-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421332&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the selective herbicide fluazifop on fatty acid synthesis in pea (Pisum sativum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Author(s): Walker KA, Ridley SM, Harwood JL.


Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1988 September 15; 254(3): 811-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3196294&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of young barley leaf extract and antioxidative vitamins on LDL oxidation and free radical scavenging activities in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Yu YM, Chang WC, Chang CT, Hsieh CL, Tsai CE. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2002 April; 28(2): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976562&dopt=Abstract

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Enzymes (beta-glucanase and arabinoxylanase) and/or sepiolite supplementation and the nutritive value of maize-barley-wheat based diets for broiler chickens. Author(s): Ouhida I, Perez JF, Gasa J, Puchal F. Source: British Poultry Science. 2000 December; 41(5): 617-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201443&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of antigenicity of germinated barley foodstuff for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in a chronic murine colitis model. Author(s): Kanauchi O, Serizawa I, Matsumura T, Fukuda Y, Satomi M. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2001 February; 7(2): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11172616&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid biosynthesis in the leaves of barley, wheat and pea. Author(s): Wharfe J, Harwood JL. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1978 July 15; 174(1): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=697749&dopt=Abstract

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Fermentation in human subjects of nonstarch polysaccharides in mixed diets, but not in a barley fiber concentrate, could be predicted by in vitro fermentation using human fecal inocula. Author(s): Daniel M, Wisker E, Rave G, Feldheim W. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 October; 127(10): 1981-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9311954&dopt=Abstract

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Flavone glucoside uptake into barley mesophyll and Arabidopsis cell culture vacuoles. Energization occurs by H(+)-antiport and ATP-binding cassette-type mechanisms. Author(s): Frangne N, Eggmann T, Koblischke C, Weissenbock G, Martinoia E, Klein M. Source: Plant Physiology. 2002 February; 128(2): 726-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842175&dopt=Abstract

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Germinated barley foodstuff, a prebiotic product, ameliorates inflammation of colitis through modulation of the enteric environment.

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Author(s): Kanauchi O, Serizawa I, Araki Y, Suzuki A, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Takaki K, Toyonaga A, Sata M, Bamba T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(2): 134-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640526&dopt=Abstract •

Homeopathically prepared gibberellic acid and barley seed germination. Author(s): Hamman B, Koning G, Lok KH. Source: Homeopathy. 2003 July; 92(3): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884896&dopt=Abstract

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Host-controlled cell-to-cell movement of a hybrid barley stripe mosaic virus expressing a dianthovirus movement protein. Author(s): Solovyev AG, Zelenina DA, Savenkov EI, Grdzelishvili VZ, Morozov SYu, Maiss E, Casper R, Atabekov JG. Source: Intervirology. 1997; 40(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9268764&dopt=Abstract

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Identification, characterization, and comparison of RNA-degrading enzymes of wheat and barley. Author(s): Yen Y, Baenziger PS. Source: Biochemical Genetics. 1993 April; 31(3-4): 133-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7689828&dopt=Abstract

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Immunotoxin construction with a ribosome-inactivating protein from barley. Author(s): Ebert RF, Spryn LA. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 1990 September-October; 1(5): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2098110&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of fungicides on active oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exposed to ozone. Author(s): Wu YX, von TA. Source: Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2002; 116(1): 37-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808554&dopt=Abstract

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Import of barley photosystem I subunit N into the thylakoid lumen is mediated by a bipartite presequence lacking an intermediate processing site. Role of the delta pH in translocation across the thylakoid membrane. Author(s): Nielsen VS, Mant A, Knoetzel J, Moller BL, Robinson C. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1994 February 4; 269(5): 3762-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8106420&dopt=Abstract


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Influence of barley and buffer supplements on quantitative aspects of ruminal fiber digestion of cows. Author(s): Martin C, Michalet-Doreau B. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 1996; 49(3): 203-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8767054&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of nitrate transport by anti-nitrate reductase IgG fragments and the identification of plasma membrane associated nitrate reductase in roots of barley seedlings. Author(s): Ward MR, Tischner R, Huffaker RC. Source: Plant Physiology. 1988; 88: 1141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11537434&dopt=Abstract

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Jasmonate-induced changes in flavonoid metabolism in barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves. Author(s): Ishihara A, Ogura Y, Tebayashi S, Iwamura H. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 October; 66(10): 2176-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450129&dopt=Abstract

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Light-induced switch in barley psbD-psbC promoter utilization: a novel mechanism regulating chloroplast gene expression. Author(s): Sexton TB, Christopher DA, Mullet JE. Source: The Embo Journal. 1990 December; 9(13): 4485-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2265614&dopt=Abstract

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Nitrate reductase activation state in barley roots in relation to the energy and carbohydrate status. Author(s): Botrel A, Kaiser WM. Source: Planta. 1997; 201(4): 496-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9151451&dopt=Abstract

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Partial purification and biochemical characterization of alkaline 5'-phosphodiesterase from barley malt sprouts. Author(s): Beluhan S, Karmelic I, Novak S, Maric V. Source: Biotechnology Letters. 2003 July; 25(13): 1099-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889821&dopt=Abstract

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Partial purification and enzymatic properties of an aminopeptidase from barley. Author(s): Kolehmainen L, Mikola J. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1971 August; 145(2): 633-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5001478&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, and cholecystokinin responses in men fed barley pasta enriched with beta-glucan. Author(s): Bourdon I, Yokoyama W, Davis P, Hudson C, Backus R, Richter D, Knuckles B, Schneeman BO. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925123&dopt=Abstract

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Prebiotic treatment of experimental colitis with germinated barley foodstuff: a comparison with probiotic or antibiotic treatment. Author(s): Fukuda M, Kanauchi O, Araki Y, Andoh A, Mitsuyama K, Takagi K, Toyonaga A, Sata M, Fujiyama Y, Fukuoka M, Matsumoto Y, Bamba T. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2002 January; 9(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744999&dopt=Abstract

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Precursors of one integral and five lumenal thylakoid proteins are imported by isolated pea and barley thylakoids: optimisation of in vitro assays. Author(s): Brock IW, Hazell L, Michl D, Nielsen VS, Moller BL, Herrmann RG, Klosgen RB, Robinson C. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1993 November; 23(4): 717-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251625&dopt=Abstract

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Production of patulin and cytochalasin E by Aspergillus clavatus during malting of barley and wheat. Author(s): Lopez-Diaz TM, Flannigan B. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1997 April 1; 35(2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9105920&dopt=Abstract

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Products based on a high fiber barley genotype, but not on common barley or oats, lower postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy humans. Author(s): Liljeberg HG, Granfeldt YE, Bjorck IM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1996 February; 126(2): 458-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8632219&dopt=Abstract

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Progressive supplementation of barley with amino acids in a pig diet. Author(s): Fuller MF, Livingstone RM, Mennie I. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1974 December; 33(3): 91A-93A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4471689&dopt=Abstract

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Properties of single-stranded RNA synthesized by a crude RNA polymerase fraction from barley leaves infected with brome mosaic virus. Author(s): Kummert J, Semal J.


Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1972 July; 16(1): 11-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4626032&dopt=Abstract •

Protected methionine supplementation to a barley-based diet for cows during early lactation. Author(s): Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1988 January; 71(1): 164-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372800&dopt=Abstract

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Protein quality in cereals and pulses. 1. Application of microbiological and other in vitro methods in the evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), barley and field beans (Vicia faba L.). Author(s): Ford JE, Hewitt D. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1979 March; 41(2): 341-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=427087&dopt=Abstract

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Protein quality in cereals and pulses. 2. Influence of polyethyleneglycol on the nutritional availability of methionine in sorghum (Sorghum vulgar Pers.), field beans (Vicia faba L.) and barley. Author(s): Ford JE, Hewitt D. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1979 September; 42(2): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=476044&dopt=Abstract

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Protein quality in cereals and pulses. 3. Bioassays with rats and chickens on sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), barley and field beans (Vicia faba L.). Influence of polyethylene glycol on digestibility on the protein in high-tannin grain. Author(s): Ford JE, Hewitt D. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1979 September; 42(2): 325-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=476045&dopt=Abstract

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Protein supplementation of barley diets for two breeds of gestating swine over two parities. Author(s): Young LG, Forshaw RP, Smith GC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1976 May; 42(5): 1182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=944688&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and characterization of 5'-phosphodiesterase from barley rootlets. Author(s): Wang AY, Juang RH, Chang CT, Sung HY. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993 April; 29(6): 1095-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7687182&dopt=Abstract

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Rate of passage of barley diets with chromium oxide: influence of age and poultry strain and effect of beta-glucanase supplementation. Author(s): Almirall M, Esteve-Garcia E. Source: Poultry Science. 1994 September; 73(9): 1433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7800645&dopt=Abstract

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Role of chromium in barley in modulating the symptoms of diabetes. Author(s): Mahdi GS, Naismith DJ. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1991; 35(2): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1872594&dopt=Abstract

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Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: partition of energy-yielding nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limbs in finishing lambs. Author(s): Majdoub L, Vermorel M, Ortigues-Marty I. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 April; 81(4): 1068-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723097&dopt=Abstract

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Secretion of a lipolytic protein aggregate by barley aleurone and its dissociation by starchy endosperm. Author(s): Lundgard R, Baisted D. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1986 September; 249(2): 447-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3753011&dopt=Abstract

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Some observations on the bleaching of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on green barley leaves. Author(s): Kotaka S, Krueger AP. Source: Plant Physiology. 1969 June; 44(6): 809-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4979046&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora of common-bean and barley. Author(s): Taha MI, Mahmoud SA, Abdel-Nasser M, Abdallah AR. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg. 1977; 132(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=910574&dopt=Abstract

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Study of metallopeptidase isozymes from malted barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Morex). Author(s): Fontanini D, Jones BL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 October; 49(10): 4903-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600042&dopt=Abstract

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Succession of indigenous Pseudomonas spp. and actinomycetes on barley roots affected by the antagonistic strain Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54 and the fungicide


imazalil. Author(s): Thirup L, Johnsen K, Winding A. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 March; 67(3): 1147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229904&dopt=Abstract •

The amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig. 2. Optimal additions of lysine and threonine for growth. Author(s): Fuller MF, Mennie I, Crofts RM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1979 March; 41(2): 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=427086&dopt=Abstract

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The components of barley stripe mosaic and related viruses. Author(s): Lane LC. Source: Virology. 1974 April; 58(2): 323-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4856569&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of barley stripe mosaic virus on the replication of tobacco mosaic virus in Hordeum vulgare L. Author(s): Dodda JA, Hamilton RI. Source: Virology. 1972 November; 50(2): 404-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4673851&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of dietary tea, coffee and cocoa on protein and energy utilization of soya-bean meal and barley in rats. Author(s): Eggum BO, Pedersen B, Jacobsen I. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1983 September; 50(2): 197-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6684477&dopt=Abstract

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The optimal amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig. 1. Response of nitrogen metabolism to progressive supplementation. Author(s): Fuller MF, Livingstone RM, Baird BA, Atkinson T. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1979 March; 41(2): 321-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=427085&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic value of barley in the management of diabetes. Author(s): Naismith DJ, Mahdi GS, Shakir NN. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1991; 35(2): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1872593&dopt=Abstract

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Transport of resistance-inducing sterols in phloem sap of barley. Author(s): Lehrer AT, Dugassa-Gobena D, Vidal S, Seifert K.

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Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2000 November-December; 55(11-12): 948-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204200&dopt=Abstract •

Treatment of ulcerative colitis with germinated barley foodstuff feeding: a pilot study. Author(s): Mitsuyama K, Saiki T, Kanauchi O, Iwanaga T, Tomiyasu N, Nishiyama T, Tateishi H, Shirachi A, Ide M, Suzuki A, Noguchi K, Ikeda H, Toyonaga A, Sata M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 December; 12(12): 1225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9882030&dopt=Abstract

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Uptake and distribution of 232U in peas and barley. Author(s): Schreckhise RG, Cline JF. Source: Health Physics. 1980 March; 38(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7390817&dopt=Abstract

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Volatiles for mycological quality grading of barley grains: determinations using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electronic nose. Author(s): Olsson J, Borjesson T, Lundstedt T, Schnurer J. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 September 10; 59(3): 167-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11020038&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc deficiency up-regulates expression of high-affinity phosphate transporter genes in both phosphate-sufficient and -deficient barley roots. Author(s): Huang C, Barker SJ, Langridge P, Smith FW, Graham RD. Source: Plant Physiology. 2000 September; 124(1): 415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10982454&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine


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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to barley; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acne Rosacea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Chinese Medicine Maiya Alternative names: Germinated Barley; Fructus Hordei Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qishiwei Zhenzhu Wan Alternative names: Qishiwei Zhenzhu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qishiwei%20Zhenzhu%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

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Herbs and Supplements Beta-glucan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorophyll Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara C Alternative names: Cardoon; Cynara cardunculus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma Oryzanol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma-oryzanol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10028,00.html


Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BARLEY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to barley. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “barley” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on barley, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Barley ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to barley. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Preliminary Evaluation of Haploidy As a Breeding Technique in Barley, Hordeum Vulgare L. Emend. Lam. by Johns, Wayne Albert; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20919

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A Study of Factors Influencing the Genetics of Reaction of Barley to Root-rot Caused by Helminthosporium Sativum P.k. and B by Cohen, Eliahou; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01175

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A Survey of Polymorphism and Genetic Variability in Heterogeneous Population of Barley by Acharya, Surya Narayan; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49151

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Abscisic Acid Regulated Gene Expression in Barley: Transcription Factors Interacting with Aba-responsive Promoters by Casaretto, Jose Antonio; Phd from Washington University, 2002, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083561

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Aggregate Versus Disaggregate Supply Response Models for Prairie Wheat and Barley by Anim-appiah, John; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK10952

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An Economic Analysis of the Social Cost of Regulated Value-of-service Wheat and Barley Rail Rates in the Upper Midwest. by Martin, Michael Vernon, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1978, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7813431

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An Endogenous Alpha-amylase Inhibitor from Barley Kernels by Weselake, Randall Joseph; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK57679

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Analysis of the Differential Adaptive Values and Genetic Diversity in Some Experimental Populations of Barley by Chaudhary, Hans Raj; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36916

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Barley Aleurone Xylanase Purification, Characterization, Synthesis and Roles in Cell Wall Degradation and Enzyme Release by Benjavongkulchai, Em-on; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37599

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Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus in Winter Wheat in Alabama by Van Riessen, Hendrik W.; Phd from Auburn University, 2002, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044029

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Biochemical Genetics of the Anthocyanins of Barley (hordenum Vulgare L.) by Mullick, Dharam Bir; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00474

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Bioeconomic Decision Models for Weed Management in Wheat, Barley, and Peas: an Econometric Approach by Kwon, Tae-jin, Phd from Washington State University, 1993, 376 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9402901

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Callus Induction from Barley Microspores by Marsolais, Albert A; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65578

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Changes in Storage Proteins and Nucleic Acids during Development of Barley Endosperm by Hasell, Yvonne P. C; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27159

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Chloroplast Development and Associated Changes in Protein Components of a Barley Mutant by Jhamb, Swadesh; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17566

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Cytolysis Factors As Criteria in the Evaluation of Malting Quality in Barley Breeding Programs by Bendelow, Victor M; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06787

Dissertations 85

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D N a Content of Dormant Barley Leaf Nuclei and the Synthesis of Nucleic Acids and Protein during Early Germination by Ahmed, Zia Uddin; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24904

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Derivation and Study of Primary Trisomics of Common Barley, Hordeum Vulgare L by Yu, Chao-ping Riley; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03511

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Development of Photochemical Activity in Relation to Pigment and Membrane Protein Accumulation by Chloroplasts of Greening Gateway Barley and Its Virescens Mutant by Kyle, David J; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK51522

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Domestic Demand for U.s. Feed Grains: Corn, Sorghum, Oats and Barley, an Econometric Analysis. by Womack, Abner Willis, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1976, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7712876

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Effect of Degradable Intake Protein, Harvest Management, Physical Processing and Genetics on Utilization of Corn, Barley and Whole-plant Corn Silage by Beef Cattle by Kennington, Lance Robert; Phd from University of Idaho, 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055390

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Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Treatment of Reconstituted Whole Plant Barley on Rumen Metabolites and Body Fluids by Ololade, Bamidele Gbadegesin; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14011

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Effects of Caco3, Silicate, and Organic Residues on Polyphosphate Retention and Hydrolysis in Soils, and P Uptake by Barley (hordeum Vulgare L.) by Mnkeni, P. N. S.; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66650

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Effects of Reduced Plant Height on Breeding Requirements and Agronomic Behaviour in Barley, Hordeum Vulgare, L. by Rossnagel, Brian Gordon; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37818

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Effects of Two Photoperiod Treatments on Photosynthesis and Growth of Fergus Barley by Ma, Paul Chiu-ki; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK41748

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Epidemiology and Control of Spot Blotch in Barley by Couture, Luc; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37395

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Evaluation of and Selection for Cross-pollination in Barley Hordeum Vulgare L. by Campbell, Kenneth Wilford; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23586

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Extrusion Technology for the Development of Barley Cereal Products and Bioactive Packaging Materials by Nam, Shin; , Msc from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2002, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76825

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Fine Structural Studies of Major Gene Resistance of Barley to the Powdery Mildew Fungus Erysiphe Graminis. Dc. by Rimmer, Samuel Roger; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28321

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From Mixed Strains of Barley Grain: Person and Place in a Ladakhi Village (ladakh, India) by Aggarwal, Ravina, Phd from Indiana University, 1994, 336 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9500420

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Genetic Control of Chromosome Elimination in Interspecific Hybrids Leading to Haploid Formation in Barley Hordeum Vulgare L. / by Ho, Keh Ming; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17994

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Genomic Analysis of Drought Tolerance in Wheat and Barley by Diab, Ayman Ali; Phd from Cornell University, 2003, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081370

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Glycollate Pathway Intermediates and Related Folate Metabolism in Greening Barley Leaves by Gifford, David John; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK44737

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Growth and Development of Barley Cultivars in Relation to Weed Competition (hordeum Vulgare, Sinapis Alba) by Didon, Ulla M. E.; Fildr from Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (sweden), 2002, 24 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f269089

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Growth and Liver Enzyme Response to Dietary Levels of Sulphur Amino Acids in Growing Rats and Pigs Receiving Barley-based Diets by Ngwira, Timothy Nyamayanji; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40742

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Heritability of Yield Stability in Barley Hordeum Vulgare L. by Sepahi, A; , Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12034

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Histological and Cytochemical Studies on Some Genetic Male-sterile Lines of Barley Hordeum Vulgare L. by Mian, Habib-ul-rahman; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15287

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Hormonal Control of the P-type Hydrogen(+)-atpase and 14-3-3 Proteins in Barley Aleurone by Spiegel, Yoav Natan; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063562

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Hydrolysis of Storage Proteins in Barley Endosperms Role of Gibberellic Acid by Rastogi, Vipin Kumar; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30589

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Impact of Late-season Irrigation Management on Malting Barley Yield and Quality by Qureshi, Zahid Ali; Phd from University of Idaho, 2003, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080261

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In Vitro Selection for Lysine and Threonine Mutants in Barley (hordeum Vulgare L.) by Kuruvinashetti, Mahalingappa S; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29007

Dissertations 87

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Influence of Barley, Red Clover and Weeds on Timothy Stands by Lemieux, Claudel; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL38279

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Influence of Toxin-free Mold-contaminated Barley and Ochratoxin a on Chick Perfomance and Methods to Reduce Their Effects by Rotter, Roland Gert; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51676

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Inheritance of Reaction to Loose Smut in Barley, Hordeum Vulgare L. Emend. Lam. by Wolfe, Robert Irvine; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK31689

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Isolation and Characterization of Endopeptidases from Barley (hordeum Vulgare L. Cv. Morex) Green Malt by Fontanini, Debora; Phd from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 2002, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049382

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Lipid Composition and Acetyl Coa Carboxylase Activity in Developing Leaves and Chloroplasts of Gateway Barley and Its Virescens Mutant by Thomson, Lawrence Wayne; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43569

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Masking of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Rna Genome in the Coat Protein of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus by Dodds, James Allan; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23059

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Molecular and Pathological Diagnosis of Seedborne Barley Scald Disease by Lee, Hyun-kyung; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ68596

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Molecular Dissection of Hormone Signaling Pathways in Barley Aleurone Cells by Zentella, Rodolfo; Phd from Washington University, 2002, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083599

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Parisitism of Barley by Ustilago Hordei (pers.) Lagerh. : Some Quantitative Aspects of Disease Expression by Groth, James Vernon; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22094

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Plant Volatiles Mediate Tritrophic Interactions: Barley, Aphids and Ladybirds (coccinella Septempunctata, Rhopalosiphum Padi, Hordeum Vulgare) by Ninkovic, Velemir; Agrdr from Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (sweden), 2002, 32 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f316321

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Polypeptide Synthesis by Mrna Isolated from a Variety of Barley and Its Virescens Mutant by Weretilnyk, Elizabeth A; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30247

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Production of Gateway Barley As Influenced by Fertilizer, Soil Test Levels and Moisture Stress by Heapy, Leonard Angus; Advdeg from University of Alberta (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08078

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Response of Barley (hordeum Vulgare L.) to Field Salinity by Mccoll, Susan; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45032

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Responses of Cereals to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Infection Initiated by Different Numbers of Viruliferous Aphids and to Feeding by Nonviruliferous Aphids by Burnett, Peter Alexander; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20364

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Ribosomal Proteins of Gateway Barley and Its Virescens Mutant by Koundal, Kirpa Ram; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34398

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Selectivity and Metabolism of Diclofop Methyl in Wheat, Barley, Wild Oat and Green Foxtail by Todd, Barry Gordon; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43104

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State Trading Enterprises in a Differentiated Environment: the Case of Global Malting Barley Markets (canada, Australia) by Dong, Fengxia; Phd from Kansas State University, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090350

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Stripe Rust Resistance Pyramids in Barley by Castro Tabo, Ariel Julio; Phd from Oregon State University, 2002, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056542

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Structure and Responsiveness of Barley Production in Syria by Mona, Nour-ed-din Hussien, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1986, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625421

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Structure, Chemical Composition and Enzymic Degradation of Barley Endosperm Cell Walls by Thompson, Roberta Gail; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43103

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Studies of Sterility Mutants in Spring Barley, Hordeum Vulgare L by Sharma, Rama K; Advdeg from University of Guelph (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07626

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Studies on the Development of Haploids in Barley, Hordeum Vulgarum L., Following Hybridization with H. Bulbosum L. by Subrahmanyam, Nekkalapudi Chinna; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK16334

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Studies on the Dwarfing Induced by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in Hordeum Vulgare L. C.i. 666 by Russell, Sonia; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK18693

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Studies on the Non-seed Transmissibility of the Nsp Strain of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus by Shivanathan, P; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06448

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Temperature Effects on the Response to Sulphur of Barley, Hordeum Vulgare L., Peas, Pisum Sativum L., and Rape, Brassica Campestris L by Herath, H. M. W; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05815

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The Effect of Location on Natural Selection in Bulk Populations of Barley Hordeum Vulgare L. by Choo, Thin-meiw; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29338

Dissertations 89

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The Effect of Synthetic Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield of Barley Hordeum Sativum, Jess., Grown at Different Moisture Regimes by Kikafunda-twine, Joseph; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38510

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The European Union Supply and Demand for Barley and Corn: an Econometric Policy Analysis Study by Siisii, Clara Namatama; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2000, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9988700

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The Impact of Agricultural Price Policies on the Supply and Demand for Agricultural Products: the Case of Barley and Wheat in Saudi Arabia by Al-hussinie, Abdulaziz Saad, Phd from Oregon State University, 1988, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8918652

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The Impact of Import Substitution in Agriculture: the Case of Malt Barley in Peru. by Bertoli, Fernando, Phd from Cornell University, 1973, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7406294

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The Influence of Ammoniating Straw and Barley on Nutrient Utilization by Ruminants by Mandell, Ira B; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29262

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The Isolation and Cytogenetics of a Monotelotrisomic Series and Accessory Chromosomes in Barley (hordeum Vulgare L.) by Sayed, Hassan Ibrahim; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13764

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The Marketing of Malting and Feed Barley in Montana and in the United States by Vaughan, Edward Dean, Phd from Montana State University, 1966, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6610856

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The Nature and Distribution of Gains from Quality Improving Research in a Multimarket Framework: the Case of Barley (joint Ventures) by Macagno, Luis Federico, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1990, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9107445

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The Relationship of Several Characteristics in Randomly Selected Lines of Barley Composite Cross Xxi by Chai, Mak; , Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27527

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The Serine Proteinases of Fusarium Grown on Cereal Proteins and in Barley Grain and Their Inhibition by Barley Proteins by Pekkarinen, Anja Inkeri; Phd from Helsingin Yliopisto (finland), 2003, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4289

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The Yield and Chemical Composition of Barley As Influenced by High Levels of Ca and Mg in the Growth Medium by Grant, Cynthia Ann; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34018

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Tissue Culture Studies in Barley (hordeum Vulgare L.) with Emphasis on Chromosomal Variability by Ziauddin, Asma; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL28995

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Utilization of Hordeum Pusillum (little Barley) in the Midwest United States: Applying Rindos' Co-evolutionary Model of Domestication (rindos' Co Evolutionary

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Model) by Hunter, Andrea A., Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1992, 361 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9327836

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BARLEY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “barley” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on barley, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Barley By performing a patent search focusing on barley, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on barley: •

.beta.-glucan process, additive and food product Inventor(s): Cahill, Jr.; Anthony P. (Amana, IA), Fenske; Douglas J. (Waconia, MN), Freeland; Mark (Stockton, NJ), Hartwig; Gene W. (Alexandria, MN) Assignee(s): Quaker Oats/Rhone-Poulenc Partnership (Cranbury, NJ) Patent Number: 6,531,178 Date filed: December 8, 2000 Abstract: The method for abstracting high levels of.beta.-glucan from a grain product such as oat or barley grain to produce a.beta.-glucan product containing at least about 18% by weight.beta.-glucan is provided. The.beta.-glucan product can be produced as an agglomerated food additive having at least about 18% by weight.beta.-glucan. Methods are provided for enriching a food product with the.beta.-glucan agglomerated food additive to produce an enriched resulting food product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for extracting high levels of.beta.glucan from a grain product such as oat or barley grain to produce a.beta.-glucan product containing at least about 18% by weight.beta.-glucan. The present invention also relates to an agglomerated food additive having at least 18% by weight.beta.-glucan and to a method of enriching a food product with.beta.-glucan using the agglomerated high content.beta.-glucan food additive. Various sources of soluble dietary fibers have attracted much attention in recent years for their positive nutritional attributes. One such soluble dietary fiber,.beta.-glucan, is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the cell walls of grains such as wheat, oats and barley. When incorporated into a person's diet,.beta.-glucan has been found to aid in the digestive process, enhance the immune system and help protect against bacteria, viruses and diseases.beta.-glucan is known to reduce both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Taken regularly,.beta.glucan has also been found to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.beta.-glucan occurs in quantity in the cell wall fibers of oats and barley grain. Despite these seemingly abundant sources, current methods to recover.beta.-glucan have been met with limited success. Known methods to isolate.beta.-glucan from its native endosperm wall are either low in yield or involve detailed chemical processes and extensive reaction times which make such processes commercially unappealing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531178__

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Apparatus and method for germinating grain Inventor(s): Byun; Kook-Yun (915-7, Wagok 1-Dong, Kangse-Gu, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,363,656 Date filed: June 23, 2000 Abstract: An apparatus and method to germinate and dry grain, such as oats, wheat, barley, etc. in only one apparatus under optimum conditions automatically and on an industrial scale in a short period of time. The apparatus comprises a rotatable drum having a plurality of drain holes pierced through a surface thereof and an insulating cover covering the drum for preventing heat within the drum from radiating or

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escaping. The apparatus also includes a sprayer for spraying water on the grain and treating structure connected to the sprayer for heating, purifying, and increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, while circulating the water to be supplied to the sprayer. A blower is also provided for heating, purifying, and blowing air into the drum. The apparatus makes it possible to produce germinated grain automatically by using electronic control devices and to produce large quantities of germinated grain in a short period of time without having to move grain from one place to another. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus and method for germinating grain automatically. More specifically, this invention relates to an apparatus and method that allow the grain such as oats, wheat, barley, etc. to be washed, germinated, and dried automatically in only the apparatus and on an industrial scale. Generally, many studies prove that a dietary life heavily consisting of convenience food or meats can cause an increase in diseases of adult people because of acid poisoning of the blood. As a countermeasure to prevent these diseases of adult people, it is recommended that meat in the diet should be changed to a diet of cereals, and animal fat ingestion should be reduced. The grain and vegetable diets are recommended for ingesting much dietetic fiber that is lacking in the meat diet. Generally, grain such as brown rice, oats, wheat, barley, etc. contain the dietetic fiber in a large volume. If we ingest grains like brown rice in large quantities, immunity to disease is increased and the acid poisoning of blood can be prevented, since blood is changed into having an alkaline characteristic. As a result, the effects of aging will be prevented and the function of internal organs will be strengthened. In particular, the grain germinated to a length of about 2.5.degree. C. contain dietetic fiber, minerals, various vitamins, and calcium, etc. in a much larger volume. Also, the germinated grain can be cooked conveniently with smooth and sweet taste. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06363656__ •

Bacillus species for reducing fusarium head blight in cereals Inventor(s): Boehm; Michael J. (Worthington, OH), Khan; Naseem I. (Peoria, IL), Schisler; David A. (Morton, IL) Assignee(s): Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Instrumentality of the State of Ohio (Columbus, OH), The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,312,940 Date filed: October 7, 1999 Abstract: Microbial antagonists that will suppress Fusarium head blight (head scab) in cereals, particularly in wheat and barley have been identified. Two superior antagonists include NRRL B-30210 and NRRL B-30211. Excerpt(s): Head scab, also known as Fusarium head blight (FHB), is a devastating disease of wheat and barley that is primarily caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph=Fusarium graminearum). This disease can reach epidemic levels and causes extensive damage to wheat and barley in humid and semi-humid wheat growing areas of the world. In recent growing seasons, the disease has caused large scale devastation in the United States, Canada and China. FHB was responsible for almost 500 million bushels of wheat lost in the United States from 1991 until present. Economic loss has been estimated at between 1.3 to 2.6 billion during this time period. In an epidemic in Indiana in 1986, grain samples from 43 of 44 counties had scab [Tuite et al., (1990) Plant

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Dis. 74:959-962]. Other countries of the world that produce large amounts of wheat in humid and semi-humid regions and would be susceptible to major outbreaks of FHB include India, Russia, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The infection of seed by G. zeae reduces seed germination, seedling vigor and plant emergence [Bechtel et al., (1985) Cereal Chem. 62:191-197]. Infection of wheat kernels by G. zeae reduces grain yield and affects grain quality [Clear et al., (1990) Can. J. Plant Sci. 70:1057-1069]. Reductions in grain yield are at least partially attributable to the pathogen producing the vomitoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) [Snijders, (1990) Neth J. Plant Pathol. 96:187-198; Proctor et al., (1995) MPMI 8:593-601] which can inhibit amino acid incorporation and protein production in plant tissues [Casale et al., (1988) Phytopathology 78:1673-1677]. This toxin is also implicated in adversely affecting the growth of mammalian cells [Knasmuller et al., (1997) Mutation Research 391:39-48]. DON is retained in semolina at approximately 50% and F. graminearum has a strong adverse effect on pasta color when Fusarium damaged kernels make up as little as 2% of a lot [Dexter et al., (1997) Cereal Chem. 74:519-525]. Additionally, G. zeae infected kernels can contain the estrogenic toxin zearalenone. Grain contaminated with either of these mycotoxins often is downgraded or can not be sold [Tuite et al., (1990)]. Contaminated grain is frequently unsuitable for human consumption and may be refused as feed [Vesonder et al., (1980) Process Biochem. 16:12-15]. The importance of FHB was recognized by the 105th U.S. Congress when it adopted the "Wheat and Barley Protection Act" that authorized expenditure of 26 million dollars for the study of FHB. This invention relates to two Bacillus species that are effective antagonists of Fusarium head blight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312940__ •

Barley malt oil containing vegetable ceramide-associated substances and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Abe; Naoki (Shizuoka, JP), Hirota; Akira (Shizuoka, JP), Kado; Hisao (Yaizu, JP), Kobayashi; Fujio (Yaizu, JP) Assignee(s): Sapporo Breweries Limited (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,316,032 Date filed: August 23, 1999 Abstract: The present invention has for its object to provide a method for obtaining a barley malt oil abundantly containing ceramide derivatives of plant origin which is highly safe and gives a good image as a material in an efficient, simple and easy manner as well as to provide a barley malt oil which is obtained by such method above and is enriched in highly safe ceramide derivatives. The present invention provides a method for producing barley malt oil containing ceramide derivatives, comprising the steps of: dipping spent grains obtained in a process of beer production in a polar organic solvent as a dipping solution, separating an extract liquid from the dipping solution, and concentrating the extract liquid and also provides a barley malt oil containing ceramide derivatives obtainable by dipping spent grains obtained in a process of beer production in a polar organic solvent, separating an extract liquid from the resulting solution, and concentrating the extract liquid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to barley malt oil containing ceramide derivatives and their production method and more particularly to a barley malt oil containing ceramide derivatives derived from spent grains obtained during the process of beer production and a method for simply and easily producing the barley malt oil. From old times, animal oil or vegetable oil has been used in many applications such as

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for foods, cosmetics, as well as for medicines. Heretofore, use of such animal and vegetable oils has been directed mainly to applications for improvement of physical properties of foods and cosmetics or as solvents, dispersants, etc., due to their unique physical properties, i.e., liquidity with high viscosity at ambient temperature. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06316032__ •

Composition and process for controlling glucose metabolism in companion animals by dietary starch Inventor(s): Hayek; Michael Griffin (Dayton, OH), Massimino; Stefan Patrick (Dayton, OH), Sunvold; Gregory Dean (Eaton, OH) Assignee(s): The Iams Company (Dayton, OH) Patent Number: 6,238,708 Date filed: February 18, 2000 Abstract: A composition and process are provided for controlling postprandial glycemic and/or insulinemic response in companion animals such as dogs. The pet food composition includes a source of protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates from a grain source which excludes rice. Use of the preferred carbohydrate sources including a blend of corn and sorghum; a blend of corn, sorghum, and barley; a blend of corn, sorghum, and oats; and a blend of oats and barley tends to modulate the animal's glycemic and insulinemic responses after a meal. This effect is even more marked when the composition is fed to geriatric companion animals such as dogs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and process for using it to alter and improve glucose metabolism in companion animals, particularly aging companion animals such as dogs. Several different conditions are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in companion animals such as the dog and cat. These include diabetes (both insulin dependent type and non-insulin dependent maturity onset type), obesity, geriatrics, and gestation (pregnancy). Another associated metabolic disorder with obesity and diabetes is hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia is the presence of insulin at abnormally high levels in the blood. Counteracting the effects of hyperinsulinemia by lowering insulin levels in the blood can help lessen the progression of obesity and diabetes. Aging has been associated with a loss of glycemic control not only in humans, but in dogs as well. Older dogs have been reported to have attenuated glycemic responses compared to their younger counterparts. Reported causes for this glucose metabolism dysfunction in aging populations include: increased insulin resistance from receptor and post-receptor disturbances, diminished pancreatic islet Bcell sensitivity to glucose, and impaired peripheral glucose utilization. Age-associated increases in body fat deposition may also play a role. In both dogs and cats, glucose tolerance is impaired with obesity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06238708__

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Composition containing grass plant, water-soluble dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, lactic acid bacteria and green tea Inventor(s): Takagaki; Kinya (Fukuoka, JP), Tsusaki; Shinji (Fukuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Toyo Shinyaku Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 6,423,309 Date filed: April 10, 2001 Abstract: A processed food excellent for activating superoxidase dismutase is disclosed. The food contains 30 to 70% by weight of barley, wheat, rye or oats; 1 to 50% by weight of water soluble dietary fibers; 1 to 10% by weight of oligosaccharides; 0.5 to 5% by weight of powdered lactic acid bacteria and 5 to 15% by weight of powdered green tea. A method of making the food and a method for activating superoxide dismutase using the food is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processed food that is excellent in activating superoxide dismutase (hereinafter, referred to as SOD). Young leaves of grass plants such as barley are rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers, and are attracting attention as a material having the effects of adsorption of harmful substances, improvement of the intestinal environment, suppression of the absorption of cholesterol, prevention of a rapid increase in the blood glucose level after eating, etc. On the other hand, in recent years, there have been an increasing number of reports that free radicals such as active oxygen cause a large number of diseases such as hypertension, cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, pneumosclerosis, hepatitis, nephritis, atopic dermatitis, Parkinson's disease, cataracts, gout, pulmonary emphysema, dermatitis, gastritis, pneumonia, arthritis, stenocardia, senility, rheumatics, and arteriosclerosis. For example, it is known that when excessive active oxygen is present, normal cells are damaged and become cancer cells. At present, how to reduce such active oxygen is a serious issue to maintain our health. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423309__

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Composition related to low glycemic index foods Inventor(s): Arndt; Elizabeth A. (Omaha, NE), Chigurupati; Sabasiva R. (Omaha, NE), Katta; Sarath K. (Omaha, NE) Assignee(s): ConAgra, Inc. (Omaha, NE) Patent Number: 6,503,555 Date filed: July 11, 2000 Abstract: A method for using Prowashonupana barley to produce a food product comprised primarily of the Prowashonupana barley. The resultant food product is desired because when consumed, it does not contribute to significantly elevated glycemic indices in a host, as indicated by the rapidly available glucose (RAG) assay. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to using Prowashonupana barley to form a food product, and the resultant Prowashonupana food products which are designed to inhibit or possibly prevent an elevated glycemic index when such products are consumed. Dietary carbohydrates can be divided into chemically-based classifications, which include sugars, starch fractions, and non-starch polysaccharides. Certain dietary carbohydrates when consumed can result in an elevated blood sugar or glucose level, which can be indicated by a measurement known as the Glycemic Index (GI). The GI is

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an indication of the effect of a particular food product on a person's blood sugar. This indication is measured by an in vivo testing procedure whereby blood samples are taken from a subject at time zero and at specific time intervals after the consumption of a food item or meal. The blood glucose level of each sample is then calculated and plotted versus the time and then the incremental area under the curve is calculated. As such, the GI will not only be calculated for the tested product but also for a reference product. The GI is expressed as a percentage based on the ratio of the mean incremental area of the test food divided by the mean incremental area for the reference food. A high GI equates to an increased blood sugar level or comparatively high blood glucose levels. Testing a subject for GI levels can be expensive and time consuming. For this reason alternative tests have been developed which are designed to indicate the GI. One such test is known as the rapidly available glucose assay (RAG). This assay indicates the amount of glucose found in a food product available for rapid absorption into the small intestine. The test involves incubating the food with enzymes under standardized conditions. The amount of glucose that is released is then measured at different time intervals with released glucose quantitated by colorimetry or HPLC. This is then converted into an RAG measurement. There is a correlation between RAG and GI that is highly significant. The correlation of RAG to GI was discussed by Englyst et al. 1996. and Englyst et al. 1999.sup.1,2 As such, RAG can be used as a rapid method to indicate the GI of various foods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503555__ •

Detection of wheat and barley fungal pathogens using the polymerase chain reaction Inventor(s): Beck; James Joseph (Cary, NC) Assignee(s): Syngenta Participations AG (Basel, CH) Patent Number: 6,358,680 Date filed: February 20, 1998 Abstract: Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) DNA sequences from the ribosomal RNA gene region are described for species and strains of wheat fungal pathogens, including Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Pyrenophora teres. Specific primers from within these sequences are identified as being useful for the identification of the fungal isolates using PCR-based techniques. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of primers in polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of fungal pathogens in wheat and barley. The use of these primers enables the detection of specific isolates of fungal pathogens and the monitoring of disease development in plant populations. Diseases in plants cause considerable crop loss from year to year resulting both in economic deprivation to farmers and, in many parts of the world, to shortfalls in the nutritional provision for local populations. The widespread use of fungicides has provided considerable security against plant pathogen attack. However, despite $1 billion worth of expenditure on fungicides, worldwide crop losses amounted to approximately 10% of crop value in 1981 (James, 1981; Seed Sci. & Technol. 9: 679-685). The severity of the destructive process of disease depends on the aggressiveness of the pathogen and the response of the host. One aim of most plant breeding programs is to increase the resistance of host plants to disease. Typically, different races of pathogens interact with different varieties of the same crop species differentially, and many sources of host resistance only protect against specific pathogen races. Furthermore, some pathogen races show early signs of disease symptoms, but cause little damage to the crop. Jones and Clifford (1983; Cereal

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Diseases, John Wiley) report that virulent forms of the pathogen are expected to emerge in the pathogen population in response to the introduction of resistance into host cultivars and that it is therefore necessary to monitor pathogen populations. In addition, there are several documented cases of the evolution of fungal strains that are resistant to particular fungicides. As early as 1981, Fletcher and Wolfe (1981; Proc. 1981 Brit. Crop Prot. Conf.) contended that 24% of the powdery mildew populations from spring barley and 53% from winter barley showed considerable variation in response to the fungicide triadimenol and that the distribution of these populations varied between varieties, with the most susceptible variety also giving the highest incidence of less susceptible types. Similar variation in the sensitivity of fungi to fungicides has been documented for wheat mildew (also to triadimenol), Botrytis (to benomyl), Pyrenophora (to organomercury), Pseudocercosporella (to MBC-type fungicides) and Mycosphaerella fijiensis to triazoles to mention just a few (Jones and Clifford; Cereal Diseases, John Wiley, 1983). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358680__ •

Enzyme feed additive and animal feed including it Inventor(s): Bedford; Michael R. (Marlborough, GB), Clarkson; Kathleen A. (San Francisco, CA), Collier; Katherine D. (Redwood City, CA), Fowler; Timothy (Belmont, CA), Larenas; Edmund A (San Carlos, CA), Morgan; Andrew J. (Marlborough, GB), Ward; Michael (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): Genencor International, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) Patent Number: 6,562,340 Date filed: August 16, 1995 Abstract: The use is provided of a composition as a feed additive which comprises one or more endoglucanases, and 0-20% by weight, based upon the content of cellulase proteins in the composition, of a cellobiohydrolase. The endoglycanases may be one or more of EGI, EGII EGIII and any functionally active derivative of any thereof. Such endoglucanases may be obtained from a genetically modified strain of the fungus Trichoderma. Also provided is an enzyme-based feed additive which comprises EGI and/or EGII which lack the cellulose binding domain, and 0-20% by weight, based upon the content of cellulase proteins in the additive, of a cellobiohydrolase. A further enzyme-based feed additive is provided which comprises a cereal-based carrier, one or more endoglucanases, and 0-20% by weight, based upon the content of cellulase proteins in the additive, of a cellobiohydrolase. Such enzyme-based feed additives can be incorporated into a cereal-based feed which includes one or more of barley, wheat, tricale, rye and maize. The feed additive has the advantage of improving the feed conversion ratio and/or increasing the digestibility of a cereal-based feed in which it is included. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an enzyme feed additive and in particular to such an additive which can decrease the feed conversion ratio of a cereal-based feed and/or increase its digestibility. Improvements in animal feeds to enable animals to digest them more efficiently are constantly being sought. One of the main concerns is to improve the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of a feed without increasing its cost per unit weight. The FCR is the ratio of the amount of feed consumed relative to the weight gain of an animal. A low FCR indicates that a given amount of feed results in a growing animal gaining proportionately more weight. This means that the animal is able to utilise the feed more efficiently. One way in which the FCR of a feed can be improved is

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to increase its digestibility. (iii) a deficiency in endogenous enzyme activity, both of the animal and of the gut microbial population particularly in a young animal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562340__ •

Fermentation composition, process for preparing the same, and use thereof Inventor(s): Matsuura; Shingoro (Innoshima, JP) Assignee(s): Manda Formentation Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, JP) Patent Number: 6,395,315 Date filed: March 10, 1998 Abstract: Fermented and aged fruits such as apples, persimmons, bananas, pineapples, akebia, silvervine, figs, wild strawberries, wild vines, Myrica, and Ume (Japanese apricot), citrus fruits such as Navel oranges, Hassaku oranges, Mandarin oranges, Sour oranges, Iyokan oranges, kumquats, citrons, Kabosu oranges, shaddocks, Ponkan oranges, and lemons, edible roots such as Burdock, carrots, garlic, lotus root, and lily bulbs, grains such as brown rice, glutinous rice, polished rice, millet, corn, wheat, barley, and Foxtail millet, beans and sesames such as soybeans, black soybeans, black sesame, white sesame, and walnuts, seaweed such as Konbu, Wakame, Hijiki, and Laver, saccharides such as brown sugar as lump, fructose, and glucose, as well as honey, starch, cucumbers, Perilla, and celery are used as food quality improvers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fermented composition, a method for its manufacture, and applications thereof. The fermented composition pertaining to the present invention can be used as a growth promoter for various plants and animals, and more specifically, can be used for plants such as rice, fruit trees, farm produce, flowering plants, and trees, animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens, and seafood such as fish and shellfish. Various types of fermented composition for health foods have been known in the past. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395315__

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Functional aquarium water and a preparation method thereof Inventor(s): Kim; Jung-Sook (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Kostarworld Co., LTD (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,528,062 Date filed: June 19, 2001 Abstract: Aquarium water and a preparation method thereof, including a fermented solution of a mixture of extract from leaves of a ginkgo tree, extract from ganoderma, extract from bark of a chestnut tree, extract from acorns, extract from leaves of an evergreen oak tree, extract from bamboo, extract from leaves of a persimmon tree, extract from leaves of a pine tree, water-soluble chitosan powder extracted from crab shells, barley natural stone powder, bamboo salt, potato starch, and distilled water. Fermentation is by adding yeast, and organic germanium, mineral component extracted from yellow soil, and extract from combustion of an oak tree are added. The solution is then fermented again and refined in a liquid state.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to aquarium water and a method of its manufacture. Aquarium water refers to the water kept in an aquarium in order to breed fishes, such as aquarium fishes, etc. The water should be replaced regularly since it degenerates after a fixed amount of storage time. When a new aquarium is installed, there occurs the New Tank Syndrome (N.T.S) in which aquarium fishes die a few days later. The main reason for degeneration of the aquarium water is that discharged and secreted materials of all living bodies, dead aquarium fishes, remaining fodder, moss, air-pollution materials, etc. are accumulated directly as they are or after they are decomposed. Most substances that flow into the aquarium water are decomposed by the bacteria that live in the water tank naturally. Among them, proteins are decomposed into ammonia (NH4+) by heterotrophic bacteria, where even a small amount of ammonium nitrogen compounds existing in the water tank acts as a fatal poison to aquarium fishes and corals and induces the New Tank Syndrome. Ammonia is decomposed by the nitrification bacteria, of which representative bacteria include nitrosomonas bacteria, decomposing ammonia into nitrous acid (NO2-), and nitrobacter bacteria, decomposing nitrous acid into non-toxic nitrate (NO3-). Therefore, in order to breed aquarium fishes, ammonia should be removed by replacing the aquarium water, or an environment, in which the nitrification bacteria may be multiplied greatly, should be formed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528062__ •

Functional glue mixed with crushed on ginko (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials and fabricating method thereof Inventor(s): Sim; Man-Gu (222-4, Gyerim 2-dong, Dong-gu, Kwangju-city, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,565,639 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: There are disclosed a functional glue in which the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials are mixed with rice glue or barley and wheat glue at a desired ratio, thereby providing a mothproofing function, an antibacterial function and a moisture proofing function, and a fabricating method thereof. The method of fabricating a functional glue mixed with crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials, comprises steps of: filling the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials in a crusher, respectively or all together so as to crush the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials; and putting each of the crushed materials or all of them in a stirrer along with rice glue, or barley glue and wheat glue so as to fairly stir the crushed material and the glue. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a functional glue mixed with crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials and a fabricating method thereof, and more particularly, to a functional glue in which the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials are mixed with rice glue or barley and wheat glue at a desired ratio, thereby providing a mothproofing function, an antibacterial function and a moisture proofing function, and a fabricating method thereof. Generally, glue used in papering is fabricated by mixing wheat flour and water and then boiling the mixture. In this case, if the glue is exposed to moisture, an adhered object may be easily separated from an adhered place. What is worse, a surface of an indoor wall may be rotten. Therefore, there are some problems that the indoor beauty is injured and also various insects live therein. Further, a chemical adhesive contained in the glue causes the contamination of

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nature. Furthermore, there is another problem that indoor air is contaminated by the conventional board thereby injuring person's health. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a functional glue having a mothproofing and antibacterial function, which previously prevents generation of mold, insect, and moth and maintain indoor air to be clean, and also protects a wooden structure from the insects and the moth, thereby extending durability of a building and previously preventing damage of the building. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06565639__ •

Germination-specific plant promoters Inventor(s): Cameron-Mills; Verena (Kirkevaenget 20, Valby DK-2500, DK), Lok; Finn (Kongshaven 15, Copenhagen-Valby DK-2500, DK), Meijer; Per-Johan (Holsteinsgade 50, 5 TV., Copenhagen DK-2100, DK), Olsen; Ole (Holmbladsgade 102, 2TV., Copenhagen S DK-2300, DK) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,359,196 Date filed: September 23, 1999 Abstract: Tissue-specific regulatory sequences, including promoters from barley (Hordeum vulgare) genes encoding.alpha.-glucosidase and cystatin-1 (cysteine protease inhibitor) have been identified and isolated. The gene promoters have particular utility in directing high level, germination preferred expression of heterologous proteins that impart increased agronomic and malting characteristics to a given plant. In addition, the invention relates to methods of producing transgenic plants by using chimeric genes, cassette vectors, kits, cells and methods comprising the promoter and signal sequence coding region of the gene for barley.alpha.-glucosidase and the gene for barley cystatin1. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to regulatory sequences directing tissue-specific expression of a heterologous gene in a plant, and more particularly to DNA promoter sequence capable of conferring germination-specific expression of a gene in plant tissue. An important goal of plant biotechnology is to genetically engineer plants so they have a new or improved trait or characteristic. Initially, transformation was developed in model dicot plants. Monocot plants, which include all the major cereal crops, were more difficult, and the first successful transformations, in rice and maize, were not reported until the late 1980s. Although consistent transformation of the more recalcitrant cereals such as wheat and barley have only been achieved very recently, it has been shown that a homozygous transgenic barley line can transmit a heterologous gene over three generations to all progeny plants (Jensen et al., 1998, Hereditas 129:215-225). While tissue-specific, heterologous gene expression in plants can be achieved, the current stage of genetic engineering methodology does not offer the means of targeting where introduced DNA sequences are integrated into the chromosome; integration into plant chromosomes appears to be more or less random. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06359196__

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Herbicidal composition Inventor(s): Hoshi; Hisayuki (Toyonaka, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited (JP) Patent Number: 6,180,564 Date filed: July 21, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides for herbicidal composition comprising (i) 3isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide, and (ii) ethyl 2-chloro-3-[2chloro-5-(1,3-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl ]acrylate as active ingredients. The present inventive composition can control a wide variety of weeds in corn fields, soybean fields, wheat fields, barley fields, oats fields, rye fields, rice fields, paddy fields or the like, with selectivity to crops. Methods for controlling weeds are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a herbicidal composition. Currently, various herbicides are being utilized, but since there are various weeds that are targets of control, and because the growth of weeds continues for a long time, a herbicide is desired that has a higher herbicidal activity, a faster appearance of herbicidal effect, a wider herbicidal spectrum and that is safe for crops. The present inventor has intensely studied to seek out an excellent herbicide, and has found that by applying a herbicidal composition (hereinafter, referred to as the present inventive composition) which comprises, as active ingredients, (i) 3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2dioxide (common name: bentazone, hereinafter, referred to as bentazone), and (ii) ethyl 2-chloro-3-[2-chloro-5-(1,3-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl ]acrylate (common name: cinidon-ethyl, hereinafter, referred to as cinidon-ethyl), various weeds that emerge or grow in crop-lands or non-crop-lands can be controlled effectively, thereby completing the present invention. That is, since the herbicidal effect of the present inventive composition is synergistically increased as compared with the cases where the active ingredients are independently used, the amount used thereof can be reduced. By using the present inventive composition, the time necessary for appearance of a herbicidal effect can be shortened, and a broadened weed control spectrum can be achieved synergistically, as compared with the cases where the active ingredients are independently used. Moreover, a wide variety of weeds can be controlled selectively, without producing problems of phytotoxicity against crops such as corn, soybean, wheat, barley, oats, rye and rice. In particular, when used in a corn field or soybean field, the present composition is excellent for selectivity. Accordingly, the present invention has been obtained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06180564__

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Herbicide compositions Inventor(s): Hoshi; Hisayuki (Toyonaka, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited (Osaka-Fu, JP) Patent Number: 6,197,727 Date filed: August 12, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides herbicide compositions for foliar treatment each containing as active ingredients, a 2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(4methyl-5-trifluoromethyl3-pyridazinon-2-chloro-2-yl )phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 non-cyclic hydrocarbyl ether and

Patents 103

one selected from the group consisting of (RS)-2-(4-chloro-2methylphenoxy)propionic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, (4-chloro-2-methyl)phenoxyacetic acid, 2-[[[[(4methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfony l] benzoate, 2chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzene sulfonamide, ethyl (R)-2-[4(6-chloro-1 3-benzoxazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propanoate, methyl (RS)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionate, 3,5-dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile, 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N', N'dimethylurea, N'-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea and N-(2,4difluorophenyl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3-pyridinecarboxamid e; and a weeding method by foliar treatment of weeds therewith.The present compositions can be used for effective control of various weeds occurring on crop lands or non-crop lands, in which case the herbicidal activity is synergistically enhanced as compared with the cases where the active ingredients are used separately, which makes possible low-dose application, and the herbicidal spectra are expanded, so that a wide variety of weeds can be selectively controlled, particularly on wheat, barley, oat, or rye fields. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to herbicide compositions, and more particularly, it relates to herbicide compositions for foliar treatment and a weeding method by foliar treatment of weeds therewith. At present, a great number of herbicides are commercially available and used. There are, however, many kinds of weeds to be controlled and their occurrence extends over a long time. For this reason, requested are herbicides having higher herbicidal activity, wide herbicidal spectra and safety on crops. The present inventor has extensively studied to find out excellent herbicides. As a result, he has found that various weeds occurring on crop lands or non-crop lands can be effectively controlled by foliar treatment of these weeds with a herbicide composition comprising as active ingredients, a 2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(4-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-3pyridazinon-2-yl)phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 non-cyclic hydrocarbyl ether and one selected from the group consisting of (RS)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid (common name, mecoprop; hereinafter referred to as mecoprop), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (common name, 2,4-D; hereinafter referred to as 2,4-D), (4-chloro-2methyl)phenoxyacetic acid (common name, MCPA; hereinafter referred to as MCPA), 2[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino]carbonyl]-amino]sulfonyl ] benzoate (common name, metsulfuron-methyl; hereinafter referred to as metsulfuron-methyl), 2chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzene sulfonamide (common name, chlorsulfuron; hereinafter referred to as chlorsulfuron), ethyl (R)-2-[4(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propanoate (common name, fenoxaprop-Pethyl; hereinafter referred to as fenoxaprop-P-ethyl), methyl (RS)-2-[4-(2,4dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionate (common name, dichlofop-methyl; hereinafter referred to as dichlofop-methyl), 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (common name, bromoxynil; referred to as bromoxynil), 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile (common name, ioxynil; referred to as ioxynil), 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N',N'-dimethylurea (common name, isoproturon; hereinafter referred to as isoproturon), N'-(3-chloro-4methylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (common name, chlorotoluron; hereinafter referred to as chlorotoluron) and N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3pyridinecarboxamid e (common name, diflufenican; hereinafter referred to as diflufenican), in which case the herbicidal activity is synergistically enhanced as compared with the cases where the active ingredients are used separately, which makes possible low-dose application; and the herbicidal spectra are expanded, so that a wide variety of weeds can be controlled, particularly on wheat, barley, oat, or rye fields without exhibiting material phytotoxicity on wheat, barley, oat, or rye, thereby completing the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197727__

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High viscosity cereal and food ingredient from viscous barley grain Inventor(s): Fox; Gregory J (Fargo, ND) Assignee(s): Barkley Seed, Inc. (Yuma, AZ) Patent Number: 6,238,719 Date filed: February 17, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed are highly digestible barley flakes and kibbles which have elevated levels of long chained beta glucan fibers (1 mm to 6 mm long, 2 microns to 10 microns wide) providing these cereal foods and food ingredients with clinically active hypocholesterolaemic, immunostimulative, and atumorigenic properties; also disclosed are the methods to produce these flakes and kibbles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a clinically active hypocholesterolaemic, immunostimulative, atumorigenic food and/or food ingredients derived from waxy hulless and waxy hulless short awvn barley varieties, that have elevated levels of long chained beta glucan fiber, which is the active clinical ingredient in this food product. It is well know in the cereal and nutritional arts that beta glucan (beta 1-4/beta 1-3 glucosyl pyranose polymer) reduces serum cholesterol, and regulates serum blood sugar in humans. Beta glucan occurs in quantity in only two cereals as soluble cell wall fiber, i.e. oats and barley. Two forms of barley have especially high levels of beta glucan, i.e. waxy hulless and waxy hulless short awn. The clinical activity of these beta glucans is related to the viscosity that is created in the intestines, and that this viscosity is created by hydrated beta glucan fibers that ranged from 1 to 6 mm in length and about 2 to 10 microns in diameter. The viscosity is directly related to the quantity and length of these fibers. These sticky fibers absorb cholesterol, fat, and sugars and flush them out of the body, this flushing action is the basis of the clinical functionality. These same beta glucans, which are common as cell wall fiber in microbes have immunostimulative, and anti-tumorigenic properties. More recently it has become apparent that the cereal beta glucans have the same healing properties as the microbial forms. Additional new information strongly suggests that these same beta glucans have anti-inflammatory properties that have a healing effect on bone and joint disorders, and a flushing action of the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluids that results in anti cancer effects. The pharmacological functionality is related to the same properties as the nutritional functionality, chain length of beta glucan fibers. As beta glucan chains pass through the intestinal tract they are broken up in length and absorbed by intestinal lymph nodes, then passing to the other organ systems. As molecular length is reduced, functionality is reduced. Thus, the long chained beta glucan fibers associated with the waxy hulless and waxy hulless short awned barleys would be especially effective in this role as a nutritional pharmacological agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06238719__

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Hormone-recombinant toxin compounds and methods for using same Inventor(s): Glode; Leonard Michael (Golden, CO), Jarosz; Paul J. (Westminster, CO), Nett; Torrance M. (Bellvue, CO), Wieczorek; Maciej (Superior, CO) Assignee(s): Colorado State University Research Foundation (Fort Collins, CO) Patent Number: 6,326,467 Date filed: April 19, 2000

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Abstract: Certain toxic compounds (T) such as, for example, compounds based upon diphtheria toxin, ricin toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin,.alpha.-amanitin, pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), ribosome inhibiting proteins, especially the ribosome inhibiting proteins of barley, wheat, corn, rye, gelonin and abrin, as well as certain cytotoxic chemicals such as, for example, melphalan and daunomycin can be conjugated to certain analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to form a class of compounds which, when injected into an animal, destroy the gonadotrophs of the animal's anterior pituitary gland. Hence such compounds may be used to sterilize such animals and/or to treat certain sex hormone related diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to methods for sterilizing animals and to methods for medically treating certain sex hormone related diseases such as, for example, cancer of the breast or prostate. More particularly, this invention relates to sterilization and medical treatment by means of chemical attack upon the pituitary gland. Considerable interest exists with respect to the subject of sterilization of animals. This is especially true of those concerned with veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, particularly as they relate to the subject of sterilization of domestic animals such as dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, and the like. Various methods have been developed over the years to accomplish sterilization. For example, with respect to male cattle, the most widely used procedure for eliminating problems of sexual or aggressive behavior is sterilization through surgical castration. This is done in various ways, e.g., crushing the spermatic cord, retaining the testes in the inguinal ring, or use of a rubber band, placed around the neck of the scrotum, to cause sloughing off of the scrotum and testes. However most of these "mechanical" castration methods have proven to be undesirable in one respect or another; for example they (1) are traumatic, (2) introduce the danger of anesthesia, (3) are apt to produce infection, and (4) require trained personnel. Moreover, all such mechanical castration methods result in complete abolition of the testes and this of course implies complete removal of the anabolic effects of any steroids which are produced by the testes and which act as stimuli to growth and protein deposition. These drawbacks have caused consideration of various alternative sterilization techniques such as the use of chemical sterilization agents. However, the use of chemical sterilization agents has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, chemical sterilization eliminates the stress and danger associated with mechanical castration. Chemical sterilization also has the added advantage of allowing for retention of certain anabolic effects resulting from a continued presence of low levels of circulating testosterone. This is especially valuable in the case of animals raised for human consumption since circulating testosterone promotes growth, efficiency of feed conversion and protein deposition. Unfortunately, there are several disadvantages associated with chemical sterilization. For example chemical sterilization is often temporary rather than permanent; it also sometimes produces extremely severe, and even fatal, side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06326467__ •

Limiting weight gain of cats by feeding carbohydrate source that excludes rice Inventor(s): Sunvold; Gregory D. (Eaton, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,630,159 Date filed: March 27, 2001

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Abstract: A process is provided for limiting weight gain in cats. The process includes feeding the cat a pet food composition that includes a source of protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates from a grain source that excludes rice. Use of preferred low glycemic index grain sources that comprise a blend of corn and sorghum; a blend of corn, sorghum, and barley; or a blend of corn, sorghum, and oats, has the effect of decreasing the postprandial blood glucose and insulin response of the cat as compared to when feeding a rice-based diet. The result is that the animal becomes satiated and voluntarily decreases its intake of food, causing less weight gain. This effect is even more marked when the composition is fed to male cats. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process of administering a pet food composition to prevent obesity in companion animals, such as cats and dogs. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for limiting weight gain in cats. The invention is further directed to a process for decreasing the postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in cats to promote satiety and a voluntary decrease in food intake. Obesity is a significant health concern in companion animals. Veterinary care professionals have reported that approximately 20-40% of the pets in their care are overweight. These animals bear a greater risk for health problems associated with the respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. More particularly, obese feline patients have demonstrated greater susceptibility to diseases such as diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, ligament injuries, perineal dermatitis, cardiomyopathy, and hepatic lipidosis. Accordingly, new technologies meeting the health needs of obese feline patients are in high demand by pet owners and veterinarians alike. The causes of feline obesity include sedentary lifestyle and confinement indoors, as well as improper nutrition, genetic predisposition, and hormonal disorders such as thyroid and pituitary gland dysfunction. Moreover, spayed and neutered cats often exhibit a decrease in their physical activity and metabolism and therefore, have a greater tendency to gain weight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630159__ •

Long chained beta glucan isolates derived from viscous barley grain, and the process of making Inventor(s): Fox; Gregory J. (Fargo, ND) Assignee(s): Barkley Seed, Inc. (Yuma, AZ) Patent Number: 6,197,952 Date filed: February 25, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed are long chained beta glucan isolates containing beta glucan fibers from about 1 to about 6 mm in length, with purity greater than 50%. Also described are the methods to produce these compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and their method of production. More specifically, the present invention relates to clinically active hypocholesterolaemic food ingredients with elevated levels of viscous beta glucan made from specially selected viscous waxy hulless and waxy hulless short awn barley varieties. High fiber products are generally considered to be healthful foods and food ingredients. There are two basic types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber is soluble in aqueous solutions while insoluble fiber is not. Insoluble fiber will improve regularity and bulk formation but may do very little to lower serum cholesterol. Indeed some studies indicate that, depending on the source, insoluble fiber may actually increase serum cholesterol. Soluble fiber has been strongly linked to regularity and

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cholesterol reduction, and less strongly to sugar regulation in diabetics and colon cancer prevention. Soluble fiber is highly viscous when it goes into solution and this sticky material has the capacity to tie up cholesterol precursors such as bile salts, excess sugar, and other potential carcinogenic compounds and flush them out of the body as fecal material. The water holding capacity of this material has the effect of forming a softer, more efficiently moving stool and the viscosity of this material lubricates the intestines. This is an aid to people with intestinal wall weakness or sensitivity that results in intestinal bleeding. Unfortunately soluble fiber is currently associated with large amounts of harsh insoluble fiber in products such as oat bran concentrate. The harsh insoluble fiber in such products as oat bran concentrate can tear at the intestinal walls during passage, causing bleeding and thus negating the positive effect of the soluble fiber with which it coexists. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197952__ •

Malt-infused cocoa and chocolate formulations Inventor(s): Miller; Van (P.O. Box 100, Norval Ontario, CA L0P 1A0) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,521,273 Date filed: July 26, 2002 Abstract: A malted-infused chocolate formulation comprises from 19% to 50% by weight of cocoa liquor and from 81% to 50% by weight of a non-fat, cereal based cocoa extender; or alternatively the formulation comprises from 11% to 29% by weight of cocoa butter, and from 89% to 71% by weight of non-fat, cereal-based cocoa extender. The non-fat, cereal based cocoa extender consists of finely ground toasted malted cereal chosen from the group consisting of barley, wheat, rye, buckwheat, rice and mixtures thereof. Methods of making the chocolate formulations include the steps of toasting the cereal to a desired color and flavor, grinding the toasted cereal, cooling, and adding the requisite amount of cocoa liquor or cocoa butter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to malt-infused cocoa and chocolate formulations. In effect, the present invention relates to chocolate formulations having cereal-based cocoa extenders, where the cocoa extenders are derived from toasted malted cereals. The present discussion assumes a working knowledge by the reader and practitioner of this invention of the basics of chocolate formulations in general, and of the manner in which cereals, such as barley, are malted. Nonetheless, for purpose of understanding certain terminology used herein, a brief review of those technologies now follows. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521273__

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Method for making a puffed food starch product Inventor(s): Malfait; Jacque L. (Cobourg, CA) Assignee(s): The Quaker Oats Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 6,632,465 Date filed: September 19, 2000 Abstract: The present invention includes puffed-food starch material snack, in particular starch material from grains, having an improved crispy texture and a more aesthetic

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appearance and methods for preparing them. In general terms, the products are snack chips, cakes, crackers or the like, made from food starch material. Preferably, the starch material is provided primarily in the form of individual kernels or pellets of a cereal grain, such as rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, barley, buckwheat, or mixtures thereof. According to a method of making the puffed food starch material product of the present invention, a puffing chamber is provided having inner surfaces and a chamber volume. A bulk amount of the food starch material is placed into the puffing chamber. The bulk amount of food starch material is caused to volumetrically expand. The expanding food starch material is constrained in its expansion in at least a first dimension, while permitting expansion of the bulk amount in at least a second dimension. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to improved puffed-food starch products made from cereal grains or other food starches, into various shapes, and the methods for their manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to puffed-rice snacks with improved crispiness, and appealing visual and physical texture, and processes of preparing such snacks. Snacks have long been a household staple around the world and range from treats to dietary supplements. However, not too long ago a nutrition trend found chocolates, candies, ice cream, and other naturally and artificially sweetened confections, as well as potato chips, pretzels, corn chips, and the like, being replaced by more healthy products. The terms "low fat", "no-fat", and "light" have become the watch words of the health conscious in the '90's. The trend has seen the popularity of puffed, or sometimes referred to as popped grain snacks, especially those made of corn and rice, steadily climb. Very successful products have been made in the form of cakes generally made of puffed corn or rice. While these products had a here-to-fore acceptable amount of crispiness, they suffered from an unpleasant texture, usually nearest the core of the cake, resulting in the product sticking in teeth. The products are hockey puck-shaped (uniform in all three dimensions) and lack the appealing visual texture of conventional snack foods. The size of these snack cakes is also relatively large in size (approximately a three to four-inch disk-shaped cake). This size, as a single portion, can lead to a substantial amount of waste for some consumers, especially children. To address the problem of waste, a "mini-cake," or smaller version of the original cake (about a one to two-inch disk-shaped cake or cracker) was introduced. The problems of texture and appearance, however, remained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632465__ •

Method for preparing barley green regenerative tissue Inventor(s): Cho; Myeong-Je (Alameda, CA), Lemaux; Peggy G. (Moraga, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,541,257 Date filed: April 3, 2001 Abstract: A method of preparing green regenerative tissue of barley suitable for transformation is presented. The method includes incubating barley tissue on a callus induction medium under dim light. The dim light conditions are sufficient to produce green regenerative tissue. The callus induction media includes auxin and copper. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for the in vitro culture, transformation, and regeneration of plants. Genetic improvement of various crop species by genetic engineering has sometimes been hindered because techniques for in

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vitro culture, transformation, and regeneration of model cultivars are less effective with recalcitrant commercial cultivars. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the world's most important cereal crops, closely following wheat, rice, and maize in total production. Barley is used worldwide for feed, food, and malting purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541257__ •

Method of preparing tortillas from waxy barley cultivars Inventor(s): Ames; Nancy (Winnipeg, CA), Sopiwnyk; Elaine J. (Winnipeg, CA), Therrien; Mario (Brandon, CA) Assignee(s): Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada, as represented by the Department (Winnipeg, CA) Patent Number: 6,635,298 Date filed: May 29, 2001 Abstract: Flour tortillas (i.e. soft tacos and tortillas, wraps, flatbreads) with improved texture and nutritional characteristics represent novel food products that can be processed using flour milled from specific barley cultivars (barley cultivars with waxy starch characteristics and high levels of fibre) as the flour source and with modifications to the die-cut or hot press tortilla methods. Tortilla chips (i.e. taco chips, sopapillas) also produced from specific types of barley flour using the previously described methods can be baked or fried. Barley tortillas and chips can also be produced from barley masa which is produced by cooking and steeping waxy barley in an alkali solution (nixtamalization). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for making thin, non-yeast leavened food products from waxy barley cultivars. With growing consumer demands for foods with improved nutritional value, barley is gaining renewed interest as a food crop. Barley contains several components, most notably.beta.glucan, dietary fibre, and tocopherols which have been reported to have desirable healthful benefits. Recommendations to consume high fibre, high complex carbohydrate diets in order to reduce cholesterol levels could be achieved through the consumption of barley based food products. However, when barley flour is used to fully or partially replace wheat flour in many cereal based food products, undesirable effects in the final product are often observed. These undesirable effects often include problems with product texture (increased gumminess) and product colour. For example, Berglund et al (Berglund et al, 1992, Cereal Foods World 37:707-714) found poor product volume and color in pan bread (26% barley flour) and muffins (70% barley flour) and poor color in spice bars (100% barley flour). Similarly, Klamczynski and Czuchajowska (Klamczynski and Czuchajowska, 1999, Cereal Chem 76:530-535) observed poor volume in quick breads made from either 20% waxy or nonwaxy barley flour with 80% wheat flour. This is because properties such as high.beta.-glucan, fibre and water absorption and low gluten and amylose may negatively affect processing and textural quality in some food products. As discussed herein, these properties may in fact be beneficial for production of thin, non-yeast leavened food products, for example, tortillas, tacos, chips and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635298__

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Method of processing multiple whole grain mixtures and products therefrom Inventor(s): Fox; Joseph R. (1425 9th Ave. SW P.O. Box 1296, Watertown, SD 57201) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,387,435 Date filed: July 11, 2000 Abstract: A waxy hull-less barley product is described having a moisture content of from 50-75%. The product is prepared by cooking the grains in water for 15-120 minutes at a temperature of 75-150.degree. C. Next, the grains are rinsed with cool water to remove excess starch and stop the cooking process. The grains are then either dried or flash frozen to form a free-flowing product which may be directly eaten, rehydrated in 1-7 minutes in the case of dried grains, or reheated in 1-7 minutes in the case of flash frozen grains. Food products manufactured from the processed waxy hull-less barley are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for preparing a food product suitable for human consumption from whole grains. The food product may comprise a single grain or a blend of whole grains. The grains may be whole kernel or milled. The primary source of complex carbohydrates for populations of the earth is from grains. World coarse grain consumption is predicted to increase by 1.5% annually during the next 10 years to reach 980.5 million tons, according to the latest demand forecast issued by the U.S. Feed Grains Council on Feb. 4, 1997. While there are other important starchy carbohydrate sources, such as potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes, grains are preeminent in providing starchy carbohydrate energy for the world's population. One reason is that grains are harvested in a naturally dry state and hence are relatively nonperishable. By contrast, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes, for example, are harvested at an elevated moisture content and because of this they have a shorter storage life in their harvested state. Wheat, rice and corn are produced in the largest quantities compared to all other grains worldwide. Barley, rye, oats, triticale, millet, etc. are produced in substantial but lesser quantities. Of all of the grains grown for human consumption, only whole grain rice is routinely cooked by the consumer due to whole grain rice's relatively short cooking time of 15 to 20 minutes compared to the much longer cooking times for other whole cereal grains. Subsequently, cereal grains are ground into flours for consumption in the form of baked goods, soups, porridge, pastas, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387435__

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Mixed fine powder for beverage containing young barley leaves, alfalfa and/or kale Inventor(s): Yamamoto; Yoshio (14-71-905, Obase-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,416,807 Date filed: February 5, 1999 Abstract: Mixed fine powder for beverage includes a first essential fine powder ingredient of young barley leaves, alfalfa and/or kale and a second essential fine powder ingredient of non- and/or, semi fermented tea. The mixed fine powder may further include a third additional fine powder ingredient of nutritious food materials such as striped bamboo, adlay, ginkgo leaves, turmeric, carrot, brown rice and the like.

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Beverages prepared with the mixed fine powder, which are full of nutriment, have almost no unpleasant bitterness or strong smell of barley leaves, alfalfa or kale and are pleasingly drinkable. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to mixed fine powder for beverage containing young barley leaves, alfalfa and/or kale. Tea, one of drinking preferences, is classified into non-fermented tea (e.g. green tea), semi-fermented tea (e.g. oolong tea) and fermented tea (e.g. black tea) according to methods used in leaf processing. Fermentation here means oxidation of components of tea leaves by enzyme in the fresh leaves, which has nothing to do with a microorganism. There are various types of nonfermented tea. For example, Sencha, the most common green tea in Japan; Gyokuro, the top grade of leaf tea made from the choicest, most tender leaves; Matcha, a powdered form of green tea used mainly in the tea ceremony and made from the choicest, most tender leaves; Kabusecha, a middle-grade tea between gyokuro and sencha; Bancha, yellowish brown, low-grade coarse tea made from older, brittle tea leaves; Gyokurokucha, more coarsely crushed into pieces than sencha; Hojicha, dark reddish brown tea made from sencha and bancha; and the like. Tea leaves of the above non- and semi-fermented tea are rich in vitamins (e.g. vitamin A, B.sub.1, B.sub.2, C, E, niacin, folic acid, biotin), minerals (e.g. calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, sodium) and tannins (e.g. catechin, flavonol, leucoanthocyanin, phenolcarboxylic acid). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416807__ •

Monoclonal antibodies for assaying lipid transfer proteins Inventor(s): Goldstein; Henry (Brookfield, WI), Lusk; Lance T. (Milwaukee, WI), Navarro; Alfonso L. (Milwaukee, WI), Ryder; David S. (Mequon, WI), Wagner; Randall J. (New Berlin, WI) Assignee(s): Miller Brewing Company (Milwaukee, WI) Patent Number: 6,423,546 Date filed: November 2, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel monoclonal antibodies reactive with lipid transfer proteins typically found in foaming beverages. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel monoclonal antibodies raised against the native and denatured forms of barley lipid transfer protein 1, and an assay for determining the content of said proteins in foaming beverages at various stages of their production. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423546__

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Nutritional supplement composition and use Inventor(s): Fan; David (Mission Veijo, CA), Hsia; Houn Simon (Irvine, CA) Assignee(s): Viva America Marketing, Inc. (Costa Mesa, CA) Patent Number: 6,270,774 Date filed: September 7, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to nutritional supplements to the human diet used to increase levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and calcium ions, and decrease

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levels of free radicals and glucose in human blood plasma. More specifically, the present invention teaches novel nutritional supplements which comprise a novel combination of specific antioxidants, barley grass extract, specific multiple vitamins and minerals, and ginkgo biloba extract, as well as methods of preparing the nutritional supplements. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutritional supplements to the human diet, and more specifically to nutritional supplements which contain a combination of naturally occurring substances such as vitamins and minerals, antioxidants, barley grass extract, and ginkgo biloba extract. Diets complete in nutritional substance are important for the human body in order to afford consistent high levels of optimum performance, both in cognitive ability and physical health. Although the exact needs of the human species to develop and maintain peak performance on a daily basis and sustain such performance for the duration of the human life are not completely understood, it is widely recognized that maintaining balanced nutrition coupled with sensible levels of daily exercise are the fundamental bases for optimizing the condition of the human body. It is also widely accepted that the risk of many common ailments from environmental sources or many ailments arising from genetic consequences can be reduced through the daily practice of, in addition to exercise, a complete nutritional regime fortified with certain vitamins, minerals, food and herb concentrates, especially, in the case of certain genetic consequences, during the antenatal period. Increased human longevity is understood to be a potential consequence of these daily practices. Cardiovascular disease resulting from the buildup of arterial plaque is a leading cause of illness or death. Arterial plaque is precipitous material formed chiefly of oxidized low density lipoprotein (O-LDL). The buildup of plaque in the form of O-LDL in the arteries is understood to be a factor in ischaemic heart disease. Free radical oxidants, many of which come from naturally occurring sources such as sun exposure, metabolism of certain nutrients, and exercise, act to oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL) into its deleterious form, O-LDL. Free radical "scavengers" such as vitamins A, E, C, and selenium are believed to react with these oxidants so that they are not available to form O-LDL, thus lowering the risk of arterial plaque deposits in blood vessels. In contrast, the presence of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the body is understood to have beneficial health effects. Specifically, HDL is known to be a more soluble form of lipoprotein; hence its presence does not significantly contribute to the formation of arterial plaque. In addition, it is known that HDL is able to absorb plaque material and may thus directly reduce the amount of arterial plaque. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270774__ •

Pet food composition for controlling postprandial glycemic response Inventor(s): Sunvold; Gregory D. (Eaton, OH) Assignee(s): The Iams Company (Dayton, OH) Patent Number: 6,458,378 Date filed: March 16, 1999 Abstract: A composition and process of using it are provided to improve glucose and insulin metabolism in companion animals by controlling the postprandial glycemic and/or insulin response in those animals. The composition includes a source of protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates from a multiple grain source containing a blend of sorghum and barley; a blend of corn and barley; or a blend of corn, sorghum and barley.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and process of using it to improve glucose and/or insulin metabolism in companion animals such as the dog and cat. Several different conditions are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in companion animals such as the dog and cat. These include diabetes (both insulin dependent type and non-insulin dependent maturity onset type), obesity, geriatrics, and gestation (pregnancy). It is estimated that one out of every 100 dogs seen by a practicing veterinarian is diabetic. Obesity is estimated to occur in approximately 40% of the dog population. Of course, older companion animals (approximately 10% of the U.S. dog and cat populations are believed to be 11 years of age or older) and pregnant animals are common. Accordingly, there is a substantial percentage of the dog and cat population which are in categories associated with risk of having or developing problems with glucose metabolism. Additionally, the diagnosis of diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism in dogs and cats usually only occurs after a hyperglycemic episode for the animal. Thus, animals which are borderline diabetics, or otherwise have moderately impaired glucose metabolisms, run a significant risk of not being diagnosed with diabetes until their condition has progressed and unmistakable symptoms have manifested themselves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458378__ •

Plant embryo--and aleurone--specific promoter Inventor(s): Chen; Tein-Chin (Taipei, TW), Cheng; Kuo-Joan (Richmond, CA), Liu; JinHao (Calgary, CA) Assignee(s): Academia Sinica (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 6,306,656 Date filed: October 13, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a new barley promoter sequence useful for expression of heterologous proteins in plant cells. Excerpt(s): Supplementation of hydrolytic enzymes in farm animal feed can improve agricultural efficiency by decreasing the amount of fecal material, and therefore the waste removal cost and environmental hazard. However, the high cost of producing such enzymes precludes its low value-added use as a feed supplement. Since rice bran (including the rice embryo and aleurone) is a major component of many animal feeds, expression of hydrolytic enzymes in rice tissues may provide a cost-effective means of decreasing the environmental impact of animal farming. The invention is based on the discovery of a new barley promoter (as part of the gene designated aba45) that can promote transcription in rice embryo cells. Thus, the promoter of the invention can be used to express hydrolytic enzymes in rice bran tissues. The invention also includes any vectors or transformed cells which contain a nucleic acid of the invention. Vectors include nucleic acid vectors, such as expression plasmids, or viral vectors. Transformed cells include eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06306656__

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Plant growth regulating formulations Inventor(s): King; Roderick Whitfield (Deakin, AU), Kober; Reiner (Fussgonheim, DE), Mander; Lewis Norman (Aranda, AU), Pharis; Richard Persons (Cochrane, CA), Rademacher; Wilhelm (Limburgerhof, DE), Schneider; Karl-Heinrich (Kleinkarlbach, DE) Assignee(s): BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) Patent Number: 6,458,746 Date filed: January 2, 2001 Abstract: Plant growth regulating preparations comprising:(a) 0.1-20 wt. % of a 16,17dihydro gibberellin of formula (Ia) or (Ib);(b) up to 99.9 wt. % of a formulation additive selected from:(b1) the reaction products of triglycerides based on carboxylic acids having 2-30C and ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide in the presence of a base, and/or(b2) fatty acid alcohol polyethoxylates;(c) up to 50 wt. % of an organic solvent;(d) 0.1-50 wt. % of a formulation auxiliary different from (b1) and (b2);(e) up to 50 wt. % of additional plant growth regulating compounds can be used in agriculture and horticulture to induce the desired effects on, for example, seed germination and seedling growth, rooting, dormancy, juvenility, maturity and senescence, flowering, abscission of leaves, flowers and fruit, fruit set and development, tuber formation, growth of shoot and root, photoassimilation, control of unwanted plants and senescence of whole plants or single organs. The 16,17-dihydroGA's are used to synergize the biological activity of exogenously supplied gibberellins. Particularly in graminaceous species, the compounds synergize the action of exogenous GA's and can, thus, be used to increase the yield of malt and decrease the amount of time required for the malting process, increase the yield of sugar cane and stimulate germination and seedling development in rice, wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, sorghum, turf grasses and other plant species. Excerpt(s): e) up to 50% by weight of additional plant growth regulating compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the said preparations for the regulation of plant growth. Gibberellins (GAs) represent one group of plant growth substances. GAs occur naturally in higher plants where they function as phytohormones being involved in the regulation of growth and flowering and numerous other developmental processes. Certain GAs, particularly gibberellic acid or GA.sub.3 (ent3.alpha.,10,13-trihydroxy-20-norgiberrell-1,16-diene-7,19-dioic acid 19,10-lactone), are commercially available as fermentation products of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458746__

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Plant regulatory proteins III Inventor(s): Gubler; Franz Jacques (Lyneham, AU), Jacobsen; John Viggo (Weetangera, AU) Assignee(s): The Australian National University (Acton, AU) Patent Number: 6,271,440 Date filed: December 23, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates generally to genetic constructs which are useful in regulating the synthesis of malting enzymes in plants. More particularly, the present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules encoding gibberellin-regulated MYB polypeptides, for example the barley and rice GAMyb genetic sequences and

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transcriptionally-modulating parts and/or immunologically interactive parts thereof. The genetic sequences of the invention are introduced into plant cells, in particular monocotyledonous plant cells such as those derived from barley, wheat, maize, rye, rice or sorghum, where their expression in either the sense or antisense orientation modulates the expression of hydrolytic malting enzymes which are normally regulated by GAMYB polypeptides. The genetic sequences of the invention are therefore useful in the production of plants with altered malting properties. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to genetic constructs useful in regulating the synthesis of malting enzymes in plants, such as the.alpha.-amylase enzyme. More particularly, the present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules encoding gibberellin-regulated MYB polypeptides, for example the barley and rice aleurone gibberellin-regulated MYB polypeptides, and transcriptionally modulating parts and/or immunologically interactive parts thereof. Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by author in this specification are collected at the end of the description. Sequence identity numbers (SEQ ID NOs.) for the nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification are defined after the bibliography. Throughout the specification and the claims that follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or integer or group of elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other element or integer or group of elements or integers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06271440__ •

Proanthocyanidin-free barley food composition fortified with iron and methods of making and using Inventor(s): Theuer; Richard C. (7904 Sutterton Ct., Raleigh, NC 27615) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,274,179 Date filed: February 10, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed are food compositions containing proanthocyanidin-free barley and a nutritionally effective amount of an iron compound in an organoleptically acceptable composition. The proanthocyanidin-free barley food composition does not develop the gray color seen with typical commercially available barley flour compositions to which an iron compound has been added. Also disclosed are methods of making the food composition and methods for restoring nutritional iron balance by feeding the food compositions to an individual having iron deficiency. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to food compositions containing barley and, more particularly, to food compositions comprising proanthocyanidin-free barley and iron. The iron-fortified composition is organoleptically acceptable and does not possess the grayish color typical of iron-fortified barley compositions. Iron deficiency continues to be a significant world health problem in both developing and industrialized countries. Particularly affecting are infants, toddlers, pregnant women, and menstruating women (see DeMaeyer et al. in Iron Fortification of Foods, Clydesdale and Wiemer, Eds, Academic Press, 1985, pp. xi-xii; Beard et al. in Iron Fortification of Foods, Clydesdale and Wiemer, Eds, Academic Press, 1985, pp. 3-16). Fortification of foods with iron can be an effective means of avoiding or overcoming iron deficiency (Hurrell, Nutrition Rev. 55:210-222, 1997). Cereal-based foods are the most commonly used vehicles for

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fortification with iron because of their stability as a carrier for nutrients and their broad usage (Proposed Fortification Policy for Cereal-Grain Products, National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board, 1974). Infants are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency because of their rapid growth rate and the relatively low iron content of most foods that have not been fortified. As a result, iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency among infants and young children (Ziegler, et al, Nutrition Rev. 54:348-354, 1996). The fortification of infant formulas and cereals has been advocated as a strategy for preventing iron deficiency in infants (Id.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06274179__ •

Process for forming an oat-based frozen confection Inventor(s): Maxwell; Donald L. (Plymouth, MN), Whalen; Paul J. (Elk River, MN), Wilbur; Donald (Minnetonka, MN) Assignee(s): American Oats, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,395,314 Date filed: October 7, 1999 Abstract: A process for forming a syrup product that is suitable for use as a non-dairy frozen confection. The non-dairy frozen confection exhibits selected sweetness, texture, and mouthfeel characteristics while being devoid of exogenous sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, and proteins. The process includes blending a base formulation and water to form a slurry, the base formulation having a major amount of an oat material or waxy barley hybrid flour. The process also includes liquefying and saccharifying the slurry to produce the syrup product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to frozen confections and beverages. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for forming an oat-based, non-dairy frozen confection and an oat-based, non-dairy beverage. Consumers are increasingly concerned about purchasing and consuming products that the consumers view as being more healthful. For example, products possessing higher levels of complex carbohydrates and fiber, especially soluble fiber, are becoming more popular with consumers. In addition, products containing lower levels of fat and cholesterol as well as a decreased caloric content are becoming more popular with consumers. Many consumers also desire products made from all-natural components that contain no stabilizers, emulsifiers, or other exogenous additives, such as refined sugars or artificial sweeteners. Non-dairy sweet confections are becoming popular alternatives to conventional dairy-based frozen confections. Consumers who are lactose intolerant are especially interested in purchasing products that do not contain dairy products or dairy derivatives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395314__

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Recoding of DNA sequences permitting expression in yeast and obtained transformed yeast Inventor(s): Batard; Yannick (Strasbourg, FR), Durst; Francis (Bernolsheim, FR), Schalk; Michel (Hutteheim, FR), Werck-Reichhart; Daniele (Dingsheim, FR) Assignee(s): Rhone-Poulenc Agro (Lyon Cede, FR) Patent Number: 6,180,363 Date filed: September 23, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to a DNA sequence which encodes a protein of interest which contains regions having a high content of codons which are poorly suited to yeasts, characterized in that a sufficient number of codons which are poorly suited to yeasts is replaced with corresponding codons which are well-suited to yeasts in the said regions having a high content of codons which are poorly suited to yeasts. The present invention relates, more specifically, to DNA sequences which originate from dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants, in particular plants of the graminae family which are selected, in particular, from among wheat, barley, oats, rice, maize, sorghum and cane sugar. The present invention also relates to transformed yeasts which contain a DNA sequence according to the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the recoding of DNA sequences which encode proteins which contain regions having a high content of codons which are poorly translated by yeasts, in particular which encode proteins of plant origin, such as the P450 cytochromes of plant origin, and to their expression in yeasts. It is known that certain sequences encoding proteins of interest, in particular proteins of plant origin, are not readily translated in yeasts. This applies, in particular, to proteins which possess regions having a high content of codons which are poorly suited to yeasts, in particular leucine codons, such as some P450 cytochromes of plant origin. Some systems which have been developed for improving the expression of P450 cytochromes of animal or plant origin in yeasts, such as those described by Pompon et al. (Methods Enzymol., 272, 1996, 51-64; WO 97/10344), have turned out to be unsuitable for large numbers of P450 cytochromes which encompass regions having a high content of codons which are poorly suited to yeasts. The P450 cytochromes constitute a superfamily of membrane enzymes of the monooxygenase type which are able to oxidize a large family of generally hydrophobic substrates. The reactions are most frequently characterized by the oxidation of C--H or C.dbd.C bonds, and of heteroatoms, and, more rarely, by the reduction of nitro groups or by dehalogenation. More specifically, these enzymes are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotic substances and drugs and in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants, some of which have organoleptic or pharmacodynamic properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06180363__

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Yeasts for reducing fusarium head blight in cereals and selection thereof Inventor(s): Boehm; Michael J. (Worthington, OH), Khan; Naseem I. (Peoria, IL), Schisler; David A. (Morton, IL) Assignee(s): The Ohio State University Research (Columbus, OH), The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,562,337 Date filed: May 24, 2001

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Abstract: Four yeasts (NRRL Y-30213, NRRL Y-30214, NRRL Y-30215, and NRRL Y30216) and 1 bacterium (NRRL B-30212) have been identified as being superior antagonists capable of suppressing Fusarium head blight (head scab) in cereals, particularly in wheat and barley. Fusarium head blight is primarily caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph=Fusarium graminearum). Excerpt(s): Head scab, also known as Fusarium head blight (FHB), is a devastating disease of wheat and barley that is primarily caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph=Fusarium graminearum). This disease can reach epidemic levels and causes extensive damage to wheat and barley in humid and semi-humid wheat growing areas of the world. In recent growing seasons, the disease has caused large scale devastation in the United States, Canada and China. FHB was responsible for almost 500 million bushels of wheat lost in the United States from 1991 until present. Economic loss has been estimated at between 1.3 to 2.6 billion during this time period. In an epidemic in Indiana in 1986, grain samples from 43 of 44 counties had scab [Tuite et al., (1990) Plant Dis. 74:959-962]. Other countries of the world that produce large amounts of wheat in humid and semi-humid regions and would be susceptible to major outbreaks of FHB include India, Russia, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The infection of seed by G. zeae reduces seed germination, seedling vigor and plant emergence [Bechtel et al., (1985) Cereal Chem. 62:191-197]. Infection of wheat kernels by G. zeae reduces grain yield and affects grain quality [Clear et al., (1990) Can. J. Plant Sci. 70:1057-1069]. Reductions in grain yield are at least partially attributable to the pathogen producing the vomitoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) [Snijders, (1990) Neth J. Plant Pathol. 96:187-198; Proctor et al., (1995) MPMI 8:593-601] which can inhibit amino acid incorporation and protein production in plant tissues [Casale et al., (1988) Phytopathology 78:1673-1677]. This toxin is also implicated in adversely affecting the growth of mammalian cells [Knasmuller et al., (1997) Mutation Research 391:39-48]. DON is retained in semolina at approximately 50% and F. graminearum has a strong adverse effect on pasta color when Fusarium damaged kernels make up as little as 2% of a lot [Dexter et al., (1997) Cereal Chem. 74:519-525]. Additionally, G. zeae infected kernels can contain the estrogenic toxin zearalenone. Grain contaminated with either of these mycotoxins often is downgraded or can not be sold [Tuite et al., (1990)]. Contaminated grain is frequently unsuitable for human consumption and may be refused as feed [Vesonder et al., (1980) Process Biochem. 16:12-15]. The importance of FHB was recognized by the 105th U.S. Congress when it adopted the "Wheat and Barley Protection Act" that authorized expenditure of 26 million dollars for the study of FHB. This invention relates to five microbial antagonists that reduce FHB. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562337__ •

Young leaves of a grass plant Inventor(s): Hattori; Toshimitsu (Fukuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Toyo Shinyaku Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 6,379,717 Date filed: April 25, 2000 Abstract: Young leaves of a grass plant selected from the group consisting of barley, wheat, rye, oats, adlay, Italian ryegrass, and rice, having.gamma.-aminobutyric acid, known as an antihypertensive substance, in which the amount of.gamma.-aminobutyric acid is enriched or retained, are provided. The content of.gamma.-aminobutyric acid in the young leaves is 500 mg/100 g or more in terms of dry weight. Young leaf powder,

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young leaf juice, and young leaf juice powder of the grass plant having.gamma.aminobutyric acid in large amounts are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to young leaves of a grass plant such as barley, wheat, rye, oats, adlay, Italian ryegrass, and rice, in which the amount of.gamma.aminobutyric acid having an antihypertensive function contained in the leaves is retained or increased. Green leaves of grass plants, such as the young leaves of barley, wheat, rye, oats, adlay, Italian ryegrass, rice, and the like, are rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and so on. They have therefore received attention for their usability as materials for health food products that provide the effects of adsorbing harmful substances, improving the intestinal environment, suppressing absorption of cholesterol, preventing the postprandial sudden rise in blood sugar, activating superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the like. When such young leaves, for example, are used as a material for health foods, they are presented in various forms. For instance, the young leaves of barley are directly dried and powdered to obtain leaf powder (Japanese Patent No. 2544302), or processed into the forms of juice, extract, and powder of such juice and extract (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 11-75791). In either case, products having useful ingredients such as dietary fiber and vitamins retained therein in a larger amount is more preferable. Green grass leaves contain enzymes such as chlorophyllase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase that cause degeneration such as the fading of the vivid green color of green leaves. In order to prevent such degeneration, green leaves are generally subjected to hydrothermal treatment (i.e., blanching). During this treatment, ingredients naturally contained in green leaves, such as vitamins, minerals, and chlorophyll, tend to be lost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379717__

Patent Applications on Barley As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to barley: •

Alcohol sweetened and sparkling fruit ciders and method for same Inventor(s): Young, Thomas B. III; (US) Correspondence: GALGANO & BURKE; 300 RABRO DRIVE; 300 RABRO DRIVE; SUITE 135; HAUPPAUGE; NY; 11788; US Patent Application Number: 20020172738 Date filed: April 12, 2000 Abstract: An alcoholic, sparkling, sweetened fruit cider with Ethanol content in the range 3.5% to 7.5% made by:selecting a fruit juice or puree to form the desired flavor base of the beverage from a group comprising orange juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice, cherry juice, tomato juice, blueberry juice or puree, cranberry juice or puree, blackberry juice or puree, apricot juice or puree, prune juice, guava juice or puree, raspberry juice or puree, peach juice, lemon juice, lime juice, strawberry juice or puree, and kiwi fruit juice or puree, adding yeast and a nutrient mineral salts mixture as set

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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forth in TABLE I below: 1 TABLE I gms per 100 gms Ammonium chloride 61 Yeast extract 3 Potassium phosphate 20 Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 14 Thiamine hydrochloride 2adding sugar derived from corn, cane, beet or barley malt as required to establish an initial sugar level in the 8 to 14% w/v range, fermenting the mixture and clarifying the resulting broth, adding a sweetener to the broth selected from the group comprising corn sugar, sucrose, sorbose stabilizer, and a low calorie sweetener, carbonating the beverage, bottling and cold storing the same. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit under Title 35, USC.sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/153,499. This invention relates to midrange alcoholic fruit ciders made from fruit juices and purees including orange juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice, cherry juice, blueberry juice or puree, cranberry juice or puree, blackberry juice or puree, apricot juice or puree, prune juice, guava juice or puree, raspberry juice or puree, peach juice, lemon juice, lime juice, strawberry juice or puree, kiwi fruit juice or puree, and tomato juice and to a method for making same. Some fruit juices ferment naturally and have been used for many years to make alcoholic beverages, notably grape juice for making wine and apple juice for making hard (alcoholic) cider. More recently numerous fruit juices and fruits have been used for making high range alcoholic wines of 11 to 14% ethanol. Among these are blueberries, oranges and orange juice (U.S. Pat. No. 3,979,521, JP 60,30674, JP 60,30674, JP 62,248801, JP 55,127983, JP 64,055174, JP 6,205664, JP 54,73199, JP 57,144967, JP 3,266948, JP 1,179647, JP 60,043376, JP 62,294024, DE 2,357,970 and FR 2,657,878), apples and apple juice, and other fruits like guava. In these products enough sugar is added to obtain either dry or sweet mostly non-sparkling wines similar in alcoholic content to wines made from grape juice (11 to 14%). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Bacillus laterosporus strain CM-3 for promoting grain crop yields Inventor(s): Porubcan, Randolph S.; (Shakopee, MN) Correspondence: Eric P. Mirabel, Esq.; Winstead Sechrest & Minick P.C.; 2400 Bank One Center, 910 Travis St.; Houston; TX; 77002; US Patent Application Number: 20030045428 Date filed: March 19, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are processes for increasing the yields of grain crops, e.g., rice, corn, alfalfa, oats, wheat, barley, hops, and the like, through application of spores or live cells of strain CM-3 of Bacillus laterosporus (deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, P.O. Box 1549, Manassas Va. 20108, under Deposit Designation No. PTA3593). Application of spores of strain CM-3 to rice plants at between 0.6 trillion to 50 trillion (0.6.times.10.sup.12 to 5.0.times.10.sup.13) colony forming units ("cfu")/hectare ("ha")/crop cycle, substantially increased the yield of grain/ha, up to 7.3 metric tons/ha. The applications of strain CM-3 to rice plants can be started during the nursery period, before the plants are placed in the rice paddy. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application serial No. 60/303,215, filed on Jul. 5, 2001. The use of viable microorganisms as root-zone inoculants, particularly beneficial bacteria, has expanded in the last decade to include many food crops including fruits, vegetables, root crops and grains. The emerging science, referred to as probiotics, is based in part on the observation that certain soils which contain specific cultures of microorganisms that aggressively colonize root

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surfaces suppress a variety of plant diseases. It is postulated that colonization of root surfaces with deleterious microorganisms can be prevented by pre-colonization with probiotic microorganisms, which is referred to as competitive exclusion, or CE. Schroth et al. discussed CE in a review article in 1982 entitled "Disease-Suppressive Soil and Root-Colonizing Bacteria", Science, Vol. 216: 1376-1381 (1982). In this review, gramnegative Pseudomonas bacterial species were discussed as being the most effective in CE, and their ability to produce iron-binding compounds (called "siderophores") was postulated as the potential mode-of-action. There have, in fact, been suggestions to commercialize cultures of Pseudomonas bacteria as probiotics for food crop production. U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,651 discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (referred to therein as "PGPR"), and in a listing of 41 PGPR bacterial species and strains, 37 of them are Pseudomonas species and strains. Since strains of these same Pseudomonas species and strains are plant pathogens, and since plasmid transfer within a bacterial species is commonplace, there is a concern that there could be transfer of genetic material from a pathogenic strain, to convert a previously harmless strain into a pathogenic strain. Accordingly, it is preferred to use gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, and not gram-negative Pseudomonas, for probiotics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Bacteria and yeasts for reducing fusarium head blight in cereals and selection thereof Inventor(s): Boehm, Michael J.; (Worthington, OH), Khan, Naseem I.; (Peoria, IL), Schisler, David A.; (Morton, IL) Correspondence: USDA-ARS-OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER; NATIONAL CTR FOR AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION RESEARCH; 1815 N. UNIVERSITY STREET; PEORIA; IL; 61604; US Patent Application Number: 20010041176 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: Four yeasts (NRRL Y-30213, NRRL Y-30214, NRRL Y-30215, and NRRL Y30216) and 1 bacterium (NRRL B-30212) have been identified as being superior antagonists capable of suppressing Fusarium head blight (head scab) in cereals, particularly in wheat and barley. Fusarium head blight is primarily caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph=Fusarium graminearum). Excerpt(s): Head scab, also known as Fusarium head blight (FHB), is a devastating disease of wheat and barley that is primarily caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph=Fusarium graminearum). This disease can reach epidemic levels and causes extensive damage to wheat and barley in humid and semi-humid wheat growing areas of the world. In recent growing seasons, the disease has caused large scale devastation in the United States, Canada and China. FHB was responsible for almost 500 million bushels of wheat lost in the United States from 1991 until present. Economic loss has been estimated at between 1.3 to 2.6 billion during this time period. In an epidemic in Indiana in 1986, grain samples from 43 of 44 counties had scab [Tuite et al., (1990) Plant Dis. 74:959-962]. Other countries of the world that produce large amounts of wheat in humid and semi-humid regions and would be susceptible to major outbreaks of FHB include India, Russia, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The infection of seed by G. zeae reduces seed germination, seedling vigor and plant emergence [Bechtel et al., (1985) Cereal Chem. 62:191-197]. Infection of wheat kernels by G. zeae reduces grain yield and affects grain quality [Clear et al., (1990) Can. J. Plant Sci. 70:1057-1069]. Reductions in grain yield are at least partially attributable to the pathogen producing

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the vomitoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) [Snijders, (1990) Neth J. Plant Pathol. 96:187-198; Proctor et al., (1995) MPMI 8:593-601] which can inhibit amino acid incorporation and protein production in plant tissues [Casale et al., (1988) Phytopathology 78:1673-1677]. This toxin is also implicated in adversely affecting the growth of mammalian cells [Knasmuller et al., (1997) Mutation Research 391:39-48]. DON is retained in semolina at approximately 50% and F. graminearum has a strong adverse effect on pasta color when Fusarium damaged kernels make up as little as 2% of a lot [Dexter et al., (1997) Cereal Chem. 74:519-525]. Additionally, G. zeae infected kernels can contain the estrogenic toxin zearalenone. Grain contaminated with either of these mycotoxins often is downgraded or can not be sold [Tuite et al., (1990)]. Contaminated grain is frequently unsuitable for human consumption and may be refused as feed [Vesonder et al., (1980) Process Biochem. 16:12-15]. The importance of FHB was recognized by the 105th U.S. Congress when it adopted the "Wheat and Barley Protection Act" that authorized expenditure of 26 million dollars for the study of FHB. This invention relates to five microbial antagonists that reduce FHB. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Barley gene for thioredoxin and NADP-thioredoxin reductase Inventor(s): Buchanan, Bob B.; (Berkeley, CA), Caillau, Maxime; (Verdun sur Garonne, FR), Cho, Myeong-Je; (Alameda, CA), del Val, Gregorio; (El Cerrito, CA), Lemaux, Peggy G.; (Moraga, CA) Correspondence: Michael R. Ward; Morrison & Foerster LLP; 425 Market Street; San Francisco; CA; 94105-2842; US Patent Application Number: 20030150010 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides barley thioredoxin h nucleic acids and NADPthioredoxin reductase nucleic acids, the respective encoded proteins and methods of use. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date of application Ser. No. 60/127,198, filed Mar. 31, 1999 pending, application Ser. No. 60/169,162, filed Dec. 6, 1999, pending; application Ser. No. 60/177,740 filed Jan. 21, 2000, pending; and application Ser. No. 60/177,739, filed Jan. 21, 2000, pending, all of which are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. Thioredoxins are small (about 12 kDa) thermostable proteins with catalytically active disulfide groups. This class of proteins has been found in virtually all organisms, and has been implicated in myriad biochemical pathways (Buchanan et al., 1994). The active site of thioredoxin has two redox-active cysteine residues in a highly conserved amino acid sequence; when oxidized, these cysteines form a disulfide bridge (--S--S--) that can be reduced to the sulfhydryl (--SH) level through a variety of specific reactions. In physiological systems, this reduction may be accomplished by reduced ferredoxin, NADPH, or other associated thioredoxin-reducing agents. The reduced form of thioredoxin is an excellent catalyst for the reduction of even the most intractable disulfide bonds. Some plant species contain a family of closely related thioredoxin h proteins, which probably perform different physiological functions. Specific plants in which multiple thioredoxin h proteins have been found include spinach (Florencio et al., 1988), wheat (Johnson et al., 1987), rice (Ishiwatari et al., 1995), and Arabidopsis (Rivera-Madrid et al., 1995). The type-h thioredoxin was discovered considerably after the discovery of the m and f types, and because of this much less is known about this cytosolic thioredoxin and its

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physiological functions. Considerable work is currently directed toward studying thioredoxin h proteins (Besse and Buchanan, 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Beta-glucan process, additive and food product Inventor(s): Cahill, Anthony P. JR.; (Amana, IA), Fenske, Douglas J.; (Waconia, MN), Freeland, Mark; (Stockton, NJ), Hartwig, Gene W.; (Alexandria, MN) Correspondence: Patent Docket Clerk; RYNDAK & SCHWARTZ; Suite 2630; 30 N. LaSalle Street; Chicago; IL; 60602; US Patent Application Number: 20020106430 Date filed: December 8, 2000 Abstract: The method for abstracting high levels of.beta.-glucan from a grain product such as oat or barley grain should produce a.beta.-glucan product containing as least about 18% by weight.beta.-glucan is provided. The.beta.-glucan product can be produced as an agglomerated food additive having at least about 18% by weight.beta.glucan. Methods are providing for enriching a food product with the.beta.-glucan agglomerated food additive and resulting food products results are provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for extracting high levels of.beta.glucan from a grain product such as oat or barley grain to produce a.beta.-glucan product containing at least about 18% by weight.beta.-glucan. The present invention also relates to an agglomerated food additive having at least 18% by weight.beta.-glucan and to a method of enriching a food product with.beta.-glucan using the agglomerated high content.beta.-glucan food additive. Various sources of soluble dietary fibers have attracted much attention in recent years for their positive nutritional attributes. One such soluble dietary fiber,.beta.-glucan, is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the cell walls of grains such as wheat, oats and barley. When incorporated into a person's diet,.beta.-glucan has been found to aid in the digestive process, enhance the immune system and help protect against bacteria, viruses and diseases.beta.-glucan is known to reduce both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Taken regularly,.beta.glucan has also been found to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.beta.-glucan occurs in quantity in the cell wall fibers of oats and barley grain. Despite these seemingly abundant sources, current methods to recover.beta.-glucan have been met with limited success. Known methods to isolate.beta.-glucan from its native endosperm wall are either low in yield or involve detailed chemical processes and extensive reaction times which make such processes commercially unappealing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition containing xylitol and fiber Inventor(s): Gare, Fran; (Miami-Dede, FL) Correspondence: JACKIE J. SCHWARTZ; 1350 BROADWAY; SUITE 1507; NEW YORK; NY; 10018-7702; US Patent Application Number: 20020127319 Date filed: January 11, 2001

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Abstract: A composition containing psyllium fiber and xylitol. The composition is in one of powered, liquid or product form. In powdered form the composition is used for producing confectionery products, beverages, baked good products, bakery products, snack bars and similar foodstuff products. In product form, the composition is used to produce confectionery products, baked good products, bakery products, snack bars and similar foodstuff products. The fiber is preferably psyllium fiber. However, the psyllium fiber may be substituted with fruit fiber and derivatives including pectin; seaweed gums and derivatives, including carrageenan, agar and alginates; cellulose and derivatives; cereal grain fibers, including corn, wheat, oat, rice, barley and soy; fructooligosaccharides and its derivatives; seed gums, including guar and locust bean; tree gums, including karaya, tragacanth and acacia; xantham gum; vegetable fiber, including pea and legumes; and potato fiber. Suitable natural flavorings, which can be added to the composition containing xylitol and fiber include but are not limited to all nuts, all green vegetables and legumes, carrots, chocolate, cocoa, vanilla, orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, peach, apricot, nectarine, strawberry, blueberry, raspberry, peppermint, coffee, cinnamon, mocha, tomato, herbs (green tea, ginger, ginseng, etc.) and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions containing reduced calories, reduced carbohydrates and sugar substitutes and, more particularly, to a composition containing xylitol and fiber in a powdered, liquid and/or product form. A variety of food and drink products as well as powdered mixes are presently available which contain both fats and sugars. For example, chocolate-flavored confectionery products comprise cocoa butter or a cocoa butter fat substitute, and sugar, typically in the form of sucrose. Other examples of such products are baked goods such as cookies, brownies and cakes and frozen desserts such as ice cream. Numerous beverages and powdered mixes for use in producing foodstuffs and beverages also contain fattening amounts of sugar. The fat and sugar components in such products can provide a significant number of calories. In the case of fat, the caloric load is due to the triglycerides that are present. For example, a natural fat, such as corn oil, provides a caloric density of about 9 calories per gram. By comparison, vegetable protein provides only about 4 calories per gram. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Coniothyrium minitans beta-(1,3) exoglucanase gene cbeg1 Inventor(s): Cheng, Kuo Joan; (Richmond, CA), Frick, Michele M.; (Lethbridge, CA), Huang, Hung Chang; (Lethbridge, CA), Huang, Timothy Yikai; (Lethbridge, CA), Laroche, Andre J.; (Lethbridge, CA), Lu, Zhen-Xiang; (Lethbridge, CA) Correspondence: GREENLEE WINNER AND SULLIVAN P C; 5370 MANHATTAN CIRCLE; SUITE 201; BOULDER; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030115627 Date filed: December 8, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides the nucleotide sequence of a novel.beta.-(1,3) exoglucanase gene denoted as cbeg1 of the soil-borne fungus Coniothyrium minitans. The deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded.beta.-(1,3) exoglucanase enzyme, denoted Cbeg1, is also provided. Encoded.beta.-(1,3) exoglucanase Cbeg1 is specific for the substrate laminarin, in that results showed no activity with other substrates tested, such as carboxymethylcellulose, barley.beta.-glucan, lichenan, oat spelt xylan and birchwood xylan. The pH and temperature optima for.beta.-(1,3) exoglucanase Cbeg1 are 6.0 and 57.degree. C., respectively. Cbeg1 contains 784 amino acids, and has a

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predicted isoelectric point (pI) of 6.0 and molecular weight of 83,646 Daltons. The invention further provides vectors and cells comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the cbeg1 gene, and methods for producing.beta.-(1,3) exoglucanase Cbeg1. The cbeg1 gene is compatible with a eukaryotic heterologous expression system, making it particularly useful for a wide range of industrial applications, such as improvement of plant resistance to fungal phytopathogens or use in ruminant microbial transgenic strategies to improve feed digestion and nutritive carbohydrate availability from forage feed. In addition, the high activity of Cbeg1 over broad pH and temperature ranges may be beneficial for use in high temperature industrial applications, such as bleaching of pulp, which require temperatures greater than 37.degree. C. Further, Cbeg1 may complement degradation initiated by endoglucanases which release oligoglucans, in that.beta.-(1,3) exoglucanase sequentially hydrolyzes.beta.-(1,3) glucan fragments and is required to hydrolyze oligoglucan fragments completely to obtain D-glucose, which can be assimilated. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/170,168, filed on Dec. 10, 1999. To the extent that it is consistent herewith, the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The invention pertains to a.beta.-(1,3) exoglucanase gene of Coniothyrium minitans. iii) lignin (a polyphenolic compound) (Thomson, 1993). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Detection of wheat and barley fungal pathogens which are resistant to certain fungicides using the polymerase chain reaction Inventor(s): Barnett, Charles Jason; (Research Triangle Park, NC), Beck, James Joseph; (Research Triangle Park, NC) Correspondence: SYNGENTA BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC.; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 3054 CORNWALLIS ROAD; P.O. BOX 12257; RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK; NC; 27709-2257; US Patent Application Number: 20030194735 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: Primers specific for races of pathogenic fungi which are resistant to certain fungicides are used in polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of fungal pathogens. The use of these primers enables the detection of specific isolates of fungal pathogens and the monitoring of disease development in plant populations. The invention includes DNA sequences which show variability between different fungal pathotypes. Such DNA sequences are useful in the method of the invention as they can be used to derive primers for use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assays. These primers generate unique fragments in PCR reactions in which the DNA template is provided by specific fungal pathotypes and can thus be used to identify the presence or absence of specific pathotypes in host plant material before the onset of disease symptoms. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/369,796 filed Apr. 3, 2002, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to the use of primers specific for races of pathogenic fungi which are resistant to certain fungicides in polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of fungal pathogens. The use of these primers enables the detection of specific isolates of fungal pathogens and the monitoring of disease

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development in plant populations. Diseases in plants cause considerable crop loss from year to year resulting both in economic deprivation to farmers and additionally in many parts of the world to shortfalls in the nutritional provision for local populations. The widespread use of fungicides has provided considerable security against plant pathogen attack. However, despite $1 billion worth of expenditure on fungicides, worldwide crop losses amounted to approximately 10% of crop value in 1981 (James, 1981; Seed Sci. & Technol. 9: 679-685). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Floatable device Inventor(s): Prescott, Mark R.; (Stephentown, NY) Correspondence: Francis C. Hand, Esq.; c/o Carella, Byrne, Bain, Gilfillan, Cecchi,; Stewart & Olstein; 6 Becker Farm Road; Roseland; NJ; 07068; US Patent Application Number: 20030110688 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: The floatable planter is employed in a body of water, such as a fish pond, in order to prevent the growth of algae. The planter employs an aquatic pot for receiving a plant, a peat pot having a planting medium for receiving the aquatic pot, a floatation ring about the aquatic pot, a mass of decomposable material selected from the group consisting of barley straw and lavender, and a mesh bag that envelopes the pots, floatation ring and decomposable material. As the decomposable material decomposes, hydrogen peroxide is produced in order to act as an algaecide in the body of water. The floatation ring ensures the proper floatation of the straw or lavender in the water. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/341,713, filed Dec. 18, 2001. This invention relates to a floatable device for forming an algaecide. More particularly, this invention relates to a floatable planter that utilizes the benefits of barley straw or lavender to form an algaecide for purifying a body of water. Heretofore, various types of techniques have been known for growing plants in a soilless environment, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,348. Techniques have also been known in which parts of plant life may be cultivated in water, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,487,588; 4,536,988; and 5,836,108. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Food ingredients derived from hulled viscous barley grain and the process of making Inventor(s): Clark, Dale Rogers; (Bozeman, MT), Fox, Gregory Joseph; (Fargo, ND) Correspondence: Gregory J. Fox; 717 14th St. S.; Frago; ND; 58103; US Patent Application Number: 20030003218 Date filed: June 18, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a waxy barley pearl containing high levels of viscous beta-glucan. Also described are the methods to produce this product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a single food product, high viscosity hulled waxy barley pearl, which is a potent source of clinically active viscous beta-glucan, which has hypocholesterolaemic, immunostimulating, gluco-regulating, and

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antitumorogenic properties. This material can be used directly as a food or food ingredient, or undergo further processing into flour, flakes, kibbles, or other processed ingredients. In previous patents filed by this group (Fox, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,614,242; 5,725,901; 6,197,952; 6,238,719B1), high viscosity food products derived from waxy hulless and waxy hulless short awn barley have been described and successfully patented. These products include high viscosity flours, fiber concentrates, tocotrienols concentrates, kibbles, cut flaked and purified beta-glucan isolates. Most of these products can be made from whole grain or pearled grain. The high viscosity is created by long beta-glucan fibers that swell in aqueous solution and create viscosity. This viscosity is the basis for clinical activity which includes serum cholesterol reduction, glycemic index reduction, and possibly creates immunostimulation of the immune cells of the intestinal mucosae. Normal barley does not yield viscous beta-glucan product. Selected waxy hulless and waxy hulless short awn barleys do. Use of these two types of barley genotypes was the basis of all the previous patents granted to this group. developed. It can be seen in Table 1 that each of the two samples of the entry designated as Waxy Baronesse when pearled 30% slightly exceeded the viscosity of Merlin pearled 10%. Thus the waxy Baronesse could be used in those high beta-glucan, high viscosity products that call for a pearled flake. This includes isolates, concentrated, flour, kibble and flakes that call for a pearled high viscosity waxy hulless seed as initial starting material. It should be noted that this material could not be used for whole grain derived products described in previous patents because pearling is a form of reduction milling rendering a non-whole grain end product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Food product for lowering cholesterol levels Inventor(s): Gugger, Eric T.; (Rogers, MN), Heddleson, Ronald A.; (Plymouth, MN), Lewandowski, Daniel J.; (Bloomington, MN), Perdon, Alicia A.; (Maple Grove, MN), Vala, Lisa A.; (Plymouth, MN) Correspondence: GENERAL MILLS, INC.; P.O. BOX 1113; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55440; US Patent Application Number: 20030068357 Date filed: October 10, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is a food product intended for consumers that is both nutritionally complete and well balanced and provides beneficial hypocholesterolemic activity. The food product includes a combination of soluble fiber component selected from the group consisting of psyllium, oat flour, oat bran, barley, beta-glucan, guar gum, beet pulp and pectin and a second beneficial component selected from the group consisting of beta sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, ergosterol, beta sitostanol, campestanol, stigmastanol and fatty acid derivatives thereof and/or a combination of one or more of the above to generate the health benefit. Excerpt(s): None. Not applicable. The present invention is related to a novel food composition that is used as a food product intended for consumers. The food product provides for beneficial hypocholesterolemic activity in a nutritionally balanced food that includes a combination of soluble fiber and a sterol or stanol or a fatty acid derivative thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Functional glue mixed with crushed on ginko (leaves) and poulownia (leaves) materials and fabricating method thereof Inventor(s): Sim, Man-Gu; (Kwangju-city, KR) Correspondence: BURNS DOANE SWECKER & MATHIS L L P; POST OFFICE BOX 1404; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020185039 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: There are disclosed a functional glue in which the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials are mixed with rice glue or barley and wheat glue at a desired ratio, thereby providing a mothproofing function, an antibacterial function and a moisture proofing function, and a fabricating method thereof. The method of fabricating a functional glue mixed with crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials, comprises steps of: filling the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials in a crusher, respectively or all together so as to crush the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials; and putting each of the crushed materials or all of them in a stirrer along with rice glue, or barley glue and wheat glue so as to fairly stir the crushed material and the glue. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a functional glue mixed with crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials and a fabricating method thereof, and more particularly, to a functional glue in which the crushed ginkgo (leaves) and paulownia (leaves) materials are mixed with rice glue or barley and wheat glue at a desired ratio, thereby providing a mothproofing function, an antibacterial function and a moisture proofing function, and a fabricating method thereof. Generally, glue used in papering is fabricated by mixing wheat flour and water and then boiling the mixture. In this case, if the glue is exposed to moisture, an adhered object may be easily separated from an adhered place. What is worse, a surface of an indoor wall may be rotten. Therefore, there are some problems that the indoor beauty is injured and also various insects live therein. Further, a chemical adhesive contained in the glue causes the contamination of nature. Furthermore, there is another problem that indoor air is contaminated by the conventional board thereby injuring person's health. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a functional glue having a mothproofing and antibacterial function, which previously prevents generation of mold, insect, and moth and maintain indoor air to be clean, and also protects a wooden structure from the insects and the moth, thereby extending durability of a building and previously preventing damage of the building. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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HVD1 gene induced by salt stress Inventor(s): Iba, Koh; (Fukuoka City, JP), Takabe, Tetsuko; (Nagoya City, JP) Correspondence: Robert G. Mukai; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020081730 Date filed: July 12, 2001 Abstract: A novel gene induced by salt stress, barley HVD1 gene, was provided according to this invention and sequence of the gene was determined. Said gene of this

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invention revealed to encode RNA helicase. Furthermore, it is expected that resistance to salt stress would be rendered to a plant by incorporating said gene, through stabilizing conformation of RNA. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to barley HVD1 gene, a novel gene induced by salt stress, and protein encoded by said gene. Food crisis is expected to occur in the near future, caused by increase of population and alteration of environment. Therefore, in order to cope with the problem, there is a great demand on development of an agricultural technique that enables efficient production of crops. The amount of agricultural production tends to be affected by various environmental stress. It deserves to be a serious problem in the field of agriculture. Therefore, production of a plant, exhibiting resistance to various environmental stress, is needed. In response to environmental stress, some physiological or metabolic alteration occurs in a plant. That is, increase or decrease in expression of various proteins occurs in the course of such response. Alteration of genetic expression caused by environmental stress is one factor that is contributing to control of protein component of a plant. Analysis of a gene, expressing under some environmental stress, is important to understand the mechanism involving stress resistance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

HYDROPONIC GROWING ENCLOSURE AND METHOD FABRICATION OF ANIMAL FEED GRASS FROM SEED

FOR

THE

Inventor(s): Cole, Robert; (Montreal, CA), Lloyd, Douglas; (Lachine, CA) Correspondence: OGILVY RENAULT; 1981 MCGILL COLLEGE AVENUE; SUITE 1600; MONTREAL; QC; H3A2Y3; CA Patent Application Number: 20030101645 Date filed: December 4, 2001 Abstract: A self-contained hydroponic growing enclosure and method for the fabrication of animal feed grass from seed is described. The enclosure is a self-contained enclosure which is insulated and which can be transported or assembled on site and which is independent of outside climatic conditions. Seed is stored in an isolated portion of the enclosure and fed to germination tanks in predetermined quantities where the seeds are germinated for a predetermined period of time. The tanks are then drained of their iodine-treated water and the germinated seeds are placed in predetermined quantities onto trays which are placed at an inlet end of a racking system. Trays are removed with grown grass at a harvest outlet end of the racking system in the same sequence as they are placed at the inlet end, so that there is a continuous daily supply of feed grass. Light walls are provided on opposed sides of the racking system to illuminate the beds. Conditioned air is also convected through the racking system from the inlet end to the outlet harvest end and the air flow distributes carbon dioxide generated in an inlet end section by the germinating seed grain, over the entire growing beds. The beds are also sprayed with water and the air flow is reconditioned by an air conditioning unit, filtered to remove bacteria and recirculated through the racking system. More specifically, the production system uses feed-quality barley for growing in tray beds to produce approximately 2,200 pounds of feed grass per day in a 7-day cycle from seed to feed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a hydroponic growing system and particularly to a fully integrated hydroponic process and apparatus which utilizes a universally available, feed-quality barley seed or other suitable seed to produce a young

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barley grass product for animal feed. Hydroponics is the art of growing plants without soil and has been practised for many years. Hydroponic systems for growing grain and legume seed to a sprouted grass crop in a controlled environment has been practised in over 10 known applications over the last 40 years. The commercial success of these systems has been limited, though it has been clearly demonstrated that high-quality plants can be produced in a very short period of time using a controlled hydroponic system. Generally, controlled hydroponic systems for this type of application consists of a controlled environmental enclosure in which the grain is germinated and grown on either racked trays or a moving mat type system. Most of these applications included some type of air conditioning and distribution system, a water supply and irrigation system and a controlled artificial or solar light source. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Integrated bacteria enzyme straw/barley matrix for ponds, lakes, aquariums and aquaculture Inventor(s): Tobey, James F. JR.; (Salem, VA), Zahn, Neal; (Tulsa, OK) Correspondence: HEAD, JOHNSON & KACHIGIAN; 228 W 17TH PLACE; TULSA; OK; 74119; US Patent Application Number: 20030166256 Date filed: February 26, 2002 Abstract: A fermentation composition for treatment of aquatic environments. The fermentation composition includes an activated organic matrix selected from wheat, barley or rye straw, ground, whole-grain barley grain and wheat bran. The fermentation composition also includes beneficial saprophytic bacteria, beneficial hydrolytic enzymes and soluble humatic compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a product for bioaugmentation and bioremediation of aquatic environments. More specifically, this invention is directed to the use of barley straw or similar substrate which has been activated by fermentation with saprophytic bacterial organisms to release natural humatic compounds to improve the clarity and quality of water and reduce the growth of green algae and string algae in aquatic environments and to inoculate the aquatic environment with the saprophytic bacteria from the fermentation process so as to provide long term control of algae in the aquatic environment. Decorative garden ponds are becoming very popular in the United States and around the world. While the garden pond adds a degree of beauty and tranquility to its owner's garden, it also requires regular maintenance by its owner in order to maintain its pleasing appearance. In addition to clearing leaves and other debris from the water, it is necessary to maintain the quality of the water in the pond. Among the most common water quality problems are those caused by excessive algae growth fueled by excessive nutrient levels in the water and sludge caused by the buildup of organic matter on the bottom of the pond. The most common problem algae types are those from the phyla choloophyta, euglenophyta, dinoflagellata, chrysophyta, and rhodophyta. Prokaryotes including the kingdoms monera and protists such as pediastrum, scendesmus, cosmarium, and string algae. Other problem algae include the pond scum algae such as fucus, sporiogyra, volvox, cyanbactreria and the diatoms. The above list is not all inclusive and it is understood that other species of algae like organisms are contemplated by this disclosure. The use of barley straw for this purpose suffers from several disadvantages: first, the need to use relatively large quantities of barley straw which is aesthetically unpleasing as it floats on the top of the pond and

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second, the process depends upon natural bacteria found in the pond to begin the breakdown of the barley which releases the natural humatic ingredients which are responsible for the beneficial activity of the straw. Because of the considerable variability in the bacterial flora found in garden ponds, the degree of effectiveness and time which it takes the barley process to function is extremely unpredictable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Low lipoxygenase 1 barley Inventor(s): Bech, Lene Moelskov; (Smoerum, DK), Cameron-Mills, Verena; (Valby, DK), Doderer, Albert; (Zoetermeer, NL), Douma, Anna Christina; (Zeist, NL), Heistek, Jolanda Carolina; (Vlaardingen, NL), Schmitt, Natalie; (Den Haag, NL), Skadhauge, Birgitte; (Birkeroed, DK), van Mechelen, Johannes Reinier; (Amsterdam, NL) Correspondence: MERCHANT & GOULD PC; P.O. BOX 2903; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030167544 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: Barley plants having reduced lipoxygenase-1 enzyme activity are provided, for example, barley plants expressing mutant LOX-1 protein. The barley plants of the invention are useful in the production of plant products such as malt and brewed beverages, particularly beer, having increased stability and reduced T2N potential. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of plant biotechnology. More specifically, the invention relates to a mutant barley lipoxygenase 1 gene (lox-1) that encodes an enzyme with severely reduced 9-hydroperoxyoctadecanoic acid forming activity. The invention also relates to the use of barley cultivars homozygous for lox-1 in brewing processes to reduce the formation of off-flavors in brewed products, such as beer, during storage. Lipoxygenases are a family of enzymes (EC 1.13.11.12) that catalyze the dioxidation of free and esterified poly-unsaturated fatty acids containing a 1(Z), 4(Z)-pentadiene configuration. The products of lipoxygenase-catalyzed reactions have long been suspected as major culprits for the appearance of stale flavors in plant grain/seed and grain/seed derived food products (Robinson et al., 1995, Food Chem., 54: 33-43). Lipoxygenases have been implicated in the production of volatile hexanal aldehydes generated during soybean processing, which have an undesirable aroma, limiting the use of soybean proteins in food products. Three lipoxygenase isozymes expressed in soybean seed are believed to contribute to lipid oxidation and hexanal formation. Soybean mutants lacking one or more of these isozymes have been generated with the aim of reducing hexanal formation and improving their flavor stability. The success of this approach has been evaluated by Hildebrand et al., 1990, J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 1934-1936. Mutants lacking soybean lipoxygenase 3 produced higher hexanal levels, suggesting that this isozyme diverts 13-hydroxyperoxyoctadecanoids, produced by lipid oxidation, towards non-volatile products. The field performance of triple-null soybean lines, lacking all three seed lipoxygenases, has shown that these enzymes are not essential for normal agronomic and seed characteristics (Narvel et al., 1998, Crop Sci. 38: 926-928). Lipoxygenases have also been implicated in the generation of off-flavors in rice, which can occur during grain storage. The release of free fatty acids can be detected in stored grain, which is indicative of the metabolism of the triglycerides reserves. The rice variety Daw Dam was found to accumulate lower levels of pentanals and hexanals giving a better flavor stability on storage (Susuki et al., 1999, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47: 1119-1124). This desirable phenotype was attributed to the absence of rice lipoxygenase-

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3, which oxidises unsaturated lipid acyl chains to form 9-hydroxyperoxyoctadecanoic positional isomers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Manipulation of cellulose and/or beta-1,4-glucan Inventor(s): Arioli, Antonio; (Duffy, AU), Betzner, Andreas S.; (Page, AU), Peng, Liangcai; (Turner, AU), Williamson, Richard E.; (Murrumbateman, AU) Correspondence: GREENLEE, WINNER AND SULLIVAN, P.C.; Suite 201; 5370 Manhattan Circle; Boulder; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030126643 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to isolated genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellulose biosynthesis in plants and transgenic plants expressing same in sense or antisense orientation, or as ribozymes, co-suppression or gene-targeting molecules. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, wheat, barley, maize, Brassica spp., Gossypium hirsutum and Eucalyptus spp. which encode or an enzyme which is important in cellulose biosynthesis, in particular the cellulose synthase enzyme and homologues, analogues and derivatives thereof and uses of same in the production of transgenic plants expressing altered cellulose biosynthetic properties. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/221,013, filed Dec. 23, 1998, which is a continuation of International Patent application PCT/AU97/00402, filed Jun. 24, 1997, which application is incorporated herein and which application claims priority to Australian Patent Application PO 0699, filed Jun. 27, 1996. The present invention relates generally to isolated genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellulose biosynthesis and transgenic organisms expressing same in sense or antisense orientation, or as ribozymes, co-suppression or gene-targeting molecules. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, wheat, barley, maize, Brassica spp., Gossypium hirsutum and Eucalyptus spp. which encode an enzyme which is important in cellulose biosynthesis, in particular the cellulose synthase enzyme and homologues, analogues and derivatives thereof and uses of same in the production of transgenic plants expressing altered cellulose biosynthetic properties. Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by author in this specification are collected at the end of the description. Sequence identity numbers (SEQ ID Nos.) for the nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification are defined after the bibliography. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Manipulation of starch granule size and number Inventor(s): Burrell, Michael Meyrick; (Cambridge, GB), Coates, Stephen Andrew; (Cambridge, GB) Correspondence: PENNIE AND EDMONDS; 1155 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; NEW YORK; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030177532 Date filed: October 24, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides isolated nucleic acids which encompass FtsZ nucleic acid molecules, FtsZ protein products (including, but not limited to, transcriptional products such as mRNAs, antisense and ribozyme molecules, and translational products such as FtsZ proteins, polypeptides, peptides and fusion proteins related thereto), antibodies to FtsZ protein products, vectors and expression vectors with FtsZ nucleic acids, cells, plants and plant parts with FtsZ nucleic acids, modified starch and starch granules from such plants and the use of the foregoing to improve agronomically valuable plants, including but not limited to maize, wheat, barley and potato. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application No. 60/346,905, filed on Jan. 8, 2002 and Great Britain Patent Application No. 0125493.7, filed on Oct. 24, 2001, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. The present invention is based upon the identification of a protein, which alters the sizes and quantity of starch granules in a plant. In particular, the invention relates to FtsZ nucleic acid molecules, FtsZ gene products, antibodies to FtsZ gene products, vectors and expression vectors with FtsZ genes, cells, plants and plant parts with FtsZ genes, modified starch, and starch granules from such plants and the use of the foregoing to improve agronomically valuable plants. Starch, a branched polymer of glucose consisting of largely linear amylose and highly branched amylopectin, is the product of carbon fixation during photosynthesis in plants, and is the primary metabolic energy reserve stored in seeds and fruit. For example, up to 75% of the dry weight of grain in cereals is made up of starch. The importance of starch as a food source is reflected by the fact that two thirds of the worlds food consumption (in terms of calories) is provided by the starch in grain crops such as wheat, rice and maize. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and composition related to low glycemic index foods Inventor(s): Arndt, Elizabeth A.; (Omaha, NE), Chigurupati, Sambasiva R.; (Omaha, NE), Katta, Sarath K.; (Highlands Ranch, CO) Correspondence: POLSINELLI SHALTON & WELTE, P.C.; 700 W. 47TH STREET; SUITE 1000; KANSAS CITY; MO; 64112-1802; US Patent Application Number: 20030087018 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for using Prowashonupana barley to produce a food product comprised primarily of the Prowashonupana barley. The resultant food product is desired because, when consumed, it does not contribute to significantly elevated glycemic indices in a host, as indicated by the rapidly available glucose (RAG) assay.

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Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/613,664, which was filed on Jul. 11, 2000. The present invention relates to using Prowashonupana barley to form a food product, and the resultant Prowashonupana food products, which are designed to inhibit or possibly prevent an elevated glycemic index when such products are consumed. Dietary carbohydrates can be divided into chemically-based classifications, which include sugars, starch fractions, and non-starch polysaccharides. Certain dietary carbohydrates, when consumed, can result in an elevated blood sugar or glucose level, which can be indicated by a measurement known as the Glycemic Index (GI). The GI is an indication of the effect of a particular food product on a person's blood sugar. This indication is measured by an in vivo testing procedure, whereby blood samples are taken from a subject at time zero and at specific time intervals after the consumption of a food item or meal. The blood glucose level of each sample is then calculated and plotted versus the time, and then the incremental area under the curve is calculated. As such, the GI will not only be calculated for the tested product but also for a reference product. The GI is expressed as a percentage, based on the ratio of the mean incremental area of the test food divided by the mean incremental area for the reference food. A high GI equates to an increased sugar level or comparatively high blood glucose levels. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING A BARLEY VARIETY AND A BARLEY HAVING A BREWING PROPERTY Inventor(s): FUKUDA, KENSUKE; (GUNMA-KEN, JP), ITO, KAZUTOSHI; (GUNMAKEN, JP), KANEKO, TAKAFUMI; (GUNMA-KEN, JP), KIHARA, MAKOTO; (GUNMAKEN, JP) Correspondence: OBLON SPIVAK MCCLELLAND MAIER & NEUSTADT PC; FOURTH FLOOR; 1755 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020019994 Date filed: June 26, 1998 Abstract: A method for identifying barley with good brewing properties using the thermostability of the barley.beta.-amylase as an indicator. The thermostability of the barley.beta.-amylase significantly affects the degree of the apparent attenuation limit. A method for determining the enzyme activity of a extract solution from one barley seed, an indirect method by an isoelectric point, and an indirect identifying method by DNA polymorphisms of the region containing the.beta.-amylase structural gene have been developed as a method for determining the type of thermostability for a barley.beta.amylase. The selection method is not affected by environmental or climatic conditions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for identifying a barley variety using the thermostability of.beta.-amylase encoded by the barley as an indicator. The invention also relates to a method for identifying a barley for brewing using this thermostability of the.beta.-amylase as an indicator. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of breeding method of a barley variety and a barley variety bred according to this breeding method, using the barley variety identified by the method of the present invention. Malting barley is conventionally bred using a traditional mating technique, for the most part comprising the following two steps. In the first step, individuals having different genotype are mated together and subsequently a selection is conducted from many resultant progeny lines based on desirable cultivation properties such as agricultural properties, adaptability to an environment, and resistance to disease, and a

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selected line is genetically fixed by growing. This step takes in the neighborhood of 5-6 years. After this long first step, in the second step, a malt analysis of many lines selected and grown in the first step is made, and only good barley lines are selected according to the result of the analysis of their brewing property. The selected barley lines are bred for malting barley. In conventional barley breeding, however, survey and selection of brewing properties cannot be conducted during the first step. Therefore, a selection and breeding of agronomic character must be performed from grand scale mated progeny lines and then followed by genetic fixation. Moreover, the existence of a good barley line with favorable brewing properties is not guaranteed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for inactivating gonadotrophs Inventor(s): Glode, Leonard Michael; (Golden, CO), Jarosz, Paul J.; (Westminster, CO), Nett, Torrance M.; (Bellvue, CO), Wieczorek, Maciej; (Superior, CO) Correspondence: SHERIDAN ROSS PC; 1560 BROADWAY; SUITE 1200; DENVER; CO; 80202 Patent Application Number: 20020165126 Date filed: January 21, 2002 Abstract: Certain toxic compounds (T) such as, for example, compounds based upon diphtheria toxin, ricin toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin,.alpha.-amanitin, pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), ribosome inhibiting proteins, especially the ribosome inhibiting proteins of barley, wheat, corn, rye, gelonin and abrin, as well as certain cytotoxic chemicals such as, for example, melphalan and daunomycin can be conjugated to certain analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to form a class of compounds which, when injected into an animal, destroy the gonadotrophs of the animal's anterior pituitary gland. Hence such compounds may be used to sterilize such animals and/or to treat certain sex hormone related diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to methods for sterilizing animals and to methods for medically treating certain sex hormone related diseases such as, for example, cancer of the breast or prostate. More particularly, this invention relates to sterilization and medical treatment by means of chemical attack upon the pituitary gland. Considerable interest exists with respect to the subject of sterilization of animals. This is especially true of those concerned with veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, particularly as they relate to the subject of sterilization of domestic animals such as dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, and the like. Various methods have been developed over the years to accomplish sterilization. For example, with respect to male cattle, the most widely used procedure for eliminating problems of sexual or aggressive behavior is sterilization through surgical castration. This is done in various ways, e.g., crushing the spermatic cord, retaining the testes in the inguinal ring, or use of a rubber band, placed around the neck of the scrotum, to cause sloughing off of the scrotum and testes. However most of these "mechanical" castration methods have proven to be undesirable in one respect or another; for example they (1) are traumatic, (2) introduce the danger of anesthesia, (3) are apt to produce infection, and (4) require trained personnel. Moreover, all such mechanical castration methods result in complete abolition of the testes and this of course implies complete removal of the anabolic effects of any steroids which are produced by the testes and which act as stimuli to growth and protein deposition. These drawbacks have caused consideration of various alternative sterilization techniques such as the use of chemical sterilization agents. However, the

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use of chemical sterilization agents has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, chemical sterilization eliminates the stress and danger associated with mechanical castration. Chemical sterilization also has the added advantage of allowing for retention of certain anabolic effects resulting from a continued presence of low levels of circulating testosterone. This is especially valuable in the case of animals raised for human consumption since circulating testosterone promotes growth, efficiency of feed conversion and protein deposition. Unfortunately, there are several disadvantages associated with chemical sterilization. For example chemical sterilization is often temporary rather than permanent; it also sometimes produces extremely severe, and even fatal, side effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for malting seeds Inventor(s): Coppens, Theo; (Tremelo, BE), Delcour, Jan; (Heverlee, BE), Delrue, Rita M.; (Minnetonka, MN), Michiels, Christ; (Kessel-Lo, BE), Noots, Iris; (Geel, BE) Correspondence: FITCH EVEN TABIN AND FLANNERY; 120 SOUTH LA SALLE STREET; SUITE 1600; CHICAGO; IL; 606033406 Patent Application Number: 20010043966 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides process or method of malting cereal seeds, such as barley, wheat, rye, corn, oats, rice, millet and sorghum which process includes reducing the microbial level in the seeds prior to steeping, malting and the introduction of a starter culture used in the malting process According to the invention, the reduction of microbial levels permits efficient use of starter cultures, such as molds, yeasts, bacteria, spores and activated spores. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 09/461,890, filed Dec. 15, 1999, which application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 09/081,380, filed May 19, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,935, and this application also is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 08/898,736 filed Jul. 23, 1997. The present invention generally relates to a method for malting seeds, such as barley seeds and other cereals, such as wheat and sorghum seeds, legumes and pseudo-cereals. More particularly, the method includes reducing the microbial count of the seeds prior to malting and/or prior to adding a starter culture for the malting process. Heat and moisture are applied onto the particulate seeds to provide a heated moist environment which provides surface moisture on the seeds during the application of heat. Heat is applied for a time and temperature sufficient to reduce the microbial load of the seeds or other malting seeds without affecting or minimally affecting, the loss of the ability of the seeds to germinate and undergo a malting process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of combating undesired plant growth on cereals Inventor(s): Baltruschat, Helmut Siegfried; (Schweppenhausen, DE), Kleemann, Axel; (Konigstein, DE), Maier, Thomas; (Stockach, DE), Scheiblich, Stefan; (Mainz, DE) Correspondence: BASF Corporation; Intellectual Property Department; P.O. Box 400; Prineton; NJ; 08543-0400; US Patent Application Number: 20020049141 Date filed: May 18, 2001 Abstract: A method of combating undesired plant growth in cereals, in particular winter cereals such as wheat and barley, which comprises treating the locus of the cereals with an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I: 1in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and X--W have the meaning given in the claims. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of combating undesired plant growth on cereals using an effective amount of certain 4-aryloxy-2-phenylpyrimidine compounds. Pyrimidines and their derivatives have many uses in the pharmaceutical area as well as in agriculture (e.g., herbicides, fungicides, acaricides, anthelmintics, bird repellents), and as reagents, intermediates and chemicals for the polymer and textile industry. The U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,624 and 5,849,758 disclose herbicidal 2-aryloxy-6-phenylpyridines and 4aryloxy-2-phenylpyrimidines. However, these patents disclose only 4-aryloxy-2phenylpyrimidines in which the central pyrimidine group exhibits an additional substituent in the 5- and/or 6-position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods and means for producing barley yellow dwarf virus resistant cereal plants Inventor(s): Abbott, David; (Turner, AU), Wang, Ming-Bo; (Kaleen, AU), Waterhouse, Peter; (O'Connor, AU) Correspondence: BURNS DOANE SWECKER & MATHIS L L P; POST OFFICE BOX 1404; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020169298 Date filed: October 31, 2001 Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/244,209, filed Oct. 31, 2000, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to methods for producing transgenic cereal plants resistant to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus, particularly in the presence of co-infecting Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus, by stably integrating into the cells of the transgenic plant a chimeric gene comprising a DNA region operably linked to plant expressible promoter in such a way that a RNA molecule may be transcribed from the DNA region, the RNA molecule comprising both sense and antisense RNA capable of pairing and forming a double stranded RNA molecule or hairpin RNA. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) is the most serious and widespread virus of cereals worldwide. The barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), also called red leaf in oats, can infect barley, oats, rye and wheat as well as numerous species of grasses. It occurs in most parts of the world and is considered the most common viral disease of cereal crops. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Modified barley alpha-glucosidase Inventor(s): Clark, Suzanne E.; (Madison, WI), Henson, Cynthia A.; (DeForest, WI), Muslin, Elizabeth H.; (Madison, WI) Correspondence: Nicholas J. Seay; Quarles & Brady LLP; 1 South Pinckney Street; P O Box 2113; Madison; WI; 53701-2113; US Patent Application Number: 20020184662 Date filed: January 10, 2002 Abstract: Barley.alpha.-glucosidase is an important enzyme in the conversion of barley starch to fermentable sugars during the industrial production of ethanol, as in brewing and fuel ethanol production. The enzyme is, however, relatively thermolabile, a disadvantage for an enzyme useful in industrial processes which are preferably conducted at elevated temperatures. Site directed mutagenesis has been conducted to make mutant forms of barley.alpha.-glucosidase which have improved thermostability. The sites for this site-directed mutagenesis were selected by sequence comparisons with the sequences of other.alpha.-glucosidase proteins which are more thermostable. The recombinant mutant enzymes thus produced have been demonstrated to improve the thermostability of the enzyme. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/260,787 filed Jan. 10, 2001. To be determined. In the germination of seeds of cereal plants, starch degradation is an important metabolic process. Starch is the primary source of carbon and energy for cereal seedlings until they become autotrophic. Degradation of cereal starches in cereal seedlings is a result of the concerted action of several enzymes including.alpha.-amylase,.beta.-amylase, debranching enzyme and.alpha.-glucosidase. It has been observed that during the early stages of starch hydrolysis in germinating cereal seeds,.alpha.-amylase is the most important enzyme and.alpha.-glucosidase is the second most important enzyme to the seedlings starch degradation processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Powder of unhulled cereal grains and method of manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Toyokura, Yasuhiro; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: HARNESS, DICKEY & PIERCE, P.L.C.; P.O. BOX 828; BLOOMFIELD HILLS; MI; 48303; US Patent Application Number: 20020090434 Date filed: December 28, 2001 Abstract: Provided is a powder of unhulled rice grains having a nutrient value higher than that of a powder of unpolished rice grains, being excellent in digestive and absorptive properties, and providing a good foodstuff. The powder is manufactured by immersing uncooked rice grains in water for a predetermined time, followed by roasting the grains for a predetermined time and subsequently powdering the roasted grains. The powder can be manufactured from other cereal grains such as barley, wheat, rye and oat than rice. Excerpt(s): Various treatments are applied to rice, which is a typical cereal, before rice is cooked. Specifically, the hull is removed from the threshed rice to obtain unpolished rice, which is further subjected to rice cleaning to obtain polished rice. In general, the

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unpolished rice or polished rice is used for cooking. Since the unpolished rice, if powdered, is converted into beta form and turned into paste, which is unsuitable to storage, it was considered impossible for a long time to powder the unpolished rice. As a result of an extensive research on the powdering of the unpolished rice, the present inventor has succeeded in powdering of the unpolished rice by roasting the unpolished rice in advance and has obtained a patent right on the roasting apparatus (Japanese Patent Examined (KOKOKU) Publication No. Hei 3 (1991)-56726). The powder prepared by powdering the unpolished rice after roasting is very rich in nutrient because the nutrients of the unpolished rice remain as they are in the powder. Also, the digestive and absorptive properties are markedly improved by the powdering, though the unpolished rice is said to be defective in these properties. Such being the situation, the powdered unpolished rice has been widely popularized. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pre-emergent biological control agents Inventor(s): Boyetchko, Susan M.; (Saskatoon, CA), Geissler, Jon; (Saskatoon, CA), Sawchyn, Karen; (Saskatoon, CA) Correspondence: SHELDON & MAK, INC; 225 SOUTH LAKE AVENUE; 9TH FLOOR; PASADENA; CA; 91101; US Patent Application Number: 20030054959 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides an isolated biocontrol agent, or a biocontrol composition, comprising, at least one Pseudomonas strain that exhibits weed suppressive activity. Preferably, the biocontrol composition comprises an acceptable medium such as a liquid culture medium, a solid culture medium, a seed coating, pesta, peat prill, vermiculite, clay, starch, wheat straw, or any combination thereof. The biocontrol agent or biocontrol composition may be used to suppress the growth of a weed. The weed may be selected from the group consisting of green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum), Goose grass (Eleusine indica), and wild oat (Avena fatua). Furthermore, the biocontrol agent or composition may be applied to soil before, during or after planting crops in the soil. Excerpt(s): The present Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/276,413 titled "Pre-Emergent Biological Control Agents," filed Mar. 16, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated in this disclosure by reference in its entirety. The invention relates to biocontrol agents for suppressing weed growth. More specifically the present invention relates to bacterial biocontrol agents for suppression of weed growth. Control of weeds is an important aspect of crop management. Due to several undesirable properties associated with the use of chemical herbicides, alternative weed control practices, including the use of biological herbicides, are desired. For example, rising economic, environmental and social costs associated with agricultural inputs, spray drift, pesticide residues, government legislation for reduced pesticide use, along with the development of herbicide resistance in weeds, make biocontrol agents attractive strategies for weed control. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for extraction of beta-glucan from cereals and products obtained therefrom Inventor(s): Morgan, Keith Raymond; (Petone, NZ) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20030154974 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: A process for obtaining.beta.-glucan from cereal grain, such as barley and oats. A.beta.-glucan product obtained by the process. Uses of the.beta.-glucan product as a food ingredient and for treating various diseases or disorders. The process includes the steps of forming flour from the cereal grain, mixing the flour with water to form a slurry of a process for obtaining.beta.-glucan from cereal grain including forming flour from the cereal grain, mixing the flour with water to form a slurry of an aqueous solution of.beta.-glucan and a solid residue, separating the aqueous solution from the solid residue, and removing water from the aqueous solution by evaporation or ultrafiltration or combinations thereof to form a.beta.-glucan containing gel or solid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel process for the extraction of.beta.-glucan from cereals, such as barley and oats. The invention also relates to.beta.-glucan products obtained from the process. The invention further relates to uses of those products as food ingredients and therapeutic agents. The term ".beta.-glucan" refers to those polysaccharides which comprise D-glucopyranosyl units which are linked together by (1.fwdarw.3) or (1.fwdarw.4).beta.-linkages.beta.-Glucans occur naturally in many cereal grains such as oats and barley. The molecular weight of.beta.-glucan molecules occurring in cereals is typically 200 to 2000 kiloDaltons.beta.-Glucan is desirable as a food additive, for example, to impart texture ("mouth feel") to foods or useful as edible films for food coatings.beta.-Glucan may also be used to add bulk to foods and has the advantage of having a neutral flavour. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Production of therapeutic proteins in transgenic cereal crops Inventor(s): Altosaar, Illimar; (Ottawa, CA), Dudani, Anil; (Ottawa, CA), Ganz, Peter; (Orleans, CA), Sardana, Ravinder; (Ottawa, CA), Tackaberry, Eilleen; (Ottawa, CA) Correspondence: Mr. W. Charles Kent; Ridout & Maybee LLP; 19th Floor; 150 Metcalfe St.; Ottawa; ON; K2P 1P1; CA Patent Application Number: 20030159182 Date filed: August 29, 2002 Abstract: There is provided a herpes virus vaccine produced in in the seeds of a cereal crop and a method of producing the vaccine. The method comprises: a) obtaining a nucleic acid sequence encoding a herpes virus antigen; b) introducing the nucleic acid sequence into cereal plant tissue competent to form seeds; c) permitting said cereal plant tissue to develop; and, d) directing preferential expression of the antigen encoded by the nucleic acid sequence in seeds formed by the cereal plant tissue. Herpes viruses antigens of particular interest include all or antigenic portions of gB (from human cytomegalovirus ("HCMV")), gH (from HCMV), and gD (from herpes simplex virus 1 or 2), as well as antigens from Epstein Barr virus and varicello-zoster virus-8. Envelope glycoproteins from herpes viruses are antigens of interest. Cereal crops of particular interest include rice, wheat, oats, barley, and corn. Vaccines produced according to the

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invention are very stable and may be administered by a variety of routes, including injection and contact with mucosal membranes, such as by oral administration in purified or unpurified form. Excerpt(s): Human cytomegalovirus ("HCMV") is a widely distributed member of the herpes virus family that is transmitted by blood and other body secretions. In immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients, organ transplant recipients and low weight pre-term infants, the virus can cause severe and/or lethal disease, while congenital infection may result in damage to the central nervous system. The HCMV encoded glycoprotein B complex ("gB") is a transmembrane protein of 907 amino acids (for the prototype Towne strain) which is initially synthesized in infected cells as a 105 kDa non-glycosylated polypeptide. In normal infected mammalian host cells, the gB polypeptide undergoes post-translational glycosylation, cleavage of the N-terminal 24 amino acid signal peptide, oligomerization and folding which take place in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell, where it is transiently associated with a membranebound chaperonin. This results in transport of a 150 kDa gB precursor to the Golgi complex where further carbohydrate modifications occur and the polypeptide is proteolytically cleaved to yield products of 116 kDa and 58 kDa which are disulfide linked. Both species are targets for neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, each representing both continuous and discontinuous epitopes. A phosphorylation site is located in the cytoplasmic tail and may be important for correct intracellular trafficking. The sequence of gB (Towne) is reported in Spaete et al., Virology 167(1), 207 (1988), Pub. Med. Acc. No. M22343. Mammalian immune responses are highly specific and sensitive to even minor differences between potential antigenic sites. Thus, changes to the posttranslational modification of an antigen such as gB will have the potential to render it unsuitable for use as a vaccine against infection by the native organism. Plant seeds are an ideal organ for the targeted synthesis of heterologous proteins. However, where the proteins of interest are of non-plant origin, numerous technical challenges arise in the production and recovery of useful transgenic proteins. In particular, differences in posttranslational modification and transport may render plant-produced proteins unsuitable for some uses in mammals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Production of tortillas made from waxy barley cultivars Inventor(s): Ames, Nancy; (Winnipeg, CA), Sopiwnyk, Elaine J.; (Winnipeg, CA), Therrien, Mario; (Brandon, CA) Correspondence: MICHAEL R. WILLIAMS; ADE & COMPANY; 1700 - 360 MAIN STREET; WINNIPEG MB; R3C 3Z3; CA Patent Application Number: 20020018835 Date filed: May 29, 2001 Abstract: Flour tortillas (i.e. soft tacos and tortillas, wraps, flatbreads) with improved texture and nutritional characteristics represent novel food products that can be processed using flour milled from specific barley cultivars (barley cultivars with waxy starch characteristics and high levels of fibre) as the flour source and with modifications to the die-cut or hot press tortilla methods. Tortilla chips (i.e. taco chips, sopapillas) also produced from specific types of barley flour using the previously described methods can be baked or fried. Barley tortillas and chips can also be I produced from barley masa which is produced by cooking and steeping waxy barley in an alkali solution (nixtamalization).

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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 USC.sctn. 119(e) to Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/207,346 filed on May 30, 2000. The present invention relates to a method for making thin, non-yeast leavened food products from waxy barley cultivars. With growing consumer demands for foods with improved nutritional value, barley is gaining renewed interest as a food crop. Barley contains several components, most notably Pglucan, dietary fibre, and tocopherols which have been reported to have desirable healthful benefits. Recommendations to consume high fibre, high complex carbohydrate diets in order to reduce cholesterol levels could be achieved through the consumption of barley based food products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

PUFFED FOOD STARCH PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME Inventor(s): MALFAIT, JACQUE L.; (COBOURG, CA) Correspondence: JAMES D. RYNDAK; RYNDAK & SURI; 30 N. LaSalle STREET; SUITE 2630; CHICAGO; IL; 60602; US Patent Application Number: 20020071892 Date filed: August 26, 1999 Abstract: The present invention includes puffed-food starch material snack, in particular starch material from grains, having an improved crispy texture and a more aesthetic appearance and methods for preparing them. In general terms, the products are snack chips, cakes, crackers or the like, made from food starch material. Preferably, the starch material is provided primarily in the form of individual kernels or pellets of a cereal grain, such as rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, millet, sorghum, barley, buckwheat, or mixtures thereof. Quantities of other food starch material es may also be employed as a co-mixed constituent, or the primary source of bulk starch material, for example potato starch material. A quantity of the grain is puffed (expanded) in a manner which forms a snack product of considerable crispiness, lightness, and unique texture to both the mouth and eye.According to a method of making the puffed food starch material product of the present invention, a puffing chamber is provided having inner surfaces and a chamber volume. A bulk amount of the food starch material is placed into the puffing chamber. The bulk amount of food starch material is caused to volumetrically expand. The expanding food starch material is constrained in its expansion in at least a first dimension, while permitting expansion of the bulk amount in at least a second dimension. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to improved puffed-food starch products made from cereal grains or other food starches, into various shapes, and the methods for their manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to puffed-rice snacks with improved crispiness, and appealing visual and physical texture, and processes of preparing such snacks. Snacks have long been a household staple around the world and range from treats to dietary supplements. However, not too long ago a nutrition trend found chocolates, candies, ice cream, and other naturally and artificially sweetened confections, as well as potato chips, pretzels, corn chips, and the like, being replaced by more healthy products. The terms "low fat", "no-fat", and "light" have become the watch words of the health conscious in the '90's. The trend has seen the popularity of puffed, or sometimes referred to as popped grain snacks, especially those made of corn and rice, steadily climb. Very successful products have been made in the form of cakes generally made of puffed corn or rice. While these products had a here-to-fore acceptable amount of crispiness, they suffered from an unpleasant texture, usually nearest the core of the

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cake, resulting in the product sticking in teeth. The products are hockey puck-shaped (uniform in all three dimensions) and lack the appealing visual texture of conventional snack foods. The size of these snack cakes is also relatively large in size (approximately a three to four-inch disk-shaped cake). This size, as a single portion, can lead to a substantial amount of waste for some consumers, especially children. To address the problem of waste, a "mini-cake," or smaller version of the original cake (about a one to two-inch disk-shaped cake or cracker) was introduced. The problems of texture and appearance, however, remained. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Seed-preferred promoter from barley Inventor(s): Habben, Jeffrey E.; (Urbandale, IA), Jiao, Shuping; (Johnston, IA), Niu, Xiaomu; (Johnston, IA), Olsen, Odd-Arne; (Johnston, IA) Correspondence: PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL INC.; 7100 N.W. 62ND AVENUE; P.O. BOX 1000; JOHNSTON; IA; 50131; US Patent Application Number: 20020148007 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and method for regulating expression of heterologous nucleotide sequences in a plant. The composition is a novel nucleic acid sequence for a seed-preferred promoter. A method for expressing a heterologous nucleotide sequence in a plant using the promoter sequence is also provided. The method comprises transforming a plant cell to contain a heterologous nucleotide sequence operably linked to the seed-preferred promoter of the present invention and regenerating a stably transformed plant from the transformed plant cell. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to, and hereby incorporates by reference, nonprovisional patent application 09/703,754 filed Nov. 1, 2000, and provisional patent application 60/163,114 filed Nov. 2, 1999. The present invention relates to the field of plant molecular biology, more particularly to regulation of gene expression in plants. Expression of heterologous DNA sequences in a plant host is dependent upon the presence of an operably-linked promoter that is functional within the plant host. Choice of the promoter sequence will determine when and where within the plant the heterologous DNA sequence is expressed. Where continuous expression is desired throughout the cells of a plant, constitutive promoters are utilized. In contrast, where gene expression in response to a stimulus is desired, inducible promoters are the regulatory element of choice. Where expression in specific tissues or organs is desired, tissue-preferred promoters are used. That is, these promoters can drive expression in specific tissues or organs. Additional regulatory sequences upstream and/or downstream from the core promoter sequence can be included in expression cassettes of transformation vectors to bring about varying levels of expression of heterologous nucleotide sequences in a transgenic plant. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,018. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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SOLID CULTURE SUBSTRATE INCLUDING BARLEY Inventor(s): BLACK, WILLIAM E.; (BUTTE, MT), BRADLEY, CLIFFORD A.; (BUTTE, MT), BRITTON, JAMES; (BUTTE, MT), KEARNS, ROBERT D.; (BUTTE, MT), WOOD, PAULINE P.; (BUTTE, MT) Correspondence: LAHIVE & COCKFIELD, LLP; 28 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109 Patent Application Number: 20020006650 Date filed: April 13, 1999 Abstract: Solid culture barley substrates for growing fungus are described. Solid cultures, packaged solid culture substrates, and methods for growing fungus using the solid culture substrates also are described. Excerpt(s): This application is related to applications entitled "Formulations of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Use as Biological Insecticides" and "Mycoinsecticides Against an Insect of the Grasshopper Family", filed on even date herewith, the contents of each of the aforementioned applications are hereby expressly incorporated. A wide variety of techniques are available for growing fungi including submerged (liquid) culture, surface culture, two-step processes and solid substrate culture. In submerged culture, the fungus is grown in a liquid media. The main disadvantage of submerged culture is that the fungi typically produce blastospores rather than "true" conidia with a hardened cell wall. Blastospores are unstable with a limited shelf life and poor field stability. In surface culture, the fungus is grown and conidiates on the surface of a liquid or solid medium. With respect to liquid surface cultures, a shallow layer of media is inoculated with a fungal culture which grows as a mat on the liquid surface. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tolerance of trichothecene mycotoxins in plants through the modification of the ribosomal protein L3 gene Inventor(s): Gleddie, Stephen C.; (Ottawa, CA), Harris, Linda J.; (Greely, CA) Correspondence: ROTHWELL, FIGG, ERNST & MANBECK, P.C.; 555 13TH STREET, N.W.; SUITE 701, EAST TOWER; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020088022 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Abstract: Fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogen, attacking a wide range of plant species including corn (ear and stalk rot), barley, and wheat (head blight). Fusarium epidemics result in millions of dollars of losses in crop revenues. Fusarium graminearum infection in the cereals reduces both grain yield and quality. Mycotoxins are produced by many fungal Fusarium species and thus the grain becomes contaminated with these mycotoxins, such as the trichothecenes. The major trichothecene produced by F. graminearum is deoxynivalenol (abbreviated as DON, also known as vomitoxin). Trichothecenes are potent protein synthesis inhibitors and are quite toxic to humans and livestock. A yeast gene has been identified which confers upon yeast tolerant of the trichothecene, trichodermin. A corresponding plant gene has been prepared, which has been used to transform plants. These transformed plants have an increased resistance to Fusarium infestation.

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Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/567,326 filed on May 9, 2000, which in turn is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/909,828 filed on Aug. 12, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,646. The present invention relates to a modified nucleic acid, wherein a host transformed with said nucleic acid is resistant to trichothecene mycotoxins, wherein the wild type form of said nucleic acid encodes a ribosomal protein L3. The present invention also relates to a method of using said nucleic acid to transform plants to provide increased resistance against trichothecene mycotoxins. The present invention further relates to a method of using the gene as a selectable marker in transformation. Globally, Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen, attacking a wide range of plant species including many important crop plants such as corn (ear and stalk rot), barley, rice, oats and wheat (head blight). Favourable environmental conditions (conducive temperatures and high humidity) can result in Fusarium epidemics and millions of dollars lost in crop revenues. F. graminearum infection in the cereals reduces both the yield and quality of the grain. The reduction of quality is a result of the mycotoxins produced by this species of fungus; these fungal toxins remain in the contaminated cereal after harvest and pose serious health risks to animals and humans who may consume the grain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of carbohydrate source to limit weight gain in cats Inventor(s): Sunvold, Gregory D.; (Eaton, OH) Correspondence: Killworth, Gottman, Hagan & Schaeff, L.L.P.; One Dayton Centre, Suite 500; Dayton; OH; 45402-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20010018067 Date filed: March 27, 2001 Abstract: A process is provided for limiting weight gain in cats. The process includes feeding the cat a pet food composition that includes a source of protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates from a grain source that excludes rice. Use of the preferred low glycemic index grain sources that comprise a blend of corn and sorghum; a blend of corn, sorghum, and barley; or a blend of corn, sorghum, and oats, has the effect of decreasing the postprandial blood glucose and insulin response of the cat as compared to when feeding a rice-based diet. The result is that the animal becomes satiated and voluntarily decreases its intake of food, causing less weight gain. This effect is even more marked when the composition is fed to male cats. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of the following U.S. patent applications, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference: Ser. No. 09/268,919, filed Mar. 16,1999; Ser. No. 09/507,066, filed Feb. 18, 2000 and claiming priority to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/121,087, filed Feb. 23, 1999; and Ser. No. 09/609,622, filed Jul. 5, 2000 and claiming priority to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/143,032, filed Jul. 9, 1999. This invention relates to a process of administering a pet food composition to prevent obesity in companion animals, such as cats and dogs. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for limiting weight gain in cats. The invention is further directed to a process for decreasing the postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in cats to promote satiety and a voluntary decrease in food intake. Obesity is a significant health concern in companion animals. Veterinary care professionals have reported that approximately 20-40% of the pets in their care are overweight. These animals bear a greater risk for health problems

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associated with the respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems. More particularly, obese feline patients have demonstrated greater susceptibility to diseases such as diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, ligament injuries, perineal dermatitis, cardiomyopathy, and hepatic lipidosis. Accordingly, new technologies meeting the health needs of obese feline patients are in high demand by pet owners and veterinarians alike. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with barley, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “barley” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on barley. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning barley. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BARLEY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to barley. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on barley include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “barley” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on barley: •

Incredible Edible Gluten-Free Food for Kids: 150 Family-tested Recipes Source: Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2002. 333 p. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627283. Summary: Kids who must follow a gluten-free diet due to celiac disease or another condition need not only food made without wheat, rye, oats, and barley, but tasty food, to help them stick to their diet. This cookbook offers gluten-free recipes formulated especially for children and families. With this cookbook, parents can cook food without gluten that children will actually eat. The author provides an overview of celiac disease, advice about managing meals eaten away from home, entertaining and party tips, trouble-shooting ideas for bakers, metric and temperature conversion tables, and a

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resource section listing gluten-free suppliers and manufacturers and support groups. Recipes are provided in seven categories: appetizers and snacks, breads, breakfast ideas, lunch and dinner ideas, salads and vegetables, soups and stews, and sweet treats. The cookbook concludes with five indices: all recipes, easy recipes, quick recipes, finger food recipes, and a subject index. •

Gluten-Free Gourmet: Living Well Without Wheat Source: Salt Lake City, UT: Henry Holt and Company. 1990. 251 p. Contact: Available from Henry Holt and Company. Order Department, P.O. Box 30135, Salt Lake City, UT 84130. (800) 488-5233. PRICE: $22.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0805012109. Also available from Celiac Disease Foundation (CDF). 13251 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 3, Studio City, CA 91604-1838. (818) 990-2354. Fax (818) 990-2379. PRICE: $14 (paperback) plus $3 shipping and handling (as of 1996). Summary: This book contains over 200 recipes designed for people with celiac disease, and others who are intolerant of the gluten found in wheat, oats, barley, and rye. The author uses a wide variety of gluten-free flours in recipes for breads, cakes, cookies, pastries, and pasta dishes. Because many people with gluten intolerance cannot tolerate milk or milk products, many recipes give milk substitutes as well. Also included are lists of foods allowed in a gluten-free diet and foods to be avoided, warnings of hidden glutens found in food items, prescriptions, and other items, and a list of companies making gluten-free foods and flours, with their addresses and phone numbers for ordering. A subject index is appended.

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Coping with Celiac: The Great Masquerader Source: Gulfport, MS: A and G Publishing. 1998. 152 p. Contact: Available from A and G Publishing. 2907 Palmer Drive, Gulfport, MS 39507. (877) 896-9334. PRICE: $12.99 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0966535308. Summary: This book informs the public about problems that people with celiac disease (gluten intolerance) face every day and helps them cope with those problems. Celiac disease is defined as a chronic intestinal malabsorption disorder caused by intolerance to gluten, a cereal protein found in wheat and rye (and to a lesser degree in barley and oats). Diagnosis is suspected on the basis of symptoms and signs, enhanced by laboratory and x ray studies, and confirmed by biopsy and response to a gluten free diet. Treatment for celiac disease involves complete avoidance of gluten in the diet. The author collected stories, recipes, information about books that have been useful, and general advice and offers them to the reader. The author reminds readers that celiac disease has a maze of symptoms and that every case seems to be different. The book demonstrates these differences with 20 compelling stories from people with celiac disease. The most common problems encountered are the lack of a timely diagnosis and a scarcity of information for the newly diagnosed people. The book concludes with a listing of vitamins and their biological function, a glossary of terms, and an order form with which to purchase additional copies of the book.

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Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children Source: Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. 252 p. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected].

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Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This book is a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. The book offers detailed advice and concrete strategies to help a child with celiac disease remain gluten free and cope with this disease. The book includes 25 chapters that cover what it is like to be a kid with celiac disease (written by a patient, age 11), a definition and description of celiac disease, emotions, what to do immediately after diagnosis, the importance of a healthy attitude toward any disease, determining if the entire family should be gluten free, talking with children about celiac disease, giving the child control of her diet, dealing with family and friends, kitchen tips, shopping suggestions, menu and snack ideas, the role of junk food, caregivers and school settings, special occasions, restaurants, traveling gluten free, intentional and accidental gluten ingestion, celiac teens, the causes of celiac disease, diagnostic tests, nutrition basics, family emotions, and legal rights and benefits. The book concludes with an appendix offering a quick start diet guide for celiac disease, an extensive resource guide, a glossary of terms, and a subject index. The book is illustrated with black and white photographs of children and families in all kinds of different activities. •

Low-Fat Living for Real People. 2nd ed Source: New York, NY: Lake Isle Press, Inc. 1998. 252 p. Contact: Available from Lake Isle Press, Inc. 2095 Broadway, Suite 404, New York, NY 10023. (800)462-6420 or (212) 769-2361. PRICE: $14.95. ISBN: 096274039X. Summary: This book, written by a humorist and a registered dietitian, is designed to help readers adjust to eating foods that are lower in fat. Nine chapters provide practical information about fat intake, carbohydrates, protein, snacks, exercise, eating out, and coping with family rebellion. Chapter 10 addresses phytochemicals, folic acid, fiber, soybeans, garlic, nuts, vitamin E, and LDL cholesterol. Chapters 11 and 12 provide answers to frequently asked questions and information about using food labels to select foods low in fat. The last chapter includes easy to prepare recipes in seven categories: rice, pasta, potatoes, barley, and beans; vegetables; soups and salads; appetizers, dressings, and sauces; chicken and turkey; fish; and desserts. All recipes include serving sizes and nutritional analyses noting calories, fat, carbohydrate, protein, and sodium. Pen and ink illustrations appear throughout the book. A subject index and a list of resources to consult for further information conclude the book. 43 endnotes. (AA-M).

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Cajun and Southern Gluten-Free Delights Source: Gulfport, MS: A and G Publishing. 1999. 128 p. Contact: Available from A and G Publishing. 2907 Palmer Drive, Gulfport, MS 39507. (877) 896-9334. PRICE: $12.99 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0966535308. Summary: This cookbook offers authentic Cajun and Southern recipes that have been adapted to be wheat free and gluten free. Celiac disease is defined as a chronic intestinal malabsorption disorder caused by intolerance to gluten, a cereal protein found in wheat and rye (and to a lesser degree in barley and oats). Written for people with celiac

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disease, the cookbook first offers a section defining some specialty food terms, then categorizes the recipes as follows: Cajun seafood and meat; Cajun grains and vegetables; Cajun sweets; Southern sweets; Southern casseroles and meats; Southern soups; stews; barbeque and dressings; Southern vegetables; and Southern biscuits, cornbread, and muffins. Recipes include lists of ingredients and instructions; no nutritional values are noted. The cookbook also includes a subject index, a section of advertisements (primarily for gluten free or Cajun specialty products), and an order blank to order copies of the book. •

Wheat-Free, Gluten-Free Dessert Cookbook Source: Cuyahoga Falls, OH: Connie Sarros. 2000. 94 p. Contact: Available from Connie Sarros. 3270 Camden Rue, Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223. (330) 929-1651. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.glutenfree.homestead.com/homepage.html. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0615116221. Summary: This dessert cookbook offers guidelines and recipes for people following a wheat free, gluten free diet. Celiac disease (gluten intolerance) is a chronic disease in which the water soluble protein component in grains (gluten) creates an immune reaction in the small intestine. Once the immune system is activated in this response, there is progressive destruction of the intestinal surface cells that are normally responsible for nutrition absorption. Gluten is found in most cereal grains, primarily wheat, barley, eye, and oats. The cookbook offers introductory material that briefly reviews gluten intolerance, then provides hints for successful gluten free baking (using alternative flours). The introduction also offers explanations and definitions of terms, a listing of general foods that are acceptable for someone following a gluten free diet, and a list of gluten free food additives. Recipes are then provided in nine categories: cakes (including cake rolls and caking fillings and toppings), cookies, fruit desserts, ice cream desserts, low calorie desserts, miscellaneous desserts (including cheesecakes), pie crusts, pies, and puddings. Each recipe includes ingredients, directions, and a comment or suggestion on making the item; nutritional information is not provided. A subject index concludes the cookbook.

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CSA Cooperative Gluten-Free Commercial Products Listing. 4th ed Source: Omaha, NE: Celiac Sprue Association/USA, Inc. 1999. 135 p. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association/USA, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131-0700. (402) 558-0600. PRICE: $8.00. Summary: This listing is designed to provide people on a gluten free diet with a reference for choosing appropriate foods and home and personal products. Readers should consult a personal physician for advice on individual needs and definition of the clinical gluten free diet. The introductory material helps readers understand how to determine whether foods are gluten free. The authors caution that wheat, barley, rye and oat proteins are hidden in dozens of common processed foods. On ingredient labels, gluten can masquerade as stabilizers, gums, emulsifiers, hydrolyzed vegetable or plant proteins, vinegar, artificial colorings or flavorings, vanilla, and other extracts and ingredients. Another introductory section reviews the basics for the gluten free diet, including allowed flours and starches and ways to avoid contamination. The product listings are then offered: baby foods and infant formula, baking products, beans, beverages, breads and crackers, candies and gum, cereals, cheeses, condiments, desserts, entrees and main dishes, fats and oils, flours and starches (including baking mixes),

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fruits, health and beauty aids, cleaning products, ice creams and frozen desserts, malt and malt flavorings, meats and poultry (and seafood), milk, milk replacements and yogurt, nuts and seeds, pasta, pharmaceuticals and medications, restaurants, vitamins and supplements, rice, salad dressings, sauces and mixes, snacks, soups and broths, spices, herbs and seasonings, vegetables, vinegars, and wraps and packaging products. In each section, foods 'used with success' are listed. The manual then offers a listing of gluten free vendors, gluten free grocery store vendors, company specific ingredient information, a glossary of terms, sample letters to food and nonfood manufacturers, and an abbreviated index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “barley” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “barley” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “barley” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Unmilled Barley by The Unmilled Barley Research Group (2000); ISBN: 0741828618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741828618/icongroupinterna

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2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Unmilled Cereals Excluding Wheat, Rice, Barley and Maize by R. The Unmilled Cereals Excl (2000); ISBN: 0741828669; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741828669/icongroupinterna

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A Pictoral Guide to Barley Diseases (1997); ISBN: 0890541817; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890541817/icongroupinterna

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Agrometeorological Aspects of Crops in Italy, Spain and Greece: a Summary Review for Common and Durum Wheat, Barley, Maize, Rice, Sugar Beet, Sunflower, Soya Bean, Rape, Potato, Cotton, Olive and Grape Crops by G. Narciso, et al; ISBN: 9282639959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282639959/icongroupinterna

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Agrometeorological Aspects of Crops in the United Kingdom and Ireland: a Review for Sugar Beet, Oilseed Rape, Peas, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potatoes, Apples and Pears by M.N. Hough; ISBN: 9282616495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282616495/icongroupinterna

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Aunty High Over the Barley Mow by T. Patrick Sears, Dennis T. Patrick Sears (1977); ISBN: 0771080263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0771080263/icongroupinterna

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Australian Barleys (Australian Cereals Series); ISBN: 0643037284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0643037284/icongroupinterna

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Australian Cereal Identification: Recent Varieties of Wheat, Triticale, Barley and Oats by R. W. Fitzsimmons (1986); ISBN: 0643041311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0643041311/icongroupinterna

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Barley (1994); ISBN: 9290432225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9290432225/icongroupinterna

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Barley by D. E. Briggs; ISBN: 041211870X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041211870X/icongroupinterna

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Barley (Agronomy, No 26) by Donald C. Rasmusson (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0891180850; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891180850/icongroupinterna

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Barley and Malt: Biology, Biochemistry, Technology by Arthur H. Cook (Editor); ISBN: 0121865509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121865509/icongroupinterna

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Barley and the Bible by James S. Kerr (1989); ISBN: 0936369396; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936369396/icongroupinterna

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Barley Banquet by Roger G. Napier, Joan Whitmill (1995); ISBN: 0969730128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969730128/icongroupinterna

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Barley Barley by Barrie Wade, Irene Wise (Illustrator); ISBN: 0192760912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192760912/icongroupinterna

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Barley Cakes : Parables for the 21st Century by Cheryl Cavalconte; ISBN: 0965813754; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965813754/icongroupinterna

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Barley Grass Juice: Rejuvenation Elixir and Natural, Healthy Power Drink by Barbara Simonsohn (2001); ISBN: 0914955683; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914955683/icongroupinterna

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Barley Loaves and Fishes: Inspired by the Bible Story by Audrey Tarrant (Illustrator); ISBN: 0855030070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0855030070/icongroupinterna

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Barley Man and the Incredible Zukes by Tim Toterhi (2001); ISBN: 1401024653; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401024653/icongroupinterna

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Barley Research Reviews 1986-91: Session and Workshop by L. Munk (Editor); ISBN: 8716196015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8716196015/icongroupinterna

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Barley Ripe Barley Reap by Juliette Palmer; ISBN: 0333263421; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333263421/icongroupinterna

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Barley Science: Recent Advances from Molecular Biology to Agronomy of Yield and Quality by Gustavo, Ph.D. Slafer (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 1560229101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560229101/icongroupinterna

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Barley Sow, Barley Grow by Juliette Palmer; ISBN: 0333232623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333232623/icongroupinterna

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Barley Sugar Ghosts by Townson; ISBN: 009975990X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/009975990X/icongroupinterna

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Barley Wine: History, Brewing Techniques, Recipes by Fal Allen, Dick Cantwell (1998); ISBN: 0937381594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937381594/icongroupinterna

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Barley Yellow Dwarf: Forty Years of Progress by Cleora J. D'Arcy (Editor), Peter A. Burnett (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0890541671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890541671/icongroupinterna

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153

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Barley, mash and yeast : a history of the Hull Brewery Company, 1782-1985 by Robert Barnard; ISBN: 1872167063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1872167063/icongroupinterna

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Barley: Chemistry and Technology (Aacc Monograph Series) by Alexander W. MacGregor, Rattan S. Bhatty (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0913250805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913250805/icongroupinterna

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Barley: Genetics, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Biotechnology in Agriculture, No. 5) by P. R. Shewry (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0851987257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851987257/icongroupinterna

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Barns of Barley (Phonetic Bible Stories) by Claudia Courtney, Kathy Mitter (Illustrator) (1998); ISBN: 0570050952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0570050952/icongroupinterna

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Book of Welsh Bread: Recipes for the Old, Traditional Wholegrain Wheat, Barley and Rye Breads of Wales, Adapted for Baking Today by by Bobby Freeman (2001); ISBN: 0862431379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0862431379/icongroupinterna

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Burnt Barley by Peta Mathias (2000); ISBN: 1869414276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869414276/icongroupinterna

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Cereal grass : what's in it for you! : the importance of wheat grass, barley grass, and other green vegetables in the human diet by Ronald L. Seibold; ISBN: 0962812609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962812609/icongroupinterna

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Charlie Barley - the Best Bad Boy in Town by Sally Lever, Andy Ellis (Illustrator); ISBN: 0006640508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006640508/icongroupinterna

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COM (93) 561 Final, Brussels, 26 November 1993: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) Opening and Providing for the Administration of Community Tariff Quotas for Certain Mixtures of Malt Sprouts and Barley Screenings (COM (93) 561 Final, Brussels, 26 November 1993) (1993); ISBN: 9277610719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9277610719/icongroupinterna

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COM (96) 552 Final, Brussels 04.12.1996 - 96/0303 (ACC): 02 - Customs Union and Commercial Policy: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) Opening a Community Tariff Quota for Barley for Malting Falling Within CN Code 1003 00 (COM (96) 552 Final, Brussels 04.12.1996 - 96/0303 (ACC)) (1996); ISBN: 9278108189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9278108189/icongroupinterna

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Compendium of Barley Diseases by Donald E. Mathre (1982); ISBN: 0890540470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890540470/icongroupinterna

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Diversity in Barley: (Hordeum Vulgare (Developments in Plant Genetics and Breeding, No 7) by Roland Von Bothmer (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0444505857; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444505857/icongroupinterna

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Eleusinia and Beneath the Barley by Arthur Machen; ISBN: 0940884003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940884003/icongroupinterna

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Everything I Know About Nutrition I Leanred From Barley by Betty Kamen, et al; ISBN: 094450115X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094450115X/icongroupinterna

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Fire in the Barley by Frank Parish (2002); ISBN: 0755104919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0755104919/icongroupinterna

154 Barley

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Fire in the Barley: A Novel of Suspense by Frank Parrish; ISBN: 039607684X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039607684X/icongroupinterna

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From Barley Fields to Oil Town: a tour of Huntington Beach, 1901-1922 by Claudine Burnett; ISBN: 1881903087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881903087/icongroupinterna

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Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley by Kurt J. Leonard (Editor), William R. Bushnell (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 089054302X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089054302X/icongroupinterna

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Grains for Better Health: Over 100 Delicious Recipes Using Rice, Wheat, Barley, and Other Wholesome Grains by Maureen B. Keane, Daniella B. Chace; ISBN: 1559584866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584866/icongroupinterna

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Grains: Seventy-Six Healthy Recipes for Barley, Corn, Rye, Wheat, and Other Grains by Joanne Lamb Hayes, Bonnie Tandy Leblang (Contributor); ISBN: 0517592045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517592045/icongroupinterna

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Green Barley Essence by Yoshihide Hagiwara; ISBN: 0879834234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879834234/icongroupinterna

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Green Barley Essence: Recipes for Healthy Living by Tracy Stivers, Yoshihide Hagiwara (Contributor); ISBN: 0879834927; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879834927/icongroupinterna

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Green Barley Essence: The Ideal Fast Food by Yoshihide Hagiuara, Yoshihide Hagiwara; ISBN: 0879834188; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879834188/icongroupinterna

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Green Leaves of Barley (Mandarin Chinese Version) [ABRIDGED] by Mary Ruth, Dr. Swope (1990); ISBN: 0960693610; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960693610/icongroupinterna

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Green Leaves of Barley: Nature's Miracle Rejuvenator by Mary Ruth Swope, David Darbro (1996); ISBN: 0960693688; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960693688/icongroupinterna

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Hops and Barley: A Story, and Romance, of Country Life in the 1920s by Audrey Lush; ISBN: 0902830155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902830155/icongroupinterna

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John Norden's Survey of Barley, Hertfordshire, 1593-1603 by John Norden (1974); ISBN: 0904323013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904323013/icongroupinterna

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New vistas in barley production by R. P. Chandola; ISBN: 8170445159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170445159/icongroupinterna

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Norfolk beers from English barley : a history of Steward & Patteson, 1793-1963 by T. R. Gourvish; ISBN: 0906219221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906219221/icongroupinterna

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Oats, Peas, Beans and Barley Cookbook: A Complete Vegetarian Cookbook Using Nature's Most Economical Foods by Edyth Young Cottrell; ISBN: 0912800852; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912800852/icongroupinterna

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Rise and Barley Offerings of Veda (Orientalia Rheno-Traiectina, Vol 31) by J. Gonda (1997); ISBN: 9004082891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9004082891/icongroupinterna

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155

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Unmilled Barley in China (World Trade Report) by The Unmilled Barley Research Group; ISBN: 0757606148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757606148/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Unmilled Barley in Venezuela (World Trade Report) by The Unmilled Barley Research Group, The Unmilled Barley Research Group; ISBN: 075760644X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075760644X/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 Import and Export Market for Unmilled Cereals Excluding Wheat, Rice, Barley and Maize in Zimbabwe (World Trade Report) by R. The Unmilled Cereals Excl, et al; ISBN: 0757607799; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0757607799/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 World Forecasts of Unmilled Barley Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by The Unmilled Barley Research Group, The Unmilled Barley Research Group; ISBN: 0741835339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741835339/icongroupinterna

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The 2000 World Forecasts of Unmilled Cereals Excluding Wheat, Rice, Barley and Maize Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by R. The Unmilled Cereals Excl, et al; ISBN: 074183538X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074183538X/icongroupinterna

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The 2003 World Forecasts of Unmilled Cereals excluding Wheat, Rice, Barley and Maize Export Supplies [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSTT0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSTT0/icongroupinterna

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The economics of barley production in the north of Scotland, 1968 by Roy M. Sutherland; ISBN: 0901766127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901766127/icongroupinterna

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The New Book of Whole Grains: More Than 200 Recipes Featuring Whole Grains, Including Amaranth, Quinoa, Wheat, Spelt, Oats, Rye, Barley, and Millet by Marlene Anne Bumgarner, Johanna Roy (Illustrator); ISBN: 0312156014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312156014/icongroupinterna

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The Organic Beer Guide: Ales, Stouts and Lagers Produced from Barley and Hops Without Chemicals and Pesticides by Roger Protz; ISBN: 1842225758; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842225758/icongroupinterna

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The Spiritual Roots of Barley by Dr. Mary Ruth Swope (1988); ISBN: 0936369248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936369248/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Cereal Crops I: Wheat, Oat, Barley, and Rye by Roy Stephen, Betsy Eisendrath (1987); ISBN: 0899162673; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899162673/icongroupinterna

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With the Grain: 200 Delectable Recipes Using Wheat, Corn, Rice, Oats, Barley, and Other Grains by Raymond Sokolov (1995); ISBN: 0788155490; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788155490/icongroupinterna

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World perspectives on barley yellow dwarf : proceedings of the international workshop, July 6-11, 1987, Udine Italy; ISBN: 9686127399; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9686127399/icongroupinterna

156 Barley

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Barley science: recent advances from molecular biology to agronomy of yield and quality Author: Slafer, Gustavo A.,; Year: 2001; Binghamton, NY: Food Products Press, c2001; ISBN: 1560229098 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560229098/icongroupinterna

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Oinos krithinos. A dissertation concerning the origin and antiquity of barley wine. Author: Buckler, Benjamin,; Year: 1750; Oxford, James Fletcher [etc.] 1750

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The case of Mr. John Ferguson, of Argyleshire in Scotland: who hath lived above eighteen years only on water, whey, or barley-water: together with observations thereon: wherein are laid down the possibility of the truth of the said case, attested to the Royal Society, on Thursday the 9th day of December 1742: supported by cases of the like nature from authors, reasons why such slender diet hath been able so long to support life: with some curative intentions and remedies for this person recovering his pristine state of health Author: Umfreville, Thomas.; Year: 1743; London: Printed for W. Reason., 1743

Chapters on Barley In order to find chapters that specifically relate to barley, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and barley using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “barley” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on barley: •

Celiac Sprue and Refractory Sprue Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1817-1841.

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: Celiac sprue (celiac disease, gluten enteropathy) is characterized by small intestinal malabsorption of nutrients after the ingestion of wheat gluten or related proteins from rye and barley. This chapter on celiac sprue and refractory (nonresponsive to treatment) sprue is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include definitions, history, epidemiology, pathology, pathogenesis (environmental, genetic, immune factors), clinical features (symptoms), diagnostic studies, differential diagnosis, diseases associated with celiac sprue (including dermatitis herpetiformis), treatment options (gluten-free diet, immunosuppressive therapy), complications, refractory sprue, and prognosis. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, illustrations, and extensive references. 9 figures. 5 tables. 186 references. •

Sprue Syndromes Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 484-493. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: Celiac sprue is a disease of the small intestine resulting from a sensitivity to gluten, the water insoluble protein of wheat, and characterized by various degrees of villous atrophy (wasting of the villi of the small intestine) and malabsorption. Tropical sprue is an idiopathic disease of the small intestine that is acquired in tropical regions. Although the clinical and histologic findings superficially may resemble those of celiac sprue, treatment is different. This chapter on sprue syndromes is from a lengthy textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. Most patients with celiac sprue improve after withdrawal of gluten from their diets, but a few have a more complex course or develop one or more associated extraintestinal diseases. Celiac disease is characterized by poor food absorption and intolerance to gluten. The clinical features at presentation depend on the severity of disease and the age of the person affected. The small bowel biopsy remains the standard for diagnosis. Treatment requires lifelong abstinence from dietary gluten (removing from the diet all foods that contain wheat, barley, and rye). Within weeks of starting the gluten free diet, most patients respond to a gluten free diet with weight gain and decreased diarrhea. Tropical sprue is an idiopathic disease of chronic malabsorption that causes subtotal villous atrophy of the entire small intestine and ultimately leads to malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies. A careful history is crucial in making the diagnosis. Tropical sprue should be suspected in patients who have been in an endemic area for more than 2 weeks and who present with intestinal symptoms of diarrhea or steatorrhea and weight loss associated with macrocytic anemia; endoscopy is helpful in confirming diagnosis. Tropical sprue patients typically respond rapidly, although temporarily, to folic acid administration and more slowly and permanently to antibiotics. 9 figures. 5 tables. 30 references.

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Gluten-Free Diet Source: in Case, S. Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Resource Guide. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Case Nutrition Consulting. 2002. p. 9-43. Contact: Available from Case Nutrition Consulting. 1940 Angley Court, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4V 2V2 Canada. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. (306)7511000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.glutenfreediet.ca. ISBN: 1894022793. Summary: Gluten is the general name for the storage proteins in wheat, rye, and barley. These storage proteins damage the small intestine in people with celiac disease (gluten intolerance) and dermatitis herpetiformis. Gluten is the substance in flour responsible for forming the structure of dough, holding products together, and leavening. This chapter, from a comprehensive resource guide on the gluten-free diet, offers an introduction to this special way of eating. The author cautions that while the presence of gluten is evident in baked goods and pasta, it is often a hidden ingredient in many other items such as sauces, seasonings, soups, salad dressings, and candy, as well as some vitamins and pharmaceuticals. The challenge for individuals on a gluten-free diet is to avoid these hidden sources. This chapter also reviews in depth the food labeling requirements for both the United States and Canada. Additional sections list and discuss gluten-free additive and ingredients, the gluten-free diet by food groups, the food guide pyramid (U.S.) and Canada's food guide to healthy eating, the role of dietary fiber, the dietary fiber content of gluten-free foods, the role of iron, the presence of lactose (milk sugar) intolerance, and the role of dietary calcium. The chapter concludes with a section of gluten-free meal planning ideas.

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What Is Celiac Disease? (And Nontropical Sprue, Dermatitis Herpetiformis, GlutenSensitive Enteropathy, and General Gluten Intolerance) Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 3-8. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter defining celiac disease is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. The chapter begins by defining celiac disease and explaining how gluten damages the villi in the small intestine, resulting in malnutrition and dehydration. The symptoms tend to be varied, which lends to difficulties in diagnosing celiac disease. Classic symptoms include diarrhea, malabsorption, gas, and bloating; other symptoms can include fatigue, anemia, irritability, vomiting, short stature, or difficulty concentrating. Some people with celiac disease show absolutely no symptoms. The author notes that dermatitis herpetiformis is a 'sister' to celiac disease, with a subset of symptoms (primarily a very severe rash on the skin) that responds well to the gluten free diet. The author stresses that the good news about celiac disease is the fact that it is so treatable; a complete, strict gluten free diet will result in nearly immediate improvement. After a few weeks on the gluten free diet, most people feel better overall, as their malnutrition and dehydration resolve.

Books

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159

Celiac-Friendly Kitchen Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 49-56. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter discussing the 'celiac friendly kitchen' is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author offers practical suggestions for parents in avoiding cross-contamination between gluten free and gluten containing products. The chapter lists and describes tips regarding spreadables, utensils, making and toasting bread, food preparation, food storage, and accommodating guests (including the children's friends). The author also provides ideas for helping young children to understand how to keep gluten items separate from gluten free items. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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First Few Steps Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 15-16. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author focuses on the need for parents to educate themselves about the disease, in order to feel more empowered and to provide better care for their children. The author recommends the use of a filing system to organize all the information that the parents will be collecting as the family adjusts to a gluten free diet. The author explains the importance of support groups, and suggests that parents contact celiac disease organizations or use the Internet for finding support groups (contact information is provided in the Resources section at the end of the book). The author concludes by encouraging parents to use some of the ready made gluten free products (bread, pasta, mixes for baked goods) that are available until they are ready to confidently plan their own menus again. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Attitude Is Life: Deal with It; Don't Dwell On It Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 17-22. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on attitude is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. This chapter focuses on the importance of keeping celiac disease and its required gluten free diet in perspective as only part of the child's and family's life. The author reminds readers that the family dynamics must change from one of dealing with a very ill child (before diagnosis) to dealing with the gluten free diet and its apparent complications. Parents are encouraged to present an optimistic approach to their child, even if it seems difficult at first. Parents are also encouraged not to be overprotective of their child and to allow them to participate in classroom activities, travel, going to restaurants, etc. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the problem that can crop up when relatives or even health care providers do not want to face the possibility that celiac disease is present. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Talking to Your Children About Celiac Disease Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 25-33. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on communication is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author emphasizes that communicating about celiac disease offers the child both an understanding and control of his or her diet, so the diet does not control the child's life. The author gives detailed suggestions about how to open a conversation with the child, and what to discuss with children of different age groups (ages 1 to 6, and approaches for older children). The author notes that talking with the child about celiac disease is an ongoing process, something discussed in different ways as the level of understanding (both child's and parents') grows and as the child experiences different issues revolving around food (including reactions to eating gluten). The author focuses on specific strategies, including reading food labels together, how to teach the child to say 'no thanks' to gluten containing foods, exchanging gluten free foods where appropriate, and the need

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for vast amounts of repetition to help the child incorporate gluten free habits into his or her lifestyle. The chapter concludes with a brief section on discussing celiac disease with siblings in the family. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •

Dealing with Family and Friends Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 39-47. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on dealing with family and friends is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author describes the difficulties that parents may encounter when trying to explain celiac disease to other family members and friends. Because there is so little awareness of celiac disease, responses from family and friends range from confusion to histrionic horror to disbelief. The author describes four different reactions and how to handle each type. The author then focuses on helping spouses (husbands), noting that while some husbands are completely supportive or may even be the parent more responsible for the child's care, in general, moms are taking on responsibility for child care and educating their spouses. The chapter concludes with some conversation guides and suggestions for different responses based on who one is talking to and their 'need to know' rating. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Your Family's Emotional Well-Being Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 183-202. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on family emotional wellbeing is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author reviews a number of emotions that can overwhelm parents and their children with celiac disease after the initial diagnosis, and offers suggestions for dealing with these emotions. The author cautions that some of these emotions may resurface months or years after families thought they had vanquished them. Some families simply take more time to cope with

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these emotions, while others need more guidance and information. The author explores the three stages of adjustment to celiac disease: initial shock and adjustment, ongoing management and maintenance, and periodic relapse and the recurring wish that things were different. The author offers specific pointers for parents in helping both themselves and their children cope during each of these stages. The author includes different information for different ages of the child at diagnosis, focusing on different developmental stages and how the diagnosis has an impact. The author concludes by encouraging readers to continue to educate themselves, to find books and support groups for additional information, and to strive for a positive attitude. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •

Holidays, Birthdays, and Other Special Occasions Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 101-106. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on holidays and other special occasions is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author helps parents to cope with situations where their child may be participating in holiday celebrations, birthdays, and other special activities. The author reiterates the importance for having given the child responsibility for his or her own diet; when the child is on her own, she should be able to make good food choices away from the parent. The author provides practical suggestions for birthday gatherings (focusing on getting information ahead of time), and seasonal holidays, specifically Christmas, Easter, Halloween, Passover, Thanksgiving. Food preparation and substitution tips are also listed. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Junk Food: It's Crucial! Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 81-86. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on 'junk food' is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central

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nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author describes the role of so-called junk food in the diet of a child with celiac disease. Junk food is defined as those items that are often laden with sugar, preservatives, saturated fats, and chemicals. The author encourages parents to adopt an attitude of moderation and to allow children to incorporate some junk food items into their diet. For children who already have a restricted diet that can be constructed as strange or odd, commercial junk food items may play a crucial role in helping them to feel normal. The chapter concludes with lists of products (including brand names) that are considered safe for kids with celiac disease. Products listed include chocolates and candy bars, and chips, popcorn and nuts. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •

Legal Rights and Benefits Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 203-210. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on legal rights and benefits is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author reviews some of the federal laws and regulations relating to children with disabilities or serious health concerns. These considerations are particularly important for children with other disabilities in addition to celiac disease. The author discusses Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which applies to most students with a diagnosis of celiac disease, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which applies only to students who have a disability that has an educational impact on their ability to learn. The author also reviews the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and its five sections that extend protections into many areas of public life. In reality, most families of children with celiac disease will likely never need to use the ADA to obtain the accommodations their child needs. The chapter concludes with a brief section describing some of the income tax deductions that are allowed for people with dietary restrictions. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Chapter You've Been Waiting For: Menu and Snack Ideas! Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 69-79. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on menu and snack ideas is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that

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affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this article, the author offers strategies for becoming a creative gluten free cook, using the food items that are usually available in a well stocked kitchen. The author hopes to spark ideas in readers so that they can put together quick snacks and easy meals that the children will enjoy. The author lists substitutions for common foods including soy sauce, thickeners, breadcrumb coatings, croutons, pie crust, pasta, flour tortillas, pasta pieces, crackers, sauces, and thickeners for sweets. The remainder of the chapter lists quick meal ideas for breakfast, lunch, dinner, side dishes, and snacks. A final section offers strategies for coping with the picky eater. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •

Nutrition Basics Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 159-182. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on nutrition is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author helps parents and children achieve a healthy, balanced diet when so many foods are forbidden. In addition, before the child's celiac disease is controlled, he or she can have nutritional deficiencies that need to be addressed and corrected. And, as with any children, parents may encounter special nutritional issues, such as a child who wants to become a vegetarian, or one who goes on food jags, or one who needs additional calories. The author discusses the food guide pyramid, the five food groups used in the pyramid (with specific suggestions offered in each group), nutrient imbalances and deficiencies related to celiac disease (carbohydrates, protein, fat, fat soluble vitamins, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, folate or folic acid, vitamin B12, and electrolytes), disaccharide intolerance (including lactose intolerance), making snacks healthy and fun, managing food jags, boosting calories and nutrients in the child's diet, and the importance of working with a dietitian with any additional questions parents may have. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Restaurants: Can We Ever Eat Out Again? Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 107-112. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected].

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Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on restaurants is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author helps parents to feel comfortable about going out to eat at restaurants or at a friend's house. The author suggests that parents check out their favorite restaurants ahead of time, where possible, and follow these tips: ask a lot of questions, let the child order for himself or herself, do not assume that foods are gluten free, bring salad dressing, consider bringing pasta, do not hesitate to ask for the child's meal to be prepared differently, request a specific server, remember to bring a dessert for the child, tip generously, bring a restaurant information card (to give to the chef and manager). The author then discusses food items that are generally gluten free, the Atkins diet and other popular low carbohydrate diets, and fast food restaurants. The chapter concludes with a chart of the contact information for some of the larger national chains. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •

Shopping: Is There More to Life Than Fritos? Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 57-68. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on shopping tips is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. The author shares her own experiences and frustrations with food shopping immediately after her son was diagnosed with celiac disease. Many parents with newly diagnosed kids with celiac disease fear that they will have to do all of their shopping in expensive and inconvenient health food stores. The author encourages parents that this is not the case, but that they will need to learn about reading food labels, stock up on gluten free staples from the grocery store, and educate themselves about safe products for their child. The author cautions parents about avoiding hidden sources of gluten and includes suggestions for menu planning and shopping at health food stores or by mail order and online. The chapter includes lists of safe and forbidden ingredients and additives for people who are following a gluten free diet. The chapter also includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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What Causes Celiac Disease? Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 137-140. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on the causes (etiology) of celiac disease is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author begins by exploring the genetic basis of celiac disease and noting that genetics alone do not explain all the incidence of the disease. It is not yet understood what triggers the required genetic tendency to acquire celiac disease. Regardless of what causes the disease, celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces immune reactions against itself, resulting in tissue injury. In people with celiac disease, T cells in the intestines respond specifically to something in gluten, mistaking gluten for a substance that needs to be eliminated from the body. The author emphasizes the celiac disease is not the same thing as an allergy and concludes by encouraging other family members who may be experiencing symptoms to be tested for celiac disease. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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Diagnosis: Tests, Tests, and More Tests Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 141-158. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on the diagnosis of celiac disease is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author explains the different diagnostic tests that may be utilized in confirming a diagnosis of celiac disease. The author notes that while the procedures involved in diagnosing celiac disease are relatively simple, getting a physician to perform those procedures and arrive at a diagnosis can be difficult. If the child has symptoms, or even if there are no symptoms but celiac disease runs in the family, it is absolutely imperative that parents insist on having the child tested. The author describes how to find a competent specialist (gastroenterologist), testing methods (serum antibody test, small bowel endoscopy and biopsy, and genetic testing), other tests that may indicate celiac disease (fatty stool tests and tests for malabsorption), preparing the child for testing, the use of a gluten free diet

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as a way to diagnose the disease (not recommended), ongoing testing, testing siblings, the consequences of misdiagnosis (risk of lactose intolerance, adverse effects on bones, and infertility and complications during pregnancy), and research efforts in celiac disease. The author concludes by emphasis that a diagnosis of celiac disease can be a relief. Although the child will never outgrow celiac disease, no medications or surgical procedures are required to ensure a lifetime of happiness and good health. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •

Panic, Anger, Grief, Denial, and Other Emotions You Can Look Forward To Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 9-14. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on the emotions of coping with celiac disease is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author explores the emotions that parents (and their child) may go through as they receive and cope with a diagnosis of celiac disease in their child. The author stresses the importance of remembering that a gluten free lifestyle is extremely healthy, and there are no medications required, no surgeries, and no long term complications, as long as the diet is adhered to. Misdiagnosis offers a much bleaker picture, so even if the diagnosis seems disheartening and coping with the diet is confusing at first, parents are encouraged to think positively. The author reviews the stages of emotions that parents may cycle through, including panic, analysis paralysis, anger, grief, denial, fear and heartache, selfpity, guilt, and acceptance. The author concludes by noting that when parents have become accustomed to dealing with the child's gluten free diet and question whether they should be doing more, they have probably moved to acceptance and have adjusted to their new lifestyle. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents.

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On the Road Again: Traveling Gluten-Free Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 113-117. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter on travel is from a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. Left

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untreated, the disease can lead to serious conditions such as damage to the central nervous system, osteoporosis, and cancer. In this chapter, the author helps parents to cope with the issues that may arise when traveling with a child who is following a gluten free diet. The author emphasizes the importance of doing some research before traveling, to find restaurants or food stores that will be useful while away, or to educate oneself about the ethnic or cultural differences in the food that may be encountered. The author also lists ideas for food and kitchen items that can be packed, and suggests that motel rooms with kitchens or kitchenettes be reserved. Most resorts and cruises will serve people on special diets, they just need to be made aware of the situation ahead of time. A final section discusses airline food and again reiterates the importance of arranging any special dietary needs ahead of time. Readers are encouraged to keep dietary concerns in perspective and not to avoid traveling. The chapter includes black and white photographs of children, and sidebars sharing quotations from parents. •

Chapter 196: Blistering Diseases Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have blistering diseases with information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis. These autoimmune diseases are among the most serious that can cause blistering. Pemphigus, an uncommon, sometimes fatal disease, is characterized by clear, usually soft, fluid filled blisters of various sizes that break out on the skin, the lining of the mouth, the vagina, the thin covering of the penis, and other mucous membranes. Diagnosis is based on routine microscopic examination and immune testing of a skin specimen for antibody deposits. Treatment involves taking a drug that suppresses the immune system, such as a corticosteroid, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and gold salts. Bullous pemphigoid is characterized by hard, tight blisters and itching. Diagnosis is based on routine microscopic examination and immune testing of a skin specimen for antibody deposits. Corticosteroids are usually taken to suppress the immune system. Dermatitis herpetiformis is characterized by clusters of small, intensely itchy blisters and hive like swellings. Diagnosis is based on an examination of skin specimens to locate antibodies in the skin structures. Strict adherence to a diet free of wheat, rye, barley, and oats may be the only measure needed to control the disease.

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What It's Like to Be a Kid with Celiac Disease Source: in Korn, D. Kids with Celiac Disease: A Family Guide to Raising Happy, Healthy, Gluten-Free Children. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2001. p. 1-2. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627216. Summary: This chapter serves as the introduction to a practical survival guide for families of children and teenagers with celiac disease, a lifelong digestive disorder that affects nearly two million Americans. Celiac disease results from an intolerance of gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and any food made with these

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grains. Removing gluten from the diet is the only known treatment for this illness. This chapter is written by 11 year old Tyler Korn, who was diagnosed with celiac disease as a very young child. Tyler explains how his disease was diagnosed and how he copes with the limitations of his condition. He stresses that the disease does not have a great impact on his daily life, as he would prefer to focus on his favorite activities of baseball, other sports, and his friends. He suggests that parents of children diagnosed with celiac disease not 'freak out' and realize that kids with celiac disease can lead perfectly normal lives. Tyler also notes that it is important to him to read his own food labels and make his own food decisions; he briefly explains how he feels when he makes a food mistake (like he has the abdominal flu) and how he learns from those experiences. The chapter includes a photograph of Tyler on his motocross bike. 2 figures. •

Guide to Gluten-Free Beginnings Source: in Sanderson, S.L. Incredible Edible Gluten-Free Food for Kids: 150 FamilyTested Recipes. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2002. p. 1-9. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627283. Summary: This introductory chapter, from a cookbook for families coping with celiac disease (gluten intolerance), familiarizes parents with some of the issues they need to address when following a gluten-free diet. The author stresses that the key to the glutenfree diet is to identify and then avoid foods that contain gluten, the insoluble protein component of wheat, rye, barley, and other grains. Since 'gluten' is rarely listed as an ingredient in products that contain gluten, this chapter covers the basics parents need to know to identify gluten-containing foods and keep them from entering the child's diet. The chapter lists allowed and not allowed foods, questionable foods, the importance of continuing one's education about gluten and the gluten-free diet, how to organize the kitchen to support a gluten-free approach, food preparation, and how to reduce stress in food preparation.

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Gluten-Restricted, Gliadin-Free Diet Source: in American Dietetic Association. Manual of Clinical Dietetics. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 1996. p. 441-448. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606. (800) 877-1600 or (312) 899-0040. Fax (312) 899-4899. PRICE: $59.95 for members, $70.00 for nonmembers. ISBN: 0880911530. Summary: This section outlining a gluten-restricted, gliadin-free diet is from a manual that serves as a nutrition care guide for dietetics professionals, physicians, nurses, and other health professionals. The manual integrates current knowledge of nutrition, medical science, and food to set forth recommendations for healthy individuals and those for whom medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is indicated. The gluten restricted diet is designed to decrease distention, flatulence (gas), diarrhea, steatorrhea (fatty stools), and weight loss caused by a sensitivity to gliadin and its products. Gliadin, a protein fraction of gluten, is found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats. The diet is used for individuals with celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy) and for individuals with dermatitis herpetiformis. The text notes the purpose, use, modifications, and adequacy of the diet. The section also outlines the related physiology and etiology of gluten sensitivity. A brief sample menu is included, as are guidelines for using gluten-free

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flours and thickening agents. The section concludes with the contact information for related patient support groups and food companies that offer gluten-free products. 2 tables. 13 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BARLEY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover barley.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on barley is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to barley. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “barley” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for barley: •

Barley in beer may trigger anaphylaxis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 07, 1999

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “barley” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to barley, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “barley” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “barley” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on barley: •

Q Is for Quinoa: Questionable or Not? Source: Gluten-Free Living. p. 3, 6, 8. July-August 1999. Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Gluten, a grain protein, is found primarily in wheat, but also in rye, barley, spelt, kamut, triticale, and possibly oats. People who are genetically predisposed to gluten sensitivity have trouble eating foods that contain gluten. Their small intestine reacts as if the food were poison. The reaction damages the small intestine, causing malabsorption of vital nutrients, including iron, calcium, folic acid, and fat soluble vitamins. This article discusses the use of quinoa on a gluten free diet. Quinoa is a fruit, not a grain (botanically speaking) and has been determined to be gluten free. The author stresses that the variety that alternative grains add to the limited celiac diet is enormous. Quinoa can be prepared as a breakfast cereal, used in place of rice or potato at dinner, or ground into flour for baking or thickening. Quinoa is also used to make a tasty pasta that is not difficult to find on grocery store shelves. The author reviews the history of quinoa use and discusses the processing that quinoa typically undergoes, in an attempt to address the hesitations of some people with celiac disease who are uncertain about using quinoa. The author reviews the producers of quinoa products (imported as well as those farms in the United States) and describes the farming process. The contact information for two companies is provided. One sidebar offers a description of how to cook with quinoa, including a recipe for Lemon Pie in Chocolate Quinoa Crust.

•

Diverticulitis: A High-Fiber Diet May Prevent This Ailment Source: Mayo Clinic Women's Healthsource. 4(11): 6. November 2000. Contact: Available from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Summary: This article, from a general health newsletter, offers suggestions for avoiding diverticulitis (infection of pockets of the colon) through the use of a high fiber diet. Diverticulosis, a condition that develops with aging, seems to be due to weakening and bulging of the colon wall that results in the pockets or pouches called diverticula. Some people with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis, a serious condition of infection or inflammation in the colon that needs prompt treatment. Symptoms of diverticulitis range from mild crampy abdominal pain to severe pain, nausea, and fever. Mild attacks can be treated at home with an antibiotic and a low fiber diet (to rest the colon). If the antibiotics do not work or if the physician suspects an obstruction or perforation of the colon wall, the patient will require treatment in the hospital. Eating a high fiber diet may help prevent diverticulosis or slow its progression. It is suspected, but unproven, that eating a high fiber diet can prevent diverticulitis. To help minimize pressure within the colon, the author advises readers to eat a varied diet rich in fiber, drink eight or more cups of liquid a day, and move the bowels whenever the urge is present (do not delay defecation). One sidebar offers brief specifics on how to increase the fiber in one's diet, including what items to note on food labels (at least 5 grams of fiber per serving, and

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ingredients including wheat bran, whole wheat, cracked wheat, barley, brown rice, bulgur). •

Celiac Disease: How to Manage Gluten Intolerance Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 18(11): 7. November 2000. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. Summary: This newsletter article offers strategies for dealing with celiac disease (an inherited intolerance to gluten that results in intestinal and other disorders). Gluten proteins are found in a variety of grains, including wheat, barley, and rye, so that a diet that is gluten free can be somewhat challenging. The article describes how the immune system of people with celiac disease reacts whenever they eat food containing gluten; this reaction causes the lining of the small intestine to become swollen and inflamed. The result is nutritional deficiencies and digestive problems, as well as a greater chance of developing small bowel cancer, especially intestinal lymphoma. Celiac disease can become active at any age, but sometimes follows a disruptive event, such as a viral infection, severe stress, pregnancy, or physical trauma. Symptoms vary greatly, and the disease can resemble other conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome. Symptoms can include fatigue, abdominal pain, intermittent diarrhea, bloating and excessive passing of gas, weight loss, or foul smelling stools that float. The primary treatment for celiac disease is a lifelong gluten free diet. There are still many foods that can be eaten, including plain meats, fruits, vegetables, rice, potatoes, and most dairy products. The author encourages readers to work with their health care provider to set up a balanced, gluten free diet that incorporates individual preferences and needs. Once the gluten is completely eliminated from the patient's diet, inflammation in the small intestine begins to subside in just a few days. Most people who maintain the diet experience complete healing within several months to 2 to 3 years. One sidebar explains the diagnosis of celiac disease, which may include a small intestine biopsy for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis.

Academic Periodicals covering Barley Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to barley. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering barley that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “barley” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5801 35 332 4 0 6172

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “barley” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on barley can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to barley. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to barley. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “barley”:

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•

Other guides Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Cloning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cloning.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Digestive Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivediseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on barley. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Celiac Disease Source: Studio City, CA: Celiac Disease Foundation. 1994. 4 p. Contact: Available from Celiac Disease Foundation. 13251 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 3, Studio City, CA 91604-1838. (818) 990-2354. Fax (818) 990-2379. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Celiac disease is a digestive disease in which damage to the surface of the small intestine is caused by the ingestion of food products that contain gluten or similar proteins that are present in wheat, rye, oats and barley. This brochure, written in a question-and-answer format, presents introductory information about celiac disease. Topics include the course of the disease, other related disorders, the symptoms of celiac disease, the causes of celiac disease, and the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease. In addition, the brochure introduces the objectives and activities of the Celiac Disease Foundation.

•

Living Healthy with Celiac Disease: Getting Started Source: Exton, PA: Anaffect Marketing. 1998. 36 p. Contact: Available from AnAffect Marketing. 115 Andover Drive, Exton, PA 19341. (610) 524-1253. Fax (610) 524-0656. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $5.95 plus shipping and handling.

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Summary: Celiac disease is an illness characterized by an abnormal small intestinal mucosa caused by a permanent intolerance to gluten, the protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Removal of gluten from the diet results in improvement of clinical symptoms and full recovery of the small intestinal mucosa. This booklet is designed to help people newly diagnosed with celiac disease or parents of children recently diagnosed with the disease. A wealth of basic information to simplify the learning process about the disease and the gluten-free (GF) diet is provided. Specific topics include symptoms, diagnosis, consequences if the GF diet is not followed, screening of family members, incidence, specific foods to avoid, grains for which the gluten content is uncertain, safe additives, GF brand names, and problems with children at school and with snacks. The resources section lists books and cookbooks, newsletters, shopping guides, mail order GF food and nonfood companies, pharmaceutical companies, national associations, support groups, and Internet resources. A separate booklet available from the same resource provides recipes for a GF diet. •

Celiac Sprue Source: Camp Hill, PA: Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 200 Grandview Avenue, Camp Hill, PA 17011-1706. (800) 451-5797 or (717) 761-1170. Fax (717) 761-0216. PRICE: $22.00 per pack of 50 brochures; 3 pack minimum. Summary: Celiac sprue (CS) is a disease of the lining of the small intestine. This genetic disorder is triggered when the lining of the intestine comes into contact with the grain protein called gluten; gluten is present in wheat and all wheat products, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. This patient education brochure describes celiac sprue (also known as celiac disease, non tropical sprue, and gluten enteropathy or intolerance), its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment with a gluten free diet. In children, CS may cause irritability, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and failure to thrive or grow. The same symptoms may occur in adults, along with abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia or low red blood cell count, mood changes, joint and muscle pain, fatigue, skin rashes, and menstrual irregularity. Some people have no symptoms at all. The diagnosis includes medical history, blood tests, and a small intestine biopsy (done by endoscopy). The treatment of CS is dietary and consists of complete avoidance of the gluten protein. Patients may find specialty stores to gluten free products, and may benefit from the help of a registered dietitian. Most patients have a good response to the elimination of gluten from the diet. Since CS is a disorder of the immune system, it is associated with other diseases that have similar links, including dermatitis herpetiformis, lupus erythematosus, diabetes occurring in childhood, and rheumatoid arthritis and other immune related disorders. Complications of CS can include malignancies (cancer) of the intestines, osteoporosis (a bone disease), failure to grow in height or weight, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies; these complications are usually preventable by following a strict gluten free diet. Although the need to avoid gluten protein is difficult at first, the response to dietary treatment is usually so good that patients have no problem staying on this eating program. The brochure concludes with the contact information for four resource organizations through which readers can obtain more information and support. 2 figures.

•

Basic Guide to the Gluten-Free Diet: Your Prescription for Health Source: Hastings-on-Hudson, NY: Gluten-Free Living. 2000. 7 p.

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Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. (914) 969-2018. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $2.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: For people diagnosed with celiac disease, the need to follow a gluten free diet may seem like an overwhelming challenge. This booklet discusses strategies to begin and maintain a healthy, nutritious, enjoyable gluten free diet. Readers are encouraged to give themselves time to adjust, to connect with a support group, and to learn about the disease. The booklet reviews basic unsafe foods (those made from a grain that is harmful to celiacs), safe grains and grain like ingredients, contamination concerns, and how to handle conflicting information. Unsafe foods include wheat in all of its forms (semolina, farina, bulgar, couscous, wheat germ, etc.), spelt and kamut, triticale, rye and barley (including malt), and oats. Safe grains and grain like ingredients include rice, corn, sorghum, millet, wild rice, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, tef, soybeans, tapioca, potato flour, garbanzo bean flour, and arrowroot. Contamination can be avoided by preparing some separate food storage and preparation areas in the home kitchen, by careful reading of food labels, by talking with or asking questions of the chef at a restaurant, and by gathering information from food processors (contact the company). The booklet lists a few resources and the contact information for three national support groups for people with celiac disease. The booklet also includes a form with which readers can subscribe to the newsletter Gluten Free Living. •

Are You Gluten Sensitive? Source: Hastings-on-Hudson, NY: Gluten-Free Living. 1999. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Gluten-Free Living. P.O. Box 105, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Gluten, a grain protein, is found primarily in wheat, but also in rye, barley, spelt, kamut, triticale, and possibly oats. This brochure describes gluten intolerance and the use of a gluten free diet to treat gluten sensitivity. People who are genetically predisposed to gluten sensitivity have trouble eating foods that contain gluten. Their small intestine reacts as if the food were poison. The reaction damages the small intestine, causing malabsorption of vital nutrients, including iron, calcium, folic acid, or fat soluble vitamins, including D, E, K, and A. The brochure describes the diagnostic strategies used for gluten intolerance (celiac disease), the risk factors, coping with a gluten free diet, the nutrition and health considerations of a gluten free diet, other types of gluten sensitivity (notably dermatitis herpetiformis), and the differences between gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy. Symptoms of gluten sensitivity include continual gastrointestinal problems, including bloating, gas, and diarrhea, for which no cause can be found; weight loss; constant fatigue or weakness; depression that does not respond to medication; abdominal or bone pain; unexplained anemia; and nutrient deficiencies. Diagnosis includes a specific panel of blood tests that measure antibodies to gluten; a small bowel endoscopy is also used, with biopsy, to confirm the diagnosis. The gluten free diet offers a complete treatment in which the small intestine returns to health and begins more normal absorption of vital nutrients. However, since gluten is found in so many common foods, following a gluten free diet requires a radical change in eating habits. The brochure concludes with a description of some resources available to people with gluten sensitivity, including support groups.

•

Gluten Free Living: A Service from Dietary Specialties Source: Rochester, NY: Dietary Specialties. 1997. 2 p.

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Contact: Available from Dietary Specialties. P.O. Box 227, Rochester, NY 14601. (800) 544-0099 or (716) 263-2787. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Individuals with celiac disease, or gluten sensitivity, are unable to tolerate gluten, a protein found in wheat, oats, barley, rye, and foods made from any of these grains. This brochure provides a quick overview of celiac disease and a gluten-free diet. The main symptoms of celiac disease are weight loss, diarrhea, anemia, and fatigue. The disease is diagnosed with blood tests and an intestinal biopsy. In a person with celiac disease, the intestinal villi are irritated by the presence of gluten and they become flattened. Removing all gluten-containing foods from the diet allows the small intestine to repair most of the damage. People with celiac disease can base their diet on naturally gluten-free foods such as rice, potato, corn, tapioca, and soy. Unprocessed fresh or frozen meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, dried beans or peas, and dairy products are all gluten-free. The brochure reprints the Food Pyramid and explains how to modify the base category of grains. The back cover of the brochure lists the names and contact information of four resource organizations. 3 figures. (AA-M). •

Washington Area Celiac-Sprue Support Group Source: Bethesda, MD: Washington Area Celiac-Sprue Support Group. Contact: Available from Beatrice Newell. 7425 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20817. (301) 365-6261. Summary: The Washington Area Celiac-Sprue Support Group was organized in 1982 for persons with an intolerance to wheat, rye, oats, and barley, requiring a gluten-free diet. A gluten-intolerant person must maintain a gluten-free diet, which affects the whole family, particularly when the patient is a child. Thus the support group is open to families of patients as well as the patients themselves. Physicians, dietitians, and nutritionists address the groups, and members share information and personal experiences.

•

Gluten Intolerance Group of North America: Serving Those with Celiac Sprue and Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Seattle, WA: Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. P.O. Box 23053, Seattle, WA 98102-0353. (206) 325-6980. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE), a group of hereditary immune system disorders that includes celiac sprue (CS), dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), and transient gluten intolerance. In these disorders, protein fractions in wheat, rye, oats, and barley set off a chain of events that leads to tissue damage. The brochure describes the symptoms of these disorders, diagnosis, and treatment options, which primarily involve the institution of a gluten-free diet (avoiding wheat, rye, oats, and barley). The author emphasizes that proper substitutions can make the diets of persons with GSE varied and appealing. Combinations of rice, corn, soy, and potato flours are used to make cookies, pasta, cakes, and breads. The brochure lists immune system disorders associated with celiac sprue and DH, including type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, Graves' disease, Addisons' disease, and myasthenia gravis. The brochure also describes the Gluten Intolerance Group of North America, an organization that offers assistance to persons with celiac sprue or dermatitis herpetiformis through publications, outreach programs, local chapter support, advocacy, funding of research,

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and increasing awareness of these diseases. The brochure lists some of the publications and videotapes available from the organization. (AA-M). •

Diabetes and Celiac Disease: What are Your Risks? Source: Seattle, WA: Gluten Intolerance Group (GIG). 2002. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Gluten Intolerance Group. 15110 10 Avenue, SW, Suite A, Seattle, WA 98166-1820. (202) 246-6652. Website: www.gluten.net. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure reviews the links between celiac disease (gluten intolerance) and diabetes mellitus. Developing one of these diseases increases the risk of developing the other. Celiac disease is a malabsorption syndrome caused by the ingestion of gluten (a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and many other food products). Celiac disease causes damage to the small intestines and can cause food and medications to be absorbed poorly. The brochure focuses on the symptoms of celiac disease, hoping to educate persons with diabetes about their risks and what to watch for. One section of the brochure describes the screening tests and diagnostic tests that may be used to identify people with diabetes who have celiac disease. The brochure also includes a list of common foods containing gluten and a brief list of gluten free grains and starches. 1 figure. 1 table.

•

Go With the Grain Source: Chicago, IL: The Quaker Oats Company, 8 p., 1992. Contact: The Quaker Oats Company, PO Box 9003, Chicago, IL 60604-9003. Summary: This consumer education booklet offers suggestions for adding grains to the diet. The grain food group is a good source of dietary fiber, B vitamins, and key minerals. The two basic types of fiber (soluble fiber and insoluble fiber) are described. The three parts of the grain are defined. The booklet highlights the main grains and their products, including barley, oats, wheat, corn, and rice.

•

Gluten-Restricted, Gliadin-and Proglamin-Free Diet Instruction Source: Seattle, WA: Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. 1993. 9 p. Contact: Available from Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. P.O. Box 23053, Seattle, WA 98102-0353. (206) 325-6980. PRICE: $2.50 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This document presents a recommended menu designed to provide adequate nutrition while eliminating wheat, rye, oats, and barley from the diet. The author stresses that, when all sources of gliadin and prolamin are removed from the diet, the intestine is able to regenerate and normal function is usually restored. The menu presents each food group with the suggested daily intake, then notes the allowed foods and foods to avoid. Food groups covered include milk, meat, fish and poultry, cheeses, eggs, potatoes and other starches, vegetables, breads, cereals, crackers and snack foods, soups, flours and thickening agents, fats, desserts, beverages, sweets, and miscellaneous (including spices and condiments). Additional sections address additives that are gliadin-and prolamin-free, nebulous ingredients, medications, and writing effective letters to food manufacturers. Also included is a list of food distributors, their addresses and phone numbers, and the products they carry.

Patient Resources

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Basics for the Gluten-Free Diet Source: Omaha, NE: Celiac Sprue Association/United States of America, Inc. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association-United States of America, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131. (402) 558-0600. Website: www.csaceliacs.org. PRICE: $2.00. Summary: This fact sheet offers a list of basics for the gluten free diet as a reference for patients who are concerned with problems of malabsorption and sensitivities for the conditions of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. The guide lists the basics that should be stocked in a kitchen for preparing meals that are gluten free: an all purpose rice, potato, or bean based gluten free flour mix; cornstarch, a tapioca blend, or sweet rice flour for use as thickeners; a cooking oil and margarine that are gluten free; xanthan gum, soda, and fresh baking powder for baking; gluten free bread and snack items; and a storage plan which avoids cross contamination with gluten containing foods. The fact sheet then lists allowed flours and starches, and notes grains to avoid (wheat, barley, rye, oats). Other items noted include fats and oils to choose, alcohols that are allowed on a gluten free diet, oils to avoid, other items to avoid, and items that may be questionable and should only be used cautiously, if at all (including colorings and dyes, MSG, most bouillon). The fact sheet cautions that newly diagnosed patients with gluten intolerance may need to review the potential of lactose intolerance and the possible reaction to molds such as yeast and mushrooms. The reverse side of the fact sheet describes the Celiac Sprue Association (CSA USA, Inc.), an educational resource organization for people with celiac disease and their families.

•

Grains and Flours Source: Omaha, NE: Celiac Sprue Association/United States of America, Inc. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association-United States of America, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131. (402) 558-0600. Website: www.csaceliacs.org. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This fact sheet offers a list of grains and flours as a reference for patients who are concerned with problems of malabsorption and sensitivities for the conditions of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. The alphabetical list includes items underlined and capitalized which are allowed on a gluten free diet, and items in lower case, which are to be avoided. Cautionary notes are added to some allowed items. Allowed items include acorn, almond, arrowroot, artichoke, cassava, chestnut, corn, cornmeal, cornstarch, cottonseed, fava bean, flax, garbanzo, grits, hominy, maize, manioc, milo, peas (beans, mung beans, lentils), peanut, potato, rice, sago, sesame, sorghum, soy, starch, sunflower, sweet potato, sweet rice flour, tapioca, and wild rice. Disallowed items include amaranth, barley, buckwheat, bulgur, couscous, groats, kamut, kasha, mir, oats, quinoa, rye, rye buckwheat, semolina, spelt, tef, triticale, wheat, and wheat starch. The fact sheet includes the contact information for the Celiac Sprue Association (CSA USA, Inc.).

•

Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy (GSE) Source: Detroit, MI: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. 199x. 2 p.

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Contact: Available from American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. Michigan National Bank Building, 15475 Gratiot Avenue, Detroit, MI 48205. (313) 371-8600. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet offers basic information about gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE), a group of hereditary immune system disorders in which protein fractions in wheat, rye, oats and barley set off a chain of events which leads to tissue damage. GSE includes celiac sprue, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), and transient gluten intolerance. Celiac disease involves destruction of the lining of the small intestine and includes a skin disorder where immune deposits trigger itchy, blistering skin eruptions. Transient gluten intolerance is a poorly understood condition that resembles celiac sprue, and appears in children under the age of two years. This fact sheet notes symptoms of these conditions, tests used to confirm the diagnosis, and treatment options. The author emphasizes that avoiding wheat, rye, oats, barley and any product made with these grains is essential. With proper substitutions, diets of persons with GSE can be varied and appealing. The fact sheet concludes with a brief list of immune system disorders associated with celiac sprue or DH. (AA-M). •

Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy: Up-Date for Health-Care Professionals Source: Seattle, WA: Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. 1996. 7 p. Contact: Available from Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. P.O. Box 23053, Seattle, WA 98102-0353. (206) 325-6980. Summary: This fact sheet updates health care professionals on gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), a general term which includes celiac sprue, dermatitis herpetiformis, and transient gluten sensitivity. In celiac sprue and transient gluten sensitivity, the primary lesion is in the mucosal lining of the small intestine. The fact sheet describes the symptoms and presentation of GSE, focusing on celiac sprue, the most common. Diagnosis of celiac sprue can occur any time after foods containing wheat, rye, oats, or barley are introduced into the diet. The two-part diagnosis includes obtaining a small intestinal biopsy in which damage is consistent with celiac sprue; and rapid response to the gluten-restricted diet. Strict dietary adherence will lead to recovery of both the skin and mucosa in the GSE disorders. The author emphasizes that switching from a wheatbased diet to a rice-based diet is a challenge. Professionals must be sensitive to the magnitude of the abrupt lifestyle change that this diagnosis entails. Thorough, updated diet instruction, a simplified meal plan, a list of manufacturers who provide special products, a few excellent recipes, and a list of support groups will provide an invaluable springboard for a new patient. The fact sheet concludes with contact information for the Gluten Intolerance Group of North America. 46 references. (AA-M).

•

Gluten and Gluten-Free At A Glance Source: Flourtown, PA: Greater Philadelphia Celiac-Sprue Support Group. 1994. 1 p. Contact: Available from Greater Philadelphia Area Celiac-Sprue Support Group. 6318 Farmar Lane, Flourtown, PA 19031-1308. (215) 836-7518. PRICE: $20.00 for full information packet. Summary: This one-page fact sheet lists food items in two columns: those items containing gluten and those that are gluten-free. The protein portion of gluten, called gliadin, causes damage to the small intestinal lining. It is found in wheat, rye, oats, barley and probably millet. Special notes are included for monosodium glutamate (MSG), starch, amaranth, quinoa, buckwheat, processed cheese, and vegetable proteins.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to barley. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to barley. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with barley. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about barley. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “barley” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “barley”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “barley” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “barley” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BARLEY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abrin: A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for hemagglutininating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principles each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds. [NIH] Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits. [NIH] Acacia: Any leguminous woody vine or tree of the genus Acacia, also called locust or wattle. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called gum arabic. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acyl Carrier Protein: Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH]

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Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha-Amylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch. [NIH] Amylose: An unbranched glucan in starch. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile

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sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anthelmintics: Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of helminthiasis in man and animal. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective

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against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a

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peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspartic Endopeptidases: A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an aspartic acid residue for their activity. EC 3.4.23. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH]

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Auxin: A natural organic compound formed in actively growing parts of plants, particularly in the growing points of shoots, which in minute concentrations regulates cell expansion and other developmental processes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Pairing: Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by hydrogen bonding in doublestranded DNA or RNA. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benomyl: A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-glucans: Polysaccharides made by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. They may be able to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH]

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Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caecum: The blind pouch in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens from one side. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation.

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Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH]

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Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads. [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulase: An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH]

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Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a

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sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1,

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IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to

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enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH]

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Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH]

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Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diatoms: Microscopic unicellular algae. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diphtheria Toxin: A 60 kD single chain protein elaborated by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes the sign and symptoms of diphtheria; it can be broken into two unequal fragments, the smaller (A fragment) inhibits protein synthesis and is the lethal moiety that needs the larger (B fragment) for entry into cells. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding

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ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are

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uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocyte Indices: Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU]

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Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferrochelatase: An enzyme widely distributed in cells and tissues. It is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the formation of heme from protoporphyrin IX and ferrous ions during the terminal step in the heme biosynthetic pathway. EC 4.99.1.1. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed

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silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some

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reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include Gibberella. [NIH]

Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Transit: Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH]

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Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gibberellin: One of a class of plant hormones that promote elongation. Synthesis occurs mainly in leaves and roots. They function by stimulating cell division and the hydrolisis of sugars to glucose and fructose, and stimulate extensive growth, especially of internodes. [NIH]

Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliadin: Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH]

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Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamate Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of NADPH. EC 1.4.1.13. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a

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microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Substances: Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH]

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Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Helminthiasis: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the

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formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Herpetiformis: Duhring's disease a recurring, inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology characterized by erythematous, papular, pustular, or vesicular lesions which tend to group and are accompanied by itching and burning. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Holidays: Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hordein: A prolamin found in the seeds of barley. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side

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effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH]

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In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Income Tax: Tax on the net income of an individual, organization, or business. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of

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glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH]

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Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Karaya Gum: Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens, an Indian tree; it is used as suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; also as bulkforming laxative, surgical lubricant and adhesive, and in the treatment of skin ulcers. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU]

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Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lightness: The attribute of visual sensation in accordance with which a body seems to transmit or reflect diffusely a greater or smaller fraction of the incident light. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lipreading: The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and

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store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - melphalan, the racemic mixture - merphalan, and the dextro isomer medphalan; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metalloendopeptidases: Endopeptidases which use a metal, normally zinc, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal chelators. EC 3.4.24. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH]

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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Lining: The lining of GI tract organs that makes mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycological: Relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the

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heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitrobacter: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that oxidizes nitrites to nitrates. Its organisms occur in aerobic environments where organic matter is being mineralized, including soil, fresh water, and sea water. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Nitrosomonas: A genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a

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mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal

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osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]

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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticide Residues: Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH]

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Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Kallikrein: A peptidohydrolytic enzyme that is formed from prekallikrein by factor XIIA. It activates factor XII, factor VII, and plasminogen. It is selective for both arginine and to a lesser extent lysinebonds. EC 3.4.21.34. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH]

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Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Dynamics: The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postprandial Blood Glucose: Blood taken 1-2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prekallikrein: A plasma protein which is the precursor of kallikrein. Plasma that is deficient in prekallikrein has been found to be abnormal in thromboplastin formation, kinin generation, evolution of a permeability globulin, and plasmin formation. The absence of prekallikrein in plasma leads to Fletcher factor deficiency, a congenital disease. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH]

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Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prokaryotic Cells: Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protochlorophyllide: A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora,

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Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Emphysema: Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from

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radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH]

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Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]

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Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senility: Old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of endopeptidases containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an

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ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Welfare: Organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]

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Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatic: A cord-like structure formed by the vas deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the testis. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Sprue: A non febrile tropical disease of uncertain origin. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other

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excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stool test: A test to check for hidden blood in the bowel movement. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress

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activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surgical castration: Surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy) or ovaries (oophorectomy) to stop the production of sex hormones. Decreasing the levels of hormones may stop the growth of certain cancers. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Taboo: Any negative tradition or behavior that is generally regarded as harmful to social welfare and forbidden within a cultural or social group. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

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(Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tobacco Mosaic Virus: The type species of tobamovirus which causes mosaic disease of tobacco. Transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation. [NIH] Tobamovirus: A genus of plant viruses in which the virion is a rigid filament. Transmission is by mechanical inoculation or seed. The type species is tobacco mosaic virus. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tragacanth: Powdered exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. It forms gelatinous mass in water. Tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH]

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Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichodermin: Antifungal metabolite from several fungi, mainly Trichoderma viride; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; proposed as antifungal and antineoplastic; used as tool in cellular biochemistry. [NIH] Trichothecenes: Usually 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes, produced by Fusaria, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and other fungi, and some higher plants. They may contaminate food or feed grains, induce emesis and hemorrhage in lungs and brain, and damage bone marrow due to protein and DNA synthesis inhibition. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tropical Sprue: A condition of unknown cause. Abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine prevent the body from absorbing food normally. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Trypsin Inhibitors: Serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. They may be endogenous or exogenous compounds. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of

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metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Untranslated Regions: The parts of the messenger RNA sequence that do not code for product, i.e. the 5' untranslated regions and 3' untranslated regions. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH]

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Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]

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Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] World Health: The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world. [NIH] Xanthophyll: A carotenoid alcohol widespread in nature. It is present in egg yolk, algae, and petals of yellow flowers, among other sources. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX 2 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 103, 201 A Abdominal, 7, 169, 173, 174, 185, 186, 201, 231, 234, 239, 240, 255 Abdominal Pain, 173, 174, 185, 201, 231, 234, 255 Abrin, 105, 135, 201 Abscisic Acid, 13, 14, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30, 42, 84, 201 Acacia, 124, 201, 211, 226 Acantholysis, 201, 240 Acceptor, 201, 233, 239, 254 Acetaldehyde, 201, 202 Acetylcysteine, 8, 201 Acrylonitrile, 201, 247 Acyl, 27, 29, 201 Acyl Carrier Protein, 27, 29, 201 Adaptability, 134, 201, 211 Adenosine, 201, 241 Adjustment, 162, 202 Adrenal Cortex, 202, 215 Adrenergic, 202, 257 Adsorption, 41, 96, 202 Adsorptive, 202 Adverse Effect, 94, 118, 122, 167, 202, 248 Aerobic, 202, 235, 237, 245 Affinity, 9, 23, 25, 30, 34, 36, 49, 52, 58, 78, 202, 249 Agar, 124, 202, 215, 229, 242 Age Groups, 160, 202 Age of Onset, 202, 255 Aged, 80 and Over, 202 Aggressiveness, 97, 202 Airways, 44, 202 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 23, 28, 202 Aldehydes, 131, 202 Alfalfa, 7, 55, 61, 110, 111, 120, 202 Alginates, 124, 203 Algorithms, 203, 208 Alimentary, 78, 203, 217 Alkaline, 73, 93, 203, 209 Alkaloid, 203, 210, 257 Allergen, 37, 43, 46, 48, 65, 203, 248 Aloe, 7, 203 Alopecia, 203, 215 Alpha-Amylase, 21, 22, 45, 48, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60, 62, 203

Alternative medicine, 7, 8, 172, 203 Alveoli, 203, 245 Amino Acid Sequence, 115, 122, 124, 132, 203, 204, 223 Amino Acid Substitution, 35, 203 Ammonia, 100, 203, 225, 237, 255 Amylase, 14, 18, 22, 84, 115, 134, 138, 203 Amylopectin, 42, 133, 203 Amylose, 33, 42, 109, 133, 203 Anabolic, 105, 135, 203, 217, 257 Anaerobic, 20, 203, 249 Anaesthesia, 203, 230 Anal, 204, 221 Anaphylatoxins, 204, 214 Anaphylaxis, 39, 48, 171, 204 Anatomical, 204, 233, 247 Androgens, 202, 204, 215 Anemia, 7, 157, 158, 185, 186, 187, 204, 209, 222, 227 Anesthesia, 105, 135, 204 Animal Husbandry, 105, 135, 204 Anions, 204, 231, 251 Annealing, 204, 242 Anthelmintics, 137, 204 Antiallergic, 204, 215 Antibacterial, 100, 128, 204, 250 Antibiotic, 55, 61, 74, 173, 204, 215, 240, 250, 251 Antibodies, 8, 37, 43, 111, 133, 141, 168, 186, 204, 206, 220, 226, 229, 234, 236, 242 Anticoagulant, 204, 244 Antifungal, 33, 204, 254 Antigen, 9, 140, 141, 202, 204, 205, 213, 220, 228, 229, 230, 234, 248 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 205, 213 Antihypertensive, 118, 119, 205 Anti-infective, 205, 222, 228, 231 Anti-Infective Agents, 205, 222 Anti-inflammatory, 104, 205, 215, 224 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 205, 215 Antineoplastic, 205, 215, 235, 254 Antioxidant, 27, 28, 72, 205, 239 Antiviral, 10, 105, 135, 201, 205 Antiviral Agents, 10, 205 Anus, 204, 205, 209, 222, 240 Anxiety, 205, 239 Aphids, 12, 87, 88, 205 Apolipoproteins, 205, 233

260 Barley

Aqueous, 106, 127, 140, 205, 207, 216, 219, 228, 232, 233 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 205, 233 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 205, 233 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 205, 233 Arginine, 204, 206, 242, 254 Aromatic, 46, 206, 210, 214, 250, 251 Arterial, 112, 206, 212, 224, 228, 244, 252 Arteries, 112, 206, 208, 215, 233, 235, 236 Arterioles, 206, 208, 210 Arteriolosclerosis, 206 Arteriosclerosis, 96, 206 Articular, 206, 238 Aspartic, 25, 33, 40, 42, 47, 206, 219 Aspartic Acid, 206 Aspartic Endopeptidases, 206, 219 Assay, 96, 97, 111, 133, 206 Astringents, 206, 220 Asymptomatic, 4, 206 Atopic, 42, 43, 96, 206 Atrophy, 157, 201, 206 Attenuated, 69, 95, 206 Attenuation, 134, 206 Atypical, 4, 206 Autoantibodies, 206, 216 Autoimmune disease, 168, 206 Auxin, 108, 207 B Bactericidal, 207, 220 Bacteriophage, 207, 242, 254, 256 Bacterium, 118, 121, 207, 218 Base, 10, 114, 116, 119, 187, 207, 210, 215, 216, 223, 232 Base Pairing, 10, 207 Basophils, 207, 226, 232 Beer, 39, 40, 44, 49, 94, 131, 155, 171, 207 Benomyl, 98, 207 Benzene, 103, 207 Beta-glucans, 8, 53, 56, 59, 62, 69, 207, 211 Bewilderment, 207, 214 Bile, 41, 46, 57, 107, 207, 223, 233 Bile Acids, 41, 57, 207 Bile Acids and Salts, 207 Bile Ducts, 207 Biliary, 157, 207, 209 Binding Sites, 10, 208 Biochemical, 9, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 84, 122, 208, 225, 232, 238, 252 Biochemical reactions, 208, 252 Biogenesis, 23, 26, 32, 208 Biopsy, 4, 148, 157, 166, 174, 185, 186, 187, 190, 208

Biosynthesis, 16, 24, 70, 71, 117, 132, 208, 248 Biotechnology, 12, 36, 43, 47, 73, 101, 131, 153, 156, 172, 179, 208 Biotin, 64, 70, 111, 208 Bladder, 208, 244, 255 Blister, 208, 240 Bloating, 7, 158, 174, 186, 208, 230, 231, 234 Blood Cell Count, 185, 208, 227 Blood Coagulation, 208, 209, 253 Blood Glucose, 5, 7, 96, 97, 134, 208, 227, 231 Blood pressure, 4, 205, 208, 210, 224, 228, 236, 249 Blood vessel, 112, 208, 210, 211, 221, 224, 231, 234, 241, 250, 251, 253, 255 Blot, 208, 229 Blotting, Western, 208, 229 Body Fluids, 85, 208, 249 Body Mass Index, 208, 239 Bone Marrow, 207, 209, 229, 234, 235, 254 Bowel, 4, 157, 166, 174, 186, 204, 209, 217, 223, 231, 232, 240, 250, 251, 255 Bowel Movement, 209, 217, 250, 251 Branch, 197, 209, 234, 239, 245, 249, 252 Breakdown, 46, 131, 209, 217, 223, 240 Breeding, 49, 58, 83, 84, 85, 97, 134, 153, 204, 209 Bronchioles, 203, 209, 245 Bronchitis, 209, 220 Buccal, 209, 233 Bullous, 168, 209, 216 C Cadmium, 50, 53, 60, 209 Cadmium Poisoning, 209 Caecum, 49, 209 Calcification, 206, 209 Calcium Oxalate, 209, 239 Calculi, 209, 225 Callus, 84, 108, 209 Calmodulin, 15, 16, 27, 209 Canonical, 10, 210 Capillary, 210, 211, 256 Capillary Fragility, 210, 211 Capsaicin, 7, 210 Carbon Dioxide, 6, 129, 210, 215, 221, 246, 256 Carboxy, 210 Carboxylic Acids, 114, 210 Carboxymethylcellulose, 124, 210 Carcinogen, 210, 235, 236

Index 261

Carcinogenic, 107, 207, 210, 230, 240, 244, 254 Carcinoma, 210 Cardiomyopathy, 106, 146, 210 Cardiovascular, 5, 47, 106, 112, 146, 210 Cardiovascular disease, 47, 112, 210 Case report, 39, 210 Case-Control Studies, 11, 210 Castor Oil, 210, 247 Castration, 105, 135, 211 Cataracts, 96, 211 Catechin, 111, 211 Cations, 211, 231 Cell Death, 19, 23, 25, 27, 33, 211, 237 Cell Differentiation, 211, 249 Cell Division, 207, 211, 224, 242 Cell Movement, 25, 72, 211 Cell proliferation, 206, 211, 249 Cellobiose, 211 Cellulase, 98, 211 Cellulose, 98, 124, 132, 211, 222, 242 Ceramide, 94, 211 Cerebral, 96, 211, 220, 249 Cerebrovascular, 210, 211 Cerebrum, 211 Character, 135, 211, 216, 225 Chemotactic Factors, 211, 214 Child Care, 161, 211 Chlorophyll, 15, 16, 17, 18, 25, 31, 32, 35, 80, 119, 212, 215, 222, 244 Chloroplasts, 13, 29, 31, 68, 85, 87, 212, 215 Cholecystokinin, 74, 212 Cholesterol Esters, 212, 233 Chromatin, 212, 219, 237 Chromium, 5, 7, 38, 39, 76, 212 Chromosomal, 11, 20, 89, 212, 242 Chromosome, 29, 31, 45, 86, 101, 212, 226, 233, 240 Chronic, 4, 6, 71, 148, 149, 150, 157, 187, 212, 216, 230, 240, 247, 251, 252, 255, 256 Chronic Disease, 4, 6, 150, 212 Chylomicrons, 212, 233 Citrus, 99, 212 Claviceps, 212, 247 Clear cell carcinoma, 212, 216 Clinical Medicine, 212, 243 Clinical trial, 8, 179, 212 Clone, 13, 17, 212 Cloning, 15, 17, 23, 30, 39, 184, 208, 212 Coagulation, 44, 208, 212 Coal, 207, 213 Codon, 26, 213, 223

Coenzyme, 7, 20, 213 Cofactor, 213, 244, 253 Colitis, 55, 61, 69, 71, 74, 213, 231 Collagen, 211, 213, 223 Collapse, 204, 209, 213 Colloidal, 213, 221 Colorectal, 207, 213 Colorectal Cancer, 207, 213 Communis, 210, 213, 247 Complement, 8, 125, 204, 213, 214, 224, 234, 248 Complement Activation, 9, 204, 214 Complementary and alternative medicine, 67, 81, 214 Complementary medicine, 67, 214 Computational Biology, 179, 214 Condiments, 150, 188, 214 Confusion, 161, 214, 218 Conjugated, 105, 135, 207, 214 Connective Tissue, 209, 213, 214, 223, 224, 233, 246, 252 Consciousness, 214, 218 Constipation, 7, 214, 231 Constitutional, 214, 236 Consumption, 94, 97, 105, 109, 110, 118, 122, 133, 134, 136, 142, 214, 217, 246 Contamination, 27, 41, 45, 100, 128, 150, 159, 186, 189, 214, 240 Contraindications, ii, 214 Corn Oil, 124, 214 Cornea, 214, 257 Coronary, 5, 92, 123, 210, 215, 235, 236 Coronary heart disease, 5, 92, 123, 210, 215 Coronary Thrombosis, 215, 235, 236 Corpus, 215, 240 Corticosteroid, 168, 215 Culture Media, 202, 215 Curative, 156, 215, 237, 252 Cutaneous, 215, 233 Cyanobacteria, 215, 253 Cyclic, 24, 102, 103, 209, 215, 241 Cycloheximide, 42, 215 Cyclophosphamide, 168, 215 Cysteine, 23, 25, 29, 32, 33, 40, 101, 122, 201, 216, 219, 251 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 216, 219 Cystine, 216 Cytomegalovirus, 140, 141, 216 Cytoplasm, 207, 216, 218, 219, 226, 237, 244, 246 Cytotoxic, 37, 105, 135, 210, 216, 249

262 Barley

Cytotoxicity, 8, 216 D Dairy Products, 116, 174, 187, 216, 247 Databases, Bibliographic, 179, 216 Deamination, 216, 255 Defecation, 173, 216 Degenerative, 216, 227, 238 Dehydration, 158, 216 Denaturation, 216, 242 Density, 111, 112, 124, 208, 216, 233, 238, 242 Depolarization, 216, 249 Deprivation, 97, 126, 216 Dermatitis, 40, 42, 43, 96, 106, 146, 157, 158, 168, 169, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 216 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 157, 158, 168, 169, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 216 DES, 54, 60, 204, 216 Deuterium, 217, 228 Developed Countries, 217, 222 Diabetes Mellitus, 106, 146, 188, 217, 224, 227 Diagnostic procedure, 91, 172, 217 Diarrhea, 7, 69, 79, 157, 158, 169, 174, 185, 186, 187, 217, 220, 231, 232, 234 Diastolic, 217, 228 Diatoms, 130, 217 Dietary Fiber, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 92, 96, 119, 123, 158, 184, 188, 217 Dietary Proteins, 217, 255 Dietetics, 38, 169, 217 Dietitian, 6, 149, 164, 185, 217 Diffusion, 217, 229, 230, 255 Digestion, 39, 41, 44, 55, 56, 61, 62, 73, 125, 203, 207, 209, 217, 230, 231, 233, 251, 255 Digestive system, 217, 223 Digestive tract, 217, 249, 250 Dihydrotestosterone, 217, 246 Dihydroxy, 217, 257 Dilatation, 217, 245 Dimethyl, 70, 217 Diphtheria, 105, 135, 217 Diphtheria Toxin, 105, 135, 217 Diploid, 217, 242 Direct, iii, 10, 212, 217, 246 Disinfectant, 218, 220, 250 Disorientation, 214, 218 Dissociation, 76, 202, 218 Dissociative Disorders, 218 Distal, 218, 245 Distention, 169, 218 Diverticula, 173, 218

Diverticulitis, 173, 218 Diverticulum, 218 Domesticated, 11, 218 Dormancy, 114, 218 Drive, ii, vi, 3, 4, 51, 143, 148, 149, 157, 184, 218 Drug Interactions, 218 Drug Tolerance, 218, 253 Duodenum, 207, 218, 251 Dyes, 189, 207, 218, 222, 237, 240 E Effector, 213, 218, 241 Egg Yolk, 218, 257 Elasticity, 6, 206, 218 Electrocoagulation, 213, 218 Electrolyte, 215, 219, 227, 235, 243, 249 Electrons, 205, 207, 219, 231, 239, 245 Embryo, 30, 37, 113, 211, 218, 219, 230 Emesis, 219, 254 Emodin, 203, 219 Emulsion, 219, 221 Endemic, 157, 219 Endopeptidases, 10, 87, 206, 216, 219, 235, 240, 248 Endoscopy, 157, 166, 185, 186, 219 Endotoxic, 219, 233 Endotoxins, 214, 219 Enteropeptidase, 219, 254 Environmental Health, 50, 178, 180, 219 Enzymatic, 16, 30, 73, 209, 214, 219, 242 Eosinophils, 219, 226, 232 Epidemic, 12, 93, 118, 121, 220 Epidemiological, 4, 220 Epidermis, 16, 18, 201, 208, 220, 240, 245 Epidermoid carcinoma, 9, 220, 250 Epigastric, 220, 239 Epithelium, 220, 257 Epitopes, 9, 40, 42, 141, 220 Erectile, 220, 240 Ergot, 220, 247 Erythrocyte Indices, 208, 220 Erythrocytes, 204, 208, 209, 220, 246, 248 Esophagus, 217, 220, 223, 251 Estrogen, 220, 257 Ethanol, 119, 120, 138, 202, 220, 221 Ether, 29, 102, 103, 220 Eucalyptus, 7, 132, 220 Eukaryotic Cells, 220, 238 Evacuation, 214, 220, 232 Evoke, 220, 250 Excipient, 220, 226, 253 Exocrine, 212, 220, 239

Index 263

Exogenous, 9, 25, 114, 116, 202, 221, 244, 254, 255 Exotoxin, 105, 135, 221 Extender, 107, 221 Extracellular, 17, 214, 221, 249 Extraction, 140, 221 Exudate, 221, 226, 253 F Failure to Thrive, 185, 221 Family Planning, 179, 221 Fat, 6, 93, 95, 104, 106, 107, 108, 112, 116, 124, 142, 145, 149, 164, 173, 186, 207, 209, 211, 215, 221, 224, 233, 238, 239, 246, 247, 250, 254 Fatigue, 7, 158, 174, 185, 186, 187, 221 Fatty acids, 131, 210, 221, 233 Febrile, 221, 250 Feces, 214, 221, 251 Feeding Behavior, 12, 221 Fermentation, 48, 52, 53, 58, 60, 71, 99, 111, 114, 130, 202, 207, 221, 222, 249 Ferrochelatase, 28, 221 Fish Products, 221, 247 Fixation, 53, 59, 133, 135, 221, 248 Flatulence, 169, 222 Flatus, 222, 223 Flavoring Agents, 220, 222, 240 Flush, 104, 107, 222 Flushing, 104, 222 Folate, 86, 164, 222 Folic Acid, 111, 149, 157, 164, 173, 186, 222 Food Additives, 45, 46, 150, 222 Food Coloring Agents, 222 Food Labeling, 158, 222 Food Preservatives, 222 Forearm, 208, 222 Fovea, 221, 222 Fractionation, 56, 62, 222 Fructose, 5, 99, 222, 224 Fungi, 98, 125, 144, 204, 211, 212, 222, 223, 226, 235, 236, 250, 254, 257 Fungicide, 32, 76, 98, 207, 222 Fungus, 13, 16, 23, 27, 86, 93, 98, 114, 118, 121, 124, 144, 145, 220, 222, 247, 257 Fusarium, 45, 89, 93, 117, 118, 121, 144, 145, 154, 223, 257 G Gallbladder, 201, 207, 212, 217, 223 Gamma Rays, 223, 236, 245 Ganglion, 223, 257

Gas, 30, 78, 158, 169, 174, 186, 203, 210, 217, 222, 223, 228, 230, 231, 234, 236, 237, 255, 256 Gasoline, 207, 223 Gastric, 9, 207, 223 Gastrin, 223, 228 Gastritis, 96, 223 Gastroenterologist, 166, 223 Gastroenterology, 3, 4, 49, 67, 69, 72, 157, 223 Gastrointestinal, 4, 38, 156, 157, 186, 201, 209, 212, 220, 222, 223, 232, 251 Gastrointestinal tract, 157, 220, 222, 223, 232 Gastrointestinal Transit, 38, 223 Gelatin, 215, 223, 225, 252 Gene Expression, 10, 14, 16, 19, 26, 28, 29, 31, 73, 84, 101, 143, 223 Genetic Code, 223, 238, 244 Genetic Engineering, 101, 108, 208, 212, 224 Genetic testing, 166, 224, 242 Genetics, 11, 58, 72, 83, 84, 85, 153, 166, 224 Genotype, 74, 134, 224, 241 Geriatric, 95, 224 Germanium, 7, 99, 224 Gestation, 95, 113, 224 Gibberellin, 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 48, 114, 115, 224 Ginger, 124, 224 Ginkgo biloba, 7, 112, 224 Ginseng, 5, 7, 80, 124, 224 Gland, 202, 224, 233, 239, 241, 244, 247, 250, 253 Gliadin, 3, 40, 48, 169, 188, 190, 224 Glomerulus, 224, 237 Glucans, 8, 47, 52, 57, 58, 104, 140, 207, 224 Glucocorticoids, 202, 215, 224 Glucose Intolerance, 217, 224 Glucose tolerance, 38, 95, 224, 225 Glucose Tolerance Test, 224, 225 Glutamate, 13, 39, 55, 61, 190, 225 Glutamate Synthase, 13, 39, 55, 61, 225 Glutamic Acid, 222, 225 Glutamine, 13, 26, 34, 225 Glutathione Peroxidase, 225, 248 Glycine, 207, 225, 248 Glycogen, 203, 224, 225 Glycoprotein, 141, 225, 236, 253 Glycosidic, 203, 211, 225, 238 Glycosylation, 141, 225

264 Barley

Goats, 216, 225 Gonadotropin, 105, 135, 225 Gonads, 211, 225 Gout, 96, 225 Governing Board, 225, 243 Grade, 8, 111, 225, 226 Grading, 78, 226 Graft, 226, 228 Gram-negative, 121, 215, 219, 226, 237, 245 Gram-positive, 121, 226 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 121, 226 Granule, 33, 133, 226, 246 Granulocytes, 226, 249, 256 Grasses, 114, 137, 212, 222, 226 Gravis, 187, 226 Groin, 226, 230 Growth Substances, 114, 226 Gum Arabic, 201, 226 H Habitual, 211, 226 Hair follicles, 226, 256 Haploid, 86, 226, 242 Haplotypes, 11, 31, 226 Happiness, 167, 226 Haptens, 202, 226 Health Status, 227, 257 Heart attack, 210, 227 Helminthiasis, 204, 227 Helminths, 227, 230 Hematocrit, 208, 220, 227 Heme, 221, 227 Hemodiafiltration, 227, 255 Hemodialysis, 227, 255 Hemofiltration, 227, 255 Hemoglobin, 26, 204, 208, 220, 227, 232 Hemorrhage, 218, 227, 247, 251, 254 Hepatic, 106, 146, 225, 227 Hepatitis, 10, 96, 187, 227 Hepatocytes, 227 Herbicide, 70, 102, 103, 139, 201, 227 Hereditary, 9, 187, 190, 225, 227, 240 Heredity, 223, 224, 227 Heritability, 57, 86, 227 Herpes, 140, 141, 227, 228 Herpes virus, 140, 141, 228 Herpes Zoster, 228 Herpetiformis, 168, 187, 216, 228 Heterogeneity, 23, 202, 228 Heterotrophic, 100, 222, 228 Holidays, 162, 228 Homologous, 228, 248, 252 Hordein, 26, 29, 48, 228

Hormonal, 23, 68, 86, 106, 206, 215, 228 Hormone, 42, 87, 104, 105, 135, 215, 216, 223, 228, 230, 231, 246, 248, 252, 253 Host, 10, 11, 12, 13, 72, 96, 97, 125, 133, 141, 143, 145, 207, 228, 229, 247, 256 Hybrid, 48, 72, 116, 212, 228, 247 Hydrogen, 23, 70, 86, 126, 201, 202, 207, 210, 216, 217, 225, 228, 233, 236, 239, 244, 251, 252 Hydrogen Bonding, 207, 228 Hydrogen Peroxide, 23, 70, 126, 225, 228, 233, 251 Hydrolysis, 29, 85, 86, 138, 206, 211, 228, 240, 241, 243, 244, 254 Hydrophilic, 41, 228 Hydrophobic, 41, 117, 228, 233 Hypersensitivity, 49, 203, 204, 228, 246, 248 Hypertension, 96, 206, 210, 228 Hyperuricemia, 225, 228 Hypothalamus, 229, 241 I Ice Cream, 108, 124, 142, 150, 151, 229 Id, 63, 78, 116, 191, 196, 198, 229 Idiopathic, 157, 229 Ileal, 47, 70, 229 Ileostomy, 46, 48, 229 Ileum, 209, 229 Imidazole, 208, 229 Immune response, 141, 205, 206, 215, 226, 229, 234, 248, 251, 256 Immune system, 92, 123, 150, 168, 174, 185, 187, 190, 207, 229, 234, 240, 255, 256 Immunity, 93, 229 Immunization, 229, 248 Immunoblotting, 42, 43, 229 Immunocompromised, 141, 229 Immunodiffusion, 202, 229 Immunoelectrophoresis, 202, 229 Immunogenic, 9, 229, 233 Immunoglobulin, 204, 229, 236 Immunology, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 202, 229 Immunosuppressive, 157, 215, 229 Immunosuppressive therapy, 157, 229 Impotence, 220, 229, 257 In situ, 29, 230 In vitro, 8, 10, 11, 24, 33, 37, 40, 43, 48, 58, 71, 74, 75, 108, 230, 242, 253 In vivo, 10, 11, 24, 43, 48, 97, 134, 230, 239 Income Tax, 163, 230 Indicative, 131, 151, 230, 239, 255

Index 265

Indigestion, 230, 232 Induction, 15, 17, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 84, 108, 204, 230 Infant, Newborn, 202, 230 Infarction, 230 Infertility, 167, 230 Infestation, 144, 227, 230 Infiltration, 230, 257 Ingestion, 93, 149, 157, 184, 188, 209, 222, 225, 230, 242 Inguinal, 105, 135, 230 Inhalation, 44, 230, 242, 250 Initiation, 10, 230, 251 Inlay, 230, 246 Insight, 10, 12, 230 Insulin, 39, 42, 74, 95, 106, 112, 113, 145, 225, 230, 231, 255 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 231 Intermittent, 174, 231 Internal Medicine, 223, 231 Interstitial, 104, 231, 237 Intestinal, 3, 4, 9, 96, 104, 107, 119, 127, 148, 149, 150, 157, 174, 185, 187, 190, 211, 212, 219, 225, 231, 234 Intestine, 3, 4, 5, 9, 44, 97, 150, 157, 158, 173, 174, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 207, 209, 213, 218, 223, 228, 229, 231, 232, 249, 254, 256 Intoxication, 231, 257 Intracellular, 17, 31, 141, 230, 231, 243, 248 Intravenous, 8, 231 Intrinsic, 202, 231 Invasive, 229, 231 Iodine, 129, 231 Ions, 70, 111, 207, 209, 218, 219, 221, 228, 231 Irrigation, 86, 130, 231 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 79, 174, 231 Ischemia, 206, 231 Islet, 95, 231 Isoelectric, 30, 125, 134, 231 Isoelectric Point, 125, 134, 231 Isopropyl, 102, 231 Isozymes, 76, 131, 231 J Joint, 89, 104, 185, 206, 231, 238, 252 Juniper, 7, 232 K Karaya Gum, 7, 232 Kb, 13, 36, 178, 232 Kidney stone, 232, 239, 255

L Labile, 13, 213, 232 Lactation, 75, 232 Lactose Intolerance, 164, 167, 189, 232 Large Intestine, 209, 213, 217, 231, 232, 246, 249 Latent, 56, 62, 232, 243 Laxative, 202, 210, 219, 232, 253 Lectin, 12, 17, 18, 31, 33, 201, 232 Lens, 211, 232 Lesion, 4, 190, 232, 248 Lethal, 141, 207, 217, 232, 236, 247 Leucine, 26, 117, 232 Leukocytes, 8, 45, 207, 208, 209, 211, 219, 226, 232, 237, 240 Levo, 232, 235, 257 Library Services, 196, 232 Life cycle, 222, 232 Ligament, 106, 146, 232, 244 Ligands, 8, 9, 233 Lightness, 142, 233 Linkage, 11, 47, 211, 233 Lipid, 19, 44, 53, 57, 60, 74, 87, 111, 131, 205, 206, 231, 233, 239, 254 Lipid A, 53, 60, 132, 233 Lipid Peroxidation, 233, 239 Lipopolysaccharide, 226, 233 Lipoprotein, 111, 112, 226, 233 Lipoxygenase, 18, 131, 206, 233 Lipreading, 233 Liquor, 107, 233 Liver, 86, 156, 157, 201, 207, 208, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 233, 255 Localized, 14, 26, 27, 217, 221, 230, 233, 241, 242, 244, 247, 255 Locomotion, 233, 242 Loop, 10, 52, 58, 229, 233 Low-density lipoprotein, 233 Lumen, 38, 72, 233 Lupus, 185, 233, 252 Lymph, 104, 233, 234 Lymph node, 104, 233, 234 Lymphatic, 230, 233, 234, 250 Lymphatic system, 233, 234, 250 Lymphocyte, 205, 234 Lymphoid, 204, 234 Lymphoma, 9, 174, 234 Lysine, 77, 86, 234, 254 Lytic, 15, 234, 256

266 Barley

M Major Histocompatibility Complex, 9, 226, 234 Malabsorption, 4, 148, 149, 157, 158, 166, 173, 186, 188, 189, 211, 234 Malabsorption syndrome, 188, 234 Malignancy, 4, 234 Malignant, 205, 206, 234, 237, 252 Malnutrition, 45, 158, 206, 234 Mannans, 222, 234 Meat, 93, 150, 187, 188, 234, 247 Medial, 206, 234 Mediate, 10, 16, 87, 234 Mediator, 212, 234 MEDLINE, 179, 234 Megaloblastic, 222, 234 Melanocytes, 234, 235 Melanoma, 9, 37, 235 Melphalan, 105, 135, 235 Membrane, 9, 14, 16, 29, 72, 73, 85, 117, 141, 212, 214, 216, 220, 221, 226, 235, 236, 238, 241, 243, 244, 249, 253, 254 Meninges, 211, 235 Mental Health, iv, 8, 178, 180, 235, 245 Mental Processes, 218, 235, 245 Metabolic disorder, 95, 225, 235 Metabolite, 217, 235, 254 Metalloendopeptidases, 219, 235 Methionine, 31, 75, 217, 235, 251 Methyltransferase, 30, 31, 235 MI, 30, 76, 138, 189, 190, 199, 235 Microbe, 235, 253 Microbiological, 75, 235 Microbiology, 45, 69, 74, 77, 78, 206, 235 Microorganism, 111, 213, 235, 239, 256 Migration, 11, 235 Mineralocorticoids, 202, 215, 235 Mitochondria, 235, 238 Mobility, 13, 235 Modification, 141, 144, 224, 235 Molasses, 53, 59, 235 Monitor, 7, 98, 236, 238 Monoclonal, 8, 37, 111, 229, 236, 246 Monoclonal antibodies, 111, 229, 236 Monocyte, 8, 236 Morphological, 219, 222, 234, 236 Motion Sickness, 236, 237 Mucolytic, 201, 236 Mucosa, 3, 69, 185, 190, 211, 212, 233, 236 Mucosal Lining, 190, 236 Mucus, 236, 255 Mung bean, 189, 236

Mustard Gas, 236 Mutagen, 58, 236 Mutagenesis, 10, 32, 138, 236 Mutagenic, 45, 236, 240 Myasthenia, 187, 236 Mycological, 78, 236 Mycotoxins, 45, 94, 118, 122, 144, 145, 236 Mydriatic, 236, 257 Myocardial infarction, 96, 215, 235, 236 Myocarditis, 217, 236 Myocardium, 235, 236, 237 N Natural selection, 208, 237 Nausea, 173, 185, 230, 237 Necrosis, 230, 235, 236, 237 Neoplasms, 205, 237 Neoplastic, 234, 237 Nephritis, 96, 237 Nerve, 202, 204, 223, 234, 237, 243, 247, 250, 257 Nervous System, 141, 149, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 207, 211, 212, 223, 224, 225, 234, 237, 251 Neuroblastoma, 8, 237 Neutrophils, 8, 205, 226, 232, 237 Niacin, 111, 237 Nitrates, 237 Nitrobacter, 100, 237 Nitrogen, 27, 30, 34, 53, 56, 58, 59, 62, 77, 100, 203, 204, 215, 221, 225, 235, 237 Nitrogen Compounds, 100, 237 Nitrosomonas, 100, 237 Nuclear, 19, 21, 69, 219, 220, 223, 237, 244 Nuclei, 85, 219, 224, 238, 244 Nucleic acid, 113, 114, 115, 122, 125, 132, 133, 140, 143, 145, 223, 237, 238, 245 Nucleolus, 238, 246 Nucleus, 13, 207, 212, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 223, 237, 238, 244, 251 Nutritive Value, 57, 71, 222, 238 O Odour, 206, 238 Oligosaccharides, 96, 203, 238 Oophorectomy, 238, 252 Opacity, 211, 216, 238 Operon, 35, 238, 246 Ophthalmology, 221, 238 Orchiectomy, 238, 252 Organ Culture, 238, 253 Organelles, 15, 216, 235, 238, 242 Organoleptic, 117, 238 Osteoarthritis, 106, 146, 238

Index 267

Osteoporosis, 149, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 185, 238 Ovaries, 238, 239, 248, 252 Overweight, 63, 106, 145, 239 Ovum, 224, 232, 239 Oxalate, 27, 35, 43, 239 Oxidants, 112, 239 Oxidation, 54, 60, 71, 111, 117, 131, 201, 205, 216, 225, 233, 237, 239 Oxidation-Reduction, 239 Oxidative Stress, 8, 31, 239 P Palliative, 239, 252 Pancreas, 157, 201, 208, 217, 223, 230, 231, 239, 254 Pancreatic, 9, 95, 212, 239 Panic, 167, 239 Paralysis, 167, 201, 239, 249 Parasitic, 204, 212, 223, 227, 230, 239, 241 Pathogen, 11, 13, 28, 32, 94, 97, 118, 121, 126, 144, 145, 239 Pathogenesis, 9, 15, 33, 157, 239 Pathologic, 4, 208, 215, 228, 239 Patient Education, 184, 185, 194, 196, 199, 240 Patulin, 74, 240 Pelvic, 240, 244 Pemphigus, 168, 201, 240 Penis, 168, 240 Peptide, 29, 141, 201, 212, 219, 240, 243, 244 Peptide Hydrolases, 219, 240 Perennial, 240, 254 Perforation, 173, 240 Pericardium, 240, 252 Perineal, 106, 146, 240 Perineum, 240 Peritoneal, 157, 240 Peritoneum, 240 Peroxidase, 70, 119, 205, 206, 233, 240 Peroxide, 240 Pesticide Residues, 139, 240 Phagocyte, 239, 240 Phallic, 221, 240 Pharmaceutic Aids, 222, 240 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 211, 220, 223, 240, 241 Pharmacodynamic, 117, 241 Pharmacologic, 204, 241, 253 Phenotype, 131, 241 Phenyl, 102, 103, 241 Phosphodiesterase, 73, 75, 241

Phospholipases, 241, 249 Phospholipids, 221, 233, 241 Phosphorus, 69, 209, 241 Phosphorylated, 213, 241 Phosphorylation, 14, 16, 141, 241 Photocoagulation, 213, 241 Physiologic, 208, 241, 246 Physiology, 46, 48, 54, 56, 61, 62, 71, 73, 76, 78, 169, 223, 241 Phytotoxin, 241, 247 Pigment, 15, 17, 85, 212, 234, 235, 241, 244 Pilot study, 78, 241 Pituitary Gland, 105, 106, 135, 215, 241 Plant Diseases, 121, 241 Plant Proteins, 150, 241, 255 Plant Viruses, 11, 241, 253 Plaque, 112, 242 Plasma, 14, 16, 29, 38, 44, 57, 73, 112, 204, 212, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227, 235, 242, 243, 248 Plasma cells, 204, 242 Plasma Kallikrein, 44, 242 Plasmid, 121, 242, 255 Plasminogen, 242 Plastids, 13, 24, 29, 35, 238, 242 Platelet Activation, 242, 249 Platinum, 233, 242 Poisoning, 79, 93, 209, 220, 231, 237, 242 Polyethylene, 75, 242 Polymerase, 74, 97, 125, 205, 242, 246 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 97, 125, 242 Polypeptide, 87, 141, 201, 203, 213, 243, 244, 257 Polysaccharide, 92, 123, 205, 211, 232, 243 Population Dynamics, 12, 20, 243 Population Growth, 11, 243 Posterior, 204, 239, 243 Postmenopausal, 238, 243 Postprandial, 74, 95, 106, 112, 119, 145, 243 Postprandial Blood Glucose, 106, 145, 243 Postsynaptic, 243, 249 Post-translational, 31, 141, 243 Potassium, 4, 23, 30, 34, 49, 111, 120, 235, 243 Potentiate, 47, 243 Potentiation, 243, 249 Practice Guidelines, 180, 243 Precursor, 15, 141, 215, 218, 219, 242, 243 Predisposition, 106, 243 Prekallikrein, 242, 243 Prenatal, 219, 243 Prevalence, 9, 12, 243

268 Barley

Progeny, 101, 134, 243 Progression, 95, 173, 244 Progressive, 74, 77, 150, 206, 211, 218, 226, 237, 238, 242, 244 Prokaryotic Cells, 113, 244 Promoter, 14, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 73, 99, 101, 113, 137, 143, 244 Prophylaxis, 205, 244, 246 Prostate, 79, 105, 135, 244 Protease, 9, 13, 24, 27, 47, 101, 244 Protein Binding, 10, 244 Protein C, 5, 7, 13, 15, 29, 35, 37, 84, 129, 150, 169, 185, 203, 205, 207, 213, 233, 244, 255 Protein Conformation, 203, 244 Protein S, 10, 11, 25, 33, 47, 68, 144, 156, 205, 208, 215, 217, 223, 244, 246, 251, 254 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, 144, 244 Proteolytic, 18, 213, 219, 244, 247 Protochlorophyllide, 13, 244 Protons, 228, 244, 245 Protozoa, 235, 244, 250 Proximal, 11, 218, 245 Pruritic, 216, 245 Pseudomonas, 14, 17, 18, 22, 27, 32, 76, 105, 121, 135, 139, 245 Psychiatry, 221, 245 Psychology, 218, 245 Psyllium, 124, 127, 245 Public Health, 12, 180, 245 Public Policy, 179, 245 Publishing, 5, 12, 52, 58, 148, 149, 245 Pulmonary, 96, 208, 214, 227, 245 Pulmonary Artery, 208, 245 Pulmonary Emphysema, 96, 245 Pulse, 236, 245 Purifying, 93, 126, 245 Purines, 245, 248 Pustular, 228, 245 R Race, 14, 16, 27, 235, 245 Radiation, 222, 223, 245, 246, 257 Radiation therapy, 222, 245 Radioactive, 228, 236, 238, 246, 254 Radiology, 4, 246 Reaction Time, 92, 123, 246 Receptor, 8, 33, 95, 205, 246, 248 Recombinant, 14, 34, 40, 44, 104, 138, 246, 255 Recombinant Proteins, 34, 246 Rectum, 205, 209, 213, 216, 217, 222, 223, 232, 244, 246

Red blood cells, 220, 246, 249 Reductase, 16, 20, 37, 56, 62, 73, 122, 246, 252 Refer, 1, 209, 213, 221, 222, 224, 228, 233, 246 Refraction, 246, 250 Refractory, 156, 157, 219, 246 Regeneration, 30, 58, 108, 246 Relapse, 162, 246 Repressor, 238, 246 Respiration, 26, 210, 235, 236, 246 Restoration, 70, 246 Retinoids, 246, 256 Rheumatism, 246 Rheumatoid, 80, 185, 239, 246 Rheumatoid arthritis, 185, 246 Ribosome, 10, 24, 37, 40, 48, 49, 55, 61, 72, 105, 135, 246, 254 Ricin, 48, 105, 135, 247 Rigidity, 242, 247 Risk factor, 47, 186, 247 Rod, 207, 237, 245, 247 Rubber, 105, 135, 201, 247 Rye, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 37, 40, 42, 43, 48, 50, 57, 65, 96, 98, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 114, 115, 118, 119, 130, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 173, 174, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 212, 220, 224, 247 S Salicylic, 5, 23, 247 Salivary, 216, 217, 247 Salivary glands, 216, 217, 247 Saturated fat, 163, 247 Schizoid, 247, 257 Schizophrenia, 247, 257 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 247, 257 Scleroderma, 187, 206, 247 Sclerosis, 79, 206, 247 Screening, 4, 17, 185, 188, 212, 247 Scrotum, 105, 135, 247, 252, 255 Seafood, 99, 150, 151, 247 Sebaceous, 247, 256 Secretion, 23, 36, 76, 215, 224, 231, 232, 235, 236, 247, 248, 255 Sedentary, 106, 248 Selenium, 64, 112, 248 Sella, 241, 248 Semen, 244, 248 Senescence, 13, 17, 114, 248

Index 269

Senile, 239, 248 Senility, 96, 248 Sensitization, 39, 248 Sequence Analysis, 17, 39, 248 Sequencing, 17, 242, 248 Serine, 25, 28, 34, 89, 201, 219, 248, 254 Serine Endopeptidases, 219, 248 Serum, 92, 104, 106, 123, 127, 166, 204, 213, 214, 225, 233, 235, 248 Sex Characteristics, 204, 248, 252 Shedding, 10, 248 Shock, 19, 28, 42, 162, 204, 248, 254 Side effect, 105, 136, 202, 215, 229, 248, 253 Signal Transduction, 14, 31, 248 Signs and Symptoms, 246, 249 Sil, 249 Silage, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60, 62, 85, 249 Skeletal, 106, 146, 204, 249 Skeleton, 231, 249 Sludge, 130, 249 Sneezing, 248, 249 Social Welfare, 249, 252 Sodium, 6, 32, 47, 85, 111, 149, 225, 235, 249 Solvent, 94, 114, 207, 220, 249 Somatic, 249, 252 Spastic, 231, 249 Specialist, 166, 191, 249 Specificity, 31, 40, 42, 52, 58, 202, 206, 219, 250 Spectrophotometry, 57, 250 Spectrum, 3, 57, 102, 250 Sperm, 204, 212, 250, 252 Spermatic, 105, 135, 250 Spices, 151, 188, 250 Spinal cord, 211, 212, 223, 235, 237, 250 Spleen, 216, 234, 250 Spores, 120, 136, 250 Sprayer, 93, 250 Sprue, 7, 9, 150, 156, 157, 158, 185, 187, 189, 190, 250 Squamous, 220, 250 Squamous cell carcinoma, 220, 250 Stabilizer, 120, 210, 250 Steatorrhea, 157, 169, 250 Sterile, 86, 250 Sterility, 88, 215, 230, 250 Sterilization, 105, 135, 250 Steroids, 70, 105, 135, 215, 250 Stimulants, 224, 250 Stimulus, 143, 218, 246, 250, 252

Stomach, 201, 217, 220, 223, 225, 228, 237, 249, 250, 251 Stool, 107, 166, 231, 232, 250, 251 Stool test, 166, 251 Strand, 242, 251 Streptomycin, 215, 251 Stroke, 96, 178, 210, 251 Styrene, 247, 251 Subacute, 230, 251 Subclinical, 4, 230, 251 Subspecies, 23, 249, 251 Substance P, 235, 247, 251 Substrate, 19, 30, 32, 52, 58, 124, 130, 144, 251 Substrate Specificity, 32, 52, 58, 251 Sulfur, 235, 251 Superoxide, 31, 96, 119, 251 Superoxide Dismutase, 31, 96, 119, 251 Supplementation, 4, 7, 53, 56, 57, 59, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 113, 251 Support group, 148, 159, 162, 170, 185, 186, 187, 190, 251 Suppression, 96, 132, 139, 215, 251 Suppressive, 121, 139, 251 Surgical castration, 105, 135, 252 Symphysis, 244, 252 Synaptic, 249, 252 Systemic, 187, 204, 207, 208, 217, 230, 246, 247, 252 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 187, 252 Systolic, 228, 252 T Taboo, 5, 252 Teichoic Acids, 226, 252 Telomerase, 41, 252 Terminator, 213, 252 Testicles, 238, 247, 252 Testis, 225, 250, 252 Testosterone, 105, 136, 246, 252 Therapeutics, 78, 252 Thermal, 218, 242, 252 Thioredoxin, 28, 122, 252 Threonine, 25, 77, 86, 248, 252 Threshold, 228, 252 Thrombin, 244, 252, 253 Thrombomodulin, 244, 253 Thrombosis, 44, 244, 251, 253 Thylakoids, 24, 32, 34, 74, 212, 253 Thyroid, 106, 231, 253 Ticks, 230, 253 Tissue Culture, 58, 89, 253 Tobacco Mosaic Virus, 77, 87, 253

270 Barley

Tobamovirus, 253 Tolerance, 10, 17, 20, 86, 144, 201, 225, 253 Topical, 206, 220, 228, 253 Toxicity, 8, 46, 218, 219, 253, 257 Toxicology, 180, 253 Toxins, 145, 205, 219, 230, 236, 244, 253 Trace element, 212, 253 Trachea, 253 Tragacanth, 124, 253 Transcriptase, 252, 253 Transduction, 248, 254 Transfection, 208, 254 Transferases, 225, 254 Transfusion, 221, 254 Translation, 8, 10, 11, 29, 254 Translational, 10, 11, 133, 141, 254 Translocation, 72, 254 Transplantation, 229, 234, 254 Trauma, 174, 237, 254 Trees, 99, 220, 241, 247, 254 Trichodermin, 144, 254 Trichothecenes, 45, 144, 254 Triglyceride, 57, 92, 123, 254 Tropical Sprue, 185, 254 Trypsin, 33, 44, 45, 219, 254, 257 Trypsin Inhibitors, 33, 45, 254 Tuberculosis, 214, 233, 247, 254 Tumorigenic, 104, 254 Type 2 diabetes, 5, 54, 60, 71, 254 U Ulcerative colitis, 41, 49, 56, 62, 67, 71, 78, 255 Ultrafiltration, 140, 227, 255 Unconscious, 229, 255 Untranslated Regions, 10, 255 Urea, 52, 59, 255 Urethra, 240, 244, 255 Uric, 225, 228, 245, 255 Urinary, 43, 209, 255 Urine, 208, 209, 232, 239, 255 Urticaria, 49, 204, 255 Uterus, 215, 239, 255 V Vaccine, 9, 140, 141, 255 Vacuoles, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 31, 71, 238, 255 Vagina, 168, 216, 255

Vas Deferens, 250, 255 Vascular, 204, 230, 255 VE, 163, 255 Vector, 12, 254, 255 Vegetable Proteins, 190, 241, 255 Vein, 231, 238, 256 Venous, 208, 244, 256 Venous blood, 208, 256 Venules, 208, 210, 256 Vesicular, 216, 228, 256 Veterinarians, 106, 146, 256 Veterinary Medicine, 105, 135, 179, 256 Villi, 157, 158, 187, 256 Villous, 9, 157, 211, 256 Viral, 10, 113, 137, 174, 201, 205, 254, 256 Viral vector, 113, 256 Virulence, 206, 253, 256 Virulent, 98, 256 Virus, 10, 11, 12, 15, 24, 25, 26, 29, 33, 72, 74, 77, 84, 87, 88, 137, 140, 141, 205, 207, 218, 224, 242, 254, 256, 257 Virus Diseases, 205, 256 Viscosity, 57, 58, 95, 104, 107, 126, 201, 256 Vitamin A, 185, 256 Vitro, 15, 24, 86, 109, 256 Vivo, 10, 24, 256 Vulgaris, 68, 201, 256 W Weight Gain, 57, 58, 70, 98, 105, 106, 145, 157, 221, 256 White blood cell, 204, 232, 234, 236, 242, 256 Windpipe, 253, 256 Withdrawal, 4, 30, 157, 257 World Health, 115, 199, 257 X Xanthophyll, 15, 22, 25, 257 X-ray, 223, 236, 238, 245, 246, 250, 257 Y Yeasts, 15, 117, 118, 121, 136, 222, 241, 257 Yohimbine, 7, 257 Z Zearalenone, 45, 46, 94, 118, 122, 257 Zoster, 140, 257 Zymogen, 244, 257

Index 271

272 Barley

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