BALDNESS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Baldness: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83761-9 1. Baldness-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on baldness. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BALDNESS ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Baldness ........................................................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BALDNESS ........................................................................................ 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Finding Nutrition Studies on Baldness ....................................................................................... 15 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BALDNESS ................................................................. 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 20 General References ....................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BALDNESS .............................................................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Patents on Baldness ..................................................................................................................... 23 Patent Applications on Baldness.................................................................................................. 44 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BALDNESS .................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 55 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 56 Chapters on Baldness ................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON BALDNESS ....................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Bibliography: Multimedia on Baldness ........................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BALDNESS .................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 61 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 64 Academic Periodicals covering Baldness...................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 The Genome Project and Baldness ............................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89
viii Contents
Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 BALDNESS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 135
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with baldness is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about baldness, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to baldness, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on baldness. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to baldness, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on baldness. The Editors
1 From
the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on baldness.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and baldness, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Finasteride Under FDA Review for Male Baldness Source: Skin and Allergy News. 28(3):6; March 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reports on the findings from a phase II study of finasteride. A 5 milligram (mg) per day formulation of the drug is used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. During phase II, 74 men received this dosage of the drug and 80 men received a placebo. Those who were treated with finasteride had a significant increase in vertex hair during the 1-year treatment program. The drug inhibits an enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is responsible for male-pattern hair loss. The manufacturer of finasteride has filed data from phase III trials with the Food and Drug Administration for treating baldness with a 1 mg per day formulation of the drug.
4
Baldness
Federally Funded Research on Baldness The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to baldness. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to baldness. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore baldness. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for baldness: •
Project Title: ANGIOGRAPHICALLY ANTIOXIDANT VITAMIN LEVELS
DEFINED
ARTERY
DISEASE
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lopez, Alfredo; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La 70118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This is a project to evaluate proposed risk factors of coronary heart disease in an adult population with suspected ischemic heart disease. The proposed factors include serum vitamin A, C, and E levels (antioxidants), as well as physical characteristics such as skin wrinkling, degree of baldness in males, earlobe crease, presence of arcus senilis and the amount of body fat. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF HAIR GROWTH BY PROSTAGLANDIN F2A ANALOGUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Uno, Hideo; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of latanoprost (50 and 500 ug/ml) solutions on hair regrowth in the bald scalp of stumptailed macaques RESULTS Lantanoprost (Xalatan) using treatment for glaucoma has a peculiar hypertrichotic side effect on eyelashes; hairs grow longer and thicker. We examined the effect of latanoprost on hair regrowth in the bald macaque. Latanoprost, 50ug/ml and 500ug/ml, 0.5 ml per day, were topically applied on the bald scalp of four monkeys for 3 to 8 months. Another four monkeys were given vehicle alone for 5 to 8 months. Evaluations were made by 1) monthly global photographs, 2) micromorphometry of follicular growth in biopsied scalp skin (folliculogram analysis), and 3) hair counts for the conversion rates of vellus hair to intermediary or to terminal types (phototrichography).The effects of hair and follicular regrowth were dose-dependent. Latanoprost (500ug/ml) induced significant increase of length and density of hairs, over 80% increase of follicular
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
growth, and 27 to 74% increase of terminal hairs, in those compared to 0 time and 3 monthUs data. Xalatan (latanoprost, 50ug/ml) showed minimal degree of hair and follicular growth even by longer treatment period (8 months). Latanoprost, with its relatively low concentration (0.05%), markedly stimulated follicular regrowth in the macaque bald scalp. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF FINASTERIDE ON MALE PATTERN BALDNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Imperato, Julianne; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The primary aim of this study is to determine the effect of finasteride (a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor) on the progression of androgen-dependent scalp hair loss. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: INHIBITORS OF 5ALPHA-REDUCTASE FOR ACNE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Lingna; Anticancer, Inc. 7917 Ostrow St San Diego, Ca 92111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: This application addresses the need for selective non-toxic for acne. Excessive 5alpha-reductase activity is found in acne vulgaris as well as androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness). Numerous side effects occur from current treatments of these diseases both of which originate in the pilosebaceous unit. We have developed a selective, effective, topically applied 5alpha-reductase inhibitor to modify pathological processes in the pilosebaceous unit. For example, toward this goal, we have previously developed a selective topical liposome hair follicle targeting technology fo r genes and other large and small molecules. The present application will focus on our recent observation that the 5-alpha- reductase inhibitor N, N-diethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5alpha- androstane17beta-carboxamide (4-MA) incorporated into liposomes selectively induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-dependent hamster flank organ sebaceous gland. With regard to selectivity, when non-liposomal 4-MA was topically applied, the selective efficacy was lost resulting in the on- targeted contralateral gland being affected. With regards to safety, liposome 4-MA did not significantly affect prostate weight, T/DHT ratios or body weight gain compared to controls indicating safety as well as efficacy of topical application of liposome 4-MA. We proposed here to develop topical liposomal 4-MAS as an anti-acne agent. The Specific Aims of this application are as follows: 1) Optimize efficacy of topical liposomal 4-MA to selectively induce apoptosis of sebaceous glands of male hamsters; 2) Determine pharmacokinetics of topical liposomal 4- MA to hair follicles of human scalp grafted into SCID mice and in the hamster sebaceous gland; 5) Determine safety of effective doses of liposomal-4-MA by detection of changes in DHT/T blood ratios in treated animals. In Phase II, selective efficacy and safety studies will be conducted on larger animals in order to enable liposomal 4-MA to enter the clinic as an anti-acne therapeutic. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Liposomal 4-MA will be developed as a topical selectively targeted therapeutic for acne for which they should be a very market. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
6
Baldness
•
Project Title: MYOCARDIAL MYOTONIC DYSTOPHY PROTEIN KINASE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Perryman, M B.; Director; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (the applicant's description verbatim): The overall goal of this research project is to identify the functional role of human myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) in myocardium. DMPK was the first identified member of a novel family of multi-domain serine-theronine protein kinases defined by a unique kinase core and common non-catalytic domains. Physiological substrates and functions for most members of this kinase family are unknown. DMPK was originally identified when a CTG triplet repeat sequence located in the 3' untranslated region of the DMPK gene was identified and shown to be expanded in patients with myotonic dystrophy (DM). DM is an autosomal dominant myopathy with pleiotropic effects including skeletal muscle weakness and wasting, a cardiomyopathy with cardiac conduction abnormalities and myocardial dysfunction, frontal baldness, and cataracts. The pathophysiology of DM is not understood, and a number of mechanisms-including reduced DMPK expression, RNA splicing defects, and reduced expression of a homeobox gene-have been postulated to explain this complex phenotype. DMPK mRNA and protein expression is greater in myocardium than in any other tissue type implying the presence of a previously unknown protein kinase mediated signal transduction pathway in myocardium. We hypothesize that DMPK is a multifunctional protein kinase and is a component of a previously uncharacterized myocardial and skeletal muscle signal transduction pathway. Alterations in the DMPK signaling pathway are likely to be responsible for at least a portion if not all of the pathophysiology of myotonic dystrophy. This hypothesis cannot be directly tested without a better understanding of fundamental properties of the kinase including DMPK enzymatic activity, domain structure and interacting proteins. We will use biochemical analysis and molecular biology techniques to characterize DMPK enzymatic activity and autophosphorylation, identify potential physiologic substrates, define DMPK domain function, determine the effect of DMPK proteolytic processing on enzyme function and localization, and determine the functional relationship of DMPK to other members of this kinase family. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: REGULATION OF GENES BY T AND DHT IN RAT AND HUMAN PROSTA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcphaul, Michael J.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-JUL-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Although the principal androgen produced by the adult and fetal testis and circulating in the blood of males is T, many tissues such as the prostate gland, are dependent on the in situ conversion of T to DHT. Studies of patients deficient in one of the two isoenzymes that catalyze the conversion of T to DHT, as well as animal studies using specific inhibitors of 5a-reductase, have clearly demonstrated that T and DHT are not equivalent androgens, and that the formation of DHT is physiologically important for the differentiation and development of the ventral prostate gland and tissues of the male external genital tract. It is clear from studies of animals and humans with androgen resistance that both T and DHT bind to the same receptor protein within the nucleus of target cells. The objective of this project is to elucidate mechanisms by which two
Studies
7
androgens account for the totality of androgen action during development. Two general hypotheses will be addressed in the proposed studies: 1) T and DHT elicit separate and unique androgenic responses during differentiation of the prostate gland, and 2) DHT formation is necessary to concentrate the androgenic signal in some tissues of the differentiating male urogenital tract. We do not feel that one hypothesis is mutually exclusive of the other, and in fact, have amassed preliminary data that support both. The proposed work is of enormous significance. Formation of DHT has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including BPH, acne, hirsutism, and male pattern baldness. The results of these studies will help define the distinct roles that T and DHT play in androgen physiology and indicate the directions that efforts to selectively interfere with the actions of T and DHT can take. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SHH INDUCTION OF POST-NATAL HAIR FOLLICLE/HAIR GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Crystal, Ronald G.; Chief; Medicine; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) - The goal of this proposal is to understand better the factors that regulate hair loss, which is a major social concern associated with more common male-pattern baldness as well as more rare forms of alopecia and chemotherapy. To understand hair loss and to develop new therapies to prevent this condition, it is necessary to develop better understanding of the biology of the hair follicle, a unique structure that develops and matures mainly in prenatal skin, and cycles in the post-natal skin in a complex interaction of epithelium and mesenchyme. Once developed, the follicles undergo a cycle of renewal in three phases: telogen (resting), anagen (growth), and catagen (regression). This proposal focuses on the role of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway on modulation of the hairfollicle cycle after birth. Shh function is associated with a complex pathway that includes Ptc (the Shh receptor), Smo (a G-protein coupled receptor that interacts with Ptc), a variety of signaling genes that include Wnt class proteins, and transforming growth factor-b family. Based on the known upregulation of Shh expression in the anagen phase of follicle growth, and preliminary data demonstrating that transient, adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vector-mediated Shh expression induces anagen and robust hair growth in postnatal skin, the proposed studies are based on the hypothesis that transient (less than a week), enhanced Shh activity functions as a biologic switch that induces resting follicles to enter the anagen growth phase of the follicle cycle, with consequent hair growth. Experiments are proposed to evaluate two hypotheses in postnatal skin: (1) Transient imbalance of the Shh pathway in favor of Shh activity induces hair follicles to enter the anagen phase with consequent hair growth; and (2) for Shh to induce anagen, the enhanced expression of Shh must be in keratinocytes, and for the resulting follicle cycle to be normal, the enhanced expression must be transient (days), not persistent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
8
Baldness
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with baldness, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for baldness (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of acute myocardial infarction associated with topical use of minoxidil (RiUP) for treatment of baldness. Author(s): Satoh H, Morikaw S, Fujiwara C, Terada H, Uehara A, Ohno R. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 2000 July; 41(4): 519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041102&dopt=Abstract
•
A method for evaluating and treating the temporal peak region in patients with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Brandy DA. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 May; 28(5): 394-400; Discussion 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030871&dopt=Abstract
•
A new classification of male pattern baldness and a clinical study of the anterior hairline. Author(s): Koo SH, Chung HS, Yoon ES, Park SH. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2000 January-February; 24(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742469&dopt=Abstract
•
A redefinition of male pattern baldness and its treatment implications. Author(s): Shiell RC. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 October; 21(10): 909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551751&dopt=Abstract
3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
9
•
A redefinition of male pattern baldness. Author(s): Stough D, Jimenez F, Potter TS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 May; 22(5): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634819&dopt=Abstract
•
A technique for hair-grafting in between existing follicles in patients with early pattern baldness. Author(s): Brandy DA. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 August; 26(8): 801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940070&dopt=Abstract
•
Absence of male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis? A hypothesis to be challenged. Author(s): Happle R, Hoffmann R. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(3): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393443&dopt=Abstract
•
Association of benign prostatic hyperplasia with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Oh BR, Kim SJ, Moon JD, Kim HN, Kwon DD, Won YH, Ryu SB, Park YI. Source: Urology. 1998 May; 51(5): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610587&dopt=Abstract
•
Baldness and coronary artery disease: the dermatologic point of view of a controversial issue. Author(s): Rebora A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 July; 137(7): 943-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453815&dopt=Abstract
•
Baldness and coronary heart disease rates in men from the Framingham Study. Author(s): Herrera CR, D'Agostino RB, Gerstman BB, Bosco LA, Belanger AJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 October 15; 142(8): 828-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572959&dopt=Abstract
•
Baldness and ischemic heart disease in a national sample of men. Author(s): Ford ES, Freedman DS, Byers T. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 April 1; 143(7): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651226&dopt=Abstract
10
Baldness
•
Baldness and other correlates of sex hormones in relation to testicular cancer. Author(s): Petridou E, Roukas KI, Dessypris N, Aravantinos G, Bafaloukos D, Efraimidis A, Papacharalambous A, Pektasidis D, Rigatos G, Trichopoulos D. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 June 11; 71(6): 982-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185701&dopt=Abstract
•
Biochemical roles of testosterone and epitestosterone to 5 alpha-reductase as indicators of male-pattern baldness. Author(s): Choi MH, Yoo YS, Chung BC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 January; 116(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168798&dopt=Abstract
•
Correspondence re: E. Hawk, et al., Male pattern baldness and clinical prostate cancer in the epidemiologic follow-up of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomark. Prev., 9: 523-527, 2000. Author(s): Demark-Wahnefried W, Schildkraut JM. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 April; 10(4): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319187&dopt=Abstract
•
Early onset baldness and prostate cancer risk. Author(s): Denmark-Wahnefried W, Schildkraut JM, Thompson D, Lesko SM, McIntyre L, Schwingl P, Paulson DF, Robertson CN, Anderson EE, Walther PJ. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 March; 9(3): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750672&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic analysis of male pattern baldness and the 5alpha-reductase genes. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 June; 110(6): 849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9620288&dopt=Abstract
•
Glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and reactive oxygen species of human scalp sebaceous glands in male pattern baldness. Author(s): Giralt M, Cervello I, Nogues MR, Puerto AM, Ortin F, Argany N, Mallol J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 August; 107(2): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757755&dopt=Abstract
Studies
11
•
Gray hair, baldness, and wrinkles in relation to myocardial infarction: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Author(s): Schnohr P, Lange P, Nyboe J, Appleyard M, Jensen G. Source: American Heart Journal. 1995 November; 130(5): 1003-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7484729&dopt=Abstract
•
Hair transplantation in women: treating female pattern baldness and repairing distortion and scarring from prior cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Epstein JS. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2003 January-February; 5(1): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533155&dopt=Abstract
•
Hair-raising. The latest news on male-pattern baldness. Author(s): Proctor PH. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1999 April; 7(4): 39-42, 83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10382384&dopt=Abstract
•
Hairy mice offer hope for baldness remedy. Author(s): Pennisi E. Source: Science. 1998 November 27; 282(5394): 1617,1619. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867657&dopt=Abstract
•
Impression formation as a function of male baldness. Author(s): Butler J, Pryor B, Grieder M. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1998 February; 86(1): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530759&dopt=Abstract
•
Insulin gene polymorphism and premature male pattern baldness in the general population. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1999 June; 96(6): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334972&dopt=Abstract
•
Longevity and gray hair, baldness, facial wrinkles, and arcus senilis in 13,000 men and women: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Author(s): Schnohr P, Nyboe J, Lange P, Jensen G. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1998 September; 53(5): M347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754140&dopt=Abstract
12
Baldness
•
Male pattern baldness and clinical prostate cancer in the epidemiologic follow-up of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Hawk E, Breslow RA, Graubard BI. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 May; 9(5): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815699&dopt=Abstract
•
Male pattern baldness and coronary heart disease: the Physicians' Health Study. Author(s): Lotufo PA, Chae CU, Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 January 24; 160(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647754&dopt=Abstract
•
Male pattern baldness is not associated with established cardiovascular risk factors in the general population. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 April; 100(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256978&dopt=Abstract
•
Male pattern baldness. Author(s): Hogan DJ, Chamberlain M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2000 July; 93(7): 657-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923949&dopt=Abstract
•
Male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis. Author(s): Trueb RM, Meyer JC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(3): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828635&dopt=Abstract
•
Perception of baldness and hair density. Author(s): Vecchio F, Guarrera M, Rebora A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834847&dopt=Abstract
•
Polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 March; 116(3): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231320&dopt=Abstract
Studies
13
•
Production rates of dihydrotestosterone in healthy men and women and in men with male pattern baldness: determination by stable isotope/dilution and mass spectrometry. Author(s): Vierhapper H, Nowotny P, Maier H, Waldhausl W. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 December; 86(12): 5762-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739436&dopt=Abstract
•
Progressive decrease in hair diameter in Japanese with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Ishino A, Uzuka M, Tsuji Y, Nakanishi J, Hanzawa N, Imamura S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 December; 24(12): 758-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9492438&dopt=Abstract
•
Re: “Baldness and ischemic heart disease in a national sample of men”. Author(s): Sheikh K. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 April 1; 145(7): 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098186&dopt=Abstract
•
Re: Minimal expansion for correction of male pattern baldness. Author(s): Hubbard TJ. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 October; 35(4): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8585691&dopt=Abstract
•
Rebuttal on baldness. Author(s): Leonard RT Jr. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 November; 102(5): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385328&dopt=Abstract
•
Scalp flaps in the treatment of baldness. Long-term results. Author(s): Epstein JS, Kabaker SS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 January; 22(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556257&dopt=Abstract
•
Surgical options for male pattern baldness. Author(s): Elgert S. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 December; 60(9): 2508, 2510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605988&dopt=Abstract
14
Baldness
•
The bicoronal flap (craniofacial access): an audit of morbidity and a proposed surgical modification in male pattern baldness. Author(s): Kerawala CJ, Grime RJ, Stassen LF, Perry M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000 October; 38(5): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010771&dopt=Abstract
•
The occipito-parietal flap method in the treatment of male baldness. Author(s): Ezaki T, Kasori Y. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1995 September-October; 19(5): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8526165&dopt=Abstract
•
Therapeutic approaches to the management of common baldness. Author(s): Sommer M, Wilson C. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1999 July-August; 53(5): 381-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695105&dopt=Abstract
•
Transcutaneous PO2 of the scalp in male pattern baldness: a new piece to the puzzle. Author(s): Goldman BE, Fisher DM, Ringler SL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 May; 97(6): 1109-16; Discussion 1117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8628793&dopt=Abstract
•
Understanding and managing common baldness. Author(s): Tran D, Sinclair RD. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 March; 28(3): 248-50, 252-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10098304&dopt=Abstract
15
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and baldness.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Baldness The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
16
Baldness
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “baldness” (or a synonym): •
Animal models of androgen-dependent disorders of the pilosebaceous apparatus. 1. The androchronogenetic alopecia (AGA) mouse as a model for male-pattern baldness. Author(s): Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc., Biomedical Research Station, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY 10516. Source: Matias, J R Malloy, V Orentreich, N Arch-Dermatol-Res. 1989; 281(4): 247-53 0340-3696
•
Male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Trueb, R M Meyer, J C Dermatology. 2000; 200(3): 247-9 1018-8665
•
Minoxidil with tretinoin in baldness. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco. Source: London Wong, D M Hart, L L DICPage 1990 January; 24(1): 43-4 1042-9611
•
Saw palmetto, nettles, and pygeum for male pattern baldness. Source: HerbalGram. Austin, TX : American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. 2000. (49) page 31. 0899-5648
•
The effects of N,N-diethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5 alpha-androstane-17 betacarboxamide, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor and antiandrogen, on the development of baldness in the stumptail macaque. Source: Rittmaster, R S Uno, H Povar, M L Mellin, T N Loriaux, D L J-Clin-EndocrinolMetab. 1987 July; 65(1): 188-93 0021-972X
•
Transdermal viprostol in the treatment of male pattern baldness. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Source: Olsen, E A DeLong, E J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1990 September; 23(3 Pt 1): 470-2 0190-9622
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
Nutrition
17
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to baldness; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
19
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to baldness. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to baldness and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to baldness: •
A perspective on baldness. Author(s): Giacometti L. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1969 November; 24(11): 869-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4242863&dopt=Abstract
•
History of baldness. From magic to medicine. Author(s): Kligman AM, Freeman B. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1988 October-December; 6(4): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3063376&dopt=Abstract
20
Baldness
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to baldness; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Horsetail Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine 21
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10105,00.html Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosemary Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
23
CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BALDNESS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “baldness” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on baldness, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Baldness By performing a patent search focusing on baldness, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
24
Baldness
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on baldness: •
17 urea, thiourea, thiocarbamyl and carbamyl4-azasteroid 5-reductase inhibitors useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders Inventor(s): Tolman; Richard L. (Warren, NJ), Witzel; Bruce E. (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,620,986 Date filed: March 1, 1995 Abstract: Novel substituted 4-azasteroid 5-.alpha.-reductase inhibitors of formula (I), wherein A is (a), (b) or (c), are claimed as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and formulations thereof. These compounds are effective inhibitors of testosterone 5.alpha.reductase(s) and are thus useful in the treatment of a number of hyperandrogenic conditions including benign prostatic hypertrophy, acne, seborrhea, female hirsutism, and male and female pattern baldness (alopecia). Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to novel urea, thiourea, thiocarbamyl and carbamyl 4-azasteroidal 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. It is now known in the art that the principal mediator of androgenic activity in some target organs is 5.alpha.dihydrotestosterone, and that it is formed locally in the target organ by the action of testosterone-5.alpha.-reductase. It is also known that inhibitors of testosterone-5.alpha.reductase will serve to prevent or lessen symptoms of hyperandrogenic stimulation. A number of 4-aza steroid compounds are known in the art that are 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,227,876, 3,239,417, 3,264,301 and 3,285,918; French Patent No. 1,465,544; Doorenbos and Solomons, J. Pharm. Sci. 62, 4, pp. 638-640 (1973); Doorenbos and Brown, J.Pharm. Sci., 60, 8, pp. 1234-1235 (1971); and Doorenbos and Kim, J. Pharm. Sci. 63, 4, pp. 620-622 (1974). In addition. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,377,584, 4,220,775, 4,859,681, 4,760,071 and the articles J. Med. Chem. 27, p. 1690-1701 (1984) and J. Med. Chem. 29, 2998-2315 (1986) of Rasmusson, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,104 to Carlin, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,897 to Cainelli, et al. describe 4-aza-17.beta.-substituted5.alpha.-androstan-3-ones which are said to be useful in the treatment of DHT-related hyperandrogenic conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05620986__
•
Bis (benzimidazole) derivatives serving as potassium blocking agents Inventor(s): Jensen; Bo Skaaning (Copenhagen S, DK), Olesen; S.o slashed.ren Peter (Klampenborg, DK), Peters; Dan (Arlov, DK), Str.o slashed.b.ae butted.k; Dorte (Farum, DK), Teuber; Lene (V.ae butted.rl.o slashed.se, DK) Assignee(s): Neurosearch A/S (Ballerup, DK) Patent Number: 6,194,447 Date filed: July 2, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to novel potassium channel blocking agents, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.Moreover the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment or alleviation of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of potassium channels, in particular asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rhinorrhea,
Patents 25
convulsions, vascular spasms, coronary artery spasms, renal disorders, polycystic kidney disease, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, bladder outflow obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal dysfunction, secretory diarrhoea, ischaemia, cerebral ischaemia, ischaemic hearth disease, angina pectoris, coronary hearth disease, traumatic brain injury, psychosis, anxiety, depression, dementia, memory and attention deficits, Alzheimer's disease, dysmenorrhea, narcolepsy, Reynaud's disease, intermittent claudication, Sjorgren's syndrome, migraine, arrhythmia, hypertension, absence seizures, myotonic muscle dystrophia, xerostomi, diabetes type II, hyperinsulinemia, premature labor, baldness, cancer, and immune suppression. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel potassium channel blocking agents, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. Moreover the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment or alleviation of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of potassium channels, in particular asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rhinorrhea, convulsions, vascular spasms, coronary artery spasms, renal disorders, polycystic kidney disease, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, bladder outflow obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal dysfunction, secretory diarrhoea, ischaemia, cerebral ischaemia, ischaemic hearth disease, angina pectoris, coronary hearth disease, traumatic brain injury, psychosis, anxiety, depression, dementia, memory and attention deficits, Alzheimer's disease, dysmenorrhea, narcolepsy, Reynaud's disease, intermittent claudication, Sjorgren's syndrome, migraine, arrhythmia, hypertension, absence seizures, myotonic muscle dystrophia, xerostomi, diabetes type II, hyperinsulinemia, premature labor, baldness, cancer, and immune suppression. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins, which catalyze the transport of inorganic ions across cell membranes. The ion channels participate in processes as diverse as the generation and timing of action potentials, synaptic transmissions, secretion of hormones, contraction of muscles, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06194447__ •
Compositions and methods for the treatment of male-pattern baldness Inventor(s): Tien; Henry C. (5660 SW. 58 Pl., Miami, FL 33143) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,574,011 Date filed: April 4, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions of LHRH analogs for the treatment of male-pattern baldness. Male-pattern baldness is treated by the administration of compositions containing LHRH analogs. The compositions may be administered by any of a variety of routes, including parenterally, (including subcutaneous, and intramuscular administration), topically, transdermally or transmucosally. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of male-pattern baldness involving analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ("LHRH analogs"). More particularly, the LHRH analogs of the present invention may be LHRH agonists or LHRH antagonists. The LHRH analog may be administered alone or in combination with a second LHRH analog in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Since the initial discovery of LHRH 20 years ago, roughly 5,000 LHRH analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for possible therapeutic use. However, no treatment
26
Baldness
method for male pattern baldness utilizing LHRH analogs has heretofore been advanced. The present invention is directed to the treatment of male pattern baldness with therapeutic agents known as LHRH analogs. Male-pattern baldness, also called androgenic alopecia, is largely the result of heredity, advancing age and male hormone secretion, specifically the hormone, dihydrotestosterone. Hence, male-pattern baldness may be said to be a time dependent steroid genetic expression resulting in a diminution in the growing phase of scalp hair. In advanced stages, male-pattern baldness is characterized by a bald scalp at the crown of the head and a horseshoe shaped fringe of hair remaining on the sides of the head. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05574011__ •
Compositions and methods of treatment of androgen-associated baldness using antisense oligomers Inventor(s): Arnold, Jr.; Lyle John (Poway, CA), Harper; Mary Ellen (Carlsbad, CA), Woolf; Tod Mitchell (Del Mar, CA) Assignee(s): Genta Incorporated (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,877,160 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Compositions and methods of treating androgen-associated hair loss, in particular decreasing the progression of male pattern baldness using a nucleoside Oligomer or Oligomers useful in the described methods are provided. Excerpt(s): Androgens are steroid hormones found circulating at varying levels in both men and women. They are essential in sex differentiation, development, and reproductive function. However, androgens can also play a role in undesirable physiological conditions, including different types of baldness. One of the most prevalent types of baldness is male pattern baldness (MPB). This condition is widespread, affecting two of every three men. MPB, which is inherited as a autosomal dominant trait with partial penetrance, is known to be androgen-dependent. This is evidenced in the fact that castrated males do not develop baldness. Hair follicles initially appear in utero. No new follicles are created after birth, and it is believed that none are lost in adult life. However, in MPB, hair follicles do become progressively smaller (miniaturized). Hair follicles exhibit cyclic activity. Each period of active growth of hair (anagen) alternates with a resting period (telogen), separated by a relatively short transition phase (catagen). Hair growth on the human scalp is a mosaic of follicular activity with each follicle at a stage independent of its neighbors. At any one time, between 4-24% (average 13%) of follicles are in telogen and
