Augmentin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AUGMENTIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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AUGMENTIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Augmentin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83755-4 1. Augmentin-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Augmentin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AUGMENTIN ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Augmentin .................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AUGMENTIN ................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Finding Nutrition Studies on Augmentin................................................................................... 21 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 22 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON AUGMENTIN.............................................................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 25 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 25 Chapters on Augmentin............................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AUGMENTIN ................................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 27 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 30 Academic Periodicals covering Augmentin ................................................................................. 31 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 35 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 37 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 41 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 45 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 45 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 45 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 51 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 51 AUGMENTIN DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 53 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 69

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Augmentin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Augmentin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Augmentin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Augmentin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Augmentin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Augmentin. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AUGMENTIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Augmentin.

Federally Funded Research on Augmentin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Augmentin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Augmentin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Augmentin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Augmentin: •

Project Title: NOVEL ANTIBACTERIALS TARGETING THE 50S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Sutcliffe, Joyce A.; Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 300 George St, Ste 301 New Haven, Ct 06053 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 14-JAN-2004

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, Inc. has proprietary, highresolution structural information on how antibiotics bind to the large ribosomal subunit (50S). Using this information in combination with a computational approach that calculates the energetics of RNA-ligand interactions and drug-like properties of these antibiotics, a series of novel compounds were designed and synthesized. One of the compounds was complexed to Haloarcula marismortui 50S ribosomal subunits and solved to 3.0 Angstroms resolution. The position of the analog within the 50S subunit validated our approach and suggested that solving related structures within the series would provide a solid platform to understand how this series of compounds overcomes target-based resistance. To aid in drug design, this proposal seeks to: 1. Determine two additional high resolution structures of compounds complexed with the 50S subunit of Haloarcula marismortui. 2. Determine the minimally-active chemical core in the compound series. 3. Determine the pharmacokinetics of the most promising compound in mice. The overall goal of this work is to identify new chemical entities for the treatment of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. This is important because the incidence of antimicrobial resistance has increased in hospital and community settings. Therapeutic failures with current agents, extended hospital stays, and the use of increasingly costly and toxic antimicrobials that contribute to healthcare costs is driving the need for new antimicrobial agents that overcome multidrug resistance. Resistance is likely to become worse when patents for widely used, branded antibiotics like Augmentin, Cipro, and Zithromax expire, resulting in widespread use of generic versions of these drugs. The 50S subunit is a highly validated target in that two of the top four oral antibiotics in the US target it (Zithromax and Biaxen); collectively, these two antibiotics account for >$2 billion in annual sales. Further, the most recently approved class of antibiotics, Zyvox, also binds to the 50S. Zyvox is used to treat serious Gram-positive nosocomial infections. Thus, the 50S presents an opportunity to target medical needs and to find new antimicrobials for both community- and hospitalacquired infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles.

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Augmentin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Augmentin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A blind parallel comparative study of the efficacy and safety of rovamycin versus augmentin in the treatment of acute otitis media. Author(s): Mgbor NC, Umeh RE. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 April-June; 21(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403032&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical and bacteriological evaluation of Augmentin: a new broad spectrum antibiotic in general practice. Author(s): Hansrod D, Howalder R, Rozar GJ. Source: East Afr Med J. 1983 November; 60(11): 778-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368188&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of Miraxid (pivmecillinam plus pivampicillin) and Augmentin (amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid) in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in general practice. Author(s): McGhie D, Kerfoot P, Talbot DJ. Source: J Int Med Res. 1986; 14(5): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3533674&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of Augmentin and co-trimoxazole in the treatment of adult infections in general practice. Author(s): Davies JG, Rose AJ, Walker GD. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1982 December; 36(11-12): 387-93, 403. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6984654&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of the efficacy and safety of cefuroxime axetil and augmentin in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Hebblethwaite EM, Brown GW, Cox DM. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1987; 13(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3582135&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study of 'Augmentin' in lower respiratory tract infections: pharmacokinetic and clinical results. Author(s): Havard CW, Fernando A, Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1982 July; 76(3): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6751365&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised trial of co-amoxiclav (Augmentin) versus penicillin V in the treatment of acute dentoalveolar abscess. Author(s): Lewis MA, Carmichael F, MacFarlane TW, Milligan SG. Source: British Dental Journal. 1993 September 11; 175(5): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8398438&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of one versus three doses of Augmentin as wound prophylaxis in at-risk abdominal surgery. Author(s): Bates T, Roberts JV, Smith K, German KA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 October; 68(804): 811-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1461853&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, observer-blind trial of amoxycillin/clavulanate versus cefaclor in the treatment of children with acute otitis media. Augmentin 415 Study Group. Author(s): Subba Rao SD, Macias MP, Dillman CA, Ramos BD, Kierszenbaum JS, Soliman AE. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1998 December; 10(6): 460-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876054&dopt=Abstract

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Ambulatory treatment of suspected pelvic inflammatory disease with Augmentin, with or without doxycycline. Author(s): Wolner-Hanssen P, Paavonen J, Kiviat N, Landers D, Sweet RL, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 March; 158(3 Pt 1): 577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3348319&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin, augmentin and metronidazole in bacterial vaginosis associated with Gardnerella vaginalis. Author(s): Symonds J, Biswas AK. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 April; 62(2): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3487499&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid ('Augmentin') compared with a combination of aminopenicillin, aminoglycoside and metronidazole in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Cirau-Vigneron N, Barrier J, Becue J, Chartier M, Giraud JR, Landes P, Leng J, Raudrant D, Reme JM. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1989; 5(5): 312-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2664816&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin) compared with triple drug therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Uri FI, Sartawi SA, Dajani YF, Masoud AA, Barakat HF. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1992 May; 38(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1348989&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Author(s): Dowsett JF, Gillow T, Heagerty A, Radcliffe M, Toadi R, Isle I, Russell RC. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1989 August; 34(8): 1290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2752877&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin) antibiotic prophylaxis against wound infections in renal failure patients. Author(s): Evans CM, Purohit S, Colbert JW, Lear PA, Makin T, Scobie DJ, Williamson EP, Sells RA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1988 September; 22(3): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3053562&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin) versus metronidazole as prophylaxis in hysterectomy: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Giles JA. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1988 September; 95(9): 951. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3191070&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin) versus metronidazole as prophylaxis in hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Brown EM, Depares J, Robertson AA, Jones S, Hughes AB, Coles EC, Morgan JR. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1988 March; 95(3): 286-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3285883&dopt=Abstract

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An initial assessment of augmentin for the treatment of paediatric infections in general practice. Author(s): Jeffries MG, Rose AJ, Williams HN. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1983 February; 37(2): 61-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6860540&dopt=Abstract

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An open, comparative evaluation of amoxycillin and amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid ('Augmentin') in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia in children. Author(s): Jibril HB, Ifere OA, Odumah DU. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1989; 11(9): 585-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2612203&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic prophylaxis against postpartum endometritis after vaginal delivery: a prospective randomized comparison between Amox-CA (Augmentin) and abstention. Author(s): Fernandez H, Gagnepain A, Bourget P, Peray P, Frydman R, Papiernik E, Daures JP. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1993 August; 50(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262292&dopt=Abstract

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Assay of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, the components of Augmentin, in biological fluids with high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Foulstone M, Reading C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1982 November; 22(5): 753-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7181486&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin (Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid) in the treatment of urinary tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections. Author(s): Tan TH, Tay L, Yeo M, Feng PH. Source: Singapore Med J. 1983 October; 24(5): 299-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6669995&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin (amoxycillin and clavulanic acid) in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Author(s): Leigh A. Source: Scott Med J. 1982; 27 Spec No.: S28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6984778&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin (amoxycillin and clavulanic acid) therapy in complicated infections due to beta-lactamase producing bacteria. Author(s): Leigh DA, Bradnock K, Marriner JM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1981 March; 7(3): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6974165&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin (amoxycillin-clavulanic acid) compared with amoxycillin alone in the treatment of urinary tract infections in the elderly. Author(s): Gallacher G, Erwin L, Scott PJ, Sleigh JD. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1986 May; 12(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3522749&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin (amoxycillin-clavulanic acid) compared with co-trimoxazole in urinary tract infections. Author(s): Fancourt GJ, Matts SG, Mitchell CJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 July 14; 289(6437): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6428687&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin (intravenous then oral) compared with cefuroxime followed by cephalexin for chest infections in hospitalised patients. Author(s): O'Donovan C, Rudd R, O'Neill S, Fitzgerald MX, McNicholas W, FlavellMatts SG, Howell F, McKenzie A, Whittaker J. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1987 December; 41(12): 1044-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3332842&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin bioavailability following cimetidine, aluminum hydroxide and milk. Author(s): Staniforth DH, Clarke HL, Horton R, Jackson D, Lau D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1985 March; 23(3): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3838971&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin compared with amoxycillin in treating uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Author(s): Key PR, Azadian BS, Evans BA. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1985 June; 61(3): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3924814&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin compared with oxytetracycline for chest infections in general practice. Author(s): Boston PF, Gowers E, Rose AJ. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1986 April; 80(2): 148-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3524647&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin for urinary tract infections. Author(s): Bailey RR. Source: N Z Med J. 1992 March 11; 105(929): 90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1545949&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Aigner K, Schindl R, Mittermayer H. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(6): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6335111&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin therapy in the treatment of urinary tract infections in general practice. Author(s): Abbas AM, Goel PK, Venkit N, Gowers E. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1984 February; 38(2): 49-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6704296&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin treatment during pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control teratologic study. Author(s): Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Sorensen HT, Olsen J. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 August; 97(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451547&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin treatment of bacterial infections in hospitalised patients. Author(s): Ellis-Pegler RB, Lang SD, Downey DJ, Anderson MP. Source: N Z Med J. 1982 August 11; 95(713): 542-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6752781&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin: laboratory studies. Author(s): Farrell ID, Turner PJ. Source: Scott Med J. 1982; 27 Spec No.: S21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6762661&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin-associated jaundice. Author(s): Thomson JA, Fairley CK, McNeil JJ, Purcell P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 June 6; 160(11): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8202020&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin-induced cholestatic jaundice--a case report. Author(s): Yap I, Gwee KA, Wee A. Source: Singapore Med J. 1993 October; 34(5): 464-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153703&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin-induced jaundice with a fatal outcome. Author(s): Hebbard GS, Smith KG, Gibson PR, Bhathal PS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 February 17; 156(4): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1738330&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentin-induced jaundice. Author(s): Wong FS, Ryan J, Dabkowski P, Dudley FJ, Sewell RB, Smallwood RA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 May 20; 154(10): 698-701. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2034154&dopt=Abstract

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Cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of uncomplicated UTI: a comparison with cefaclor and augmentin. Author(s): Williams KJ, Hebblethwaite EM, Brown GW, Cox DM, Plested SJ. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1987; 13(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3556123&dopt=Abstract

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Cefuroxime axetil vs. augmentin for the treatment of acute bronchitis and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Landau Z, Schlaffer F, Pitlik S. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1992 November; 28(11): 797-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1468894&dopt=Abstract

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Changing role of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of recurrent urinary infections: a comparison with augmentin. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1985 September; 39(9): 346-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904797&dopt=Abstract

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Cholestatic hepatitis due to antibacterial combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (augmentin) Author(s): Stricker BH, Van den Broek JW, Keuning J, Eberhardt W, Houben HG, Johnson M, Blok AP. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1989 October; 34(10): 1576-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2791808&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosomally mediated intrinsic resistance to penicillin of penicillinase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney: guide to treatment with Augmentin. Author(s): Tapsall JW, Phillips EA, Morris LM. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1987 October; 63(5): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3119461&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical efficacy and tolerance of Augmentin in soft tissue infection. Author(s): Ball AP, Mehtar S, Watson A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 July; 10(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7107545&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience with intravenous Augmentin in the treatment of paediatric infections. Author(s): Ploechl E, Huber EG. Source: J Int Med Res. 1986; 14(3): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3636248&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative in vitro activity of amoxycillin/clavulanate (augmentin), ceftazidime and ceftriaxone against hospital strains of gram-negative and -positive bacteria. Author(s): Abd-Elalim Eltahawy AT, Khalaf RM. Source: Chemioterapia. 1988 April; 7(2): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3293818&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative in vitro activity of augmentin against community and hospital-acquired gram-negative bacteria. Author(s): Glupczynski Y, McGillavry G, Yourassowsky E. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1988; 43(2): 109-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3400375&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of augmentin versus metronidazole/gentamicin in the prevention of infections after appendicectomy. Author(s): al-Dhohayan A, al-Sebayl M, Shibl A, al-Eshalwy S, Kattan K, al-Saleh M. Source: European Surgical Research. Europaische Chirurgische Forschung. Recherches Chirurgicales Europeennes. 1993 January-February; 25(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8482307&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative treatment trial of augmentin versus cefaclor for acute otitis media with effusion. Author(s): Odio CM, Kusmiesz H, Shelton S, Nelson JD. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 May; 75(5): 819-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4039433&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (augmentin) for the treatment of nonbullous impetigo. Author(s): Dagan R, Bar-David Y. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1989 August; 143(8): 916-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2667333&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of augmentin with co-trimoxazole for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Author(s): Bailey RR, Bishop V, Peddie B, Chambers PF, Davies PR, Crofts HG. Source: N Z Med J. 1983 November 23; 96(744): 970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6605501&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of methods for the interpretation of disk diffusion susceptibility tests for augmentin. Author(s): Donnelly JP. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1986 September; 5(3): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3757475&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of oral treatment of uncomplicated urogenital and rectal gonorrhoea with cefuroxime axetil ester or clavulanic acid potentiated amoxycillin (Augmentin). Author(s): Schift R, van Ulsen J, Ansink-Schipper MC, van Joost T, Michel MF, Woudstra RK, Stolz E. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 October; 62(5): 313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3533755&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the antistaphylococcal activity of serum from healthy subjects taking flucloxacillin or augmentin. Author(s): Thomas MG, Gillies M, Roberts S, Lang SD. Source: N Z Med J. 1985 June 12; 98(780): 452-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3858743&dopt=Abstract

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Complications involving augmentin. Author(s): Simon MW. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1985 October; 139(10): 962. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4036897&dopt=Abstract

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Continuing problems with the use of Augmentin for urinary tract infections. Author(s): Bailey RR. Source: N Z Med J. 1995 November 10; 108(1011): 465. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8538968&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of intravenous Augmentin in the treatment of thalassaemic patients with Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Author(s): Kattamis C, Syriopoulou V, Hadjiminas J, Tsivitanidou-Kacourou T. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1984 September; 14(3): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6490574&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards and Deutsche Industrie Norm-Medizinische Mikrobiologie guidelines, country of isolate origin, and site of infection on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to amoxicillinclavulanate (Augmentin). Author(s): Simpson I, Durodie J, Knott S, Shea B, Wilson J, Machka K. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 May; 36(5): 1361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9574706&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of amoxycillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) twice daily versus three times daily in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. The Augmentin 454 Study Group. Author(s): Damrikarnlert L, Jauregui AC, Kzadri M. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2000 February; 12(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10768519&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of twice-daily amoxycillin/clavulanate ('Augmentin-Duo' 400/57) in mild to moderate lower respiratory tract infection in children. Author(s): Cook RC, Zachariah J, Cree F, Harrison HE. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1996 April-May; 50(3): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733329&dopt=Abstract

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Equivalent efficacy and reduced occurrence of diarrhea from a new formulation of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (Augmentin) for treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Hoberman A, Paradise JL, Burch DJ, Valinski WA, Hedrick JA, Aronovitz GH, Drehobl MA, Rogers JM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 May; 16(5): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154538&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with parenteral and sequential parenteral-oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (augmentin) in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Buchi W, Casey PA. Source: Infection. 1988 September-October; 16(5): 306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3215694&dopt=Abstract

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Focal destructive cholangiopathy associated with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin). Author(s): Ryley NG, Fleming KA, Chapman RW. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1995 September; 23(3): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8550991&dopt=Abstract

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Further data on augmentin and co-trimoxazole in the treatment of urinary tract infection. Author(s): Matts SG, Fancourt GJ, Mitchell CJ, Gowers E, Boston PF. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1985 May; 39(5): 179-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3907682&dopt=Abstract

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Further experience with augmentin in the treatment of skin infections. Author(s): Millard G. Source: Scott Med J. 1982; 27 Spec No.: S35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7167811&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatitis and augmentin. Author(s): Reddy KR, Schiff ER. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1990 August; 35(8): 1045-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2384035&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei to augmentin. Author(s): Casal M, Rodriguez F, Benavente M, Luna M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 August; 5(4): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3093225&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro susceptibility-resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from burn patients to augmentin and timentin. Author(s): Holder IA, Vanderpool L, Wesselman J. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1985 July-August; 6(4): 331-4. Erratum In: J Burn Care Rehabil 1985 November-December; 6(6): 486. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3879938&dopt=Abstract

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Intrahepatic cholestasis induced by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin): a report on two cases. Author(s): Alexander P, Roskams T, Van Steenbergen W, Peetermans W, Desmet V, Yap SH. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1991; 46(5): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1661553&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous Augmentin in bacteraemia and severe invasive polymicrobial sepsis. Author(s): Mehtar S, Ball AP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1985 June; 15(6): 765-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4030538&dopt=Abstract

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In-vitro activity of augmentin against clinically important gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria in comparison with other antibiotics. Author(s): Focht J, Klietmann W, Heilmann HD. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1984 April; 256(4): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6564828&dopt=Abstract

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Media factors affecting Augmentin disc sensitivity testing results. Author(s): Brown EM, Ribeiro CD. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 July; 10(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6921200&dopt=Abstract

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Metronidazole and Augmentin in the prevention of sepsis after appendicectomy. Author(s): Drumm J, Donovan IA, Wise R, Lowe P. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1985 July; 72(7): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4016543&dopt=Abstract

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New drug therapy: Augmentin. Author(s): Klaus JR, Ross MF, Knodel LC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1988 March-April; 2(2): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258378&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral augmentin: pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Staniforth DH, Jackson D, Horton R, Davies B. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 August; 22(8): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6490225&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic data in gynecological surgery using preoperative augmentin. Author(s): Von Kobyletzki V. Source: Chemioterapia. 1987 June; 6(2 Suppl): 262-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3509406&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid in haemodialysis patients following intravenous administration of Augmentin. Author(s): Davies BE, Boon R, Horton R, Reubi FC, Descoeudres CE. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 October; 26(4): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3190988&dopt=Abstract

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Pilot study of single dose augmentin for acute bacterial cystitis. Author(s): Dickie AS, Lang SD. Source: N Z Med J. 1986 August 13; 99(807): 600. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3462558&dopt=Abstract

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Preincisional intraparietal Augmentin in abdominal operations. Author(s): Pollock AV, Evans M, Smith GM. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1989 March; 71(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2523210&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic augmentin in prelabor preterm rupture of the membranes. Author(s): Magwali TL, Chipato T, Majoko F, Rusakaniko S, Mujaji C. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1999 June; 65(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428346&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory tract infections caused by beta-lactamase producing organisms treated with augmentin. Author(s): Mehtar S. Source: Scott Med J. 1982; 27 Spec No.: S24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6984777&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and tolerability of a new formulation (90 mg/kg/day divided every 12 h) of amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) in the empiric treatment of pediatric acute otitis media caused by drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Bottenfield GW, Burch DJ, Hedrick JA, Schaten R, Rowinski CA, Davies JT. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 October; 17(10): 963-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802654&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity to augmentin and cephalosporines of some bacterial strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Author(s): Debeleac L, Iancu A, Tudorache D, Iancu G. Source: Rom J Intern Med. 1995 July-December; 33(3-4): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8646195&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitization to amoxycillin in Augmentin. Author(s): Kennedy C, Stolz E, van Joost T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1989 April; 20(4): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2752748&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitization to clavulanic acid in Augmentin. Author(s): Kamphof WG, Rustemeyer T, Bruynzeel DP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 July; 47(1): 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225413&dopt=Abstract

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Sequential intravenous-oral amoxycillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) therapy in paediatric hospital practice. Author(s): Schaad UB, Pfenninger J, Wedgewood-Krucko J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1987 March; 19(3): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571053&dopt=Abstract

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Severe neutropenia in prolonged treatment with orally administered Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) Author(s): Desgrandchamps D, Schnyder C. Source: Infection. 1987 July-August; 15(4): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3666968&dopt=Abstract

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Severe penicillin allergy precipitated by inhalation and topical exposure to coamoxiclav (Augmentin) Author(s): Jarrett P, Rademaker M. Source: N Z Med J. 1996 September 27; 109(1030): 366. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8890865&dopt=Abstract

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Single dose treatment of gonococcal urethritis with augmentin in Ibadan. Author(s): Osoba AO, Oyelese AO, Ashiru JO, Ekweozor CC, Ochei J. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1985 September-December; 14(3-4): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3004176&dopt=Abstract

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Suspected postpartum endometritis: a controlled clinical trial of single-agent antibiotic therapy with Amox-CA (Augmentin) vs. ampicillin-metronidazole +/aminoglycoside. Author(s): Fernandez H, Claquin C, Guibert M, Papiernik E. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1990 July-August; 36(1-2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2194867&dopt=Abstract

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The combination of clavulanic acid and amoxycillin (Augmentin) in the treatment of patients infected with penicillinase producing gonococci. Author(s): De Koning GA, Tio D, Coster JF, Coutinho RA, Ansink-Schipper MC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1981 July; 8(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6788750&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of augmentin on sputum beta-lactamase activity in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Penketh AR, Hodson ME, Batten JC. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1984 May; 38(5): 188-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6610437&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of amoxycillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) in the treatment of severe staphylococcal infections. Author(s): Moreillon P. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1994 April; 6 Suppl 2: 51-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7799055&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of augmentin as a beta-lactam antibiotic in surgical and medical practice. Author(s): Kirei BR, Mhalu FS, Pallangyo PK, Seif SA. Source: East Afr Med J. 1987 July; 64(7): 499-503. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3691365&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of beta-lactamase producing bacteria in subgingival plaque and their sensitivity to Augmentin. Author(s): Legg JA, Wilson M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1990 June; 28(3): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1983762&dopt=Abstract

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The use of augmentin in hospitalized and ambulatory children. Author(s): Raz R, Halevy R, Antonelli Y, Keness J. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1989 April; 1(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2659746&dopt=Abstract

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Three day oral course of Augmentin to treat chancroid. Author(s): Ndinya-Achola JO, Nsanze H, Karasira P, Fransen L, D'Costa LJ, Piot P, Ronald AR. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 June; 62(3): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3733082&dopt=Abstract

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Three regimens of procaine penicillin G, Augmentin, and probenecid compared for treating acute gonorrhoea in men. Author(s): Lim KB, Thirumoorthy T, Lee CT, Sng EH, Tan T. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 April; 62(2): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3721514&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella urinary tract infections with cephradine, augmentin, cefuroxime and amikacin. Author(s): Hart CA, Desmond AD, Percival A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1981 September; 8(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6912860&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of gonorrhea with clavulanate-potentiated amoxicillin (Augmentin). Author(s): Munday PE, Bingham JS, Ison CA, Erdman YJ, Harris JR, Easmon CS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1985 July-September; 12(3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3929409&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of skin and skin structure infections: a comparative study of Augmentin and cefaclor. Author(s): Parish LC, Aten EM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 December; 34(6): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6394217&dopt=Abstract

20

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•

Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males with two doses of Augmentin, six hours apart. Author(s): Bee LH, Phang T. Source: Singapore Med J. 1985 April; 26(2): 147-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3898395&dopt=Abstract

•

Two dose Augmentin treatment of acute gonorrhoea in men. Author(s): Lim KB, Rajan VS, Giam YC, Lui EO, Sng EH, Yeo KL. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1984 June; 60(3): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6428699&dopt=Abstract

•

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) for the treatment of amoxycillin-clavulanate potassium (Augmentin)-induced intra-hepatic cholestasis: report of two cases. Author(s): Katsinelos P, Vasiliadis T, Xiarchos P, Patakiouta F, Christodoulou K, Pilpilidis I, Eugenidis N. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2000 March; 12(3): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750660&dopt=Abstract

21

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AUGMENTIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Augmentin.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Augmentin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Augmentin

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Augmentin” (or a synonym): •

Equivalent efficacy and reduced occurrence of diarrhea from a new formulation of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (Augmentin) for treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA. [email protected] Source: Hoberman, A Paradise, J L Burch, D J Valinski, W A Hedrick, J A Aronovitz, G H Drehobl, M A Rogers, J M Pediatr-Infect-Dis-J. 1997 May; 16(5): 463-70 0891-3668

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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25

CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON AUGMENTIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Augmentin. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Augmentin include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Augmentin” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Augmentin” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Augmentin” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Augmentin by D. A. Leigh; ISBN: 0444902716; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444902716/icongroupinterna

•

Augmentin, clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin : proceedings of the European symposium, Scheveningen, the Netherlands, 28-29 June, 1982; ISBN: 9021995832; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9021995832/icongroupinterna

•

Augmentin: Clavulanate-Potentiated Amoxycillin by E.A.P. and Michel, M.F. Croydon (Editor); ISBN: 0444903216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444903216/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site,

26

Augmentin

http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Augmentin, clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin: proceedings of a symposium held in the Walton Conference Suite, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, 23rd April 1982 Author: Forbes, C. D. (Charles Douglas),; Year: 1982; [Glasgow, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone, 1982]

Chapters on Augmentin In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Augmentin, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Augmentin using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

27

CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AUGMENTIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Augmentin.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Augmentin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Augmentin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Augmentin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Augmentin: •

Novartis says wins generic Augmentin ruling Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 09, 2003

•

Ranbaxy gets U.S. nod for another Augmentin dose Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 20, 2003

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Ranbaxy expects U.S. nod for new generic Augmentin product Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 12, 2003

•

Generic Augmentin launched in US Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 06, 2003

•

Ranbaxy says to launch generic Augmentin in January Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 10, 2002

•

Lek to sell generic Augmentin in the US from 2003 Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 26, 2002

•

Glaxo CEO confident on Augmentin, Levitra Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 12, 2002

•

Teva gets FDA approval for 500 mg generic Augmentin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 31, 2002

•

Teva gets FDA OK for generic Augmentin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 30, 2002

•

Glaxo earns FDA nod for extended-release Augmentin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 26, 2002

•

FDA approves Glaxo's extended-release formulation of Augmentin Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 26, 2002

•

Ranbaxy gets US nod for generic Augmentin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 18, 2002

•

India's Ranbaxy sees strong GSK defence of Augmentin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 24, 2002

•

Glaxo shares suffer on Augmentin woes Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 24, 2002

•

Glaxo's Augmentin patents declared invalid Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 23, 2002

•

Ranbaxy sees generic Augmentin sales from December Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 15, 2002

•

India's Ranbaxy sees generic Augmentin sales in December Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 15, 2002

Periodicals and News

29

•

GlaxoSmithKline says Augmentin patents found invalid Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 13, 2002

•

Glaxo ready for new Augmentin patent battle Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 01, 2002

•

Double blow for Glaxo's Augmentin antibiotic Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 17, 2001

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FDA clears Glaxo's extra strength Augmentin for serious ear infections Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 25, 2001

•

FDA panel backs Glaxo's Augmentin ES for drug-resistant middle ear infections Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 30, 2001

•

GlaxoSmithKline bidding for new Augmentin formula Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 29, 2001

•

SmithKline's high-dose Augmentin effective against resistant bacterial ear infections Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 20, 2000

•

New Augmentin Formulation Reduces Diarrhea Incidence In Children With Otitis Media Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 27, 1997

•

New Augmentin Regimen Cleared By FDA Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 1996

•

SmithKline Beecham Announces New Augmentin Dose Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 28, 1996

•

SmithKline Gets FDA OK On OTC Nicorette And On Augmentin; Pharmacia Gets OK For OTC Rogaine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 13, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Augmentin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Augmentin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Augmentin” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on Augmentin: •

Use of Antibiotics in Periodontal Therapy Source: Oral Care Report. 11(4): 5,8. 2001.

Periodicals and News

31

Contact: Available from Oral Care Report. c/o Dr. Chester W. Douglass, Department of Oral Health Policy, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Fax (617) 432-0047. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.colgateprofessional.com (full-text available online). Summary: This brief report reviews the use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy. Treatment of periodontitis is based on four scientific principles: that bacteria cause the disease; the disease is chronic in nature; clinicians cannot remove all plaque and calculus on infected root surfaces; and the disease is recurrent and cannot be cured. Clinical research has shown that scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with systemic antibiotic administration was more effective than SRP alone in certain patient groups and with particular forms of periodontitis. This article summarizes the outcome of trials with either tetracycline, Augmentin, clindamycin, or metronidazole. The author also outlines the potential adverse effects of systemic antibiotics and the development of antibiotic resistance. The author notes that given the varied success of antibiotic treatment for periodontitis, together with the concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, local delivery of antimicrobials offers a new strategy in the treatment of adult periodontitis for certain patient subgroups that do not respond favorably to conventional therapy alone. Local delivery of antibiotics offers the advantages of direct access to the site of periodontitis, a therapeutic level that is above the minimum inhibitory concentration, and a minimal uptake of the drug into the systemic circulation, which reduces side effects and drug interactions. 1 figure. 3 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Augmentin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Augmentin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Augmentin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

33

APPENDICES

35

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

36

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

37

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1231 4 987 35 0 2257

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “Augmentin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

39

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

41

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Augmentin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Augmentin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Augmentin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Augmentin”:

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•

Other guides Abscesses http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/abscesses.html Cancer Chemotherapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html Lymphoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphoma.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Augmentin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

43

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Augmentin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Augmentin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Augmentin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Augmentin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Augmentin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Augmentin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Augmentin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

45

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

47

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

49

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

51

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

53

AUGMENTIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH]

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Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Augmentin: An antibiotic. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance

Dictionary 55

whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of cephalexin. [NIH] Ceftazidime: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [NIH]

Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

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Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

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of subsidiary means. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH]

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Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half

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of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis D: Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus in association with hepatitis B. It is endemic in some European countries and is seen in drug users, hemophiliacs, and polytransfused persons. [NIH] Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. Officially this is classified as a subviral satellite RNA. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

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Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or

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incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Oxytetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of ampicillin. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a

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fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

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Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Root Planing: A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Single-agent: The use of a single drug or other therapy. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by

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refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU]

Dictionary 67

Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also

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called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH]

69

INDEX A Abdominal, 6, 16, 53, 63 Abscess, 6, 53, 59 Adjuvant, 53 Adverse Effect, 31, 53, 65 Agar, 53, 63 Algorithms, 53, 55 Alimentary, 53, 61, 63 Alternative medicine, 30, 53 Aluminum, 9, 53 Aluminum Hydroxide, 9, 53 Amber, 53, 60 Amebiasis, 53, 62 Amikacin, 19, 53 Amoxicillin, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 53 Ampicillin, 18, 53, 63 Ampulla, 53, 56 Anaerobic, 54, 59, 66, 68 Analog, 4, 54, 56, 63 Analogous, 54, 58, 67 Anesthesia, 54, 64 Anions, 54, 64 Antibacterial, 11, 54, 55, 56, 64, 66 Antibiotic, 4, 5, 7, 8, 18, 29, 31, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 63, 66 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 7, 54 Antibody, 54, 60 Antigen, 54, 60 Antimicrobial, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 54, 56, 58 Anus, 54, 61, 65 Arterial, 54, 64 Arteries, 54, 55, 57, 62 Asymptomatic, 53, 54, 59 B Bacteraemia, 15, 54, 59 Bacteria, 8, 12, 19, 31, 54, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Bacterial Infections, 4, 10, 54 Bacteriophage, 54, 63 Base, 54, 61 Bile, 55, 59, 61 Bile Pigments, 55, 61 Biliary, 55, 56 Bioavailability, 9, 55 Biological Transport, 55, 57 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 26, 30, 37, 55

Bladder, 55, 57, 67 Blennorrhoea, 55, 59 Blood vessel, 55, 60, 65, 66, 68 Branch, 49, 55, 65 Broad-spectrum, 53, 55 Bronchi, 55 Bronchitis, 10, 11, 55, 56 C Carcinogen, 55, 62 Case report, 10, 55, 56, 58 Cefaclor, 6, 11, 12, 19, 55 Ceftazidime, 12, 55 Ceftriaxone, 12, 55 Cefuroxime, 6, 9, 11, 13, 19, 55 Cell, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68 Cell Division, 54, 56 Cephalexin, 9, 55, 56 Cephaloridine, 55, 56 Cephalothin, 56 Cephradine, 19, 56 Chancroid, 19, 56 Cholestasis, 7, 15, 20, 56 Chronic, 10, 11, 31, 53, 56, 60, 66 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 11, 56 Cimetidine, 9, 56 Clavulanic Acid, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 56 Clindamycin, 31, 56 Clinical study, 56, 57 Clinical trial, 3, 37, 56, 64 Cloning, 55, 56 Cofactor, 56, 64 Computational Biology, 37, 56 Connective Tissue, 56, 58 Contraindications, ii, 57 Controlled clinical trial, 18, 57 Conventional therapy, 31, 57 Conventional treatment, 57 Coronary, 57, 62 Coronary Thrombosis, 57, 62 Co-trimoxazole, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 57 Curettage, 57, 65 Cutaneous, 19, 57, 59 Cystitis, 16, 57 Cytochrome, 56, 57 D Databases, Bibliographic, 37, 57

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Degenerative, 57, 60 Dentifrices, 53, 57 Diagnostic procedure, 30, 57 Diarrhea, 14, 22, 29, 53, 57 Diffusion, 13, 55, 57, 59, 61 Direct, iii, 31, 57, 59, 65 Doxycycline, 6, 58 Drug Design, 4, 58 Drug Interactions, 31, 58 Drug Tolerance, 58, 66 E Efficacy, 5, 6, 11, 14, 18, 22, 58 Electrolyte, 58, 64 Emphysema, 56, 58 Empiric, 17, 58 Endemic, 58, 60 Endocarditis, 58, 59 Environmental Health, 36, 38, 58 Enzyme, 58, 63, 68 Epidemiological, 58 F Family Planning, 37, 58 Fat, 58, 65 Fatal Outcome, 10, 58 Fibrosis, 18, 58 G Gallbladder, 53, 55, 59 Gas, 57, 59 Gastric, 53, 56, 59, 60, 63 Gastric Acid, 53, 56, 59 Gastrin, 56, 59 Gene, 26, 55, 59 Genital, 59, 67 Genitourinary, 6, 9, 11, 13, 19, 59, 67 Giardiasis, 59, 62 Glomerular, 59, 65 Gonorrhea, 19, 55, 59 Gonorrhoea, 9, 13, 19, 20, 59 Governing Board, 59, 64 Gram-negative, 12, 15, 55, 56, 59 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 12, 15, 59 Gram-positive, 4, 15, 55, 56, 59, 66 Growth, 54, 59, 62, 65 H Haemodialysis, 16, 59 Haemophilus, 55, 56, 59 Half-Life, 55, 59 Hemolytic, 60 Hepatic, 20, 60 Hepatitis, 11, 15, 60 Hepatitis D, 11, 60 Hepatitis Delta Virus, 60

Hepatocyte, 56, 60 Heredity, 59, 60 Histamine, 56, 60 Hyperbilirubinemia, 60, 61 Hysterectomy, 7, 60 I Id, 22, 42, 48, 50, 60 Impairment, 56, 60, 64 Impetigo, 12, 60 In vitro, 12, 15, 60 In vivo, 60 Incision, 60, 61 Indicative, 25, 60, 68 Infarction, 57, 60, 62 Infection, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 53, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68 Infiltration, 61, 64 Inflammation, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67 Inhalation, 18, 61 Inner ear, 55, 61 Interstitial, 61, 65 Intestines, 53, 61 Intracellular, 60, 61, 64 Intrahepatic, 7, 15, 61 Intramuscular, 61, 63 Intravenous, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 61, 63 Intrinsic, 11, 61 Invasive, 15, 61 J Jaundice, 10, 11, 60, 61 K Kanamycin, 53, 61 Kb, 36, 61 L Large Intestine, 61, 65 Library Services, 48, 61 Lincomycin, 56, 61 Lipopolysaccharide, 59, 61 Lipoprotein, 59, 61 Liver, 53, 55, 59, 60, 61 Localized, 56, 60, 61, 63 Lymphatic, 60, 62 Lymphoid, 62 Lymphoma, 42, 62 M MEDLINE, 37, 62 Membrane, 59, 62, 63 Meninges, 55, 62 Meningitis, 59, 62 Metronidazole, 6, 7, 12, 16, 18, 31, 62 MI, 51, 62

Index 71

Microorganism, 56, 62, 68 Modeling, 58, 62 Molecular, 37, 39, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 62 Multidrug resistance, 4, 62 Myocardium, 62 N Necrosis, 60, 62 Need, 4, 26, 30, 43, 62, 66 Neonatal, 59, 62 Neoplastic, 62 Nerve, 54, 62, 63, 64, 66 Neutropenia, 17, 62 Neutrophils, 62 Nosocomial, 4, 62 O Oophoritis, 59, 63 Otitis, 5, 6, 12, 14, 17, 22, 29, 63 Otitis Media, 5, 6, 12, 14, 17, 22, 29, 63 Otitis Media with Effusion, 12, 63 Ototoxic, 53, 63 Oxytetracycline, 9, 63 P Paediatric, 8, 12, 17, 63 Pancreas, 53, 63 Parenteral, 14, 16, 63 Pelvic, 6, 7, 63 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 6, 7, 63 Penicillin, 6, 11, 18, 19, 53, 63 Penicillinase, 11, 18, 63 Pepsin, 56, 63 Pepsin A, 56, 63 Periodontitis, 31, 63 Peritonitis, 59, 63 Pharmacokinetic, 6, 16, 63 Pharmacologic, 54, 60, 63, 67 Pilot study, 6, 16, 63 Pivampicillin, 5, 63 Plaque, 19, 31, 63 Potassium, 14, 20, 22, 64 Practice Guidelines, 38, 64 Prevalence, 10, 19, 64 Probenecid, 19, 64 Procaine, 19, 64 Progressive, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65 Prophylaxis, 6, 7, 8, 64 Protein S, 26, 55, 64, 66 Proteins, 54, 63, 64, 65, 67 Protozoal, 57, 64 Public Policy, 37, 64 Publishing, 4, 64 Purulent, 53, 59, 64 Pustular, 60, 64

R Radiation, 62, 64 Randomized, 6, 7, 8, 58, 64, 65 Randomized clinical trial, 7, 65 Reabsorption, 64, 65 Rectal, 13, 65 Rectum, 54, 59, 61, 65 Refer, 1, 63, 65 Refraction, 65, 66 Regimen, 29, 58, 65 Renal failure, 7, 60, 65 Renal tubular, 64, 65 Root Planing, 31, 65 S Salpingitis, 59, 65 Screening, 56, 65 Secretion, 56, 60, 65 Semisynthetic, 53, 55, 56, 65 Sepsis, 15, 16, 65 Serum, 13, 53, 63, 65 Side effect, 31, 53, 65, 67 Single-agent, 18, 65 Soft tissue, 8, 11, 65 Specialist, 43, 65 Species, 53, 58, 59, 65, 66, 67 Spectrum, 5, 65 Sputum, 18, 66 Staphylococcal Infections, 18, 66 Staphylococcus, 60, 66 Staphylococcus aureus, 60, 66 Stomach, 53, 59, 61, 63, 66 Streptococci, 60, 66 Subacute, 60, 66 Subclinical, 60, 66 Subcutaneous, 63, 66 Suppurative, 59, 66 Systemic, 31, 60, 66 T Teichoic Acids, 59, 66 Tetracycline, 31, 58, 66 Thrombosis, 64, 66 Tinnitus, 63, 66 Tissue, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66 Tolerance, 11, 66 Topical, 18, 67 Toxic, iv, 4, 67 Toxicity, 58, 67 Toxicology, 38, 67 Toxins, 54, 60, 67 Transfection, 55, 67 Trauma, 62, 66, 67, 68 Trichomoniasis, 62, 67

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Tuberculosis, 15, 67 U Unconscious, 60, 67 Uremia, 65, 67 Ureters, 67 Urethra, 67 Urethritis, 18, 20, 59, 67 Uricosuric, 64, 67 Urinary, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 55, 57, 59, 67 Urinary tract, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 19, 55, 67 Urinary tract infection, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 19, 67 Urine, 55, 67 Urogenital, 13, 59, 67 Uterus, 60, 67

V Vaccines, 53, 67, 68 Vagina, 67, 68 Vaginal, 8, 68 Vaginosis, 6, 68 Vascular, 60, 68 Vein, 61, 68 Venous, 64, 68 Vertigo, 63, 68 Veterinary Medicine, 37, 68 Virus, 54, 60, 63, 68 Vitro, 15, 68 W White blood cell, 54, 62, 68 Wound Infection, 7, 68

Index 73

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Index 75

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