Atrial Septal Defect - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

TRIAL EPTAL EFECT A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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TRIAL EPTAL EFECT A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Atrial Septal Defect: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00111-X 1. Atrial Septal Defect-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on atrial septal defect. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT ........................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Atrial Septal Defect....................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT ................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Atrial Septal Defect ..................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT ........................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on Atrial Septal Defect.................................................................................................... 61 Patent Applications on Atrial Septal Defect................................................................................ 63 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT............................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Chapters on Atrial Septal Defect ................................................................................................. 65 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 79 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 79 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 85 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 87 ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT DICTIONARY ................................................................................ 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 113

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with atrial septal defect is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about atrial septal defect, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to atrial septal defect, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on atrial septal defect. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to atrial septal defect, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on atrial septal defect. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on atrial septal defect.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and atrial septal defect, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Otodental Syndrome, Oculo-Facio-Cardio-Dental (OCFD) Syndrome, and Lobodontia: Dental Disorders of Interest to the Pediatric Radiologist Source: Pediatric Radiology. 28(10): 802-804. October 1998. Summary: This article presents three unusual dental anomalies which should be of interest to the pediatric radiologist. The first is otodental syndrome, an autosomal dominant syndrome of bizarre, greatly enlarged teeth with bulbous crowns (globodontia) that spares the incisors, which appears in combination with sensorineural hearing loss. The second is oculofaciocardiodental syndrome, an X linked dominant syndrome that is lethal in males, characterized by congenital cataracts, unusual facies, atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and canine teeth that cease to grow only when they cut off their own blood supply by growing through the orbit and

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lower border of the mandible. The third is lobodontia, a dominant disorder characterized by teeth whose crowns resemble those of a wolf. The author briefly reviews the literature of each, focusing on case reports. 3 figures. 23 references.

Federally Funded Research on Atrial Septal Defect The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to atrial septal defect. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to atrial septal defect. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore atrial septal defect. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for atrial septal defect: •

Project Title: ANTICOAGULATION POST-FONTAN/CLOSURE OF ASDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccrindle, Brian W.; Hospital for Sick Chldrn (Toronto) 555 University Ave Toronto, On Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Patient-related research in heart problems in children has been of limited quality, because of lack of collaboration and emphasis on information provided in medical charts. Important problems remain controversial and unsolved. The Fontan operation is designed for patients who have only one pumping chamber, and guides blood from the major veins returning to the heart directly into the lung arteries, with the pumping chamber reserved to pump blood into the arteries of the body. Afterwards, blood flows differently and more slowly in the veins and lungs, and clots may form, which can cause strokes. The proposed study aims to determine the risk of clots and the best way to prevent them. The study will consist of a review medical charts on a large number of patients who have had Fontan to help determine the risk of clots. For patients who will have Fontan, they will be enrolled in a study where they will be randomly assigned to different types of medications to prevent clots, which will be compared. For patients who have already had the Fontan, they will be enrolled in a similar study where they will randomly assigned to either aspirin or a medication called warfarin. In both the studies, the patients will have regular check-ups and tests for a two year period to see if clots occur and which type of medicine best prevents the clots. Atrial septal defects, or holes between the two collecting chambers of the heart, can lead to heart failure and heart rhythmn problems. They can be closed with surgery, or by placing a special patch or device with a catheter. The proposed study aims to determine whether closure is better with surgery or the catheter method, and whether there are

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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any differences in closure with different types of catheter devices. The study will review medical charts of children who have had closure of these holes, and compare surgery and catheter methods. A second part of the study will enroll children with holes which need to be closed, and randomly assign them to either surgery or the catheter method. For patients assigned to the catheter method, they will be further randomly assigned to one of two types of catheter devices. Comparisons will be made between surgery and the two catheter methods regarding the completeness of closure and complications. A further analysis will look at patient preferences and the costs for these different types of procedures, to help determine the best way to close these holes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE WITH LV NONCOMPACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Professor; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC), a form of myocardium disease which presents in infancy as heart failure, is characterized as a hypertrophic and dilated left ventricle with systolic dysfunction, deep endomyocardial recesses and trabeculations, and in some patients, congenital heart disease (CHD). When CHD occurs, it most commonly includes atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), right heart obstruction, or hypoplastic left heart syndrome. This disorder may be inherited as an autosomal dominant or X-LINKED trait. In the X- linked form, the gene G4.5 which encodes the tafazzin protein, has been found to be mutated in some patients but the mechanism of disease has not been discovered. No gene(s) has been identified for the autosomal dominant form. In the subproject, families with LVNC will be recruited and the genes for the disease will be pursued using a primary candidate gene approach utilizing our "final common pathway" hypothesis. In this hypothesis, we speculate that a central target protein is mutated directly or affected secondarily by an interacting cascade pathway, resulting in a specific phenotype. This hypothesis suggests that the final pathway or dilated cardiomyopathy is cytoskeletal/sarcolemmal abnormalities; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is known to occur due to abnormalities of the sarcomere. Since these phenotypes are both involved in LVNC, genes encoding proteins involved in these pathways will be screened. In addition, this Program Project hypothesizes that transcription factors are disrupted in CHD, and therefore the interacting signaling cascade pathway(s) associated with the LVNC disease-causing gene will be identified. We have recently identified mutations in the alpha- dystrobrevin genes in patients with LVNC and this gene will be studied in a mutant mouse and the interacting proteins will be identified. The specific aims of this subproject include: (1) Identification and recruitment of families with LVNC; (2) Identification and characterization of genes responsible of genes responsible for LVNC; (3) Development and characterization of mouse models of LVNC, including alpha- dystrobrevin; and (4) Identification of protein-protein interactions and characterization of the mechanisms and pathways leading to associated CHD. Appropriate transcription factors and signaling pathways, particularly those interacting with the TGF-beta pathway studied in the other subprojects. Completion of this subproject will improve our understanding of the "final common pathways" involved in myocardial disease and CHD in children. In addition, successful completion of this subproject will clarify the role of signaling pathways in dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and lead to new paradigms in cardiac structure and function relationships. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INHERITED CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Seidman, Christine E.; Professor; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract) Congenital heart defects are common human malformations that cause significant morbidity, mortality, in addition to substantial social and economic costs. Birth defect registries indicated congenital heart defects occur in approximately 1 percent of human lie births and 10 percent of stillbirths (1). Over the past 30 years major advances have occurred in the diagnosis and management of heart defects in infants and children. Far less is known about the normal molecular signals or pathways that direct human cardiac morphogenesis, nor how and why these processes sometimes fail. Application of human genetic analysis to the study of inherited congenital heart disease has enormous potential to provide novel insights into these complex human processes. The focus of this application is to define the molecular causes of inherited human congenital heart defects. The investigators have recently identified three loci that cause human cardiac malformations. (1) Holt-Oram syndrome which maps tot chromosome 12q2 is caused by mutations in human TBX5. This congenital malformation causes skeletal and ventricular septal defects and sinus or atrioventricular septal defects, and sinus or atrio-ventricular nodal abnormalities that arise independent of septation defects). (2) The investigators have recently mapped gene defects that cause non-syndromic secundum atrial septal defects with associated atrioventricular conduction delays to chromosome 5q and have demonstrated the causal gene at this locus to be Nkappax2.5 (also termed hCSx). (3) The investigators have defined a locus on chromosome 5p that causes non-syndromic secundum atrial septal defects without conduction defects. Individuals affected by mutations in the 5q and 5p loci may have normal cardiac structure, atrial septal aneurysm, bicuspid aortic valve, persistent left superior vena cava, or more complex structural defects (such as tetralogy of Fallot). This variable expressivity combined with reduced penetrance of these gene mutations have partially obscured the familial (and genetic) nature of these congenital heart defects. The investigators' data and studies by others clearly demonstrate genetic heterogeneity of human congenital heart disease. Further identification and characterization of mutations in known disease genes and those yet to be defined should therefore provide a better understanding of human cardiac morphogenesis and the molecular basis of cardiac malformations. Development and characterization of animal models with these mutations should help explain the variable expression of these mutations. Ultimately these studies may also improve the understanding of non-familial congenital heart disease. The investigators propose to address these issues through the following specific aims: (1) characterize further the clinical manifestations of human TBX5 and Nkappax2.5 mutations to elucidate structure/function relationships; (2) identify other gene defects that cause heritable cardiac malformations using positional cloning and candidate gene analyses; (3) engineer and characterize mice with human TBX5 mutations in other cardiac malformation genes; and (5) test the hypothesis that TBX5 is subject to allelic exclusion in some cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC BASIS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Benson, D Woodrow.; Professor; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: Secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart defect accounting for 10% of isolated congenital heart disease. Some individuals with ASD have a family history of this defect; some familial ASD kindreds also have other congenital heart defects and co-existing atrioventricular (AV) conduction abnormalities. The genetic basis for these observations remains unclear. Preliminary studies on seven kindreds in whom ASD was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait confirmed these observations and also identified loci on chromosome 5p and 5q through genetic linkage analysis. In a kindred mapping to the 59 locus, the clinical status of all family members can be accounted for by a model of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. In three kindreds mapping to the 5q locus, there is full disease penetrance, variable expressivity. In three kindreds mapping to the 5q locus, there is full disease penetrance, variable expressivity and affected individuals have associated AV conduction abnormalities. Thus, familial ASD is genetically heterogeneous; reduced disease penetrance and variable expressivity occur in some kindreds. A genome-wide search for a third locus is underway in one kindred, and three other kindreds are being clinically evaluated. The following studies are proposed: 1. To identify additional kindreds in whom ASD appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and map the kindreds to known loci on chromosome 5p and 5q. 2. To refine the genetic map of the chromosome 5p and 5q loci, construct a physical map, identify candidate genes and screen them for mutations. 3. To perform a genome-wide search to identify additional for familial ASD in kindreds that do not map to chromosome 5q or 5p. 4. To make a mouse model of familial ASD. These specific aims have been developed based upon the rationale and feasibility demonstrated in preliminary data. The availability of multiple kindreds at different stages of genetic evaluation is key to ensuring successful completion of the proposed studies. Based on preliminary studies, at least three genes can cause ASD. To date there have been no report of a gene whose mutation causes a simple, common heart defect such as ASD. Identification of such genes would provide an important perspective of both normal and abnormal cardiac development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC MODIFIERS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Harvey, Richard P.; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute 384 Victoria St Sydney, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long term aim is to identify genes affecting atrial septal defect (ASD) and other congenital cardiac abnormalities in humans, and to study their mechanism of action. The genetic basis of idiopathic ASD, and the genetic modifiers of familial ASD, are unknown. We have extensively characterised a mouse model of human familial ASD due to mutations in the cardiac homeobox gene NKX2-5. As in human families, heterozygous mutations in murine Nkx2-5 confer ASD and conduction abnormalities, but with less penetrance and expressivity. Overt ASD occurs in 1 in 100 Nkx2-5 heterozygotes, although atrial septal dysmorphogenesis is evident as dramatically increased frequencies of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and septal aneurysm. While PFO in humans is in most cases clinically benign, it can nonetheless be regarded as a mild variant of ASD, and indeed our studies in mice strongly support the hypothesis that there is a pathological continuum between PFO and ASD. In the course of our studies, we recognised a pronounced variability in the frequency of PFO and other septal abnormalities between inbred strains of wildtype mice. These strain-specific effects also profoundly modify the incidence and severity of septal defects in Nkx2-5 heterozygotes. The Nkx2-5 model provides a powerful genetic resource to identify

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modifiers of familial ASD/PFO, as well as QTL underlying idiopathic ASD. Since ASD/PFO is just one of the manifestations of Nkx2-5 mutation in both humans and mice, we further hypothesise that modifiers of ASD/PFO will have a broader role in the genetics of congenital heart defects. We will use QTL analysis to identify chromosomal regions determining frequency of PFO in different inbred mouse strains. We have identified an anatomical parameter, the length of the atrial septum primum flap valve, which correlates near perfectly with the percentage of PFO in a particular strain. This parameter will form the main basis of our QTL analysis. Genes responsible for QTL of highest impact will be identified by candidate gene approaches aided by the mouse genome project and microarray analysis. Their relevance to incidence, penetrance and phentypic expression in familial and idiopathic ASDs in humans will be assessed using our patient DNA resource. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THREE CARDIAC DEFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lauer, Ronald M.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract) Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are thought to result from genetic and environmental factors that disturb cardiac embryogenesis. Because families with multiple members affected with atrial septal defects (ASDs) and atrioventricular canal defects (AVCDs) have been described, and the paramembranous ventricular septum is in part completed by the formation of the atrioventricular cushions, this project describes a genetic-epidemiologic study of ASDs, paramembranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and AVCDs. Three groups of subjects, each with surgically- or echocardiographically-confirmed diagnoses of ASDs, VSDs or AVCDs have been identified for study at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, and at Wolfson Children's Hospital in Jacksonville, Florida. A fourth group of older subjects with ASDs and their progeny will be studied at Iowa because of the reported high recurrence of heart disease in the offspring of subjects with ASDs. The strategy proposed calls upon the molecular genetic capacities available at the University of Iowa to carry out genome-wide searches for genetic loci involved in these defects. Several candidate regions have been identified for ASDs, VSDs and AVCDs. In addition, three well-recognized syndromes provide additional candidate regions - Down syndrome, Holt-Oram syndrome and 8p-syndrome. Parent-affected child trios will be genotyped for closely-spaced markers within these regions and linkage disequilibrium analysis will be used to narrow or exclude these candidate intervals. A genome-wide association study of the trios will employ a parsimonious technique in which DNA from cases with the same CHD phenotype will be pooled, and compared to the pooled DNA from their parents. Loci will be identified where the allele frequency distributions in the affected children and their parents are significantly different. When such loci are identified, a finer localization of the chromosomal area will be undertaken using a highdensity set of short tandem repeat polymorphic markers that spans each of the candidate intervals. This study has the potential to identify new candidate loci which are risk factors for the development of congenital heart defects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROBEHAVIORAL SEQUELAE OF CARDIAC SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bellinger, David C.; Professor of Neurology; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: APPLICANT'S Although the mortality associated with surgical repair of congenital heart defects has declined, the prevalence of adverse post-operative neurological sequalae, ranging from focal injury to subtle neurobehavioral dysfunctions is elevated among these patients. Some of the brain injury associated with cardiac surgery may be attributable to the procedures used intra-operatively to protect vital organs, particularly cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Studies attempting to determine the neurological risks associated with CPB have been hampered by the difficulty of assembling an appropriate control group of comparable patients whose repair procedure does not involve CPB. Recent advances in interventional cardiology have made available patients with congenital heart defects that can be repaired by means of transcatheter closure, without the need for CPB. The potential neurological risks associated with this repair strategy are not yet clear. Data from a retrospective (nonrandomized) pilot study suggested, however, that patients with an atrial septal defect (ASD) repaired by transcatheter closure scored significantly higher than patients with an ASD repaired surgically in terms of Full-Scale IQ, Performance IQ, and visualspatial skills. The proposed study is a prospective single-center randomized trial involving patients 3 to 15 years 11 months of age presenting for repair of an ASD. Patients will be randomly assigned to two treatment groups, closure by means of standard open-heart surgical methods that involve a period of mildly hypothermic CPB, or by means of a transcatheter delivered device. The target sample size is 20 patients per treatment group, to be enrolled over a 3.5-year period. Each patient will be administered a battery of age-appropriate neurobehavioral tests prior to ASD closure and the same battery of tests 12 months after closure. The primary endpoint is Full-Scale IQ. The hypothesis is that, in intention-to-treat analyses, change in Full-Scale IQ between the baseline and post-closure assessments will differ depending on treatment group, with surgical patients performing significantly worse than device patients. Secondary endpoints to be measured include visual-spatial skills, attention/vigilance, fine motor function, new learning, academic skills, and behavior. Implications for the clinical management of many patients with congenital heart defects will be substantial if the results indicate that even a brief period of CPB is associated with an increased risk of subsequent neurobehavioral dysfunction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF HEART CHAMBER FORMATION BY TBX5 Principal Investigator & Institution: Yutzey, Katherine E.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (the applicant's description verbatim): The molecular mechanisms by which congenital heart malformations arise are largely unknown. One of the few genes associated with developmental cardiac anomalies in humans is TBX5. Mutations in the TBX5 have been identified in families with Holt-Oram Syndrome (HOS) which includes atrial septal defects and other cardiac anomalies. The association of TBX5 with HOS provides a unique opportunity to examine the causes of congenital heart malformations at the molecular level. Tbx5 is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors and is expressed in a pattern consistent with roles in atrial lineage determination and

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cardiomyocyte cell proliferation. The central hypothesis is that Tbx5 promotes atrial lineage determination and inhibits cardiomyocyte proliferation. TBX5 mutations associated with HOS in the human population can result in expression of mutant proteins. The proposed experiments will examine the regulatory functions of HOS mutant proteins (HOSTbx5) relative to Tbx5 in atrial lineage determination and cardiomyocyte proliferation. Mechanistic experiments will be performed in both chicken and mouse embryos taking advantage of the strengths of each system. Chicken embryo heart segment specific explants will be used to determine how Tbx5 regulates atrial lineage determination and cardiomyocyte cell proliferation at cellular and molecular levels. Transgenic mice will be used to determine the effects of targeted alterations in Tbx5 function on heart morphogenesis in vivo. The specific aims are: 1) Target expression of Tbx5 or HOSThx5 to distinct segments of the heart forming region during atrial lineage determination. 2) Quantify cardiomyocyte proliferation in the presence of Thx5 or HOSTbx5. 3) Identify potential downstream targets of Tbx5 using a candidate gene approach. 4) Target heart compartment-specific expression of Tbx5 or HOSTbx5 in transgenic mice during early chamber morphogenesis. Together these studies will provide a thorough determination of Tbx5 function at molecular, cellular and organogenic levels. The functional comparison of Tbx5 with HOSTbx5 throughout the study will provide insight into potential molecular determinants of congenital heart disease. The long term goal of the proposed studies is to identify specific molecular and cellular mechanisms by which alterations in Tbx5 function evolve into congenital heart disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SEPTAL REPAIR DEVICE IN PATIENTS WITH SECUNDUM ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Hellenbrand, William E.; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: T BOX GENE IN CONGENITAL HEART AND LIMB DEFORMITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tabin, Clifford J.; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract) The broad goal of this project is to understand the genetic regulation of heart morphogenesis. The T-box family of transcription factors were first identified a splaying an important role in this process because mutations in one member of the family Tbx-5, are responsible for Holt-Oram syndrome, a human congenital disorder which includes atrial septal defects (ASD). This is a dominant mutation and it appears that the phenotype is produced by a half-dose of the gene product (haploinsufficiency) in individuals heterozygous for a loss-of-function mutation. The homozygous phenotype is not yet known in humans or in animal models, thus the gene may play an even more profound role in heart morphogenesis. Other members of this gene family are also expressed at early stages of heart development. These genes also appear to play important roles in limb development, offering a second very well characterized system in which to evaluate their molecular activities. The chick embryo system is ideal for investigating their functions. The egg affords continuous

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direct access to the developing heart throughout embryogenesis, allowing both experimental manipulations and physiological measurements. In addition the chick system allows easy and rapid gene misexpression using retroviral vectors, a method the investigators pioneered and have extensive experience with, including in studying left-right asymmetry during heart morphogenesis. The investigators will use this system to test the roles of different T- box genes in heart morphogenesis and limb patterning. More specifically, the aims are: (1) Examine the roles of T-box genes in heart development by: (a) further defining the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Tbx-2, 3, 4, and 5 during heart morphogenesis (preliminary data shows that they are expressed early and regionally restricted); (b) mis-expressing wild-type copies of the Tbx-2, 3, 4, and 5 genes throughout the early cardiac primordium, and assessing heart morphology; (c) mis-expressing forms of these genes designed to act as dominantnegative repressors of normal target transcription and assessing heart morphogenesis; and (d) utilize the Physiology Core to determine whether there is an alteration in physiological parameters (such as heart pressure changes) as a result of the viral misexpression of wild-type and mutant Tbx genes. Specific Aim 2 will test the roles of theses genes in limb development by (a) misexpression of the various wild-type genes utilizing the same viral vectors designed for the fear studies and (b) mis-expressing the dominantnegative variants of the genes. Specific Aim 3 will test whether the Tbx genes are induced in the cardiac primordium by BMP proteins and/or crescent, utilizing a combination of delivering of purified BMP proteins on carrier beads and virallymediated mis-expression of crescent, in collaboration with SCOR member Andrew Lassar. Specific Aim 4 will test whether the human mutation identified by the laboratory of SCOR member Christine Seidman are null alleles, hypomorphs or dominant-negative variants by assessing phenotypes after viral mis-expression in both the heart and the limb, allowing the variable expressivity of different mutations to be addressed. Specific Aim 5 will test whether the related Tbx genes are functionally redundant or are providing distinct positional information in the developing embryo, taking advantage of the availability of a powerful limb-specific promoter for transgenic mice. Colleagues on the SCOR grant from the Seidman laboratory are knocking out different Tbx genes (Project II). These will be cross to transgenic Tbx mice to test whether the same and/or different Tbx genes can complement the limb defect produced by the knockout. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TELEROBOTIC MINIMALLY INVASIVE ASD REPAIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Cannon, Jeremy W.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-AUG-2002; Project End 23-JUN-2003 Summary: This proposal aims to determine the role of haptic feedback in telerobotic repair of an intra-cardiac defect. We will first develop the techniques for performing an atrial septal defect repair in an animal model utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass and then we will assess the impact that the presence or absence of haptic feedback has on the facility of ASD repair. In the first phase, the animal model will be developed including cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass with access via femoral and jugular veins, determination of optimal port position for access to the right atriums, optimizing position of the robotic arms for manipulation of atrium and atrial septum as well suturing within the atrium. In the second phase, the role of haptic feedback providing the surgeon information regarding tissue tension in order to facilitate repair and minimize trauma to the cardiac tissues will be assessed utilizing the previously

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developed model. The initial experiments will be done with an open chest model and subsequently a port access procedure will be developed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Svensson, Eric C.; Medicine; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: Significant progress has been made over the last decade in our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of cardiac development. Such progress has led to insights into the molecular mechanisms of congenital heart disease and has implications for our understanding of cardiomyocyte stem cells. To date, work in the field of cardiac development has focused on transcriptional activators and their role in cardiogenesis. Recent progress in developmental biology indicates that transcriptional repressors are also critical for a number of developmental events including heart formation. FOG-2 is one such transcriptional co-repressor that we have previously shown is required for cardiogenesis. FOG-2 is first expressed at murine embryonic day 8.5 in the developing heart tube and physically associates with the transcriptional activator GATA4. Mice deficient in FOG-2 die in mid-gestation of heart failure secondary to cardiac malformations. These malformations include a common atrioventricular valve, pulmonic stenosis, an atrial septal defect, and left ventricular wall hypoplasia. In this proposal, we outline further research to define the transcriptional pathway utilized by FOG-2 to regulate cardiogenesis. Specifically, we propose to (1) characterize an alternative transcript of the FOG-2 gene, (2) identify the upstream regulators of FOG-2 gene expression, and (3) determine genes that are downstream in the transcriptional pathway regulated by FOG-2. The results of such work will further define the transcriptional hierarchy orchestrating heart formation and may lead to the identification of novel transcriptional regulators of cardiac development. Further, this work may also lead to novel insights into the molecular basis for congenital heart disease and may define a general paradigm for the role of FOG family members in other cell and developmental contexts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for atrial septal defect in the PubMed Central database: 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Combined Percutaneous Atrial Septal Defect Occlusion and Pulmonary Balloon Valvuloplasty in Adult Patients. by Medina A, de Lezo JS, Delgado A, Caballero E, Segura J, Romero M.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101060

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Repair of atrial septal defect due to penetrating trauma. by Jenson B, Kessler RM, Follis F, Wernly JA.; 1993; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325099

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Sizing of Atrial Septal Defects to Predict Successful Closure with Transcatheter CardioSEAL[TM] Device. by El-Said HG, Bezold LI, Grifka RG, Pignatelli RH, McMahon CJ, Schutte DA, Smith EO, Mullins CE.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101171

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Successful closure of a previously unsuspected atrial septal defect by an implantable Clamshell device and subsequent transvenous pacemaker implantation. by Friedman RA, O'Laughlin MP, Moak JP, Perry JC, Mullins CE, Garson A Jr, Feltes TF.; 1994; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325152

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with atrial septal defect, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for atrial septal defect (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A mouse model of congenital heart disease: cardiac arrhythmias and atrial septal defect caused by haploinsufficiency of the cardiac transcription factor Csx/Nkx2.5. Author(s): Tanaka M, Berul CI, Ishii M, Jay PY, Wakimoto H, Douglas P, Yamasaki N, Kawamoto T, Gehrmann J, Maguire CT, Schinke M, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Kurachi Y, Izumo S. Source: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2002; 67: 317-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12858555

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A right atrial thrombus mimicking cardiac tumor after atrial septal defect closure operation. Author(s): Erentug V, Bozbuga N, Erdogan HB, Mataraci I, Akinci E. Source: Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi : Akd = the Anatolian Journal of Cardiology. 2003 September; 3(3): 288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967905

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Abnormalities of left ventricular function and geometry in adults with an atrial septal defect. Ventriculographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies. Author(s): Popio KA, Gorlin R, Teichholz LE, Cohn PF, Bechtel D, Herman MV. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1975 September; 36(3): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1166835

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Absent posteroinferior and anterosuperior atrial septal defect rims: Factors affecting nonsurgical closure of large secundum defects using the Amplatzer occluder. Author(s): Mathewson JW, Bichell D, Rothman A, Ing FF. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2004 January; 17(1): 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712189

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Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: Report of a case associated with an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Torres Aybar FG, Lopez Busquets RH, Rodriguez Estape HF. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1976 January; 68(1): 9-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1062207

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Arrhythmias in atrial septal defect: a pre- and postoperative evaluation. Author(s): Joy MV, Venkitachalam CG, Balakrishnan KG, Mohansingh MP, Valiathan MS. Source: Indian Heart J. 1986 March-April; 38(2): 129-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3557505

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Assessment of left ventricular function in secundum atrial septal defect: evaluation by determination of volume, pressure, and external systolic time indices. Author(s): Levin AR, Liebson PR, Ehlers KH, Diamant B. Source: Pediatric Research. 1975 December; 9(12): 894-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1196707

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Association of secundum atrial septal defect with abnormalities of atrioventricular conduction or left axis deviation. Genetic study of 10 families. Author(s): Emanuel R, O'Brien K, Somerville J, Jefferson K, Hegde M. Source: British Heart Journal. 1975 October; 37(10): 1085-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1191421

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Atrial septal defect (secundum) associated with mitral regurgitation. Author(s): Hynes KM, Frye RL, Brandenburg RO, McGoon DC, Titus JL, Giuliani ER. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1974 September; 34(3): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4850687

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Atrial septal defect and myocardial infarct. Author(s): Cavarocchi NC. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 November; 74(5): 1694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12440635

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Atrial septal defect in adults > or =40 years old: negative impact of low arterial oxygen saturation. Author(s): Rosas M, Attie F, Sandoval J, Castellano C, Buendia A, Zabal C, Granados N. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2004 February; 93(2-3): 145-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14975540

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Atrial septal defect in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with coronary spasm. Author(s): Morito N, Ogawa M, Matsuo S, Mihara H, Miyoshi K, Yahiro E, Fujimi K, Ohta T, Kodama S, Yamanouchi Y, Urata H, Hiroki T, Saku K. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2004 February; 93(2-3): 339-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14975579

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Atrial septal defect in Malta. Author(s): Grech V. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1999 April; 35(2): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10365359

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Atrial septal defect in patients over the age of 50. Author(s): Paolillo V, Dawkins KD, Miller GA. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1985 October; 9(2): 139-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4055142

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Atrial septal defect repair with minithoracotomy using two stage single venous cannula. Author(s): Demirsoy E, Arbatli H, Unal M, Yagan N, Tukenmez F, Sonmez B. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004 February; 45(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15041931

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Atrial septal defect with pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Gerard FP, Sabety AM, Madaras JS Jr. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1969 June; 66(6): 271-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5255192

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Atrial septal defect. Review of ten year experience. Author(s): Miller JI, Sams AB, Hatcher CR. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1976 January; 65(1): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1245802

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Atrial septal defect: echocardiographic observations. Studies in 120 patients. Author(s): Radtke WE, Tajik AJ, Gau GT, Schattenberg TT, Giuliani ER, Tancredi RG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1976 March; 84(3): 246-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1259258

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Atrial septal defect: surgical correction in the elderly patient. Author(s): Waters DJ, Hoff GL, Stanley WE. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1986 February; 86(2): 100-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3949561

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Atrioventricular conduction disturbance in adults with secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Lien WP, Lee YS. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1974 November; 73(11): 623-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4532145

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Backtable ventricular and atrial septal defect repair of an Eisenmenger allograft with concomitant domino heart transplantation. Author(s): Gorlitzer M, Ankersmit HJ, Wollenek G, Wisser W, Wieselthaler G, Haisjackl M, Horvat R, Gabriel H, Wolner E, Grimm M. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 February; 123(2): 3746. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11828310

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Bacterial endocarditis of the pulmonic valve. Association with atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum type. Author(s): Garcia R, Taber RE. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1966 August; 18(2): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5913014

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Balloon catheter test in patients with atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Author(s): Sakurai T, Hoshino H, Suzuki Y, Yokoi H, Sakanaka K, Enomoto K, Okada N. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1980 November; 21(6): 779-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7463719

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Balloon occlusion of atrial septal defect to assess right ventricular capability in hypoplastic right heart syndrome. Author(s): Bass JL, Fuhrman BP, Lock JE. Source: Circulation. 1983 November; 68(5): 1081-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6225563

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Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for pulmonary valve stenosis with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Nakasato M, Suzuki H, Sato S, Komatsu H, Hayasaka K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 March 15; 79(6): 838-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9070577

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Bidirectional shunt in uncomplicated atrial septal defect. Author(s): Galve E, Angel J, Evangelista A, Anivarro I, Permanyer-Miralda G, SolerSoler J. Source: British Heart Journal. 1984 May; 51(5): 480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721944

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Bidirectional shunt through a residual atrial septal defect after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Author(s): Lai LP, Shyu KG, Hsu KL, Chiang FT, Tseng CD, Tseng YZ. Source: Cardiology. 1993; 83(3): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8281535

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Bilateral abdominal aplasia cutis congenita associated with atrial septal defect: a case report. Author(s): Tekinalp G, Yurdakok M, Kara A, Gokoz A, Sahin S, Sackesen C, Hindioglu U. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 March-April; 14(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144697

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Bilateral congenital longitudinal deficiency of the tibia associated with split hand and atrial septal defect. Author(s): Cerrahoglu K, Izci Y, Apaydin O, Torun T. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2004 January; 13(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15127770

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Bilateral coronary arteriovenous fistula coexistent with atrial septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Author(s): Ha JW, Lee HJ, Lee JY, Kim HY, Yoon J, Choe KH. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1997 June; 38(3): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9259620

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Bilateral Ebstein-like anomaly with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Kasznica J, Helmann M, Collins JP, Akhtar R. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1995 January; 36(1): 119-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7760509

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Body surface isopotential T map for assessment of right ventricular volume and pressure overloads in secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Nakasato M, Akiba T, Sato S, Hayasaka K. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 1996 July-August; 17(4): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8662046

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Brain abscess in a patient with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Chotmongkol V, Kiatchoosakhun S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 November; 82(11): 1167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10659555

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Broken cardiac catheter--successful removal from the heart under emergency cardiopulmonary bypass with concommittant closure of an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Panday SR, Nanivadekar SA, Chaukar AP, Kelkar MD, Kale PA. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1972 October; 18(4): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4663122

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Bronchospirometric findings in scimitar syndrome and a new method for the differentiation of anomalous venous drainage from atrial septal defect. Author(s): Tsitouris G, Lekos D, Vassilikos C, Corcondilas A. Source: Chest. 1973 February; 63(2): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4688077

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Budd-Chiari syndrome as late complication of secundum atrial septal defect closure. Author(s): Diegeler A, Van Son JA, Mohr FW. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 1997 September; 12(3): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9332934

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Cardiac homeobox gene NKX2-5 mutations and congenital heart disease: associations with atrial septal defect and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Author(s): Elliott DA, Kirk EP, Yeoh T, Chandar S, McKenzie F, Taylor P, Grossfeld P, Fatkin D, Jones O, Hayes P, Feneley M, Harvey RP. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 June 4; 41(11): 2072-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798584

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Cardiopulmonary bypass to repair an atrial septal defect does not affect cognitive function in children. Author(s): Stavinoha PL, Fixler DE, Mahony L. Source: Circulation. 2003 June 3; 107(21): 2722-5. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12742985

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Chiari network entanglement and herniation into the left atrium by an atrial septal defect occluder device. Author(s): Cooke JC, Gelman JS, Harper RW. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1999 July; 12(7): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10398920

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Clinical and hemodynamic observations after surgical closure of large atrial septal defect complicated by heart failure. Author(s): Tikoff G, Keith TB, Nelson RM, Kuida H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1969 June; 23(6): 810-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5785160

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Clinical study on the flow murmurs at the defect area of atrial septal defect by means of intracardiac phonocardiography. Author(s): Kambe T, Hibi N, Ito H, Arakawa T, Nishimura K. Source: American Heart Journal. 1976 January; 91(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1244721

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Closure of atrial septal defect and migraine. Author(s): Gupta VK. Source: Headache. 2004 March; 44(3): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15012673

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Closure of atrial septal defect: is the debate over? Author(s): Thilen UJ. Source: European Heart Journal. 2003 October; 24(19): 1797; Author Reply 1797-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522578

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Closure of secundum atrial septal defect in adults. Author(s): Elahi MM, Belcher PR, Pollock JC. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 March; 13(3): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12689527

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Coexistence of mitral valve disease and atrial septal defect. Author(s): Demos NJ, Gerard F, Sabety A, Yadusky R, Timmes JJ, Torruella JM. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1968 May-June; 9(3): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4232292

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Combined percutaneous treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis and atrial septal defect in an adult patient. Author(s): Fonseca N, Anjos R, Teixeira A, Rossi R, Menezes I, Ferreira R, Martins M. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 2003 January; 22(1): 107-14. English, Portuguese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12712814

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Comparison of heart rate variability between surgical and interventional closure of atrial septal defect in children. Author(s): Bialkowski J, Karwot B, Szkutnik M, Sredniawa B, Chodor B, Zeifert B, Skiba A, Zyla-Frycz M, Kalarus Z. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 August 1; 92(3): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888155

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Comparison of intracardiac echocardiography versus transesophageal echocardiography guidance for percutaneous transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Boccalandro F, Baptista E, Muench A, Carter C, Smalling RW. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 February 15; 93(4): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14969617

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Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of atrial septal defect diameter in children. Author(s): Acar P, Dulac Y, Roux D, Rouge P, Duterque D, Aggoun Y. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 February 15; 91(4): 500-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12586280

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Complex of secundum atrial septal defect and congestive heart failure in infants. Author(s): Phillips SJ, Okies JE, Henken D, Sunderland CO, Starr A. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1975 October; 70(4): 696700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1177483

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Congenital atresia of the portal vein and extrahepatic portocaval shunt associated with benign neonatal hemangiomatosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and atrial septal defect. Author(s): Pohl A, Jung A, Vielhaber H, Pfluger T, Schramm T, Lang T, Kellnar S, Schober JG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 April; 38(4): 633-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12677584

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Constrictive pericarditis and atrial septal defect, secundum type. With special reference to left ventricular volumes and related hemodynamic findings. Author(s): Albers WH, Hugenholtz PG, Nadas AS. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1969 June; 23(6): 850-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4239484

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Contrast echocardiographic demonstration of right to left shunting in an elderly patient with atrial septal aneurysm, atrial septal defect, and severe pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Fadel A, Nanda NC, Rayburn BL, Ravi B, Hans AK, Baweja G, Dod H. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 11(6): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12417848

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Cyanosis after closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Lew HT, Carlsson E. Source: Calif Med. 1969 March; 110(3): 228-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5773482

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Cyanosis and unrecognised atrial septal defect in children. Author(s): Durrani F, Hope RR. Source: N Z Med J. 1975 May 28; 81(540): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1057094

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Cyanosis in atrial septal defect due to persistent eustachian valve. Author(s): Morishita Y, Yamashita M, Yamada K, Arikawa K, Taira A. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1985 December; 40(6): 614-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4074009

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Definitive clinical assessment of atrial septal defect by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Taylor AM, Stables RH, Poole-Wilson PA, Pennell DJ. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 1999; 1(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11550340

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Dependence on a respiratory ventilator due to an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Motz R, Grassl G, Trawoger R. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2000 March; 10(2): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817301

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Detection of atrial septal defect by contrast-enhanced ultrafast computed tomography. Author(s): Skotnicki R, MacMillan RM, Rees MR, Maranhao V, Murphy D, Flicker S, Eldredge WJ, Clark DL. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1986; 12(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3708679

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Development of an endocardioscope for repair of an atrial septal defect in the beating heart. Author(s): Poullis M. Source: Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 1999 JulyAugust; 45(4): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445746

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Development of aorta-to-right atrial fistula following closure of secundum atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer septal occluder. Author(s): Chun DS, Turrentine MW, Moustapha A, Hoyer MH. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2003 February; 58(2): 246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552551

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Developmental outcome after surgical versus interventional closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children. Author(s): Visconti KJ, Bichell DP, Jonas RA, Newburger JW, Bellinger DC. Source: Circulation. 1999 November 9; 100(19 Suppl): Ii145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10567294

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Device closure of an atrial septal defect following successful balloon valvuloplasty in a neonate with critical pulmonary valve stenosis and persistent cyanosis. Author(s): Nugent AW, Menahem S, Goh TH, Butt W. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2000 March-April; 21(2): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754092

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Diagnosis of sinus venosus atrial septal defect with transesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Pascoe RD, Oh JK, Warnes CA, Danielson GK, Tajik AJ, Seward JB. Source: Circulation. 1996 September 1; 94(5): 1049-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8790045

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Different effects of increased volume and increased pressure on endocardial structure in hearts with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Okada R, Glagov S, Lev M. Source: American Heart Journal. 1968 April; 75(4): 474-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5647462

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Disturbances in atrial rhythm and conduction following the surgical creation of an atrial septal defect by the Blalock-Hanlon technique. Author(s): Hamilton SD, Bartley TD, Miller RH, Schiebler GL, Marriott HJ. Source: Circulation. 1968 July; 38(1): 73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11712295

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Do not underestimate atrial septal defect! Author(s): Gunay I. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2001 December; 42(6): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698944

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Do patients over 40 years of age benefit from closure of an atrial septal defect? Author(s): Webb G. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2001 March; 85(3): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11179255

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Doppler evaluation of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and complex malformations. Author(s): Stevenson JG. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1986; 329: 21-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3473901

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Doppler tissue imaging analysis of ventricular function after surgical and transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Cheung YF, Lun KS, Chau AK. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 February 1; 93(3): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14759398

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Double orifice mitral valve associated with ostium primum atrial septal defect: (case report). Author(s): Saylam A, Oram A, Nazli N, Yener A, Aytac A. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1976 January-April; 18(1-2): 58-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1052396

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Dynamic changes of atrial septal defect area: new insights by three-dimensional volume-rendered echocardiography with high temporal resolution. Author(s): Handke M, Schafer DM, Muller G, Schochlin A, Magosaki E, Geibel A. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2001 March; 2(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11882425

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Dynamic morphology of the secundum atrial septal defect evaluated by three dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Maeno YV, Benson LN, McLaughlin PR, Boutin C. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2000 June; 83(6): 673-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10814628

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Dynamic observation on systolic time intervals in children with ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot before and after radical surgery. Author(s): Jiang ZD, Xie BC, Ye SD, Lan HJ, Liu WH, Sun ZQ. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1986; 6(2): 93-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3746984

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Dyspnea after pneumonectomy: the result of an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Alvarez JM. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1997 December; 64(6): 1872. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9436602

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Dyspnea after pneumonectomy: the result of an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Zueger O, Soler M, Stulz P, Jacob A, Perruchoud AP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1997 May; 63(5): 1451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9146341

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Early and late complications associated with transcatheter occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Chessa M, Carminati M, Butera G, Bini RM, Drago M, Rosti L, Giamberti A, Pome G, Bossone E, Frigiola A. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 March 20; 39(6): 1061-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11897451

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Early electrical and geometric changes after percutaneous closure of large atrial septal defect. Author(s): Santoro G, Pascotto M, Sarubbi B, Cappelli Bigazzi M, Calvanese R, Iacono C, Pisacane C, Palladino MT, Pacileo G, Russo MG, Calabro R. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 April 1; 93(7): 876-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050492

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Early onset of pulmonary vascular obstruction with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Herbert WH, Goyal P, Wadhwani B. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1969 March; 117(3): 321-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5765151

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Early systemic hypertension after surgical closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Cockburn JS, Benjamin IS, Thomson RM, Bain WH. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1975 January-February; 16(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1126980

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Echo contrast-enhanced diagnosis of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Rosenzweig BP, Nayar AC, Varkey MP, Kronzon I. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2001 February; 14(2): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174451

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Echocardiographic anatomy of atrial septal defect: "nomenclature of the rims". Author(s): Shrivastava S, Radhakrishnan S. Source: Indian Heart J. 2003 January-February; 55(1): 88-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760597

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Echocardiographic characteristics of successful deployment of the Das AngelWings atrial septal defect closure device: initial multicenter experience in the United States. Author(s): Banerjee A, Bengur AR, Li JS, Homans DC, Toher C, Bank AJ, Marx GR, Rhodes J, Das GS. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 April 15; 83(8): 1236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215291

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Ectopic atrial rhythm with exit block following catheter ablation for focal atrial tachycardias in a patient with prior surgery for atrial septal defect. Author(s): Ohkubo K, Watanabe I, Kojima T, Masaki R, Oshikawa N, Sugimura H, Okumura Y, Yamada T, Saito S, Ozawa Y, Kanmatsuse K. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 2002 June; 25(6): 986-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137352

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Editorial: mitral valve prolapse-click syndrome in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Jeresaty RM. Source: Chest. 1975 February; 67(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1116386

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Effect of catheter device closure of atrial septal defect on diastolic mitral annular motion. Author(s): Lange A, Coleman DM, Palka P, Burstow DJ, Wilkinson JL, Godman MJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 January 1; 91(1): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505587

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Effect of chronic right atrial stretch on atrial electrical remodeling in patients with an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Morton JB, Sanders P, Vohra JK, Sparks PB, Morgan JG, Spence SJ, Grigg LE, Kalman JM. Source: Circulation. 2003 April 8; 107(13): 1775-82. Epub 2003 March 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665497

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Effect of patient age at surgical intervention on long-term right ventricular performance in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Celik S, Ozay B, Dagdeviren B, Gorgulu S, Yildirim A, Uslu N, Ketenci B, Eren M, Akgoz H, Demirtas M, Tezel T. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 2004 March; 45(2): 265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090703

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Effect of size of a secundum atrial septal defect on shunt volume. Author(s): Fuse S, Tomita H, Hatakeyama K, Kubo N, Abe N. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 December 15; 88(12): 1447-50, A9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11741574

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Effect of surgical repair of secundum-type atrial septal defect on right atrial, right ventricular, and left ventricular volumes in adults. Author(s): Shaheen J, Alper L, Rosenmann D, Klutstein MW, Falkowsky G, Bitran D, Tzivoni D. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 December 15; 86(12): 1395-7, A6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11113425

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Effect of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect on the cardiopulmonary response to exercise. Author(s): Rhodes J, Patel H, Hijazi ZM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 October 1; 90(7): 803-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356408

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Effectiveness of percutaneous device occlusion for atrial septal defect in adult patients with pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): de Lezo JS, Medina A, Romero M, Pan M, Segura J, Caballero E, Pavlovic D, Ortega JR, Franco M, Delgado A, Ojeda S, Mesa D, Lafuente M. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 November; 144(5): 877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422159

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Electrocardiogram of secumdum type atrial septal defect simulating endocardial cushion defect. Author(s): Tan KT, Takao A, Hashimoto A, Sato T. Source: British Heart Journal. 1975 February; 37(2): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=123465

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Etiology of the electrocardiographic pattern of "incomplete right bundle branch block" in atrial septal defect: an electrophysiologic study. Author(s): Sung RJ, Tamer DM, Agha AS, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ, Gelband H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 December; 87(6 Pt 2): 1182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1185417

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Evaluation of P wave duration and P wave dispersion in adult patients with secundum atrial septal defect during normal sinus rhythm. Author(s): Guray U, Guray Y, Yylmaz MB, Mecit B, Sasmaz H, Korknaz S, Kutuk E. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2003 September; 91(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12957732

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Extensive pulmonary arterial thrombi in situ in association with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Ito H, Nanka S, Ishibashi T. Source: Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2003 July; 67(7): 640-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845191

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Failure of medicine: evolution of an atrial septal defect to an Eisenmenger syndrome. Author(s): Budts W, Van Cleemput J, Van de Werf F. Source: Acta Cardiol. 2000 August; 55(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11041126

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Familial atrial septal defect and atrioventricular conduction disturbance associated with a point mutation in the cardiac homeobox gene CSX/NKX2-5 in a Japanese patient. Author(s): Hosoda T, Komuro I, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Harada M, Murakawa Y, Hirata Y, Yazaki Y. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1999 May; 63(5): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10943630

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Familial atrial septal defect with atrioventricular conduction defects. Author(s): Mandorla S, Martino C. Source: G Ital Cardiol. 1998 March; 28(3): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9561886

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Familial atrial septal defect with prolonged atrioventricular conduction. Author(s): Gunal N, Gul S, Kahramanyol O. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1997 October; 39(5): 634-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9363669

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Familial atrial septal defect with prolonged atrioventricular conduction. Author(s): Bosi G, Sensi A, Calzolari E, Scorrano M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 June 1; 43(3): 641. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1605267

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Familial Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly, atrial septal defect, and sensorineural hearing loss: a possible new genetic syndrome. Author(s): Cunningham ET Jr, Eliott D, Miller NR, Maumenee IH, Green WR. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998 January; 116(1): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9445211

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Familial combination of brachydactyly, type E and atrial septal defect, type II. Author(s): Czeizel A, Goblyos P. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 November; 149(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2591402

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Familial incidence of atrial septal defect. A report of four siblings and review of the literature. Author(s): Libshitz HI, Barth KH. Source: Chest. 1974 January; 65(1): 56-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4588312

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Familial pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial septal defect, and unique electrocardiogram abnormalities. Author(s): Ciuffo AA, Cunningham E, Traill TA. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1985 August; 22(4): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4045962

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Familial secundum atrial septal defect with dysrhythmia associated with web neck. Author(s): Kilic Z, Ucar B, Bas F, Dinleyici EC, Sari E. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2002 January-March; 44(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858385

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Family cluster of atrial septal defect. Author(s): DiGiovanna EL. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999 December; 99(12): 620-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10641493

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Fat embolism associated with an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Knowles GD, Putman CE, Smith W, Tummillo AM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1976 January; 16(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1246099

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Fatal pulmonary embolism after atrial septal defect closure in a paediatric patient. Author(s): Busch T, Lotfi S, Sirbu H, Aleksic I, Ruschewski W. Source: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal : Scj. 1999; 33(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10399810

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Fate of moderate and large secundum type atrial septal defect associated with isolated coarctation in infants. Author(s): Yeager SB, Keane JF. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 August 1; 84(3): 362-3, A9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10496457

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Fenestrated Fontan operation with delayed transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Improved results in high-risk patients. Author(s): Kopf GS, Kleinman CS, Hijazi ZM, Fahey JT, Dewar ML, Hellenbrand WE. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1992 June; 103(6): 1039-47; Discussion 1047-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1597968

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First heart sound in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Kitapci H, Portaluppi F, Luisada AA. Source: Angiology. 1981 December; 32(12): 846-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7332113

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Fiscal impact of a practice pattern for secundum atrial septal defect repair in children. Author(s): Davis JT, Allen HD, Cohen DM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1994 September 1; 74(5): 512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8059741

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Flow pattern of the superior caval vein in children after closure of atrial septal defect: a comparison of catheter therapy with open-heart surgery. Author(s): Ichihashi K, Berger F, Lange PE. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2001 November-December; 22(6): 503-8. Epub 2001 December 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894155

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Functional abnormalities of the conduction system in children with an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Bink-Boelkens MT, Bergstra A, Landsman ML. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1988 August; 20(2): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3209257

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Functional and anatomical correlates in atrial septal defect. An echocardiographic analysis. Author(s): Forfar JC, Godman MJ. Source: British Heart Journal. 1985 August; 54(2): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4015929

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Genetics of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Sanchez Cascos A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1972 August; 47(254): 581-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4261647

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Granulocyte elastase release and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Gohra H, Fujimura Y, Ito H, Hamano K, Katoh T, Zempo N, Esato K. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1998 March; 65(3): 719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9527201

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Growth of an atrial septal defect: missing the window for transcatheter closure. Author(s): Tortoriello TA, McMahon C, Kovalchin JP, Bricker JT, Grifka RG. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 542-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189410

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Heart failure in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Tikoff G, Schmidt AM, Kuida H, Hecht HH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1965 October; 39(4): 533-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5831898

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Heart rate behavior in children with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Massin MM, Derkenne B, von Bernuth G. Source: Cardiology. 1998; 90(4): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10085488

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Hemodynamic abnormalities in response to mild and intense upright exercise following operative correction of an atrial septal defect or tetralogy of Fallot. Author(s): Epstein SE, Beiser GD, Goldstein RE, Rosing DR, Redwood DR, Morrow AG. Source: Circulation. 1973 May; 47(5): 1065-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4705573

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Hemodynamic findings before and after surgery for atrial septal defect of the secundum type in middle-aged patients. Author(s): Forfang K. Source: Cardiology. 1978; 63(1): 14-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=618587

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Hemodynamics of complete transposition of the great vessels before and after the creation of an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Shaher RM, Kidd L. Source: Circulation. 1966 April; 33(4 Suppl): I3-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5933598

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Hereditary atrial septal defect. Update of a large kindred. Author(s): Lynch HT, Bachenberg K, Harris RE, Becker W. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 June; 132(6): 600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=148839

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Hereditary factors in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Nora JJ, McNamara DG, Fraser FC. Source: Circulation. 1967 March; 35(3): 448-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6021327

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High flow velocity across a complicated atrial septal defect: Doppler findings and hemodynamic correlations. Author(s): Goldfarb A, Chinitz LA, Kronzon I. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1988 September-October; 1(5): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3272784

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Hirschsprung disease, postaxial polydactyly, and atrial septal defect. Author(s): Nowaczyk MJ, James AG, Superina R, Siegel-Bartelt J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 January 10; 68(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8986280

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How not to miss the diagnosis of atrial septal defect in the adult patient. Author(s): Tikoff G. Source: Med Times. 1970 October; 98(10): 71-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5506396

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Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with ostium secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Forker AD, Morgan JR. Source: Chest. 1971 November; 60(5): 512-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5165930

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Hypertrophied moderator band in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Sullivan K, Park CH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1984 August; 9(8): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6236928

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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with restrictive atrial septal defect and congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis. Author(s): Luciani GB, Pessotto R, Mombello A, Mazzucco A. Source: Cardiovascular Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology. 1999 January-February; 8(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10722248

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Hypoxemia from an atrial septal defect 7 days after blunt thoracic trauma. Author(s): Shapiro SB, Morris SE, Bull DA, Barton RG. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2000 February; 14(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10698394

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Hypoxemia from transient right-to-left shunting during atrial septal defect repair detected by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Mills LM, Yee LL. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1993 December; 7(6): 767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8305672

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Iatrogenic atrial septal defect after mitral valve replacement. Author(s): Vroninks R, Piessens J, Kesteloot H, Stalpaert G, De Geest H. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1976; 31(1): 2-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1007798

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Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with ostium secundum atrial septal defect: successful surgical correction. Author(s): Smith DC, Vieweg WV, Folkerth TL, Hagan AD. Source: Chest. 1975 August; 68(2): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1171000

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Images in cardiology: Cyanosis, cor triatriatum, and primum atrial septal defect in an adult. Author(s): Niccoli G, Heck P, Banning AP. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002 August; 88(2): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117832

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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Atrial septal defect device closure in a patient with lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum. Author(s): Moir WS, McGaw DJ, Harper RW, Gelman J. Source: Circulation. 2003 June 24; 107(24): E217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821594

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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Multiplane transesophageal imaging during transcatheter closure of an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Fehske W, Pfeiffer D, Babic U, Luderitz B. Source: Circulation. 1997 September 2; 96(5): 1702-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9315568

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Images in congenital heart disease. Atrial septal defect within the oval fossa with enlarged coronary sinus: three-dimensional echocardiography. Author(s): Acar P, Dulac Y, Aggoun Y. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2002 December; 12(6): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12636005

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Impact of ultrafiltration on blood use for atrial septal defect closure in infants and children. Author(s): Gurbuz AT, Novick WM, Pierce CA, Watson DC. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1998 April; 65(4): 1105-8; Discussion 1108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564936

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Improvement in exercise capacity in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic adults after atrial septal defect percutaneous closure. Author(s): Brochu MC, Baril JF, Dore A, Juneau M, De Guise P, Mercier LA. Source: Circulation. 2002 October 1; 106(14): 1821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356636

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Incidence and clinical course of thrombus formation on atrial septal defect and patient foramen ovale closure devices in 1,000 consecutive patients. Author(s): Krumsdorf U, Ostermayer S, Billinger K, Trepels T, Zadan E, Horvath K, Sievert H. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004 January 21; 43(2): 302-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14736453

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Incidence and clinical features of asymptomatic atrial septal defect in school children diagnosed by heart disease screening. Author(s): Muta H, Akagi T, Egami K, Furui J, Sugahara Y, Ishii M, Matsuishi T. Source: Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2003 February; 67(2): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12547990

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Infective endocarditis on an occluder closing an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Bullock AM, Menahem S, Wilkinson JL. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 1999 January; 9(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323542

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Inhaled nitric oxide for perioperative management of an adult patient with atrial septal defect and severe pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Kim JH, Ham BM, Kim YL, Ahn H, Noh CI. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2002 December; 16(6): 746-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12486659

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Intermediate-term outcome of transcatheter secundum atrial septal defect closure using the Bard Clamshell Septal Umbrella. Author(s): Prieto LR, Foreman CK, Cheatham JP, Latson LA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996 December 1; 78(11): 1310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8960600

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Interruption of the distal left pulmonary artery with pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas and atrial septal defect. Author(s): Gunal N, Bilgic A, Alehan D, Lenk MK. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1997 October-December; 39(4): 579-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433164

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Intracardiac echocardiographic guidance during transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale. Author(s): Earing MG, Cabalka AK, Seward JB, Bruce CJ, Reeder GS, Hagler DJ. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004 January; 79(1): 24-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14708945

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Intracardiac echocardiography evaluation in secundum atrial septal defect transcatheter closure. Author(s): Zanchetta M, Pedon L, Rigatelli G, Carrozza A, Zennaro M, Di Martino R, Onorato E, Maiolino P. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2003 January-February; 26(1): 527. Epub 2002 December 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12491014

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Intracardiac echocardiography-guided transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect: a new efficient device selection method. Author(s): Zanchetta M, Onorato E, Rigatelli G, Pedon L, Zennaro M, Carrozza A, Maiolino P. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 November 5; 42(9): 1677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607459

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Intracardiac ultrasound assessment of atrial septal defect: comparison with transthoracic echocardiographic, angiocardiographic, and balloon-sizing measurements. Author(s): Jan SL, Hwang B, Lee PC, Fu YC, Chiu PS, Chi CS. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2001 March-April; 24(2): 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11443391

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Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia and atrial septal defect in adults. Author(s): Sariosmanoglu N, Hazan E, Metin K, Kazaz H, Oto O. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 February; 123(2): 3534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11828298

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Isolated hypoplasia of right ventricle with atrial septal defect: a rare form of cyanotic heart disease. Author(s): Joy MV, Venugopalan P, Sapru A, Subramanyan R. Source: Indian Heart J. 1999 July-August; 51(4): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10547948

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Jarcho-Levin syndrome associated with atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: a case report. Author(s): Shimizu K, Arai H, Sakamoto T, Sunamori M, Suzuki A. Source: Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 1997 May-June; 12(3): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395950

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Kallmann's syndrome associated with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Dimitrovski C, Plaseski A, Bogoev M, Sadikario S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 September 17; 248(11): 1358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7109157

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Kartagener's syndrome with atrial septal defect. Author(s): George S, Banerjee MK, Basha SA, Balachander J. Source: Indian Heart J. 1986 September-October; 38(5): 414-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3494663

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Klinefelter syndrome associated with atrial septal defect and prolapse of the mitral valve. Author(s): Murray D, Bucher R, Miller AB, Roque JL, Simon D. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1976 June; 63(6): 421-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=965929

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Large left-to-right shunt through a small atrial septal defect produced by progressive aortic stenosis in the elderly--a case report. Author(s): Iga K, Hori K, Matsumura T, Kijima K, Miyamoto T, Gen H, Ueda Y, Miki S. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1994 February; 58(2): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8196157

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Large thrombus at the site of primary sutured atrial septal defect associated with pulmonary embolism and treatment by thrombolysis. Author(s): Dinckal MH, Davutoglu V, Soydinc S, Akdemir I, Aksoy M. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2003 August; 20(6): 535-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859367

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Large thrombus in the pulmonary arteries in a case of atrial septal defectEisenmenger syndrome. Author(s): Kumar NS, Mathew C, Khader SA. Source: Indian Heart J. 2001 November-December; 53(6): 776-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11838935

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Late cardiac perforation following transcatheter atrial septal defect closure. Author(s): Preventza O, Sampath-Kumar S, Wasnick J, Gold JP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2004 April; 77(4): 1435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15063285

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Late cardiac tamponade after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect with Cardioseal device. Author(s): Pinto FF, Sousa L, Fragata J. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2001 March; 11(2): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11293746

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Left atrial inferior vena cava with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Gautam HP. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1968 June; 55(6): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5651656

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Left atrial myxoma with an atrial septal defect: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Tsukamoto S, Shiono M, Orime Y, Hata H, Yagi S, Kimura S, Hata M, Sezai A, Sezai Y. Source: Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 June; 4(3): 133-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9660910

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Left atrial thrombus causing pulmonary embolism by passing through an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Ishihara Y, Hara H, Saijo T, Namiki A, Suzuki M, Hirai H, Yamaguchi T. Source: Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2002 January; 66(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999658

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Left atrioventricular valve after surgical repair in atrioventricular septal defect with separate valve orifices ("ostium primum atrial septal defect"): an echo-Doppler study. Author(s): Meijboom EJ, Ebels T, Anderson RH, Schasfoort-van Leeuwen MJ, Deanfield JE, Eijgelaar A, van der Heide JN. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1986 February 15; 57(6): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3946260

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Left main coronary artery compression by dilated main pulmonary artery in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Kothari SS, Chatterjee SS, Sharma S, Rajani M, Wasir HS. Source: Indian Heart J. 1994 July-August; 46(4): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7875705

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Left main coronary artery compression by dilated pulmonary trunk in a patient with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Gullu H, Kosar F, Battaloglu B. Source: Acta Cardiol. 2003 August; 58(4): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948042

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Left sided inferior vena cava with sinus venosus type atrial septal defect. Author(s): Doven O, Sayin T, Kiziltepe U. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2001 January; 77(1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11203707

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Letter: Atrial septal defect and myxomatous mitral-valve prolapse. Author(s): Jeresaty RM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 May 9; 290(19): 1088. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4821913

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Letter: Spontaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Ferencz C. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1974 November; 34(6): 747-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4420074

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Limited access atrial septal defect closure and the evolution of minimally invasive surgery. Author(s): Izzat MB, Yim AP, El-Zufari MH. Source: Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 April; 4(2): 56-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9576998

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Limited right posterior thoracotomy approach to atrial septal defect. Author(s): Sunil GS, Koshy S, Dhinakar S, Shivaprakasha K, Rao SG. Source: Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals. 2002 September; 10(3): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12213748

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Long-term follow-up (9 to 20 years) after surgical closure of atrial septal defect at a young age. Author(s): Meijboom F, Hess J, Szatmari A, Utens EM, McGhie J, Deckers JW, Roelandt JR, Bos E. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1993 December 15; 72(18): 1431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8256739

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Long-term outcomes excellent for atrial septal defect repair in adults. Author(s): Moodie DS, Sterba R. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 August; 67(8): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10946456

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Long-term right ventricular volume overload increases myocardial fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the interventricular septum in patients with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Otani H, Kagaya Y, Yamane Y, Chida M, Ito K, Namiuchi S, Shiba N, Koseki Y, Ninomiya M, Ikeda J, Saito H, Maruoka S, Fujiwara T, Ido T, Ishide N, Shirato K. Source: Circulation. 2000 April 11; 101(14): 1686-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10758051

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Lung function in atrial septal defect after heart surgery. Author(s): Sulc J, Samanek M, Zapletal A. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October; 37(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1428285

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Magnetic deflection forces from atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosusoccluding devices, stents, and coils used in pediatric-aged patients. Author(s): Strouse PJ, Beekman RH 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996 August 15; 78(4): 490-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8752201

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Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseisomerase deficiency associated with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Perrone L, Criscuolo T, Sinisi AA, Graziani M, Manzo T, Sicuranza R, Bellastella A, Faggiano M. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1985 December; 110(4): 532-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3867211

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Massive haemoptysis complicating prosthetic patch pulmonary embolism after atrial septal defect repair. Author(s): Haro M, Ruiz J, Ribas J, Maestre J, Perez-Piteira J, Morera J. Source: Thorax. 1995 August; 50(8): 911-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7570449

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Massive pulmonary artery thrombosis, pulmonary hypertension and untreated atrial septal defect. Author(s): Ishizaka N, Kage N, Iida H, Mutoh S, Hirata Y, Komuro I, Miyairi T, Kitamura T, Morota T, Takamoto S, Nagai R. Source: Cardiology. 2002; 97(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11893832

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Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation associated with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Kobayashi J, Yamamoto F, Nakano K, Sasako Y, Kitamura S, Kosakai Y. Source: Circulation. 1998 November 10; 98(19 Suppl): Ii399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9852933

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Measurement of atrial septal defect size: a comparative study between threedimensional transesophageal echocardiography and the standard balloon sizing methods. Author(s): Zhu W, Cao QL, Rhodes J, Hijazi ZM. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2000 September-October; 21(5): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10982709

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Measurement of systemic cardiac output at rest and exercise in patients with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Flamm MD, Cohn KE, Hancock EW. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1969 February; 23(2): 258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4886342

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Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in a child with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Suzuki H, Nakasato M, Sato S, Yokoyama S, Katsuura M, Yamaki S, Hayasaka K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1997 March; 181(3): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9163853

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Microatelectasis in patients with secundum atrial septal defect and its relation to pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Yamaki S, Abe A, Sato K, Takahashi T. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1997 May; 61(5): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9192237

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Microvena atrial septal defect occlusion device--update 2000. Author(s): O'Laughlin MP. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2001 February; 14(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12053332

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Migraine with aura related to the percutaneous closure of an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Rodes-Cabau J, Molina C, Serrano-Munuera C, Casaldaliga J, Alvarez-Sabin J, Evangelista A, Soler-Soler J. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2003 December; 60(4): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624438

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Minimal access approach for the repair of atrial septal defect: the initial 135 patients. Author(s): Bichell DP, Geva T, Bacha EA, Mayer JE, Jonas RA, del Nido PJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000 July; 70(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921693

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Minimally invasive atrial septal defect closure using the subxyphoid approach. Author(s): Levinson ML, Fonger J. Source: Heart Surg Forum. 1998; 1(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11276440

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Minimally invasive direct access for repair of atrial septal defect in adults. Author(s): Byrne JG, Adams DH, Mitchell ME, Cohn LH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 October 15; 84(8): 919-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532511

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Minimally invasive direct atrial septal defect closure. Author(s): Izzat MB, Yim AP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1997 June; 63(6): 1831-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9205210

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Mitral valve prolapse in children with secundum--type atrial septal defect (ASD II). Author(s): Keck EW, Henschel WG, Gruhl L. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 January 2; 121(2): 89-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1248487

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Modification of the Fontan procedure. Superior vena cava to left pulmonary artery connection and inferior vena cava to right pulmonary artery connection with adjustable atrial septal defect. Author(s): Laks H, Ardehali A, Grant PW, Permut L, Aharon A, Kuhn M, Isabel-Jones J, Galindo A. Source: Circulation. 1995 June 15; 91(12): 2943-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7796504

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Multiple anomalous venous systemic connections in a case of atrial septal defect associated with right aortic arch and spine defromities. Author(s): Atlas P, Deutsch V, Palant A, Kalter JE, Neufeld HN. Source: Cardiology. 1974; 59(4): 268-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4458947

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Multiple systemic emboli complicating the course of a patient with an atrial septal defect, an atrial septal aneurysm and an endocardial right atrial pacemaker lead. Author(s): Johnson C, Galindez L. Source: P R Health Sci J. 1998 September; 17(3): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9883474

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Myocardial ischemia induced by anomalous aortic origin of the right coronary artery in a patient with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Maki F, Ohtsuka T, Suzuki M, Hara Y, Shiigematsu Y, Hamada M, Kawachi K, Hiwada K. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 2001 May; 42(3): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11605775

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Natriuretic peptide and echocardiography after operation of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Groundstroem KW, Iivainen TE, Lahtela JT, Talvensaari TJ, Paakkala TA, Pasternack AI, Uusitalo AJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2003 May; 89(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727004

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Natural histories of atrial septal defect with pulmonary hypertension, and ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Hashimoto A, Momma K, Hayakawa H, Hosoda S. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1991 August; 55(8): 791-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1895509

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Natural history and prognosis of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Craig RJ, Selzer A. Source: Circulation. 1968 May; 37(5): 805-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5646864

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Natural history of atrial septal defect of secundum type in the middle-aged. Medical versus surgical therapy. Author(s): Forfang K. Source: Cardiology. 1978; 63(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627005

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Natural history of secundum atrial septal defect in adults after medical or surgical treatment: a historical prospective study. Author(s): Shah D, Azhar M, Oakley CM, Cleland JG, Nihoyannopoulos P. Source: British Heart Journal. 1994 March; 71(3): 224-7; Discussion 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8142189

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Near fatal hemolysis following repair of ostium primum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Hines GL, Finnerty TT, Doyle E, Isom OW. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1978 January-February; 19(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627596

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Neonatal hemangiomatosis and atrial septal defect: a rare cause of right heart failure in infancy. Author(s): Sidwell RU, Daubeney PE, Porter W, Roberts NM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2004 January-February; 21(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14871331

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Neurovascular rescue for embolic stroke following atrial septal defect closure. Author(s): Joy MA, Kumar A, Hariprasad KV, Kamath P, Haridas KK. Source: Indian Heart J. 2002 May-June; 54(3): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12216933

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New technique for the creation of an atrial septal defect. Experimental study and clinical application. Author(s): Alvarez-Diaz F, Brito JM, Lozano C, Nunez L. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1968 August; 56(2): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5701811

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Non surgical closure of atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer septal occluder in children--feasibility and early results. Author(s): Radhakrishnan S, Marwah A, Shrivastava S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2000 November; 37(11): 1181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11086299

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Noninvasive assessment of right ventricular systolic pressure in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Akaishi M, Nakamura Y. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 November 1; 54(8): 1170. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6496351

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Noninvasive assessment of right ventricular systolic pressure in atrial septal defect: analysis of the end-systolic configuration of the ventricular septum by twodimensional echocardiography. Author(s): Shimada R, Takeshita A, Nakamura M. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 April 1; 53(8): 1117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6702690

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Non-invasive diagnosis in clinically suspected atrial septal defect of secundum or sinus venosus type. Value of combining chest x-ray, phonocardiography, and Mmode echocardiography. Author(s): Egeblad H, Berning J, Efsen F, Wennevold A. Source: British Heart Journal. 1980 September; 44(3): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7426189

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Noninvasive evaluation of the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow in atrial septal defect by duplex Doppler echocardiography. Author(s): Kitabatake A, Inoue M, Asao M, Ito H, Masuyama T, Tanouchi J, Morita T, Hori M, Yoshima H, Ohnishi K, et al. Source: Circulation. 1984 January; 69(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6689649

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Noninvasive pulsed Doppler echocardiographic detection of the direction of shunt flow in patients with atrial septal defect: usefulness of the right parasternal approach. Author(s): Minagoe S, Tei C, Kisanuki A, Arikawa K, Nakazono Y, Yoshimura H, Kashima T, Tanaka H. Source: Circulation. 1985 April; 71(4): 745-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3971543

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Nonobstructive asymmetrical septal hypertrophy and ostium secundum-type atrial septal defect. Author(s): Hernandez-Reyes P, Espinola-Zavaleta N, Vargas-Barron J, RomeroCardenas A, Roldan-Gomez J, Keirns C. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2000 November; 17(8): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153019

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Non-surgical closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Ishizawa A, Oho S, Dodo H. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2001 October; 43(5): 528-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737723

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Normal function of parachute mitral valve. Association with tetralogy of Fallot, atrial septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. Author(s): Bignold LP, Murphy BH, Baird DK. Source: Chest. 1979 October; 76(4): 490-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=477445

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Normal left ventricular systolic function in adults with atrial septal defect and left heart failure. Author(s): Carabello BA, Gash A, Mayers D, Spann JF. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1982 June; 49(8): 1868-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7081070

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Novel technique to prevent prolapse of the Amplatzer septal occluder through large atrial septal defect. Author(s): Wahab HA, Bairam AR, Cao QL, Hijazi ZM. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2003 December; 60(4): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624439

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Obstruction of the systemic venous pathway after closure of an adjustable atrial septal defect in the modified Fontan operation. Author(s): Cohen DM, Wheller JJ, Davis JT, Allen HD. Source: American Heart Journal. 1995 September; 130(3 Pt 1): 617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7661084

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Occult atrial septal defect in adults. Author(s): Shettigar UR, Hultgren HN, Berndt T, Wasnich RD. Source: Chest. 1975 September; 68(3): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1157534

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Office education: "lunch says this is an atrial septal defect". Author(s): Altemeier WA 3rd. Source: Pediatric Annals. 2000 August; 29(8): 460, 462. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10960947

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On the phonocardiographic pattern of haemodynamics in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Pavlov Z, Iliev D. Source: Bibl Cardiol. 1975; (33): 180-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1131180

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Operation for atrial septal defect through a right anterolateral thoracotomy: current outcome. Author(s): Massetti M, Babatasi G, Rossi A, Neri E, Bhoyroo S, Zitouni S, Maragnes P, Khayat A. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 October; 62(4): 1100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8823096

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Operative repair of atrial septal defect without cardiac catheterization. Author(s): Neal WA, Moller JH, Varco RL, Anderson RC. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 February; 86(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1111680

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Ostium primum atrial septal defect with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Author(s): Shah MK, Bhat A, Venkitachalam CG. Source: Indian Heart J. 1992 May-June; 44(3): 189-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1427956

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Ostium primum atrial septal defect. Associated with mitral valve prolapse. Author(s): Menachemi E, Aintablian A, Hamby RI. Source: N Y State J Med. 1975 October; 75(12): 2234-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1059931

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Ostium secundum atrial septal defect associated with balloon mitral valve in children. Author(s): Victorica BE, Elliott LP, Gessner IH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1974 May 6; 33(5): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4274443

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Outcome following surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Jones DA, Radford DJ, Pohlner PG. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 June; 37(3): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11468044

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Outcome of children with atrial septal defect considered too small for surgical closure. Author(s): Brassard M, Fouron JC, van Doesburg NH, Mercier LA, De Guise P. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 June 1; 83(11): 1552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10363870

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Outcomes and alternative techniques for device closure of the large secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Varma C, Benson LN, Silversides C, Yip J, Warr MR, Webb G, Siu SC, McLaughlin PR. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2004 January; 61(1): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696173

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Percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defect in adults a single center experience with the amplatzer septal occluder. Author(s): Staniloae CS, El-Khally Z, Ibrahim R, Dore A, De Guise P, Mercier LA. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2003 July; 15(7): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12840237

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Platypnea - orthodeoxia syndrome with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Hirai N, Fukunaga T, Kawano H, Honda O, Sakamoto T, Yoshimura M, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H. Source: Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2003 February; 67(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548004

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Platypnea-orthodeoxia in a patient with ostium primum atrial septal defect with normal right heart pressures. Author(s): Patel AD, Abo-Auda WS, Nekkanti R, Ahmed S, Razmi RM, Pohost GM, Nanda NC. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2003 April; 20(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848673

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Preferential shunting of venous return from normally connected left pulmonary veins in secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Hawker RE, Freedom RM, Krovetz LJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1974 September; 34(3): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4604928

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Preoperative management of pulmonary venous hypertension in hypoplastic left heart syndrome with restrictive atrial septal defect. Author(s): Atz AM, Feinstein JA, Jonas RA, Perry SB, Wessel DL. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 April 15; 83(8): 1224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215289

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Presentation of atrial septal defect in infancy. Author(s): Toews WH, Nora JJ, Wolfe RR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 December 22; 234(12): 1250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1242751

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Proceedings: Closure of atrial septal defect (secundum) under hypothermia. Author(s): Murthy LN, Griffin SG. Source: British Heart Journal. 1974 October; 36(10): 1036. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4433441

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Prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve associated with secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Betriu A, Wigle ED, Felderhof CH, McLoughlin MJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1975 March; 35(3): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1114994

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Pulmonary vascular response to atrial septal defect closure in children. Author(s): Lucas CL, Wilcox BR, Coulter NA. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 1975 June; 18(6): 571-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1127918

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Pulmonary vein blood flow velocity waveform--with special reference to pulmonary "systolic runoff" in patients with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Takaya T, Arakawa M, Tanaka T, Goto M, Yamaguchi M, Nagano T, Miyamoto H, Hirakawa S. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1986 May; 50(5): 405-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3761529

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Q-1 interval of the phonocardiogram in patients with atrial septal defect. Author(s): Karnegis JN, Wang Y. Source: British Heart Journal. 1966 March; 28(2): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4952252

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QRS waves of the spatial velocity electrocardiogram in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Mori H, Mikawa K, Niki T, Nagao T, Matsumo S. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1972 September; 13(5): 407-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4539424

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Quadricuspid aortic valve and atrial septal defect. Author(s): Sousa L, Pinto F, Nogueira G, Kaku S, Antunes AM. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 2001 March; 20(3): 329-30. English, Portuguese. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11417316

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Quality of life 20 and 30 years after surgery in patients operated on for tetralogy of Fallot and for atrial septal defect. Author(s): Ternestedt BM, Wall K, Oddsson H, Riesenfeld T, Groth I, Schollin J. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2001 March-April; 22(2): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11178668

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Quantification of left to right shunt in atrial septal defect using systolic time intervals derived from pulsed Doppler velocimetry. Author(s): Veyrat C, Gourtchiglouian C, Bas S, Abitbol G, Kalmanson D. Source: British Heart Journal. 1984 December; 52(6): 633-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6239641

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Quantitation of left-to-right shunts in secundum atrial septal defect by twodimensional contrast echocardiography with use of Albunex. Author(s): Okura H, Yoshikawa J, Yoshida K, Akasaka T. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 March 15; 75(8): 639-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7887400

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Quantitative evaluation of the changes in plasma concentrations of cardiac natriuretic peptide before and after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Muta H, Ishii M, Maeno Y, Akagi T, Kato H. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(6): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12162595

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Radiofrequency ablation through a right atrium incision in congenital atrial septal defect. Author(s): Bottio T, Leoni L, Vida V, Stellin G, Casarotto D, Gerosa G. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 2003 March; 388(1): 52-5. Epub 2003 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690481

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Radiofrequency maze ablation for atrial fibrillation in a patient undergoing atrial septal defect repair. Author(s): Hill RC, Prabhaker G, Konda S, Murray G, Barbaccia J, Lyons M. Source: W V Med J. 2003 July-August; 99(4): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650901

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Radionuclide measurement of right ventricular function in atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and complete transposition of the great arteries. Author(s): Baker EJ, Shubao C, Clarke SE, Fogelman I, Maisey MN, Tynan M. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1986 May 1; 57(13): 1142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3706167

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Range of pulmonary artery pressures in patients undergoing percutaneous atrial septal defect device closure. Author(s): Butera G, Bossone E, Chessa M, Negura D, Drago M, Bodini BD, Piazza L, Carminati M. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2003 September; 60(3): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650822

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Rare complication of sinus venosus-type atrial septal defect repair. Author(s): Murad M, Sami SA, Hashmi R, Bari V. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003 September; 30(9): 1315. Epub 2003 July 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898203

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Repair of atrial septal defect through a limited right anterolateral thoracotomy in 242 patients: a cosmetic approach? Author(s): Panos A, Aubert S, Champsaur G, Ninet J. Source: Heart Surg Forum. 2003; 6(2): E16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12716646

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Right atrial thrombus following closure of an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Yilmaz M, Gurlertop Y, Erdogan F. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 July; 89(7): 726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807840

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Right-sided endocarditis complicating an atrial septal defect. Author(s): Aliaga L, Santiago FM, Marti J, Sampedro A, Rodriguez-Granger J, Santalla JA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 May; 325(5): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792247

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Robotic atrial septal defect repair and endoscopic treatment of atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Argenziano M, Williams MR. Source: Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 April; 15(2): 130-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838483

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Robotic techniques improve quality of life in patients undergoing atrial septal defect repair. Author(s): Morgan JA, Peacock JC, Kohmoto T, Garrido MJ, Schanzer BM, Kherani AR, Vigilance DW, Cheema FH, Kaplan S, Smith CR, Oz MC, Argenziano M. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2004 April; 77(4): 1328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15063261

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Safety and efficacy of minimally invasive atrial septal defect closure. Author(s): Ryan WH, Cheirif J, Dewey TM, Prince SL, Mack MJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 May; 75(5): 1532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735575

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Secondary embolization of a Helex occluder implanted into a secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Peuster M, Reckers J, Fink C. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2003 May; 59(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720246

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Secundum atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension in an 86-year-old woman: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Tozzini S, Anichini C, Nesi G, Pedemonte E, Gori F. Source: Ital Heart J. 2002 November; 3(11): 682-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12506528

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Secundum atrial septal defect encountered in infancy. Author(s): Spangler JG, Feldt RH, Danielson GK. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1976 March; 71(3): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1249972

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Secundum atrial septal defect is a dynamic three-dimensional entity. Author(s): Dall'Agata A, McGhie J, Taams MA, Cromme-Dijkhuis AH, Spitaels SE, Breburda CS, Roelandt JR, Bogers AJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 1999 June; 137(6): 1075-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10347334

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Simultaneous surgical treatment of atrial septal defect and atrial flutter using a simple modification of the atrial incision. Author(s): Henglein D, Cauchemez B, Bloch G. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 1999 March; 9(2): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323521

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Sinus venosus syndrome: atrial septal defect or anomalous venous connection? A multiplane transoesophageal approach. Author(s): Oliver JM, Gallego P, Gonzalez A, Dominguez FJ, Aroca A, Mesa JM. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002 December; 88(6): 634-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12433899

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Successful combined orthotopic liver transplant and transcatheter management of atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and peripheral pulmonic stenosis in a small infant with Alagille syndrome. Author(s): Harris M, Cao QL, Waight D, Hijazi ZM. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 23(6): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530500

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Successful treatment of left atrial disk thrombus on an Amplatzer atrial septal defect occluder with abciximab and heparin. Author(s): Willcoxson FE, Thomson JD, Gibbs JL. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2004 May; 90(5): E30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084578

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Surgery for atrial septal defect: from the first experiments to clinical practice. Author(s): Alexi-Meskishvili VV, Konstantinov IE. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 July; 76(1): 322-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842577

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The ampatzer septal occluder as a standard for therapy of secudum-type atrial septal defect. Author(s): Hales WD, Sandhu SK, Kerut EK. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2004 March-April; 156(2): 99-100, 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15106869

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The gold standard for atrial septal defect closure: current surgical results, with an emphasis on morbidity. Author(s): Baskett RJ, Tancock E, Ross DB. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2003 September-October; 24(5): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627310

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Totally endoscopic atrial septal defect repair with robotic assistance. Author(s): Argenziano M, Oz MC, Kohmoto T, Morgan J, Dimitui J, Mongero L, Beck J, Smith CR. Source: Circulation. 2003 September 9; 108 Suppl 1: Ii191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970231

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Transcatheter Amplatzer device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale in patients with presumed paradoxical embolism. Author(s): Khositseth A, Cabalka AK, Sweeney JP, Fortuin FD, Reeder GS, Connolly HM, Hagler DJ. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004 January; 79(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14708946

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Transcatheter closure of a multiperforated atrial septal defect extending from the oval fossa to the mouth of the inferior caval vein. Author(s): Peuster M, Reckers J, Fink C. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2003 April; 13(2): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887080

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Transcatheter closure of an atrial septal defect after a road traffic crash. Author(s): Penny DJ, Somerville J, Caplin JL, Redington AN. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 September; 55(3): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501904

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Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect in young children: results and follow-up. Author(s): Butera G, De Rosa G, Chessa M, Rosti L, Negura DG, Luciane P, Giamberti A, Bossone E, Carminati M. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 July 16; 42(2): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875758

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Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect under combined transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography. Author(s): Butera G, Chessa M, Bossone E, Negura DG, De Rosa G, Carminati M. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2003 May; 20(4): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848886

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Transcatheter closure of residual atrial septal defect after cardiac transplantation. Author(s): Sullebarger JT, Mester SW, Fontanet HL, Strom J, Albakri E, Bugni W, Dray D, Gloer KL. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2003 May; 22(5): 600-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12742426

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Transformation into daily migraine with aura following transcutaneous atrial septal defect closure. Author(s): Yankovsky AE, Kuritzky A. Source: Headache. 2003 May; 43(5): 496-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752756

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Unique echocardiographic features associated with deployment of the Amplatzer atrial septal defect device. Author(s): Salaymeh KJ, Taeed R, Michelfelder EC, Beekman RH 3rd, Shim D, Kimball TR. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2001 February; 14(2): 128-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174447

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Use of Amplatzer septal occluder in a case of residual atrial septal defect causing bidirectional shunting after percutaneous Inoue mitral balloon valvuloplasty. Author(s): Zanchetta M, Onorato E, Rigatelli G, Dimopoulos K, Pedon L, Zennaro M, Maiolino P. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2001 March; 13(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11231648

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Use of an artificial neural network to differentiate between ECGs with IRBBB patterns of atrial septal defect and healthy subjects. Author(s): Yang S, Yamauchi K, Nonokawa M, Ikeda M. Source: Medical Informatics and the Internet in Medicine. 2002 March; 27(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12509123

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Use of the laryngeal mask airway during repair of atrial septal defect in children. Author(s): Zerafa M, Baulch S, Elliott MJ, Petros AJ. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1999; 9(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10320606

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Use of the laryngeal mask airway during repair of atrial septal defect in children. Author(s): Facer E. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1999; 9(6): 553. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597566

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Use of the laryngeal mask airway during repair of atrial septal defect in children. Author(s): Baines DB. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1999; 9(6): 552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597565

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Use of untreated pericardial patches for atrial septal defect closure. Author(s): Kapoor L, Pande S, Roy PP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000 August; 70(2): 691-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10969713

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Usefulness of electrocardiographic abnormalities for the detection of atrial septal defect in adults. Author(s): Greenstein R, Naaz G, Armstrong WF. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 November 1; 88(9): 1054-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704012

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Usefulness of myocardial velocity gradient derived from two-dimensional tissue Doppler imaging as an indicator of regional myocardial contraction independent of translational motion assessed in atrial septal defect. Author(s): Uematsu M, Nakatani S, Yamagishi M, Matsuda H, Miyatake K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 January 15; 79(2): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193038

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Usefulness of vectorcardiography for assessment of severity of right ventricular overloading in congenital heart disease. II. Atrial septal defect of secundum type. Author(s): Murata K, Matsushita S, Kuramoto K. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1968 June; 32(6): 873-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5755075

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Value of echocardiography in results evaluation of transcatheter atrial septal defect closure in adults. Author(s): Simkova I, Kozlovsky M, Riecansky I, Fridrich V. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2001; 102(7): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11725385

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Value of transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography for detection of different types of atrial septal defect in adults. Author(s): Hausmann D, Daniel WG, Mugge A, Ziemer G, Pearlman AS. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1992 September-October; 5(5): 481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1389216

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Valvular closure of atrial septal defect and its extended use. Author(s): Shatapathy P, Aggarwal BK, Kamath SG. Source: Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 1997 May-June; 12(3): 202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395952

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Vein of Galen malformation combined with atrial septal defect in a neonate. Author(s): Hortobagyi T, Szuts A, Csenki M, Harkany T, Zador Z, Katona M, Bodi I. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 2003 July-August; 22(4): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908756

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Venous drainage with a single peripheral bicaval cannula for less invasive atrial septal defect repair. Author(s): Tevaearai HT, Mueller XM, Jegger D, Ruchat P, von Segesser LK. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 November; 72(5): 1772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722098

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Ventricular fibrillation vs cardiac arrest for correction of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Saussine M, Seguin JR, Colson P, Ferriere M, Chaptal PA, Roquefeuil B. Source: J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1989 October; 3(5 Suppl 1): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2521013

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Video-assisted cardiac surgery in closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Chang CH, Lin PJ, Chu JJ, Liu HP, Tsai FC, Lin FC, Chiang CW, Su WJ, Yang MW, Tan PP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 September; 62(3): 697-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8783995

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Video-assisted closure of atrial septal defect. Author(s): Shetty DP, Dixit MD, Gan MD, Das MB, Harish R, Kapoor L, Surendranath KV. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 September; 62(3): 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8784046

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Visualization of sinus venosus atrial septal defect by transesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Oh JK, Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Danielson GK, Tajik AJ. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1988 July-August; 1(4): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3272777

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Visualization of sinus venosus-type atrial septal defect by biplane transesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Watanabe F, Takenaka K, Suzuki J, Amano W, Shiota T, Igarashi T, Aoki T, Sonoda M, Wang Y, Sakamoto T, et al. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1994 March-April; 7(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8185964

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Waardenburg's syndrome associated with ostium secundum atrial septal defect. Author(s): Banerjee AK. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1986 November; 79(11): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3795215

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Was the atrial septal defect closed? Author(s): Gould LA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 January 22-29; 259(4): 519. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3336174

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Wide-complex tachycardia with past atrial septal defect. Author(s): Hancock EW. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1989 November 15; 24(11): 19, 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2509501

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and atrial septal defect.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Atrial Septal Defect The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “atrial septal defect” (or a synonym): •

Preoperative prostaglandin E1 therapy in a patient with atrial septal defect and predominant right-to-left shunting. Author(s): Department of Cardiac Surgery, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Austria. Source: Trantina, A E Machler, H Kulier, A Bergmann, P Dacar, D Muller, H Oberwalder, P Zenker, G Rigler, B Anesth-Analg. 1998 April; 86(4): 703-5 0003-2999

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “atrial septal defect” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atrial septal defect, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Atrial Septal Defect By performing a patent search focusing on atrial septal defect, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on atrial septal defect: •

Prosthetic device for atrial septal defect repair Inventor(s): Kishigami; Yoshkazu (Ootsu, JP), Koike; Kazuyuki (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Nissho Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,507,811 Date filed: November 15, 1994 Abstract: A prosthetic device to occlude an opening present in a defective atrial septum, the device having at least two clips for firmly gripping peripheral portions around the opening. The material further has a flat occluder to close the opening, and at least two fastening means for securing the clips to the flat occluder. The prosthetic device can be applied to the defective atrial septum permanently and easily in an percutaneoustransvascular manner. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a prosthetic device used in the repair of atrial septal defects. More particularly, it relates to a prosthetic device which will be brought in an percutaneous and transvascular manner through a catheter and up to a defective opening of a septum present between the right and left atria. In 1976, King and Mills reported their treatment of an atrial septal defect [JAMA, 235, 2506 (1976)]. In this first successful case wherein a prosthetic device was brought through a catheter up to the septum in an percutaneous-transvascular manner, they used a pair of umbrellashaped disk members which were disposed in the right atrium and left atrium, respectively. A tool employed in their operation was an assembly of a central wire and two catheters coaxially combined with one another. The disk members sandwiching the septum were fixed one to the other to close the defective opening thereof. It is noted, however, that their catheters were so large in diameter and the disk members were so stiff that this operation could not be performed on young children, particularly not preschool children. Rashkind, who had tried to provide a smaller-sized device, reported in 1977 his successful clinical procedure performed on a young child patient [Circulation, 67,711 (1983)]. He used a clogging material of the single-umbrella type having hooks. The hooks, however, were highly likely to cause a jamming of the umbrella-like material, wherein the clogging material once opened within a heart could never be displaced therein or removed therefrom. In such an event, doctors would have to perform open heart surgery. He then proposed an improved device comprising two umbrella-shaped members united integrally with each other, and this device has been widely used in the clinical treatment of the patent ductus arteriosus. On the other hand, Lock, who had improved Rashkind's device of the double and integral disk type, added a coiled spring to an intermediate portion of each of eight stainless steel ribs. The two disks capable of tightly overlapping one another can now firmly grip a thin septum present between the atria. He has filed a patent application for his improved system (see EP 0 541 063 A2). Lock's device having the umbrella-like disks resembling as a whole a clam, viz. one species of Bivalvia, is called a "clamshell umbrella". A long sheath of the 11F type catheter is inserted into a patient's femoral vein, so that Lock's device can be used for any patient who weighs 8 Kg or more. Thus, Lock's method is virtually the first clinical success in the surgical remedy of atrial septal defect wherein percutaneoustransvascular catheters are used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05507811__

Patents 63

Patent Applications on Atrial Septal Defect As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to atrial septal defect: •

Medical devices and applications of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers Inventor(s): Martin, David P.; (Arlington, MA), Skraly, Frank A.; (Somerville, MA), Williams, Simon F.; (Sherborn, MA) Correspondence: Patrea L. Pabst; Holland & Knight Llp; Suite 2000, One Atlantic Center; 1201 West Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30309-3400; US Patent Application Number: 20020156150 Date filed: February 26, 2002 Abstract: Devices formed of or including biocompatible polyhydroxyalkanoates are provided with controlled degradation rates, preferably less than one year under physiological conditions. Preferred devices include sutures, suture fasteners, meniscus repair devices, rivets, tacks, staples, screws (including interference screws), bone plates and bone plating systems, surgical mesh, repair patches, slings, cardiovascular patches, orthopedic pins (including bone filling augmentation material), adhesion barriers, stents, guided tissue repair/regeneration devices, articular cartilage repair devices, nerve guides, tendon repair devices, atrial septal defect repair devices, pericardial patches, bulking and filling agents, vein valves, bone marrow scaffolds, meniscus regeneration devices, ligament and tendon grafts, ocular cell implants, spinal fusion cages, skin substitutes, dural substitutes, bone graft substitutes, bone dowels, wound dressings, and hemostats. The polyhydroxyalkanoates can contain additives, be formed of mixtures of monomers or include pendant groups or modifications in their backbones, or can be chemically modified, all to alter the degradation rates. The polyhydroxyalkanoate compositions also provide favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and degradation times within desirable time frames under physiological conditions. Excerpt(s): Priority is claimed to U.S. Ser. No. 60/142,238, filed Jul. 2, 1999, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/126,180, filed Mar. 25, 1999. The present invention generally relates to polyhydroxyalkanoate ("PHA") biopolymers and medical uses and application of these materials. In the medical area, a number of degradable polymers have been developed that break down in vivo into their respective monomers within weeks or a few months. Despite the availability of these synthetic degradable polymers, there is still a need to develop degradable polymers which can further extend the range of available properties, particularly mechanical properties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with atrial septal defect, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web 9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on atrial septal defect. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning atrial septal defect. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to atrial septal defect. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on atrial septal defect include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Atrial Septal Defect In order to find chapters that specifically relate to atrial septal defect, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and atrial septal defect using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on atrial septal defect: •

Cardiovascular Disorders Source: in Grundy, M.C.; Shaw, L.; and Hamilton, D.V. Illustrated Guide to Dental Care for the Medically Compromised Patient. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 7-25. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815140223. Summary: This chapter, from an illustrated guide to dental care for medically compromised patients, discusses cardiovascular disorders in two sections: congenital heart defects and acquired cardiovascular disease. The congenital heart defects section includes heart murmurs, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, Fallot's tetralogy,

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and Marfan's syndrome. Acquired cardiovascular diseases discussed include rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, prosthetic valve endocarditis, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure (left and right), hypertension, and anaphylaxis. For each condition, the authors provide a brief description, the components of medical management, and suggestions for dental care. Illustrations, including photographs, are included. 13 figures.

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APPENDICES

69

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 8489 49 435 4 128 9105

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on atrial septal defect can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to atrial septal defect. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to atrial septal defect. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “atrial septal defect”:

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Arrhythmia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arrhythmia.html Congenital Heart Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdisease.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Heart Valve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartvalvediseases.html Mitral Valve Prolapse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mitralvalveprolapse.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to atrial septal defect. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

Patient Resources

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to atrial septal defect. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with atrial septal defect. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about atrial septal defect. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “atrial septal defect” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “atrial septal defect”. Type the following hyperlink into

78


your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “atrial septal defect” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “atrial septal defect” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

81

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on atrial septal defect: •

Basic Guidelines for Atrial Septal Defect ASD Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000157.htm Atrial septal defect Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000157.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Atrial Septal Defect Abnormal heart sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003266.htm Clubbing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003282.htm Cyanosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm

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Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Heart sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003266.htm Palpitations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Atrial Septal Defect Angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003327.htm BUN Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm Cardiac catheterization Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003419.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Coronary angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003875.htm Coronary angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003876.htm Doppler/ study of the heart Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003869.htm ECG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm Echocardiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003869.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm MRI of chest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003794.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

Online Glossaries 87

•

Background Topics for Atrial Septal Defect Auscultation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002226.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

89

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH]

90


Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH]

Dictionary 91

Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrial Flutter: Rapid, irregular atrial contractions due to an abnormality of atrial excitation. [NIH]

Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopolymers: Polymers, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, or polysaccharides formed by any living organism. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]

92


Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Veins: Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the

Dictionary 93

heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheter Ablation: Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DCshock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Check-up: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other

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interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU]

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Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cor Triatriatum: A congenital anomaly characterized by the presence in the atrium of a perforated muscular membrane which separates the atrium into upper and lower chambers. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a

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myocardial infarction. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyanotic: Bluish color of the skin due to insufficient oxygen. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Developmental Biology: The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductus Arteriosus: A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocardiograph: Apparatus which, by means of currents produced by contractions of the cardiac muscle, records heart movements as electro-cardiograms. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling

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reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femoral Vein: The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH]

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Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haemoptysis: The expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum. [EU] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Murmurs: Abnormal heart sounds heard during auscultation caused by alterations in the flow of blood into a chamber, through a valve, or by a valve opening or closing abnormally. They are classified by the time of occurrence during the cardiac cycle, the duration, and the intensity of the sound on a scale of I to V. [NIH] Heart Sounds: The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of systole and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the atria; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling but is rarely audible in the normal heart. The physiological concept of heart sounds is differentiated from the pathological heart murmurs. [NIH]

Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH]

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Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A condition characterized by underdevelopment of the left cardiac chambers, atresia or stenosis of the aorta or mitral valve or both, and hypoplasia of the aorta. These anomalies are a common cause of heart failure in early infancy. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Vein: A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form

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the inferior vena cava. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jugular Veins: Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid

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bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphangiectasis: A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meniscus: A fibro-cartilage within a joint, especially of the knee. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH]

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Mitral Valve Prolapse: Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Myocardial Contraction: Contractile activity of the heart. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH]

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Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phonocardiography: Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonectomy: An operation to remove an entire lung. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Vein: The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the

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treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Primum: The first atrial septum to appear in the embryonic heart. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Valve: A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. [NIH] Pulmonary Veins: The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiologist: A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy. [NIH]

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Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Sarcomere: The repeating structural unit of a striated muscle fiber. [NIH] Scimitar Syndrome: Anomalous venous drainage of the right lung into the inferior vena cava, with hypoplasia of the right lung. The scimitar-shaped radiographic shadow of the anomalous vein gives the syndrome its name. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secundum: The second atrial septum to appear in the embryonic heart. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

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Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

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Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH] Surgical Mesh: Any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. The mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. It is occasionally made of metal. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic pressure: The highest pressure to which blood pressure rises with the contraction of the ventricles. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU]

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Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vectorcardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart on a plane of the body surface delineated as a vector function of time. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

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Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 17, 89, 104 Ablate, 89, 93 Ablation, 49, 89 Abscess, 18, 89, 107 Acetylcholine, 89, 103 Acute renal, 89, 100 Airway, 54, 89 Alleles, 11, 89, 100, 102 Allograft, 16, 89 Amino acid, 89, 90, 99, 104, 106 Ampulla, 89, 97 Anaphylatoxins, 89, 94 Anaphylaxis, 66, 89 Anatomical, 8, 30, 89, 91 Anemia, 40, 89 Anesthesia, 32, 34, 89, 90 Aneurysm, 6, 7, 21, 41, 90 Angiography, 22, 40, 45, 46, 50, 86, 90 Animal model, 6, 10, 11, 90 Anomalies, 3, 9, 90, 100 Antibodies, 90, 100 Antibody, 90, 94, 100 Antigen, 89, 90, 94, 100 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 90, 94 Anti-inflammatory, 90, 91 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 90, 91 Anus, 90, 91, 101 Aorta, 22, 65, 90, 92, 96, 100, 111 Aortic Valve, 6, 48, 90 Aplasia, 17, 90 Arginine, 89, 90, 103 Arrhythmia, 76, 90, 103 Arterial, 15, 27, 90, 95, 100, 109 Arteries, 4, 36, 49, 90, 91, 95, 102, 106 Arteriosus, 90, 106 Arteriovenous, 18, 34, 90 Arteriovenous Fistula, 18, 34, 90 Artery, 14, 37, 41, 42, 66, 90, 91, 95, 97, 98, 109 Articular, 63, 91 Aspirin, 4, 91 Asymptomatic, 33, 34, 91 Atresia, 21, 91, 100 Atrial Fibrillation, 39, 49, 50, 91 Atrial Flutter, 51, 91 Atrioventricular, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 27, 28, 37, 91, 95

Atrium, 11, 19, 49, 62, 91, 92, 95, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111 Aura, 40, 53, 91 Auscultation, 87, 91, 99 B Bacteria, 90, 91, 97, 100 Bacterium, 91, 100 Benign, 7, 21, 91 Bile, 91, 98, 102 Biochemical, 89, 91 Biopolymers, 63, 91 Biopsy, 91, 104 Blood Flow Velocity, 48, 91 Blood Platelets, 91, 109 Blood pressure, 91, 93, 100, 106, 109 Blood vessel, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 100, 101, 108, 109, 110 Body Fluids, 92, 96 Bone Marrow, 63, 92, 102 Brachiocephalic Veins, 92, 109 Bradykinin, 92, 103 Bypass, 11, 19, 92 C Calcium, 92, 94 Callus, 92, 97 Cannula, 15, 55, 92 Capillary, 92, 111 Carcinogenic, 92, 101, 106 Cardiac arrest, 55, 92 Cardiac catheterization, 45, 86, 92 Cardiac Output, 40, 92 Cardiomyopathy, 5, 92 Cardiopulmonary, 9, 11, 18, 19, 26, 92 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 9, 11, 18, 92 Cardiovascular disease, 65, 93 Case report, 4, 17, 23, 35, 36, 37, 51, 93 Cataracts, 3, 93 Catheter, 4, 17, 18, 25, 26, 30, 62, 93, 101 Catheter Ablation, 25, 93 Catheterization, 22, 40, 45, 46, 50, 93, 101 Caudal, 93, 105 Causal, 6, 93, 100 Cell, 10, 12, 63, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101, 103, 105, 110, 111 Cell Division, 91, 93, 105 Cell proliferation, 10, 93 Cerebrospinal, 93, 108 Cerebrospinal fluid, 93, 108

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Atrial septal defect

Cerebrovascular, 93 Check-up, 4, 93 Chemotactic Factors, 93, 94 Chest wall, 93, 109 Chromosomal, 8, 93 Chromosome, 6, 7, 93, 102 Chronic, 26, 93 Clinical trial, 4, 71, 93, 95, 107 Cloning, 6, 94 Collapse, 89, 94 Complement, 11, 89, 94, 98 Computational Biology, 71, 94 Computed tomography, 22, 94 Computerized axial tomography, 94 Computerized tomography, 94 Concomitant, 16, 94 Conduction, 6, 7, 14, 16, 23, 27, 28, 30, 93, 94 Congenita, 17, 95 Congestive heart failure, 20, 95 Connective Tissue, 92, 95, 109 Constriction, 95, 101 Continuum, 7, 95 Contraindications, ii, 95 Contrast medium, 90, 95 Control group, 9, 95, 106 Conus, 95, 106 Cor, 33, 95 Cor Triatriatum, 33, 95 Coronary, 14, 15, 18, 33, 37, 42, 66, 86, 93, 95, 102 Coronary heart disease, 93, 95 Coronary Thrombosis, 95, 102 Crowns, 3, 96 Cyanosis, 21, 22, 33, 85, 96, 99 Cyanotic, 35, 96 Cyclic, 96, 99, 103 D Density, 8, 96, 103, 108 Dental Care, 65, 96 Developmental Biology, 12, 96 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 96 Diastole, 96 Diastolic, 26, 96, 100 Diffusion, 96, 110 Digestion, 91, 96, 102, 108 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 5, 96 Direct, iii, 6, 11, 41, 93, 96, 107, 109 Discrete, 96, 109 Distal, 34, 93, 96 Dorsal, 96, 105 Duct, 89, 92, 93, 96, 108

Ductus Arteriosus, 17, 39, 44, 51, 62, 65, 96 Duodenum, 91, 96, 97, 108 E Echocardiography, 14, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 53, 55, 56, 86, 96 Effector, 89, 94, 96 Efficacy, 50, 96 Electrocardiogram, 27, 28, 48, 97 Electrocardiograph, 97, 104 Electrophysiological, 97, 111 Emboli, 41, 50, 97 Embolism, 29, 52, 97, 106 Embolization, 50, 97 Embryo, 10, 97 Embryogenesis, 8, 11, 97 Endocarditis, 16, 34, 50, 66, 97 Endocardium, 97 Endoscope, 97 Endoscopic, 50, 52, 97 Endothelium, 97, 103 Endothelium-derived, 97, 103 Endotoxins, 94, 97 Environmental Health, 70, 72, 97 Enzymatic, 89, 92, 94, 97 Erythrocytes, 89, 92, 97, 100, 107 Esophagus, 91, 97, 108 Excitation, 91, 97 F Family Planning, 71, 97 Fat, 29, 92, 95, 97, 98, 108 Fatigue, 98, 99 Femoral, 11, 62, 92, 98, 105 Femoral Artery, 92, 98 Femoral Vein, 62, 98, 105 Femur, 98, 110 Fetal Blood, 96, 98 Fibrillation, 55, 98 Fibula, 98, 105, 110 Fistula, 22, 98 Foramen, 7, 34, 52, 98 Fossa, 33, 52, 98 G Gallbladder, 89, 98 Gas, 96, 98, 103 Gene, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 19, 27, 89, 98, 103 Gene Expression, 12, 98 Genetic Engineering, 94, 98 Genetics, 8, 28, 30, 32, 98 Genotype, 98, 104 Gestation, 12, 98 Glucuronic Acid, 98, 100

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Governing Board, 98, 105 Graft, 63, 99 Grafting, 99, 101 Guanylate Cyclase, 99, 103 H Haemoptysis, 39, 99 Heart attack, 93, 99 Heart failure, 4, 5, 12, 19, 30, 43, 44, 66, 99, 100 Heart Murmurs, 65, 99 Heart Sounds, 85, 99, 104 Heart Transplantation, 16, 53, 99 Hemodiafiltration, 99, 110 Hemodialysis, 99, 110 Hemodynamics, 30, 31, 99 Hemofiltration, 99, 110 Hemoglobin, 89, 96, 97, 99 Hemoglobin M, 96, 99 Hemolysis, 42, 100 Hemolytic, 40, 100 Hemorrhage, 100, 108, 109 Heparin, 51, 100 Heredity, 98, 100 Hernia, 35, 100 Heterogeneity, 6, 100 Heterozygotes, 7, 100 Homeobox, 7, 19, 27, 100 Homogeneous, 95, 100 Homologous, 89, 100 Hyperplasia, 21, 100 Hypersensitivity, 89, 100 Hypertension, 25, 42, 47, 66, 93, 100 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 5, 15, 100 Hypertrophy, 33, 44, 95, 100, 110 Hypoplasia, 12, 35, 100, 107 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, 5, 19, 47, 100 Hypothermia, 47, 100 I Idiopathic, 7, 33, 100 Iliac Vein, 98, 100 Immune response, 90, 101, 111 Implantation, 13, 101 In situ, 27, 101 In vitro, 101 In vivo, 10, 63, 100, 101 Incision, 49, 51, 101, 109 Infancy, 5, 43, 47, 51, 100, 101 Infarction, 96, 101, 102 Inferior vena cava, 37, 38, 41, 101, 107 Inflammation, 90, 91, 101, 104, 105 Initiation, 101, 110

Insight, 10, 101 Intestines, 89, 91, 101 Intracellular, 101, 103 Intubation, 93, 101 Invasive, 38, 41, 43, 46, 50, 53, 55, 101, 102 Involuntary, 98, 101, 103, 108 Ischemia, 42, 101 J Jugular Veins, 11, 101 K Kb, 70, 101 L Labile, 94, 101 Laryngeal, 54, 101 Larynx, 101 Lens, 93, 95, 102 Lesion, 102 Lethal, 3, 102 Leukocytes, 92, 93, 102 Ligament, 63, 102 Linkage, 7, 8, 102 Linkage Disequilibrium, 8, 102 Liver, 51, 89, 91, 98, 100, 102 Localization, 8, 102 Localized, 89, 102, 104, 110 Loop, 100, 102 Lymphangiectasis, 32, 102 Lymphatic, 97, 102 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 21, 102 Malformation, 6, 55, 102 Mandible, 4, 102 Medial, 102, 110 MEDLINE, 71, 102 Membrane, 94, 95, 101, 102, 107, 110 Meniscus, 63, 102 MI, 87, 102 Mitral Valve, 20, 23, 25, 32, 36, 44, 46, 47, 76, 100, 102, 103 Mitral Valve Prolapse, 25, 46, 76, 103 Modification, 41, 51, 89, 98, 103, 106 Molecular, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 49, 71, 73, 94, 99, 100, 103 Molecule, 90, 94, 96, 97, 103, 105, 110 Morphological, 97, 103 Morphology, 11, 24, 103 Myocardial Contraction, 54, 103 Myocardium, 5, 102, 103 N Necrosis, 101, 102, 103 Neonatal, 21, 43, 103 Nerve, 63, 90, 103, 105, 110

116


Nervous System, 89, 103 Neural, 54, 103 Nitric Oxide, 34, 103 Nuclei, 98, 102, 103 O Ocular, 63, 103 Opacity, 93, 96, 103 Operon, 103, 107 Orbit, 3, 103 Ovum, 98, 103 Oxygenator, 92, 104 P Pacemaker, 13, 41, 104 Paediatric, 29, 54, 104 Pancreas, 89, 104 Paradoxical, 52, 104 Paroxysmal, 91, 104 Patch, 4, 39, 95, 104 Pathologic, 91, 95, 100, 104 Pelvis, 101, 104, 110 Peptide, 42, 49, 89, 104, 106 Percutaneous, 13, 17, 20, 24, 27, 33, 40, 46, 49, 53, 62, 104 Perforation, 36, 98, 104 Pericarditis, 21, 104 Perioperative, 34, 104 Pharmacologic, 90, 104, 110 Phenotype, 5, 8, 10, 104 Phonocardiography, 19, 43, 104 Physical Examination, 93, 104 Physiology, 11, 92, 97, 104 Pilot study, 9, 104 Plants, 103, 104 Plasma, 49, 90, 99, 105 Platelet Aggregation, 89, 103, 105 Platelets, 103, 105, 109 Pneumonectomy, 24, 105 Pneumonia, 95, 105 Point Mutation, 27, 105 Polymerase, 105, 107 Polymers, 63, 91, 105, 106, 109 Polymorphic, 8, 105 Popliteal, 98, 105 Popliteal Vein, 98, 105 Port, 11, 20, 48, 105 Port-a-cath, 105 Posterior, 38, 47, 90, 96, 104, 105 Postnatal, 105, 108 Postoperative, 14, 105 Practice Guidelines, 72, 105 Prenatal, 97, 105 Prevalence, 9, 105

Primary endpoint, 9, 105 Primum, 8, 23, 33, 37, 42, 46, 47, 106 Progeny, 8, 106 Progression, 90, 106 Progressive, 36, 103, 106 Prolapse, 36, 38, 41, 45, 47, 106 Promoter, 11, 106 Prospective study, 42, 106 Proteins, 5, 10, 11, 89, 90, 91, 94, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111 Proteolytic, 94, 106 Public Policy, 71, 106 Publishing, 12, 106 Pulmonary Artery, 14, 34, 37, 39, 41, 49, 91, 96, 106, 111 Pulmonary Embolism, 29, 36, 37, 39, 106 Pulmonary hypertension, 16, 21, 27, 34, 39, 40, 42, 51, 95, 106 Pulmonary Valve, 17, 20, 22, 28, 99, 106 Pulmonary Veins, 47, 106 Q Quality of Life, 50, 106 R Radiation, 106, 111 Radioactive, 101, 106 Radiological, 104, 106 Radiologist, 3, 106 Randomized, 9, 96, 107 Recurrence, 8, 107 Red blood cells, 97, 100, 107 Refer, 1, 94, 102, 107 Regeneration, 63, 107 Regimen, 96, 107 Registries, 6, 107 Regurgitation, 15, 103, 107 Remission, 107 Repressor, 12, 103, 107 Retrospective, 9, 107 Retroviral vector, 11, 107 Risk factor, 8, 106, 107 Risk patient, 29, 107 S Sarcomere, 5, 107 Scimitar Syndrome, 18, 107 Screening, 34, 94, 107 Septum, 8, 11, 33, 39, 43, 62, 106, 107 Septum Pellucidum, 107 Serum, 89, 94, 107 Shock, 89, 93, 107, 110 Shunt, 17, 21, 26, 36, 44, 48, 108 Skeletal, 6, 108 Skeleton, 98, 108, 110

117

Skin graft, 108 Skull, 103, 108, 109 Smooth muscle, 89, 108 Social Environment, 106, 108 Soft tissue, 92, 108 Somatic, 97, 108 Sound wave, 94, 104, 106, 108 Spasm, 15, 108 Specialist, 77, 108 Species, 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 Sperm, 93, 108 Sputum, 99, 108 Steel, 62, 108 Stem Cells, 12, 108 Stenosis, 12, 17, 18, 20, 22, 28, 32, 33, 36, 46, 51, 65, 100, 108 Stents, 39, 63, 108 Stomach, 89, 97, 101, 108 Stricture, 108 Stroke, 43, 70, 92, 93, 108 Subclavian, 92, 101, 109 Subclavian Vein, 92, 101, 109 Subspecies, 108, 109 Superior vena cava, 6, 41, 92, 109 Surgical Mesh, 63, 109 Symptomatic, 33, 109 Systemic, 25, 40, 41, 44, 45, 89, 90, 91, 99, 109, 110 Systole, 99, 103, 109 Systolic, 5, 14, 24, 43, 44, 48, 100, 103, 109 Systolic pressure, 43, 109 T Tachycardia, 56, 109 Talus, 109, 110 Tamponade, 37, 109 Temporal, 11, 24, 109 Tendon, 63, 109 Thigh, 98, 109 Thoracotomy, 38, 45, 50, 109 Thorax, 39, 109 Threshold, 100, 109 Thrombocytopenia, 40, 109 Thrombosis, 39, 108, 109 Thrombus, 14, 34, 36, 37, 50, 51, 95, 101, 105, 109 Tibia, 17, 98, 110

Tissue, 11, 23, 54, 63, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110 Tomography, 110 Tonicity, 100, 110 Toxic, iv, 110 Toxicology, 72, 110 Transcription Factors, 5, 9, 10, 110 Transcutaneous, 53, 110 Translational, 54, 110 Transplantation, 53, 110 Trauma, 11, 13, 29, 32, 52, 103, 110 Tricuspid Atresia, 95, 110 U Ultrafiltration, 33, 99, 110 Urticaria, 89, 110 Uterus, 109, 110 V Vagina, 109, 110 Valves, 63, 110 Vascular, 25, 32, 34, 48, 89, 91, 97, 101, 103, 109, 110 Vasodilators, 103, 110 Vector, 110 Vectorcardiography, 55, 110 Vein, 21, 30, 48, 52, 55, 63, 90, 98, 100, 101, 105, 107, 109, 110 Vena, 111 Venous, 15, 18, 35, 41, 45, 47, 51, 55, 90, 107, 110, 111 Ventricle, 5, 35, 90, 91, 95, 102, 106, 109, 110, 111 Ventricular, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 39, 42, 43, 44, 49, 55, 65, 95, 99, 110, 111 Ventricular Function, 14, 23, 49, 111 Veterinary Medicine, 71, 111 Viral, 11, 111 Viral vector, 11, 111 Virus, 98, 107, 111 Vitro, 100, 111 Vivo, 111 X Xenograft, 90, 111 X-ray, 43, 86, 94, 95, 106, 111 Y Yeasts, 104, 111

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