Atenolol - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ATENOLOL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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ATENOLOL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Atenolol: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83748-1 1. Atenolol-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on atenolol. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATENOLOL ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Atenolol......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATENOLOL ...................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Atenolol........................................................................................ 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATENOLOL ................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 71 General References ....................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ATENOLOL ............................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patents on Atenolol...................................................................................................................... 75 Patent Applications on Atenolol .................................................................................................. 80 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ATENOLOL ................................................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 83 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 83 Chapters on Atenolol.................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATENOLOL................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 87 Academic Periodicals covering Atenolol ...................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 89 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 90 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 101 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 103 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 103 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 103

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 109 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 109 ATENOLOL DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................ 111 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 157

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with atenolol is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about atenolol, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to atenolol, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on atenolol. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to atenolol, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on atenolol. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATENOLOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on atenolol.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and atenolol, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Long-Term Effect of Lisinopril and Atenolol on Kidney Function in Hypertensive NIDDM Subjects with Diabetic Nephropathy Source: Diabetes. 46(7): 1182-1188. July 1997. Summary: ACE inhibitors have been shown to offer better protection of kidney function than conventional antihypertensive treatment in proteinuric type 1 diabetes patients with reduced kidney function. Information on this issue for type 2 diabetes patients, however, is rare and conflicting. This article reports on a study of patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease). The study compared ACE inhibition (lisinopril 10 to 20 mg per day) with conventional antihypertensive treatment (atenolol 50 to 100 mg per day, usually in combination with a diuretic), and evaluated which produced a greater reduction in the rate of decline of kidney function. The prospective, randomized study involved 43 patients; 21 were given lisinopril, and

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22 were given atenolol. Data from 36 patients who completed at least 12 months of the study are presented. At baseline, the two groups were comparable in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ambulatory blood pressure, and urinary albumin excretion rate. Mean ambulatory blood pressure was equally reduced in the two groups. No significant differences were observed in either the initial or sustained decline in GFR between the two groups. Urinary albumin excretion was reduced more in the lisinopril than in the atenolol group. The authors conclude that the relentless decline in kidney function normally found in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy can be reduced equally effectively by two antihypertensive treatments: the beta blocker atenolol and the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. 2 figures. 5 tables. 43 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Atenolol The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to atenolol. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to atenolol. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore atenolol. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for atenolol: •

Project Title: ACE INHIBITOR AND PREVENTION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Jinzhong; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Several clinical studies have detected an unexpected inhibition of diabetic retinopathy by ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors, and the mechanism for this action is unclear. In light of evidence indicating that the severity of hyperglycemia is a major initiating factor in the pathogenesis of retinopathy, we have examined the effect of ACE inhibitor captopril on glucose level in the retina of diabetic rats. Our preliminary data suggest that captopril inhibits diabetes-induced accumulation of glucose in the retina of diabetic rats. Likewise, captopril significantly inhibits intracellular glucose accumulation in retinal cells cultured in elevated glucose concentration, indicating that inhibition of glucose accumulation in retinal tissue is not due solely to reduction in blood pressure or in vascular permeability. Sorbitol, which can be produced within cells when intracellular glucose is elevated, likewise is increased in the retina in diabetes, and inhibited by captopril, further demonstrating that glucose is elevated intracellularly in the retina of diabetic rats and that captopril inhibits the

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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accumulation of glucose. These findings suggest the overall hypothesis that beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors on the development of diabetic retinopathy might result in part from inhibition of intracellular glucose accumulation in retinas, thus restricting the activation of metabolic sequelae of hyperglycemia. The proposed project is going to determine if inhibition of glucose accumulation in the diabetic retina is characteristic of antihypertensive medications in general, or is unique to one class of antihypertensive drugs, or to one drug and to investigate the mechanism by which the ACE inhibitor inhibits intracellular glucose accumulation. Inhibition of glucose accumulation represents a novel mechanism for the observed beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors on the development of diabetic retinopathy. We believe that agents having this effect can be characterized and improved, offering an additional pharmacologic means to inhibit the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COGNITIVE HYPERTENSION

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CEREBROVASCULAR

SEQUELAE

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Jennings, J R.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic diseases, which increase in prevalence with age, impair intellectual functioning. We and others have found that patients with essential hypertension have impaired performance on neuropsychological tests relative to age-matched controls. At the initiation of our project, the mechanism by which hypertension impaired intellectual function was unknown. We hypothesized that the morphological changes (vascular remodeling) associated with hypertension might interfere with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) responses induced by information processing. We have now shown with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) that hypertension impairs rCBF, altering both flow volume and the patterning of flow within the brain. The differences in flow volume are specific to hypertensives performing poorly on a test of working memory. Overall, hypertensive performing mnemonic tasks show a left lateralized increase in rCBF in prefrontal, and perhaps, posterior parietal areas that exceeds that of normotensives. As a result of this difference, hypertensives process the mnemonic task bilaterally; while normotensives tend to show a dominant right hemisphere processing. During the current project, we have also tested a second hypothesis that other vascular pathology might contribute to the cognitive impairment of hypertensives, either atherosclerotic changes assessed indirectly from thickening of the carotid artery wall and/or white matter lesions in the brain detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initial data analyses, however, fail to provide strong support for this second hypothesis. We now propose to test our vascular hypothesis of the source of cognitive impairments associated with hypertension. We suggest that reversing both the heightened blood pressure and vascular remodeling of hypertension will also normalize both rCBF and cognitive performance. Pharmacological advances in the treatment of hypertension have now shown that angiotension converting enyzme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers differ in their influence on the vasculature. Both medications reduce blood pressure, but ACE inhibitors also reduce medial wall thickness and restore the sensitivity of the vascular endothelium to nitric oxide. This permits us to test our vascular model. We hypothesize that an ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, will normalize rCBF and cognitive function relative to the actions of a beta-blocker, atenolol. We further suggest that this effect will be mediated by lisinopril's action on the vasculature as assessed peripherally via a brachial artery flow mediated vasodilation

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probe and centrally via testing for cerebrovascular reserve with the administration of acetazolamide (Diainox). Based on the literature, a one-year treatment period will be required to adequately test our hypothesis. Should we be successful, our project will have advanced considerably toward our ultimate goal of identifying mechanisms for how diseases of aging influence intellectual functioning. Successful completion will clarify a) how one major disease of aging reduces intellectual functioning and b) permit a rational choice of clinical regimen to treat this disease while minimizing neuropsychological side effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF LOSARTAN VS ATENOLOL ON CAROTID WALL THICKNESS AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gaboury, Cynthia L.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of the ICARUS (Insulin-Carotids US-Scandanavia) Study is to compare the effects of Losartan versus Atenolol, two drugs that are marketed for the treatment of high blood pressure being used in the LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension) Study, on carotid artery wall thickness, insulin sensitivity, and forearm blood flow. The carotid artery is a blood vessel in the neck carrying blood to the brain. Insulin sensitivity is a measure of the way the body metabolizes sugar. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HYPERTENSION IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Agarwal, Rajiv; Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): There are over 316,000 patients with end-stage renal disease in the USA that cost Medicare about $11 billion/year. Hypertension plays an important role in causing excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that accounts for approximately half of all deaths, yet hypertension is poorly controlled in the vast majority of the US hemodialysis patients. There are no guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hemodialysis hypertension. We have preliminary evidence that home BP monitoring can accurately diagnose hypertension and that ultrafiltration and supervised antihypertensive drug therapies can enhance hypertension control. In Specific Aim 1 we will evaluate the clinical performance of routine hemodialysis unit BP monitoring and home BP monitoring in the diagnosis of hemodialysis hypertension in 150 chronic hemodialysis patients. Interdialytic ambulatory BP will be the gold standard. In Specific Aim 2 we hypothesize that achieving "dry-weight" controls systolic hypertension rapidly in a prevalent hemodialysis cohort, can be predicted by echocardiographic signs of volume overload and can be accurately detected by home BP monitoring. This improvement in BP can be also predicted by demographic factors and parameters of volume excess. We propose an 8-week, prospective, randomized, trial of ultrafiltration therapy, to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerance of ultrafiltration therapy in controlling systolic hemodialysis hypertension. To assist clinicians in decision making, specific markers of volume excess such as plasma BNP (brain natriuretic peptide), plasma renin activity, and change in protein concentration from pre to post dialysis will

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be evaluated as predictors of improvement in BP with ultrafiltration therapy. In specific aim 3 we hypothesize that an initial strategy of treatment with an ACE inhibitor based therapy is more effective than beta-blocker based therapy in causing regression of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with hemodialysis hypertension. We propose a parallel group, active control, randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of initial monctherapy with an ACE inhibitor versus a beta-blocker each administered three times weekly after dialysis to assess BP reduction and LVH regression by echocardiography. In summary, we use simple strategies to diagnose hypertension in hemodialysis patients, evaluate the role of expanded extracellular fluid volume and test supervised drug therapies to impact hypertension control. We also assess the clinical performance of bedside tests to assess an expanded extracellular fluid space. Evaluation of such strategies will improve BP control in hemodialysis patients and, in the long-term, provide cardiovascular protection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HYPERTENSION PHARMACOGENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Julie A.; Professor of Pharmacy Practice & Medicin; Pharmacy Practice; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hypertension (HTN) is the most common chronic disease in the United States, and is a leading cause of stroke, acute myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure and kidney failure. There are numerous effective antihypertensive drug classes, but only about half of patients have a good response to any given drug. Pharmacogenetics might significantly improve BP control and outcomes, as geneticallyguided drug therapy selection could dramatically increase the number of patients who receive the best drug for their HTN. We propose to test pharmacogenetic hypotheses that center on BP response and outcomes (death, MI, stroke) in HTN, using 5,871 genomic DNA samples we have collected from participants in INVEST, a large, international trial in patients with HTN and ischemic heart disease. We propose to test the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Genetic variability in the proteins important to verapamil's pharmacologic action contribute to interpatient variability in verapamil's antihypertensive effect. Specific Aim 1A. Identify sequence variability in the genes for the major L-type Ca channel (LTCC) subunits alpha1C and beta, the sarcoplasmlc retlculum Ca2+-ATPase 2, the Ca2+-activated K channel, and critical portions of the ryanodine receptor by resequencing the genes in Corriel DNA from 60 individuals. Predict those polymorphisms most likely to be functionally significant using various bioinformatics techniques. Specific Aim lB. Perform in vitro functional studies, including ion channel patch-clamp studies, to test for functional significance of polymorphisms in the LTCC a1C subunit. Specific Aim 1C. Determine the association between verapamil's antihypertensive effect and genetic polymorphisms of interest, as identified in Aim 1A. Hypothesis 2: Antihypertensives that target the underlying molecular/genetic basis of a patient's HTN will result in better outcomes than antihypertensives that do not target the underlying pathophysiology. Specific Aim 2. Determine whether drug therapy that is targeted at a "drug response" polymorphism or haplotype results in better patient outcomes (specifically fewer deaths, strokes, MIs) than therapy that does not target the "drug response" polymorphism(s). This hypothesis will be tested for all four study drugs: atenolol, verapamil, hydrochlorothiazide and trandolapril. Because of the diversity of the INVEST genetics sample (47% Hispanic (mostly Puerto Ricans), 38% Caucasian and 11% African American), we will test Hypothesis 3: Use of molecular markers to define genetic heterogeneity in the study

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population is superior to race/ethnicity information in genetic associations with drug response. Specific Aim 3A. Determine whether models of genetic association with drug response perform better with use of genetic marker-defined population cluster and individual ancestral proportion information than with clinician-defined information on race/ethnicity. Specific Aim 3B. Document that any positive associations between drug response and genotype are not the result of population stratification or admixture. These aims will be accomplished by genotyping patients for at least 50 Ancestral Informative Markers. The proposed studies will provide considerable new evidence regarding the pharmacogenetics of verapamil, and will significantly further our understanding of the pharmacogenetics of p-blockers, thiazide diuretics, and ACE inhibitors. They will substantially enhance our understanding of the genetic variability in proteins important to Ca ++ regulation and response to CCBs and other drugs, and the functional significance of this genetic variability. Finally, the proposed studies will increase our understanding of the role of molecular markers for defining population stratification and admixture in pharmacogenetic studies. The proposed studies should add substantial new information about antihypertensive pharmacogenetics, and could influence how antihypertensive medications are prescribed in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ICARUS SUBSTUDY--INSULIN CAROTIDS US AND SCANDINAVIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Robert A.; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Cuny New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This is a triple-blind, parallel study to investigate the effect of Losartan vs. Atenolol on insulin-mediated and glucose uptake, plasma insulin levels and carotid wall thickness. This study proposes to utilize the basic design of the main LIFE study to investigate the effect of Losartan on vascular structure and function and how alterations in these relate to plasma insulin levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INSULIN RESISTANCE, INCREASED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY & OBESITY HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rocchini, Albert P.; Reuben Benston Professor of Pediatrics; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Recent studies in our laboratory along with the work of others have suggested a link between insulin resistance, increased sympathetic nervous system activity and obesity hypertension. We hypothesize that central nervous system activation of the sympathetic nervous system may be responsible for both the insulin resistance and hypertension observed in our obese dog model. We should be able to determine what portions of the sympathetic nervous system are responsible for the insulin resistance and hypertension observed in obese dogs, by placing the dogs, before and during the development of obesity, on four different sympathetic agents (clonidine that works centrally as an alpha2 agonist, moxonidine I1-imidazoline agonist, prazosin a peripheral a alpha1-receptor blocker and atenolol a beta receptor blocker). To better clarify whether a direct and independent relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance exists, we will determine if a low sodium diet plus Lasix will also improve insulin resistance. If our hypothesis is correct, we should observe that since a low

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sodium diet plus Lasix lowers blood pressure but t the same time activates the sympathetic nervous system, the dogs make fat while on a low sodium diet will remain insulin resistant. Insulin mediated glucose uptake is determined both by insulin's ability to stimulate glucose extraction at the level of tissues/cells and by the rate of glucose and insulin delivery (blood flow). Therefore, the relative contributions of tissues and blood flow actions of insulin will determine the overall rate of glucose uptake (i.e., degree of insulin resistance). In the current proposal we will determine if the insulin resistance associated with obesity in the dog is due to an impairment in insulin's actions to increase blood flow and/or to an impairment of insulin to stimulate glucose extraction at the tissue level. We plan to accomplish this specific aim by evaluating in dogs made obese are treated with and without sympathetic agents, the effect of three different insulin infusion levels (euglycemic clamps) to alter regional (leg and cardiac muscular) blood flow (measured by Doppler flow probes) and tissue glucose extraction (arteriovenous difference in glucose). We will evaluate the ability of the central sympathetic agents to alter salt and water retention. Finally we will evaluate what role the sympathetic nervous system plays in the changes in vascular reactivity that occur with obesity. We believe that the results of these experiments will help us to understand why obesity is an important risk factor for the development of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LIFE STUDY--ICARUS SUBSTUDY (INSULIN-CAROTIDS USSCANDANAVIA) Principal Investigator & Institution: Julius, Stevo; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: LOSARTAN INTERVENTION FOR ENDPOINT REDUCTION (LIFE) Principal Investigator & Institution: Randall, Otelio S.; Howard University 2400 6Th St Nw Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LOSARTAN VS ATENOLOL IN HYPERTENSIVES WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Bradley G.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This study is evaluating the long-term effects of losartan compared to atenolol in hypertensive patients with documented left ventricular hypertrophy on the combination of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHARMACOGENOMICS OF ARRHYTHMIA THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Roden, Dan M.; Professor; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation kills 250,000-500,000 Americans each year and up to 5,000.000 American have a history of atrial fibrillation, which is associated with stroke, heart failure, and increase mortality. There is substantial interindividual variability in response ti ion channel blocker, B-blocker, and warfarin, drugs widely used in the therapy of arrhythmias; some patients display beneficial effects, while others exhibit lack of efficacy or even life- threatening adverse effects. The hypothesis to be tested here is that allelic variants in candidate genes- implicated by an emerging understanding of molecular physiology and pharmacology-contribute to such variable drug responses. Work in our laboratories and elsewhere has identified allelic variants, and their functional consequences, in candidate genes, including drug metabolizing enzymes, ion channel proteins, and components of intracellular signaling systems. We have 4 Specific Aims: (1) to expand polymorphism discovery, focusing on new candidate genes; to determine frequencies of common polymorphisms in defined ethnic groups; and to ealuate variant protein function in vito; (2) to assess the role of allelic variants in modulating atrial and ventricular fibrillation and their response to drugs; (3) to determine the value of pre-prescription genotyping for QT prolonging antiarrhythmics and for warfarin; and (4) to use acute challenge with ibutilide and atenolol in sib-pairs to identify familial component(s) in drug responses (QT and heart rate change), and to determine the role of candidate and gene-gene interactions in modulating those responses. The studies will be supported by expertise in clinical pharmacology, clinical and basic electrophysiology, genetic epidemiology, bioinformatics, and polymorphism discovery and allele typing. This research will rigorously test the concept that advances in genetic science and molecular pharmacology can be combined to improve drug therapy. The outcomes will be not only improved drug therapy of arrhythmias, but also further development of appropriate methods to exploit genomic science to enhance drug therapy in general. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REVERSAL OF MYOCARDIAL HYPERTROPHY IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sen, Subha; Professor; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1983; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The overall objective of this project is to study the underlying mechanisms in the development and regression of myocardial hypertrophy in hypertension. Our laboratory has shown that the development/regression of cardiovascular hypertrophy does not depend on mechanical load alone but on the interplay of many aspects: cardiac pressure load, the cardioadrenergic system, and various humoral factors. In the past funding period we have shown that several factors can modulate myosin isoform during the regression of hypertrophy. Influential factors are dietary sodium, catecholamines, and many pharmacological agents used as antihypertensive drugs. We have also shown that the shifting of myosin isoforms is independent of blood pressure, myocardial mass and sympathetic activity. These observations generated new questions, and we have designed this renewal proposal to study the structural remodeling of the interstitial matrix during the progressive development of hypertrophy in hypertension. Excess collagen accumulations are known to increase the heart's rigidity, compromising

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its function and leading to failure. Our preliminary data showed that collagen has various phenotypic forms and that in the development of hypertrophy an important indicator of heart stiffness is the relative abundance of a specific collagen type, in addition to collagen quantity. As to whether regression of hypertrophy is beneficial or harmful, two key concepts in post hypertrophic regression have never been established: the functional consequences of collagen alteration, and the capacity of the newly reduced small heart to handle sudden pressure overload. Results from our study also suggest that each antihypertensive drug has a unique effect on the biochemical composition of the heart, e.g., collagen, and our data showed that functional consequences will vary according to the type of collagen or myosin present. In the next 5 years we will focus on the heart's collagen production, determining whether regression of hypertrophy is beneficial or harmful. We propose to examine the hypothesis that functional and structural remodelling of the heart's interstitial matrix in hypertrophy and heart failure and the heart's re-remodelling after regression are associated with alterations in collagen production, which plays a role in influencing cardiac function. We will study collagen and its phenotypes at cellular and molecular levels, evaluating collagen's functional consequences. Our specific aims are a) to quantify collagen and its phenotypes, identifying changes in the mRNA level and measuring the transcription rate of each phenotype; b) to determine the effect of pharmacologic intervention on the above parameters; c) to elucidate the mechanism for altered collagen production in cultured myocardial fibroblasts and myocytes; d) to evaluate whether regression of hypertrophy by antihypertensive therapy (alpha-methyldopa, captopril, atenolol) is beneficial or harmful. These studies will outline the abnormalities of collagen metabolism in the development/regression of myocardial hypertrophy and elucidate their effect on cardiac function. On identifying the derangement, we will determine if appropriate treatment corrects the changes and if such directed alteration in myocardial collagen formation improves the compromised function of the hypertrophied heart. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN HEART FAILURE TRIAL OF AMIODARONE, OR ICD Principal Investigator & Institution: Halperin, Blair; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the likelihood of death in people with weak hearts can be lessened. There are two principal causes of death in people with decreased heart strength: progressive, profound heart muscle weakness and severe heart rhythm disorders (ventricular fibrillation). Ventricular fibrillation is a rapid disorganized beating of the lower heart chambers, (ventricles), causing death because the heart can no longer pump blood effectively. This study will examine whether ventricular fibrillation can be prevented. People with decreased heart strength can also die from progressive heart weakness. Entry into the study will not alter the standard care given to individuals for the treatment of a weak heart. Standard therapy includes the use of diuretics (water pills like furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide), afterload reducers (enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, hydralazine, nitrates, and related drugs) and/or, digitalis (digoxin). Standard therapy may also include blood thinners (aspirin and warfarin), beta-blockers (metoprolol, atenolol), and, in patients with severely weakened hearts, heart transplantation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Atenolol

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for atenolol in the PubMed Central database: •

Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. by [No authors listed]; 1998 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28660

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with atenolol, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for atenolol (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A 5-year comparison of doxazosin and atenolol in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension: effects on blood pressure, serum lipids, and coronary heart disease risk. Author(s): Daae LN, Westlie L. Source: Blood Pressure. 1998 January; 7(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551876&dopt=Abstract

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of atenolol, labetalol, esmolol, and landiolol for altering human neutrophil functions. Author(s): Nishina K, Akamatsu H, Mikawa K, Shiga M, Obara H, Niwa Y. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524332&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the acute haemodynamic effects of nisoldipine and nifedipine during treatment with atenolol in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Donaldson KM, Dawkins KD, Waller DG. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 October; 36(4): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959309&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the effects of mibefradil and atenolol on regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Hoglund C, Cifkova R, Mimran A, Tenczer J, Watt A, Wilkins MR, Lindberg E. Source: Cardiology. 1998 May; 89(4): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643273&dopt=Abstract

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A low dose atenolol/bendrofluazide combination in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Johnston GD, Wilson R, McDermott BJ, Conroy C. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 November; 11(11): 759-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416987&dopt=Abstract

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A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the potential drug interaction between tasosartan and atenolol in patients with stage 1 and 2 essential hypertension. Author(s): Andrawis NS, Battle MM, Klamerus KJ, Burghart PH, Neefe L, Weinryb I, Mayer P, Abernethy DR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 March; 40(3): 231-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10709151&dopt=Abstract

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A predictive model of the health benefits and cost effectiveness of celiprolol and atenolol in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Milne RJ, Vander Hoorn S, Jackson RT. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1997 September; 12(3): 384-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10170463&dopt=Abstract

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A study of pulmonary profile of hypertensive patients--comparison of atenolol vs amlodipine. Author(s): Chaswal M, Singh S, Tandon OP, Shankar N. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 October; 42(4): 538-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874357&dopt=Abstract

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Acute hemodynamic effects of amlodipine 15 days after a myocardial infarction in normotensive patients treated with atenolol. Author(s): Rocha P, Pathe M, Bernaud C, Zannier D, Baron B, Marchand X, Hotton JM, Kahn JC. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1997 April; 11(2): 139-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140691&dopt=Abstract

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Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) -344 C/T polymorphism is related to antihypertensive response: result from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation versus Atenolol (SILVHIA) trial. Author(s): Kurland L, Melhus H, Karlsson J, Kahan T, Malmqvist K, Ohman P, Nystrom F, Hagg A, Lind L. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 May; 15(5): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022239&dopt=Abstract

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Amlodipine versus diltiazem as additional antianginal treatment to atenolol. Centralised European Studies in Angina Research (CESAR) Investigators. Author(s): Knight CJ, Fox KM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 January 15; 81(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591893&dopt=Abstract

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An economic evaluation of atenolol vs. captopril in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 24). Author(s): Caro JJ, Lee K. Source: Current Hypertension Reports. 2002 December; 4(6): 417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419165&dopt=Abstract

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An economic evaluation of atenolol vs. captopril in patients with Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 54). Author(s): Gray A, Clarke P, Raikou M, Adler A, Stevens R, Neil A, Cull C, Stratton I, Holman R; UKPDS Group. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2001 June; 18(6): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472461&dopt=Abstract

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An open label, randomised, crossover study comparing sotalol and atenolol in the treatment of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Steeds RP, Birchall AS, Smith M, Channer KS. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1999 August; 82(2): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10409530&dopt=Abstract

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Antenatal exposure to atenolol and retroperitoneal fibromatosis. Author(s): Satge D, Sasco AJ, Col JY, Lemonnier PG, Hemet J, Robert E. Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 1997 July-August; 11(4): 539-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241674&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive therapy with verapamil SR plus trandolapril versus atenolol plus chlorthalidone on glycemic control. Author(s): Holzgreve H, Nakov R, Beck K, Janka HU. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2003 May; 16(5 Pt 1): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745200&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the Doctor. I take a beta blocker called atenolol and an ACE inhibitor every morning for my hypertension. When I get up in the morning, my blood pressure is high, but falls as the day goes on. It seems like it s always pretty good by the time I see my doctor, so she thinks everything is fine. Still, the high numbers worry me. Should I be on another drug? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2001 December; 12(4): 8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751081&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctor. I take atenolol and lisinopril for my blood pressure. I have a blood pressure monitor that I use at home and I find that, on average, my pressure is 150/85 in the morning and 130/80 in the afternoon. Should I be worried about the high morning readings? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2000 March; 10(7): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799255&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol and fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. Author(s): Lydakis C, Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers DG. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1999 June; 12(6): 541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371362&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol developmental toxicity: animal-to-human comparisons. Author(s): Tabacova S, Kimmel CA, Wall K, Hansen D. Source: Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2003 March; 67(3): 181-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797460&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol facilitates light-induced phase shifts in humans. Author(s): Deacon S, English J, Tate J, Arendt J. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1998 February 6; 242(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510003&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol for prevention of postsurgical cardiovascular events. Author(s): Shapley-Quinn K, Newton W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 March; 44(3): 243, 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9071238&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol for prevention of preeclampsia. Author(s): Ellis MR, Kane KY. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 August; 48(8): 580-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496633&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol induced high grade AV block. Author(s): Kelkar PN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 August; 46(8): 748, 751. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229299&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol prophylaxis in migraine secondary to an arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Kowacs PA, Werneck LC. Source: Headache. 1996 November-December; 36(10): 625-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8990605&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol quantification in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography: application to bioequivalence study. Author(s): de Abreu LR, de Castro SA, Pedrazzoli J Jr. Source: Aaps Pharmsci [electronic Resource]. 2003; 5(2): E21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866946&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol use and clinical outcomes after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-I experience. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA (alteplase) for Occluded Coronary Arteries. Author(s): Pfisterer M, Cox JL, Granger CB, Brener SJ, Naylor CD, Califf RM, van de Werf F, Stebbins AL, Lee KL, Topol EJ, Armstrong PW. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1998 September; 32(3): 634-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741504&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol versus amlodipine versus isosorbide-5-mononitrate on anginal symptoms in syndrome X. Author(s): Lanza GA, Colonna G, Pasceri V, Maseri A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 October 1; 84(7): 854-6, A8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513787&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol versus the fixed combination of atenolol and nifedipine in stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Foale RA. Source: European Heart Journal. 1993 October; 14(10): 1369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262084&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol, bendrofluazide and their use in combination. Author(s): Morgan TO. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 July; 12(7): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702937&dopt=Abstract

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Atenolol: pharmacokinetic/dynamic aspects of comparative developmental toxicity. Author(s): J Fam Pract. 2002 Jul;51(7):599 Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2002 January-February; 16(1): 1-7. Review. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12160492

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Atenolol-induced lupus erythematosus. Author(s): McGuiness M, Frye RA, Deng JS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 August; 37(2 Pt 2): 2989. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270530&dopt=Abstract

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Automated liquid chromatographic determination of atenolol in plasma using dialysis and trace enrichment on a cation-exchange precolumn for sample handling. Author(s): Chiap P, Buraglia BM, Ceccato A, Hubert P, Crommen J. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 February 28; 739(1): 205-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744328&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioural parameters in hypertensives on atenolol therapy. Author(s): Chaswal M, Singh S, Shankar N, Avasthi R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1999 June; 97(6): 214-6, 232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645693&dopt=Abstract

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beta blockade and intermittent claudication: placebo controlled trial of atenolol and nifedipine and their combination. Author(s): Solomon SA, Ramsay LE, Yeo WW, Parnell L, Morris-Jones W. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 November 2; 303(6810): 1100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1747577&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-blockers: propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, pindolol, alprenolol and timolol, manifest atherogenicity on in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. Elimination of propranolol atherogenic effects by papaverine. Author(s): Orekhov AN, Andrianova IV, Rekhter MD, Tertov VV, Andreeva ER, Ragimov SE, Mironov AA. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1992 July; 95(1): 77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1353674&dopt=Abstract

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Bioequivalence of a new atenolol formulation. Author(s): Rostock G, Vogel I, Stulich M, Gunzel R. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1992 November; 30(11): 482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1490794&dopt=Abstract

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Bioequivalence of two atenolol formulations in healthy volunteers. Evaluation and prediction of effect kinetics at beta-adrenoceptors in vivo by means of a radioreceptor assay. Author(s): Sitzler G, Heibel B, Lucker PW, Palm D. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1991 March; 13(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1677061&dopt=Abstract

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Bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of atenolol after single oral administration in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Niopas I, Daftsios AC, Xanthakis I, Nikolaidis N, Njau SN. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 March; 50(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10758775&dopt=Abstract

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Bioequivalence study of generic atenolol tablets in healthy Thai volunteers. Author(s): Rojanasthien N, Manorot M, Kumsorn B. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 September; 82(9): 907-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561948&dopt=Abstract

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Both atenolol and propranolol blunt the fibrinolytic response to exercise but not resting fibrinolytic potential. Author(s): Fernhall B, Szymanski LM, Gorman PA, Kamimori GH, Kessler CM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 December 15; 86(12): 1398-400, A6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113426&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor.I have hypertension, and I take a beta blocker called atenolol and an ACE inhibitor every morning. But I find that my blood pressure is high when I first get up. As the day goes on, my pressure falls. It seems like it's always pretty good by the time I see my doctor, so she thinks everything is fine. But the high numbers worry me. Should I be on another drug? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2001 March; 26(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276149&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiogenic shock triggered by verapamil and atenolol: a case report of therapeutic experience with intravenous calcium. Author(s): Sakurai H, Kei M, Matsubara K, Yokouchi K, Hattori K, Ichihashi R, Hirakawa Y, Tsukamoto H, Saburi Y. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 2000 November; 64(11): 893-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110438&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular depression resulting from atenolol intoxication. Author(s): Love JN, Elshami J. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2002 June; 9(2): 111-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131631&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular effects of eating, atenolol and their interaction: beta1-adrenergic modulation does not play a predominant role in the genesis of postprandial effects. Author(s): De Mey C, Enterling D, Meineke I. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 November; 36(5): 427-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959290&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Author(s): Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, Aurup P, Edelman J, Snapinn S; LIFE Study Group. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 23; 359(9311): 1004-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937179&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Author(s): Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H; LIFE Study Group. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 23; 359(9311): 995-1003. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937178&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral hemodynamics in young hypertensive subjects and effects of atenolol treatment. Author(s): Troisi E, Attanasio A, Matteis M, Bragoni M, Monaldo BC, Caltagirone C, Silvestrini M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998 July 15; 159(1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700713&dopt=Abstract

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Combined overdose with verapamil and atenolol: treatment with high doses of adrenergic agonists. Author(s): Kalman S, Berg S, Lisander B. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 March; 42(3): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542569&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative bioavailability of two formulations containing atenolol and chlortalidone associated in a 4:1 fixed combination. Author(s): Marzo A, Monti NC, Dal Bo L, Mazzucchelli P, Crivelli F, Tettamanti RA, Ismaili S, Uhr MR, Ronchi C, Porziotta E. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 September; 50(9): 802-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050696&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative bioavailability study of two atenolol tablet preparations. Author(s): Peh KK, Yuen KH, Wong JW, Toh WT. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1999 March; 25(3): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071830&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of atenolol versus celiprolol on serum lipids and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic and hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Dujovne CA, Eff J, Ferraro L, Goldstein RJ, Gotto AM Jr, Hall WD, Harris WS, Held SJ, Herd A, Hunninghake DB, et al. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1993 November 15; 72(15): 1131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8237801&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of atenolol-based and amlodipine-based antihypertensive therapy on QT dispersion in hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Oikarinen L, Viitasalo M, Toivonen L, Nieminen MS; Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2001 August; 15 Suppl 1: S43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685909&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of nebivolol and atenolol on blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects with type II diabetes. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Lazzari P, Mugellini A, Lusardi P, Preti P, Van Nueten L, Vertommen C. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 November; 11(11): 753-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416986&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of three beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol) on survival after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 April 1; 87(7): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274934&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative pharmacokinetic study of a floating multiple-unit capsule, a highdensity multiple-unit capsule and an immediate-release tablet containing 25 mg atenolol. Author(s): Rouge N, Allemann E, Gex-Fabry M, Balant L, Cole ET, Buri P, Doelker E. Source: Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 1998 July; 73(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700936&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between moexipril and atenolol in obese postmenopausal women with hypertension. Author(s): Stimpel M, Koch B, Weber MA. Source: Maturitas. 1998 September 20; 30(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819786&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of 26-week efficacy and tolerability of telmisartan and atenolol, in combination with hydrochlorothiazide as required, in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a randomized, multicenter study. Author(s): Freytag F, Schelling A, Meinicke T, Deichsel G; Telmisartan Hypertension Experience in a Randomized European Study Versus Atenolol Study Group. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 January; 23(1): 108-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219471&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of actions of irbesartan versus atenolol on cardiac repolarization in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy: results from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation Versus Atenolol (SILVHIA). Author(s): Malmqvist K, Kahan T, Edner M, Bergfeldt L. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 November 15; 90(10): 1107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423712&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of atenolol, amlodipine, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan for antihypertensive treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Author(s): Kraiczi H, Hedner J, Peker Y, Grote L. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 May; 161(5): 1423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10806134&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of controlled-onset, extended-release verapamil with amlodipine and amlodipine plus atenolol on exercise performance and ambulatory ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Frishman WH, Glasser S, Stone P, Deedwania PC, Johnson M, Fakouhi TD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 February 15; 83(4): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073852&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of effects on systolic and diastolic left ventricular function of nebivolol versus atenolol in patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Author(s): Kamp O, Sieswerda GT, Visser CA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 August 1; 92(3): 344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888152&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of quinapril versus atenolol: effects on blood pressure and cardiac mass after renal transplantation. Author(s): Suwelack B, Gerhardt U, Hausberg M, Rahn KH, Hohage H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 September 1; 86(5): 583-5, A10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009288&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of talinolol and atenolol effects on blood pressure in relation to lipid and glucose metabolic parameters. Results from the TALIP study. Author(s): Sourgens H, Schmidt J, Derendorf H. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 January; 41(1): 22-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564742&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of temocapril and atenolol in the long-term treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Sierakowski B, Puchler K, Witte PU, Renneisen K, Delius W. Source: Blood Pressure. 1997 July; 6(4): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9296310&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist irbesartan with atenolol for treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Stumpe KO, Haworth D, Hoglund C, Kerwin L, Martin A, Simon T, Masson C, Kassler-Taub K, Osbakken M. Source: Blood Pressure. 1998 January; 7(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551875&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the combination of enalapril and a very low dose of hydrochlorothiazide with atenolol in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Scandinavian Study Group. Author(s): Os I, Hotnes T, Dollerup J, Mogensen CE. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1997 August; 10(8): 899-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270085&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effects of losartan and atenolol on common carotid artery intimamedia thickness in patients with hypertension: results of a 2-year, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Ludwig M, Stapff M, Ribeiro A, Fritschka E, Tholl U, Smith RD, Stumpe KO. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 July; 24(7): 1175-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182261&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the efficacy of atenolol and its combination with slow-release nifedipine in chronic stable angina. Author(s): Meyer TE, Adnams C, Commerford P. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1993 December; 7(6): 909-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8011570&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of trimetazidine with atenolol in patients with syndrome X: effects on diastolic function and exercise tolerance. Author(s): Leonardo F, Fragasso G, Rossetti E, Dabrowski P, Pagnotta P, Rosano GM, Chierchia SL. Source: Cardiologia. 1999 December; 44(12): 1065-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687257&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of pulse pressure reduction during antihypertensive treatment (losartan or atenolol) in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (the LIFE study). Author(s): Gerdts E, Papademetriou V, Palmieri V, Boman K, Bjornstad H, Wachtell K, Giles TD, Dahlof B, Devereux RB; Losartan Intervention For End (LIFE) point reduction in hypertension study. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 February 15; 89(4): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835919&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the anti-ischemic activity of nebivolol in comparison with atenolol. Author(s): Ruf G, Trenk D, Jahnchen E, Roskamm H. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1994 March 1; 43(3): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7910155&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the beta-blocker atenolol in plasma by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Arias R, Jimenez RM, Alonso RM, Telez M, Arrieta I, Flores P, Ortiz-Lastra E. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2001 May 4; 916(1-2): 297-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11382304&dopt=Abstract

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Development and validation of a chiral liquid chromatographic method for the determination of atenolol and metoprolol enantiomers in tablet preparations. Author(s): Singh AK, Kedor-Hackmann ER, Santoro MI. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 November-December; 84(6): 1724-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767137&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and not lack of treatment with atenolol predicts decreased survival after noncardiac surgery. Author(s): Leung JM. Source: Anesthesiology. 1999 April; 90(4): 1226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10201703&dopt=Abstract

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Differences of chronopharmacokinetic profiles between propranolol and atenolol in hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Shiga T, Fujimura A, Tateishi T, Ohashi K, Ebihara A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 August; 33(8): 756-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8408738&dopt=Abstract

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Different effects of calcium antagonist and beta-blocker therapy on left-ventricular diastolic function in ischemic heart disease. A direct comparison of the impact of mibefradil and atenolol. Author(s): Hassager C, Thygesen K, Grande P, Fischer Hansen J, Mickley H, Gustafsson I, Skagen K, Steensgaard-Hansen F. Source: Cardiology. 2001; 96(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740134&dopt=Abstract

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Different effects of fosinopril and atenolol on wave reflections in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Chen CH, Ting CT, Lin SJ, Hsu TL, Yin FC, Siu CO, Chou P, Wang SP, Chang MS. Source: Hypertension. 1995 May; 25(5): 1034-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7737712&dopt=Abstract

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Different hemodynamic effects of celipropol and atenolol in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Saner H, Seiler A, Mahler F. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1995 July; 45(7): 790-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8573224&dopt=Abstract

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Different long-term metabolic effects of enalapril and atenolol in patients with mild hypertension. EGTA Group. Author(s): Aberg H, Morlin C, Lithell H. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1995 February; 9(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752178&dopt=Abstract

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Differential cardiovascular effects of propranolol, atenolol, and pindolol measured by impedance cardiography. Author(s): Thomas SH, Cooper RC, Ekwuru M, Fletcher S, Gilbody J, Husseyin TS, Ishaque M, Jagathesan R, Reddy G, Smith SE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1541316&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of carvedilol and atenolol on plasma noradrenaline during exercise in humans. Author(s): Herman RB, Jesudason PJ, Mustafa AM, Husain R, Choy AM, Lang CC. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 55(2): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580984&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of celiprolol and atenolol on large epicardial coronary arteries in conscious dogs at rest and during exercise. Author(s): Drieu la Rochelle C, Giudicelli JF, Berdeaux A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1993 July; 22(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7690087&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of enalapril and atenolol on proteinuria and renal haemodynamics in non-diabetic renal disease. Author(s): Apperloo AJ, de Zeeuw D, Sluiter HE, de Jong PE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 October 5; 303(6806): 821-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1932973&dopt=Abstract

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Differential response to amlodipine and atenolol mono-therapy for hypertension by ethnic group. Author(s): Kirby PL, Caulfield MC, Collier DJ, Eldridge S, Griffiths CG, Hemingway H, Poulter NR, Feder GS; Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2001 August; 15 Suppl 1: S61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685913&dopt=Abstract

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Diltiazem and atenolol in essential hypertension: additivity of effects on blood pressure and cardiac conduction with combination therapy. Author(s): Tonkin AL, Wing LM, Russell AE, West MJ, Bune AJ, Morris MJ, Cain MD, Chalmers J. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1990 November; 8(11): 1015-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1963183&dopt=Abstract

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Direct enantiospecific HPLC bioanalysis of (R,S)-atenolol on a chiral stationary phase. Author(s): Kofahl B, Henke D, Mutschler E. Source: Chirality. 1993; 5(6): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8398605&dopt=Abstract

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Direct injection analysis of atenolol enantiomers in plasma using an achiral/chiral coupled column HPLC system. Author(s): He J, Shibukawa A, Nakagawa T, Wada H, Fujima H, Imai E, Go-oh Y. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993 March; 41(3): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8477506&dopt=Abstract

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Direct injection of large volumes of plasma/serum on a new biocompatible extraction column for the determination of atenolol, propranolol and ibuprofen. Mechanisms for the improvement of chromatographic performance. Author(s): Hermansson J, Grahn A, Hermansson I. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1998 February 27; 797(1-2): 251-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542118&dopt=Abstract

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Dose comparability of atenolol and betaxolol. Author(s): Burris JF. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1991 September; 50(3): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1914369&dopt=Abstract

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Dose proportional absorption of 25-150 mg atenolol. Author(s): Wakelkamp M, Alvan G, Paintaud G, Hedman A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 44(3): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8491252&dopt=Abstract

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Doxazosin and atenolol as monotherapy in mild and moderate hypertension: a randomized, parallel study with a three-year follow-up. Author(s): Talseth T, Westlie L, Daae L. Source: American Heart Journal. 1991 January; 121(1 Pt 2): 280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1824651&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of amlodipine compared to atenolol on small arteries of previously untreated essential hypertensive patients. Author(s): Schiffrin EL, Pu Q, Park JB. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 February; 15(2 Pt 1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863244&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with perindopril and betablockade with atenolol on retinal blood flow in hypertensive diabetic subjects. Author(s): Patel V, Rassam SM, Chen HC, Jones M, Kohner EM. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1998 December; 47(12 Suppl 1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867068&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of antihypertensive treatment with valsartan or atenolol on sexual activity and plasma testosterone in hypertensive men. Author(s): Fogari R, Preti P, Derosa G, Marasi G, Zoppi A, Rinaldi A, Mugellini A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 June; 58(3): 177-80. Epub 2002 May 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107602&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of atenolol and celiprolol on acetylcholine-induced coronary vasomotion in coronary artery disease. Author(s): Burger W, Hampel C, Kaltenbach M, Hartmann A, Herrmann M, Hoffmann JA, Klepzig H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 January 15; 85(2): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955372&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of atenolol on symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia without structural heart disease. Author(s): Krittayaphong R, Bhuripanyo K, Raungratanaamporn O, Sriratanasathavorn C, Punlee K, Kangkagate C, Cheumsuk W, Chaithiraphan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 November; 83 Suppl 2: S124-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194002&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of atenolol on symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia without structural heart disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Krittayaphong R, Bhuripanyo K, Punlee K, Kangkagate C, Chaithiraphan S. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 December; 144(6): E10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486439&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of atenolol or metoprolol on arbutamine stress echocardiography in patients suspected of having coronary artery disease. Author(s): Weissman NJ, Sheris SJ, Picard MH, Bach DS, Sklar J, Cohen JL. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 September 15; 82(6): 830-2, A10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761104&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of atenolol or metoprolol on waking hour dynamics of the QT interval in myocardial infarction. Author(s): Singh JP, Musialek P, Sleight P, Davey P, Marinho M, Hart G. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 April 1; 81(7): 924-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555785&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of atenolol therapy on left atrial appendage function in patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis. Author(s): Yilmaz M, Gurlertop Y, Acikel M, Erol K, Bozkurt E, Sevimli S, Senocak H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 May 15; 91(10): 1284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745125&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of beta 1 blockade with atenolol on progression of heart failure in patients pretreated with high-dose enalapril. Author(s): Sturm B, Pacher R, Strametz-Juranek J, Berger R, Frey B, Stanek B. Source: European Journal of Heart Failure : Journal of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. 2000 December; 2(4): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113718&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of bisoprolol and atenolol on endurance exercise capacity in healthy men. Author(s): Vanhees L, Defoor JG, Schepers D, Lijnen P, Peeters BY, Lacante PH, Fagard RH. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2000 January; 18(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678541&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of prazosin GITS, atenolol, nifedipine SR, and enalapril on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Author(s): Patki KC, Joglekar SJ, Kamat SK, Thatte UM, Yeolekar ME, Rege NN, Dahanukar SA, Nanivadekar AS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998; Suppl 1: 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229106&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol in humans. Author(s): Drozdzik M, Domanski L, Wojcicki J, Pudlo A, Machoy P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 May; 43(5): 524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751273&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of nifedipine GITS in combination with atenolol in chronic stable angina. Author(s): Toal CB, Motro M, Baird MG, Klinke P, Sclarowski S, Zilberman A, Marmor A, Kostuk WJ, Lotan C, Weiss A, Erne P, Palant A, Stolero D, Belanger L, Turpie A. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1999 October; 15(10): 1103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10523477&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of antianginal therapy with atenolol and slow-release nifedipine on respiratory gas exchange and on the ventilatory requirements for aerobic exercise. Author(s): Hetzel M, Wieshammer S, Barnikel U, Hetzel J, Herb S, Kochs M, Hombach V. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie. 1994; 83 Suppl 3: 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7941677&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of atenolol on postoperative myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Lustik SJ, Chhibber AK, Eichelberger JP. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 September; 89(3): 794-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9743424&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of doxazosin and atenolol on atherothrombogenic risk profile in hypertensive middle-aged men. Author(s): Andersen P, Seljeflot I, Herzog A, Arnesen H, Hjermann I, Holme I. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1998 May; 31(5): 677-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593066&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of doxazosin and atenolol on circulating endothelin-1 and von Willebrand factor in hypertensive middle-aged men. Author(s): Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Andersen P, Aspelin T, Kierulf P. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1999 October; 34(4): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511135&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of losartan and atenolol on left ventricular mass and neurohormonal profile in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Author(s): Dahlof B, Zanchetti A, Diez J, Nicholls MG, Yu CM, Barrios V, Aurup P, Smith RD, Johansson M; For the REGAAL Study Investigators. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 September; 20(9): 1855-64. Erratum In: J Hypertens. 2002 November; 20(11): 2315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195129&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of losartan or atenolol in hypertensive patients without clinically evident vascular disease: a substudy of the LIFE randomized trial. Author(s): Devereux RB, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Aurup P, Beevers G, Edelman JM, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Helle Berg S, Ibsen H, Kristianson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Snapinn S, Wedel H; LIFE Study Group. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 August 5; 139(3): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899584&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of nebivolol and atenolol on insulin sensitivity and haemodynamics in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Poirier L, Cleroux J, Nadeau A, Lacourciere Y. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 August; 19(8): 1429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518851&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of nebivolol and atenolol on small arteries and microcirculatory endotheliumdependent dilation in hypertensive patients undergoing isometric stress. Author(s): Arosio E, De Marchi S, Prior M, Zannoni M, Lechi A. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 September; 20(9): 1793-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195121&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of quinapril and verapamil versus atenolol on blood pressure during dynamic leg exercise. Author(s): Cleroux J, Beaulieu M, Lemieux SC, Lacourciere Y. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1993 December; 11 Suppl 5: S370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158427&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of therapy with nifedipine GITS or atenolol on mental stress-induced ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Andrews TC, Parker JD, Jacobs S, Friedman R, Cummings N, MacCallum G, Mannting F, Tofler GH, Carlson W, Muller JE, Stone PH. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1998 November 15; 32(6): 1680-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9822096&dopt=Abstract

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Electromechanical dissociation 48 hours after atenolol overdose: usefulness of calcium chloride. Author(s): Pertoldi F, D'Orlando L, Mercante WP. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1998 June; 31(6): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9624322&dopt=Abstract

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Enantioselective analysis of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in urine samples by a highperformance liquid chromatography column-switching setup. Author(s): Lamprecht G, Kraushofer T, Stoschitzky K, Lindner W. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 April 14; 740(2): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821408&dopt=Abstract

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Enantioselective analysis of atenolol in biologic fluids: comparison of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction methods. Author(s): Iha MH, Martinez AS, Bonato PS. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 February 5; 767(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863280&dopt=Abstract

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Enantioselective bioanalysis of beta-blocking agents: focus on atenolol, betaxolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, pindolol, propranolol and sotalol. Author(s): Egginger G, Lindner W, Vandenbosch C, Massart DL. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1993 November-December; 7(6): 277-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905307&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental Goettingen minipig and beagle dog as two species used in bioequivalence studies for clinical pharmacology (5-aminosalicylic acid and atenolol as model drugs). Author(s): Kvetina J, Svoboda Z, Nobilis M, Pastera J, Anzenbacher P. Source: Gen Physiol Biophys. 1999 October; 18 Spec No: 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703724&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal fetal outcome with the combined use of valsartan and atenolol. Author(s): Briggs GG, Nageotte MP. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July-August; 35(7-8): 859-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485133&dopt=Abstract

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Fibrinolytic/hemostatic variables in arterial hypertension: response to treatment with irbesartan or atenolol. Author(s): Makris TK, Stavroulakis GA, Krespi PG, Hatzizacharias AN, Triposkiadis FK, Tsoukala CG, Votteas VV, Kyriakidis MK. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2000 July; 13(7): 783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933570&dopt=Abstract

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Fixed drug eruption due to atenolol: a case report. Author(s): Palungwachira P, Palungwachira P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 November; 82(11): 1158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659553&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of postprandial lipemia after a first acute coronary event (unstable angina pectoris or non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction) and the effects of atenolol on the lipemia. Author(s): Boccalandro F, Farias J, Boccalandro C, Vaisman D. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 July 15; 90(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12106847&dopt=Abstract

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Haemodynamic comparison of amlodipine and atenolol in essential hypertension using the quantascope. Author(s): Tham TC, Herity N, Guy S, Silke B. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 December; 36(6): 555-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959272&dopt=Abstract

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Heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction in patients treated with atenolol and metoprolol. Author(s): Lurje L, Wennerblom B, Tygesen H, Karlsson T, Hjalmarson A. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1997 July 25; 60(2): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9226286&dopt=Abstract

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Hemodynamic changes induced by cilazapril and atenolol during isometric stress in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Pancera P, Arosio E, Priante F, Ribul M, De Marchi S, Lechi A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1993 December; 31(12): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8314358&dopt=Abstract

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Hemodynamic effects of a beta adrenergic blocking agent-atenolol in patients with severe mitral stenosis. Author(s): Thongtang V, Srivanasont N, Chaithiraphan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1993 January; 76(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228697&dopt=Abstract

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Hemodynamic, antiischemic, and neurohumoral effects of tedisamil and atenolol in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Mitrovic V, Miskovic A, Strau M, Thormann J, Pitschner H, Hamm C. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2000 October; 14(5): 511-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101199&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic dysfunction associated with atenolol. Author(s): Yusuf SW, Mishra RM. Source: Lancet. 1995 July 15; 346(8968): 192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7603264&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment. Influence on LVH, proteinuria and metabolic parameters. The HANE Trial Research Group. Author(s): Kribben A, Anlauf M, Distler A, Gartner H, Holzgreve H, Michaelis J, Rocker L, Schafers R, Philipp U, Wellek S, Philipp T. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 1997 October; 61: S74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328972&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and atenolol. Author(s): Lee ST. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 March 15; 116(6): 522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1739249&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertension in the elderly: a study of a combination of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride hydrochloride. Author(s): Duckett GK, Cheadle B. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 September; 44(9): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2223528&dopt=Abstract

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Hypotensive effects and influence on serum lipids of SQ29,852, a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, in patients with essential hypertension: a comparison with atenolol. Author(s): Sasaki J, Koga S, Kato K, Takii M, Sakai K, Kawasaki K, Kagimoto M, Doi Y, Takada K, Sakaue A, et al. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1993 February; 31(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8458681&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired elimination of atenolol in a nephropathic patient with self-medication overdose. Author(s): el-Yazigi A, Bouchama A, al-Abdely H, Yusuf A, Sieck JO. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 May; 33(5): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8331202&dopt=Abstract

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Improved high-performance liquid chromatography assay for atenolol in plasma and urine using fluorescence detection. Author(s): Morris RG, Saccoia NC, Sallustio BC, Zacest R. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1991 July; 13(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1780968&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a verylow-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patient: a comparison with atenolol. Author(s): Asmar RG, London GM, O'Rourke ME, Safar ME; REASON Project Coordinators and Investigators. Source: Hypertension. 2001 October; 38(4): 922-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641310&dopt=Abstract

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In the past 12 to 18 months, my level of anxiety has increased significantly. I have been on atenolol and simvastatin (Zocor) for the past couple of years. Is there anything in these drugs that could cause this anxiety? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 1998 October; 9(2): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9780877&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo equivalence of two oral atenolol tablet formulations. Author(s): Cuadrado A, Rodriguez Gascon A, Hernandez RM, Castilla AM, de la Maza A, Lopez de Ocariz A, Calvo B, Pedraz JL. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2002; 52(5): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087922&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antihypertensive drug atenolol in cultured human lymphocytes: effects of long-term therapy. Author(s): T inverted question markelez M, Mart inverted question markinez B, Criado B, Lostao CM, Penagarikano O, Ortega B, Flores P, Ortiz-Lastra E, Alonso RM, Jim inverted question markenez RM, Arrieta I. Source: Mutagenesis. 2000 May; 15(3): 195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792010&dopt=Abstract

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Individualizing antihypertensive therapy with enalapril versus atenolol: the Zurich experience. Author(s): Edmonds D, Huss R, Jeck T, Mengden T, Schubert M, Vetter W. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1990 September; 8(4): S49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2258784&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of insulin resistance by beta-blockade but not ACE-inhibition: long-term treatment with atenolol or trandolapril. Author(s): Reneland R, Alvarez E, Andersson PE, Haenni A, Byberg L, Lithell H. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2000 March; 14(3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694831&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of atenolol on the relationship between heart rate and QT interval in patients with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Ferraro S, Maddalena G, D'Agosto V, D'Alto M, Fazio S, Santomauro M, Romano M, Chiariello M. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1992 December; 15(12): 911-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1473307&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of atenolol on within-subject variation of thyroid function tests. Author(s): Watts GF, Pillay D, Kind PR. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1990 November; 27 ( Pt 6): 599-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2080863&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of debrisoquine oxidation phenotype on exercise tolerance and subjective fatigue after metoprolol and atenolol in healthy subjects. Author(s): Lewis RV, Ramsay LE, Jackson PR, Yeo WW, Lennard MS, Tucker GT. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 April; 31(4): 391-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2049246&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin receptor number in arterial hypertension: response to treatment with fosinopril or atenolol. Author(s): Makris T, Krespi P, Triposkiadis F, Votteas V, Hatzizaharias A, Kyriakidis M. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 April; 11(4 Pt 1): 494-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9607389&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin sensitivity following treatment with the alpha 1-blocker bunazosin retard and the beta 1-blocker atenolol in hypertensive non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Author(s): Eriksson JW, Jansson PA, Foley K, Lithell H. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1996 December; 14(12): 1469-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8986932&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin sensitivity in obese hypertensive dyslipidemic patients treated with enalapril or atenolol. Author(s): Morel Y, Gadient A, Keller U, Vadas L, Golay A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1995 August; 26(2): 306-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7475056&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal drug absorption during induced net water absorption in man; a mechanistic study using antipyrine, atenolol and enalaprilat. Author(s): Lennernas H, Ahrenstedt O, Ungell AL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 June; 37(6): 589-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7917779&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous atenolol in elderly patients in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Kyriakides ZS, Kremastinos D, Karavolias G, Papadopoulos C, Apostolou T, Paraskevaidis J, Toutouzas P. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 October; 6(5): 475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1450092&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of therapeutic mechanisms of atenolol and diltiazem in patients with variable-threshold angina. Author(s): Nadazdin A, Davies GJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 1994 February; 127(2): 312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8296698&dopt=Abstract

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Isosorbide-5-mononitrate and atenolol in the treatment of stable exertional angina. Author(s): Waysbort J, Meshulam N, Brunner D. Source: Cardiology. 1991; 79 Suppl 2: 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1760824&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of atenolol in dosage forms. Author(s): Al-Ghannam SM, Belal F. Source: J Aoac Int. 2002 July-August; 85(4): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180673&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of efficacy of atenolol for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope in a highly symptomatic population: a prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Madrid AH, Ortega J, Rebollo JG, Manzano JG, Segovia JG, Sanchez A, Pena G, Moro C. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 February; 37(2): 554-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216978&dopt=Abstract

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Left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions measured at the P wave and Q wave during a randomized, double-blind one-year follow-up study comparing the effect of atenolol vs. hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride on blood pressure in men with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Otterstad JE, Froeland G, Erikssen J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1993 April; 53(2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8469914&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid profile in 100 men with moderate hypertension treated for 1 year with atenolol or hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride: a double-blind, randomized study. Author(s): Otterstad JE, Froeland G, Soeyland AK, Illingworth JM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1992 April; 52(2): 83-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1589701&dopt=Abstract

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Lipids and lipoproteins during antihypertensive drug therapy. Comparison of doxazosin and atenolol in a randomized, double-blind trial: the Alpha Beta Canada Study. Author(s): Rabkin SW, Huff MW, Newman C, Sim D, Carruthers SG. Source: Hypertension. 1994 August; 24(2): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039850&dopt=Abstract

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Lisinopril reduces postexercise albuminuria more effectively than atenolol in primary hypertension. Author(s): Rangemark C, Lind H, Lindholm L, Hedner T, Samuelsson O. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 49(4): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857071&dopt=Abstract

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Lisinopril versus atenolol: decrease in systolic versus diastolic blood pressure with converting enzyme inhibition. Author(s): Pannier BE, Garabedian VG, Madonna O, Fouchard M, Darne B, Safar ME. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1991 August; 5(4): 775-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1653594&dopt=Abstract

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Long term effects of atenolol in patients of mitral stenosis & normal sinus rhythm. Author(s): Mardikar HM, Sahasrabhojaney VS, Jalgaonkar PD, Mahorkar UM, Mardikar MH, Waghmare BG. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1995 January; 101: 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883280&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term control of hypertension in dialysis patients by low dose atenolol. Author(s): Vlassopoulos DA, Mentzikof DG, Hadjiyannakos DK, Noussias CV, Karras SM, Hadjiconstantinou VE. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2002 April; 25(4): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027136&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effect of atenolol on ejection fraction, symptoms, and exercise variables in patients with advanced left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Hulsmann M, Sturm B, Pacher R, Berger R, Bojic A, Frey B, Stanek B. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2001 November; 20(11): 1174-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704477&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of diltiazem and atenolol on blood glucose, serum lipids, and serum urate in hypertensive patients. Swedish-Finnish Study Group. Author(s): Thulin T, Lehtonen A, Dahlof C, Nilsson-Ehle P, Engqvist L, Lagerstedt C, Berglund E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 January; 37(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027480&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of doxazosin and atenolol on serum lipids and blood pressure in hypertensive smokers. Author(s): Talseth T, Westlie L, Daae LN. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1990 September; 8(5): S47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1981077&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term efficacy and safety of atenolol for supraventricular tachycardia in children. Author(s): Mehta AV, Subrahmanyam AB, Anand R. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 1996 July-August; 17(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8662045&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term treatment of angina pectoris with bisoprolol or atenolol in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Dorow P, Thalhofer S, Bethge H, Disselhoff G, Wagner G. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990; 16 Suppl 5: S36-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527135&dopt=Abstract

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Losartan vs atenolol in prevention of stroke and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Fournier A, Oprisiu R, Andrejak M, Fernandez L, Achard JM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 12; 289(6): 700; Author Reply 701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585946&dopt=Abstract

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Losartan vs atenolol in prevention of stroke and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Messerli FH, Grossman E, Fournier A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 12; 289(6): 700-1; Author Reply 701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585945&dopt=Abstract

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Lower plasma noradrenaline and blood viscosity on carvedilol vs atenolol in men with recent myocardial infarction. Author(s): Jonsson G, Fossum E, Kjeldsen SE, Hoieggen A, Os I, Eide I, Westheim A. Source: Blood Pressure. 2002; 11(6): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523682&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanical vs intrinsic components in the improvement of brachial arterial compliance. Comparison of the effects of atenolol versus ramipril in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Armentano RL, Graf S, Ramirez AJ, Espinosa JD, Brandani L, Baglivo H, Sanchez R. Source: Medicina (B Aires). 2001; 61(5 Pt 1): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721319&dopt=Abstract

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Medium-term effects of beta-blockade on left ventricular mechanics: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of nebivolol and atenolol in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Rousseau MF, Chapelle F, Van Eyll C, Stoleru L, Hager D, Van Nueten L, Pouleur H. Source: Journal of Cardiac Failure. 1996 March; 2(1): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8798100&dopt=Abstract

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Melatonin response to atenolol administration in depression: indication of betaadrenoceptor dysfunction in a subtype of depression. Author(s): Paparrigopoulos T. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 December; 106(6): 440-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392487&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic and antihypertensive effects of nebivolol and atenolol in normometabolic patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): Pesant Y, Marc-Aurele J, Bielmann P, Alaupovic P, Cartier P, Bichet D, Thibault G, Lupien PJ. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1999 May; 6(3): 137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423656&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of carvedilol and atenolol in non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Giugliano D, Acampora R, Marfella R, De Rosa N, Ziccardi P, Ragone R, De Angelis L, D'Onofrio F. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 June 15; 126(12): 955-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9182472&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of atenolol and doxazosin in healthy volunteers during prolonged physical exercise. Author(s): Cosenzi A, Sacerdote A, Bocin E, Molino R, Mangiarotti M, Bellini G. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1995 January; 25(1): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723344&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of spirapril and atenolol: results from a randomized, long-term study. Author(s): Hakamaki T, Lehtonen A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 June; 35(6): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9208336&dopt=Abstract

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Modest antihypertensive effect of epanolol, a beta 1-selective receptor blocker with beta 1 agonist activity: an acute and long-term hemodynamic study at rest and during exercise and double crossover comparison with atenolol on ambulatory blood pressure. Author(s): Omvik P, Lund-Johansen P, Haugland H. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1993 February; 7(1): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8097925&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring the adverse profile of atenolol--a collaborative study. Author(s): Garg KC, Singhal KC, Kumar S. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993 July; 37(3): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8276498&dopt=Abstract

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Monotherapy with amlodipine or atenolol versus their combination in stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Pehrsson SK, Ringqvist I, Ekdahl S, Karlson BW, Ulvenstam G, Persson S. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2000 October; 23(10): 763-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11061055&dopt=Abstract

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Monotherapy with nifedipine GITS compared with atenolol in stable angina pectoris. The Working Group on Cardiovascular Research (WCN). Author(s): de Vries RJ, Dunselman PH. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1997 April; 88: 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519501&dopt=Abstract

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Nebivolol vs atenolol and placebo in essential hypertension: a double-blind randomised trial. Author(s): Van Nueten L, Taylor FR, Robertson JI. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 February; 12(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9504355&dopt=Abstract

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Nebivolol: comparison of the effects of dl-nebivolol, d-nebivolol, l-nebivolol, atenolol, and placebo on exercise-induced increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Author(s): Van Nueten L, De Cree J. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1998 September; 12(4): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9825177&dopt=Abstract

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Nicardipine does not influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atenolol. Author(s): Vercruysse I, Schoors DF, Musch G, Massart DL, Dupont AG. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 September; 30(3): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2223431&dopt=Abstract

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Nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system versus atenolol in stable angina pectoris. The Netherlands Working Group on Cardiovascular Research (WCN). Author(s): de Vries RJ, van den Heuvel AF, Lok DJ, Claessens RJ, Bernink PJ, Pasteuning WH, Kingma JH, Dunselman PH. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1996 December 6; 57(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9013266&dopt=Abstract

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Nitrendipine and atenolol in essential hypertension in young and middle-aged patients: effect on serum lipids and left ventricular mass. Author(s): Lopez NC, Corral JL, Rincon LA, Arreaza MR, Giralt J, Galue GA, Barrios YE, Arocha I. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1991; 18 Suppl 1: S101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1723446&dopt=Abstract

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Nurse-recorded and ambulatory blood pressure predicts treatment-induced reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy equally well in hypertension: results from the Swedish irbesartan left ventricular hypertrophy investigation versus atenolol (SILVHIA) study. Author(s): Nystrom F, Malmqvist K, Ohman KP, Kahan T. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 August; 20(8): 1527-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172314&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal control of myocardial ischaemia: the benefit of a fixed combination of atenolol and nifedipine in patients with chronic stable angina. Author(s): el-Tamimi H, Davies GJ. Source: British Heart Journal. 1992 September; 68(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1389761&dopt=Abstract

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Organic anxiety syndrome after withdrawal of atenolol. Author(s): Deckert J, Przuntek H, Gleiter CH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 December; 151(12): 1840. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7977897&dopt=Abstract

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Peritoneal fibrosis--an expression of atenolol toxicity. Author(s): Agarwal DK, Barthwal SP, Agarwal R, Tandon S, Agarwal RL. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 February; 42(2): 152. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860479&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacodynamics of racemic and S(-)-atenolol in humans. Author(s): McCoy RA, Clifton GD, Clementi WA, Smith MD, Garvey TQ, Wermeling DP, Schwartz SE. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 August; 34(8): 816-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962669&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of atenolol during and after pregnancy. Author(s): Hurst AK, Shotan A, Hoffman K, Johnson J, Goodwin TM, Koda R, Elkayam U. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1998 July-August; 18(4): 840-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9692658&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single doses of valsartan and atenolol. Author(s): Czendlik CH, Sioufi A, Preiswerk G, Howald H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 52(6): 451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342580&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of atenolol enantiomers in 12 Chinese healthy men. Author(s): Wang XM, Yu XY, Lin SG. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1999 April; 20(4): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452127&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of atenolol enantiomers in humans and rats. Author(s): Mehvar R, Gross ME, Kreamer RN. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1990 October; 79(10): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2280355&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of propranolol and atenolol in patients after partial gastric resection: a comparative study. Author(s): Wojcicki J, Wojciechowski G, Wojcicki M, Kostyrka R, Sterna R, GawronskaSzklarz B, Pawlik A, Drozdzik M, Kozlowski K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 April; 56(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10853882&dopt=Abstract

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Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia. A placebo-controlled comparison. Author(s): Liebowitz MR, Schneier F, Campeas R, Hollander E, Hatterer J, Fyer A, Gorman J, Papp L, Davies S, Gully R, et al. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992 April; 49(4): 290-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558463&dopt=Abstract

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Pheochromocytoma associated ventricular tachycardia blocked with atenolol. Author(s): Michaels RD, Hays JH, O'Brian JT, Shakir KM. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1990 December; 13(11): 943-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2090675&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene are related to change in left ventricular mass during antihypertensive treatment: results from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation versus Atenolol (SILVHIA) trial. Author(s): Kurland L, Melhus H, Karlsson J, Kahan T, Malmqvist K, Ohman P, Nystrom F, Hagg A, Lind L. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 April; 20(4): 657-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910301&dopt=Abstract

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Population dose versus response of betaxolol and atenolol: a comparison of potency and variability. Author(s): Sambol NC, Sheiner LB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1991 January; 49(1): 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1988237&dopt=Abstract

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Prazosin GITS vs atenolol in patients with hypertension and normal lipid profile: a randomized, controlled multicenter study. Hyderabad Hypertension Study Group. Author(s): Joglekar SJ, Jaguste V, Nanivadekar AS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998; Suppl 1: 41-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233386&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of preeclampsia: a randomized trial of atenolol in hyperdynamic patients before onset of hypertension. Author(s): Easterling TR, Brateng D, Schmucker B, Brown Z, Millard SP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 May; 93(5 Pt 1): 725-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912975&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of tachycardia with atenolol pretreatment for carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus blockade. Author(s): Davies MJ, Dysart RH, Silbert BS, Scott DA, Cook RJ. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 May; 20(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1595849&dopt=Abstract

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Pro-haemorrhagic effects of calcium antagonists: a comparison of isradipine and atenolol on ex vivo platelet function in hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Smith A, McPherson J, Taylor M, Mason A, Carney S, Gillies A. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 December; 11(12): 783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468004&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic atenolol reduces postoperative myocardial ischemia. McSPI Research Group. Author(s): Wallace A, Layug B, Tateo I, Li J, Hollenberg M, Browner W, Miller D, Mangano DT. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 January; 88(1): 7-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9447850&dopt=Abstract

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PROTECT (Prospective Reinfarction Outcomes in the Thrombolytic Era Cardizem CD Trial): a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of diltiazem versus atenolol in secondary prophylaxis post non-Q wave myocardial infarction. Author(s): Goodman S, Hill C, Bata I, Fung A, Higginson L, Lam J, Massel D, McCans J, Nasmith J, Stanton E, Thompson C, Warnica W, Langer A. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1996 November; 12(11): 1183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9191511&dopt=Abstract

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Proximal tubular function in essential hypertensives on beta-blocker therapy with atenolol. Author(s): Krusell LR, Jespersen LT, Christensen CK, Thomsen K, Pedersen OL. Source: Blood Pressure. 1997 May; 6(3): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9181255&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological risk factors may moderate pharmacological treatment effects among ischemic heart disease patients. Canadian Amlodipine/Atenolol in Silent Ischemia Study (CASIS) Investigators. Author(s): Rutledge T, Linden W, Davies RF. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1999 November-December; 61(6): 834-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593636&dopt=Abstract

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QT intervals at heart rates from 50 to 120 beats per minute during 24-hour electrocardiographic recordings in 100 healthy men. Effects of atenolol. Author(s): Viitasalo M, Karjalainen J. Source: Circulation. 1992 November; 86(5): 1439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1358473&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life among hypertensive patients with a diuretic background who are taking atenolol and enalapril. Author(s): Blumenthal JA, Ekelund LG, Emery CF. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1990 October; 48(4): 447-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2225705&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life before and during antihypertensive treatment: a comparative study of celiprolol and atenolol. Author(s): Cleophas TJ, vd Mey N, Meulen J, Niemeyer MG. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1997 April; 4(4): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423600&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life before and during antihypertensive treatment: a comparative study of celiprolol and atenolol. Author(s): Cleophas TJ, van der Mey N, van der Meulen J, Niemeyer MG. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 July; 34(7): 312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832309&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life in hypertensives treated with atenolol or captopril: a double-blind crossover trial. Author(s): Palmer AJ, Fletcher AE, Rudge PJ, Andrews CD, Callaghan TS, Bulpitt CJ. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1992 November; 10(11): 1409-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1336527&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life with three antihypertensive treatments. Cilazapril, atenolol, nifedipine. Author(s): Fletcher AE, Bulpitt CJ, Chase DM, Collins WC, Furberg CD, Goggin TK, Hewett AJ, Neiss AM. Source: Hypertension. 1992 June; 19(6 Pt 1): 499-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1534312&dopt=Abstract

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Quinapril versus atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Bahena JH, Estrella ME, Munoz M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 July-August; 14(4): 527-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1525787&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised controlled trial of atenolol and pindolol in human pregnancy: effects on fetal haemodynamics. Author(s): Montan S, Ingemarsson I, Marsal K, Sjoberg NO. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 April 11; 304(6832): 946-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1581716&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised double-blind comparative study of efficacy and safety of hydroflumethiazide and reserpine and chlortalidone and atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in black patients. Author(s): Maharaj B, van der Byl K. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993 October; 7(5): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8263885&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised, double blind, multicentre comparison of hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment: results of the HANE study. HANE Trial Research Group. Author(s): Philipp T, Anlauf M, Distler A, Holzgreve H, Michaelis J, Wellek S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 July 19; 315(7101): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251545&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized comparison of atenolol and fludrocortisone acetate in the treatment of pediatric neurally mediated syncope. Author(s): Scott WA, Pongiglione G, Bromberg BI, Schaffer MS, Deal BJ, Fish FA, Dick M. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 August 15; 76(5): 400-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7639169&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized controlled trial in alcohol relapse prevention: role of atenolol, alcohol craving, and treatment adherence. Author(s): Gottlieb LD, Horwitz RI, Kraus ML, Segal SR, Viscoli CM. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1994 May-June; 11(3): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8072054&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral atenolol in patients with unexplained syncope and positive upright tilt table test results. Author(s): Mahanonda N, Bhuripanyo K, Kangkagate C, Wansanit K, Kulchot B, Nademanee K, Chaithiraphan S. Source: American Heart Journal. 1995 December; 130(6): 1250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7484777&dopt=Abstract

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Receptor occupancy in lumbar CSF as a measure of the antagonist activity of atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol in the CNS. Author(s): Kaila T, Marttila R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 May; 35(5): 507-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8099803&dopt=Abstract

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Refractory cardiogenic shock and complete heart block after unsuspected verapamilSR and atenolol overdose. Author(s): Frierson J, Bailly D, Shultz T, Sund S, Dimas A. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1991 November; 14(11): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1764831&dopt=Abstract

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Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan versus atenolol: The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. Author(s): Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Nieminen MS, Snapinn S, Harris KE, Aurup P, Edelman JM, Dahlof B; Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension Study Investigations. Source: Circulation. 2003 August 12; 108(6): 684-90. Epub 2003 July 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885747&dopt=Abstract

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Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in systemic hypertension with beta blockers (propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol and celiprolol). Author(s): Vyssoulis GP, Karpanou EA, Pitsavos CE, Paleologos AA, Toutouzas PK. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 November 1; 70(13): 1209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357954&dopt=Abstract

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Relative importance of psychologic traits and severity of ischemia in causing angina during treadmill exercise. Canadian Amlodipine/Atenolol in Silent Ischemia Study (CASIS) Investigators. Author(s): Davies RF, Linden W, Habibi H, Klinke WP, Nadeau C, Phaneuf DC, Lepage S, Dessain P, Buttars JA. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1993 February; 21(2): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8425994&dopt=Abstract

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Renal and metabolic effects of 1-year treatment with ramipril or atenolol in NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria. Author(s): Schnack C, Hoffmann W, Hopmeier P, Schernthaner G. Source: Diabetologia. 1996 December; 39(12): 1611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960851&dopt=Abstract

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Renal and systemic effects of atenolol and tertatolol in renal transplant recipients on cyclosporine A. Author(s): Branten AJ, Hilbrands LB, van Hamersvelt HW, Koene RA, Huysmans FT. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1998 February; 13(2): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9509456&dopt=Abstract

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Renin profile, race, and antihypertensive efficacy with atenolol and labetalol. Author(s): Wright JT Jr, DiPette DJ, Goodman RP, Townsend R, McKenney JM. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 June; 5(3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1920342&dopt=Abstract

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Rifamycin treatment of tuberculosis in a patient receiving atenolol: less interaction with rifabutin than with rifampin. Author(s): Goldberg SV, Hanson D, Peloquin CA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 August 15; 37(4): 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905149&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Author(s): Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 April 15; 75(12): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7717281&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of combined intravenous beta-adrenergic blockade (atenolol or metoprolol) and thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Green BK, Gordon GD, Horak AR, Millar RN, Commerford PJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 June 1; 69(17): 1389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1590224&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary prevention of cardiac events following myocardial infarction: effects of atenolol and enalapril. Beijing Collaborative Study Group. Author(s): Wu N, Fan Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1997 August; 110(8): 602-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594263&dopt=Abstract

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Selectivity of acebutolol, atenolol, and metoprolol in healthy volunteers estimated by the extent the drugs occupy beta 2-receptors in the circulating plasma. Author(s): Kaila T, Iisalo E. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 October; 33(10): 959-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8227468&dopt=Abstract

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Septal panniculitis induced by atenolol--a case report. Author(s): Fragasso G, Ciboddo G, Pagnotta P, Chierchia SL. Source: Angiology. 1998 June; 49(6): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631898&dopt=Abstract

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Sertraline does not alter the beta-adrenergic blocking activity of atenolol in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Ziegler MG, Wilner KD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 1: 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8617705&dopt=Abstract

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Severe atenolol and diltiazem overdose. Author(s): Snook CP, Sigvaldason K, Kristinsson J. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2000; 38(6): 661-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185975&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual function in hypertensive males treated with lisinopril or atenolol: a cross-over study. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Mugellini A, Poletti L, Lusardi P. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 October; 11(10): 1244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9799042&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of atenolol and nifedipine on atrial natriuretic peptide, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Colantonio D, Casale R, Desiati P, Giandomenico G, Bucci V, Pasqualetti P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 March; 31(3): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1826912&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of atenolol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Krittayaphong R, Mahanonda N, Kangkagate C, Phankingthongkum R, Chaithiraphan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 March; 81(3): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9623012&dopt=Abstract

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Similar antiischemic effects of intracoronary atenolol and nifedipine during brief coronary occlusions in humans. Author(s): Ghio S, De Servi S, Angoli L, Bramucci E, Eleuteri E, Raffaghello S, Specchia G. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 June; 6(3): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1637730&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of atenolol and chlorthalidone in plasma by highperformance liquid chromatography. Application to pharmacokinetic studies in man. Author(s): Giachetti C, Tenconi A, Canali S, Zanolo G. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 September 26; 698(1-2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9367207&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of the beta-blocker atenolol and several complementary antihypertensive agents in pharmaceutical formulations and urine by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Maguregui MI, Jimenez RM, Alonso RM. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 1998 October; 36(10): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9789982&dopt=Abstract

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Single dose pharmacokinetics of (S)-atenolol administered orally as a single enantiomer formulation and as a racemic mixture (Tenormin). Author(s): Clementi WA, Garvey TQ, Clifton GD, McCoy RA, Brandt S, Schwartz S. Source: Chirality. 1994; 6(3): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8024947&dopt=Abstract

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Slowing of mitral valve annular calcium in systemic hypertension by nifedipine and comparisons with enalapril and atenolol. Author(s): Cacciapuoti F, Perrone N, Diaspro R, Galzerano D, Gentile S, Lapiello B. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1993 November 1; 72(14): 1038-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8213584&dopt=Abstract

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Social phobia: a comparison of behavior therapy and atenolol. Author(s): Turner SM, Beidel DC, Jacob RG. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1994 April; 62(2): 350-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201073&dopt=Abstract

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Stereoselective accumulation of the beta-receptor blocking drug atenolol by human platelets. Author(s): Walle T, Webb JG, Walle UK, Bagwell EE. Source: Chirality. 1991; 3(6): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1812954&dopt=Abstract

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Stereoselective features of (R)- and (S)-atenolol: clinical pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and radioligand binding studies. Author(s): Stoschitzky K, Egginger G, Zernig G, Klein W, Lindner W. Source: Chirality. 1993; 5(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8383518&dopt=Abstract

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Stereoselective HPLC bioanalysis of atenolol enantiomers in plasma: application to a comparative human pharmacokinetic study. Author(s): Egginger G, Lindner W, Kahr S, Stoschitzky K. Source: Chirality. 1993; 5(7): 505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8240927&dopt=Abstract

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Stereoselective increase of plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of propranolol and atenolol during exercise. Author(s): Stoschitzky K, Kahr S, Donnerer J, Schumacher M, Luha O, Maier R, Klein W, Lindner W. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 May; 57(5): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7768077&dopt=Abstract

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Stereoselective release of (S)-atenolol from adrenergic nerve endings at exercise. Author(s): Stoschitzky K, Lindner W, Klein W. Source: Lancet. 1992 September 19; 340(8821): 696-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355800&dopt=Abstract

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Stereoselective vascular effects of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of propranolol and atenolol. Author(s): Stoschitzky K, Lindner W, Kiowski W. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1995 February; 25(2): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752652&dopt=Abstract

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Study on the possible interaction between tenoxicam and atenolol in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Hartmann D, Stief G, Lingenfelder M, Guzelhan C, Horsch AK. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1995 April; 45(4): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7779149&dopt=Abstract

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Submaximal, but not maximal, exercise testing detects differences in the effects of beta-blockers during treadmill exercise: a study of celiprolol and atenolol. II. Author(s): McLenachan JM, Grant S, Ford I, Henderson E, Dargie HJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 1991 February; 121(2 Pt 2): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1671188&dopt=Abstract

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Successful pharmacologic treatment of massive atenolol overdose: sequential hemodynamics and plasma atenolol concentrations. Author(s): DeLima LG, Kharasch ED, Butler S. Source: Anesthesiology. 1995 July; 83(1): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7605000&dopt=Abstract

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Supervised atenolol therapy in the management of hemodialysis hypertension. Author(s): Agarwal R. Source: Kidney International. 1999 April; 55(4): 1528-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10201019&dopt=Abstract

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The combination of nebivolol plus pravastatin is associated with a more beneficial metabolic profile compared to that of atenolol plus pravastatin in hypertensive patients with dyslipidemia: a pilot study. Author(s): Rizos E, Bairaktari E, Kostoula A, Hasiotis G, Achimastos A, Ganotakis E, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003 June; 8(2): 12734. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808486&dopt=Abstract

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The CYP2C9 genotype predicts the blood pressure response to irbesartan: results from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation vs Atenolol (SILVHIA) trial. Author(s): Hallberg P, Karlsson J, Kurland L, Lind L, Kahan T, Malmqvist K, Ohman KP, Nystrom F, Melhus H. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 October; 20(10): 2089-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359989&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of atenolol on the growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in obese children. Author(s): Loche S, Pintus S, Carta D, Muntoni AC, Congiu G, Civolani P, Pintor C. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1992 February; 126(2): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1311892&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of atenolol, a beta1-adrenergic antagonist, on nocturnal plasma melatonin secretion: evidence for a dose-response relationship in humans. Author(s): Nathan PJ, Maguire KP, Burrows GD, Norman TR. Source: Journal of Pineal Research. 1997 October; 23(3): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9406983&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of ileal brake activators on the oral bioavailability of atenolol in man. Author(s): Dobson CL, Davis SS, Chauhan S, Sparrow RA, Wilding IR. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2002 November 6; 248(1-2): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429460&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of preoperative digitalis and atenolol combination on postoperative atrial fibrillation incidence. Author(s): Yazicioglu L, Eryilmaz S, Sirlak M, Inan MB, Aral A, Tasoz R, Akalin H. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 September; 22(3): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204730&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of atenolol and zofenopril on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide are due to their interactions with target organ damage of essential hypertensive patients. Author(s): Elijovich F, Laffer CL, Schiffrin EL. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 May; 11(5): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205939&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of beta blockade with (epanolol) and without (atenolol) intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in stable angina pectoris. The Visacor Study Group. Author(s): Boberg J, Larsen FF, Pehrsson SK. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1992 August; 15(8): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1354086&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of captopril vs atenolol on memory, information processing and mood: a double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Deary IJ, Capewell S, Hajducka C, Muir AL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 September; 32(3): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1777372&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of chronic dosing on the beta 1 and beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonism of betaxolol and atenolol. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Irvine NA, McDevitt DG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(5): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1653143&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of orally administered atenolol on the coronary hemodynamics and prostaglandin metabolism in angina pectoris patients. Author(s): Kurita A, Takase B, Uehata A, Nishioka T, Satomura K, Nagayoshi H, Mizuno K. Source: Angiology. 1994 March; 45(3): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8129203&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of rilmenidine and atenolol on mental stress, dynamic exercise and autonomic function in mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Panfilov V, Morris AD, Donnelly R, Scemama M, Reid JL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 December; 40(6): 563-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8703663&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of time and dose on the relative beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonism of betaxolol and atenolol. Author(s): Lipworth BJ, Irvine NA, McDevitt DG. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 February; 31(2): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1675576&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy and tolerability of losartan versus atenolol in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Losartan ISH Investigators Group. Author(s): Farsang C, Garcia-Puig J, Niegowska J, Baiz AQ, Vrijens F, Bortman G. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2000 June; 18(6): 795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872566&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of atenolol and propafenone on QT interval dispersion in patients 3 months after myocardial infarction. Author(s): Puljevic D, Smalcelj A, Durakovic Z, Goldner V. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 September; 35(9): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9314091&dopt=Abstract

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The interactions between nisoldipine and two beta-adrenoceptor antagonists-atenolol and propranolol. Author(s): Elliott HL, Meredith PA, McNally C, Reid JL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 September; 32(3): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1777376&dopt=Abstract

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The prognostic and economic implications of a strategy to detect and treat asymptomatic ischemia: the Atenolol Silent Ischemia Trial (ASIST) protocol. Author(s): Pepine CJ, Cohn PF, Deedwania PC, Gibson RS, Gottlieb SO, Handberg E, Hill JA. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1991 June; 14(6): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1810681&dopt=Abstract

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The safety and efficacy of once-daily nifedipine coat-core in combination with atenolol in hypertensive patients. Adalat CC Cooperative Study Group. Author(s): Mac Carthy EP, Pettis PP, Gibson L, Schwartz L, Feig PU. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 November-December; 15(6): 976-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8111817&dopt=Abstract

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The Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on the exercise test and the total ischaemic burden in 608 patients with stable angina. The TIBET Study Group. Author(s): Fox KM, Mulcahy D, Findlay I, Ford I, Dargie HJ. Source: European Heart Journal. 1996 January; 17(1): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8682138&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance and long-term efficacy of a fixed combination of atenolol and nifedipine in the treatment of angina pectoris. Stuart Clinical Research Group. Author(s): Saul PA, Oliver IM, Russell WA. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1992 Winter; 46(4): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1290730&dopt=Abstract

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Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of ischaemia and treatment with atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on outcome in patients with chronic stable angina. The TIBET Study Group. Author(s): Dargie HJ, Ford I, Fox KM. Source: European Heart Journal. 1996 January; 17(1): 104-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8682116&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of atenolol overdose in a patient with renal failure using serial hemodialysis and hemoperfusion and associated echocardiographic findings. Author(s): Salhanick SD, Wax PM. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2000 August; 42(4): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928688&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: effect of atenolol on maternal disease, preterm delivery, and fetal growth. Author(s): Easterling TR, Carr DB, Brateng D, Diederichs C, Schmucker B. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 98(3): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530124&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of hypertensive and hypercholesterolaemic patients in general practice. The effect of captopril, atenolol and pravastatin combined with life style intervention. Author(s): Foss OP, Graff-Iversen S, Istad H, Soyland E, Tjeldflaat L, Graving B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1999 June; 17(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439497&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment with atenolol prevents progression of microalbuminuria in type I diabetic patients. Author(s): Tindall H, Urquhart S, Stickland M, Davies JA. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1991; 12(8): 516-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1764955&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment with irbesartan or atenolol improves endothelial function in essential hypertension. Author(s): von zur Muhlen B, Kahan T, Hagg A, Millgard J, Lind L. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 October; 19(10): 1813-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593101&dopt=Abstract

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Twenty-four-hour beta-blockade in stable angina pectoris: a study of atenolol and betaxolol. Author(s): McLenachan JM, Findlay IN, Wilson JT, Dargie HJ. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1992 August; 20(2): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1381024&dopt=Abstract

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Two reproducible and sensitive liquid chromatographic methods to quantify atenolol and propranolol in human plasma and determination of their associated analytical error functions. Author(s): Braza AJ, Modamio P, Marino EL. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 February 11; 738(2): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718640&dopt=Abstract

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Use of ratings of perceived exertion for predicting maximal work rate and prescribing exercise intensity in patients taking atenolol. Author(s): Eston RG, Thompson M. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 June; 31(2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9192123&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine and fetal hemodynamics and fetal cardiac function after atenolol and pindolol infusion. A randomized study. Author(s): Rasanen J, Jouppila P. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1995 October; 62(2): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582495&dopt=Abstract

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Valsartan and atenolol in patients with severe essential hypertension. Author(s): Cifkova R, Peleska J, Hradec J, Rosolova H, Pinterova E, Zeman K, OddouStock P, Thirlwell J, Botteri F. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 August; 12(8): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9759992&dopt=Abstract

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Value of the addition of amlodipine to atenolol in patients with angina pectoris despite adequate beta blockade. Author(s): Dunselman PH, van Kempen LH, Bouwens LH, Holwerda KJ, Herweijer AH, Bernink PJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 January 15; 81(2): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591892&dopt=Abstract

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Ventricular asystole and overdose with atenolol. Author(s): Stinson J, Walsh M, Feely J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 September 19; 305(6855): 693. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1393118&dopt=Abstract

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What happened to intravenous atenolol in acute myocardial infarction? Author(s): Sleight P. Source: Cardiology. 1994; 85 Suppl 1: 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7743529&dopt=Abstract

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Will bedtime dose of atenolol be more effective in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease? Author(s): Dileep-Kumar P, Sahasranam KV, Nair RG. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1992 December; 90(12): 313. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1304016&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawal phenomena after atenolol and bopindolol: haemodynamic responses in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Walden RJ, Tomlinson B, Graham B, Liu JB, Prichard BN. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 October; 30(4): 557-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1981318&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawal phenomena after atenolol and bopindolol: hormonal changes in normal volunteers. Author(s): Walden RJ, Tomlinson B, Graham B, Smith C, Betteridge DJ, Prichard BN. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 October; 30(4): 547-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1981317&dopt=Abstract

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Within-patient correlation between the antihypertensive effects of atenolol, lisinopril and nifedipine. Author(s): Attwood S, Bird R, Burch K, Casadei B, Coats A, Conway J, Dawes M, Ebbs D, Farmer A, Robinson J. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1994 September; 12(9): 1053-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7852749&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATENOLOL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and atenolol.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Atenolol The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “atenolol” (or a synonym): •

A double blind comparison of perindopril and atenolol in essential hypertension. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK. Source: Thurston, H Mimran, A Zanchetti, A Creytens, G Rorive, G Brown, C L Santoni, J P J-Hum-Hypertens. 1990 October; 4(5): 547-52 0950-9240

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Antihypertensive therapy and quality of life: a comparison of atenolol, captopril, enalapril and propranolol. Author(s): Clinical Technologies Associates, Inc., Mt. Kisco, New York 10523. Source: Steiner, S S Friedhoff, A J Wilson, B L Wecker, J R Santo, J P J-Hum-Hypertens. 1990 June; 4(3): 217-25 0950-9240

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Aqueous-based polymeric dispersion: face-centered cubic design for the development of atenolol gastrointestinal therapeutic system. Author(s): Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe 71209, USA. Source: Sastry, S V Khan, M A Pharm-Dev-Technol. 1998 November; 3(4): 423-32 10837450

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Atenolol improves blood pressure control in patients taking captopril and frusemide. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Source: Potter, J F Beevers, D G J-Hum-Hypertens. 1987 September; 1(2): 127-30 09509240

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Atenolol or propranolol in hypertensive patients poorly controlled on captopril and frusemide. Author(s): Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, UK. Source: Webster, J Petrie, J C Robb, O J Witte, K Lovell, H G J-Hum-Hypertens. 1987 September; 1(2): 121-6 0950-9240

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Atenolol, exaprolol and mast cell membranes. Author(s): Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Source: Pecivova, J Drabikova, K Jancinova, V Petrikova, M Nosal, R Agents-Actions. 1991 May; 33(1-2): 41-3 0065-4299

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Captopril and atenolol are equally effective in retarding progression of diabetic nephropathy. Results of a 2-year prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Source: Elving, L D Wetzels, J F van Lier, H J de Nobel, E Berden, J H Diabetologia. 1994 June; 37(6): 604-9 0012-186X

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Cardiogenic shock triggered by verapamil and atenolol: a case report of therapeutic experience with intravenous calcium. Author(s): Department of Cardiology, Toki General Hospital, Toki City, Gifu, Japan. Source: Sakurai, H Kei, M Matsubara, K Yokouchi, K Hattori, K Ichihashi, R Hirakawa, Y Tsukamoto, H Saburi, Y Jpn-Circ-J. 2000 November; 64(11): 893-6 0047-1828

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Cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic interactions between nicorandil and adjunctive propranolol, atenolol or diltiazem in conscious dogs. Author(s): Pharmacology Department, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. [email protected] Source: Humphrey, S J Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1998 November; 20(9): 77991 0379-0355

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Cardiovascular effects of Atenolol, scopolamine and their combination on healthy men in Finnish sauna baths. Author(s): President Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Institute for Health Promotion Research (UKK Institute), Tampere, Finland. Source: Kukkonen Harjula, K Oja, P Vuori, I Pasanen, M Lange, K Siitonen, S Metsa Ketela, T Vapaatalo, H Eur-J-Appl-Physiol-Occup-Physiol. 1994; 69(1): 10-5 0301-5548

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Effect of antihypertensive treatment with valsartan or atenolol on sexual activity and plasma testosterone in hypertensive men. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Clinica Medica IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. [email protected] Source: Fogari, R Preti, P Derosa, G Marasi, G Zoppi, A Rinaldi, A Mugellini, A Eur-JClin-Pharmacol. 2002 June; 58(3): 177-80 0031-6970

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Effects of antianginal therapy with atenolol and slow-release nifedipine on respiratory gas exchange and on the ventilatory requirements for aerobic exercise. Author(s): Abteilung Innere Medizin II, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitat Ulm. Source: Hetzel, M Wieshammer, S Barnikel, U Hetzel, J Herb, S Kochs, M Hombach, V Z-Kardiol. 1994; 83 Suppl 383-7 0300-5860

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Effects of atenolol as add-on therapy to fosinopril in heart failure. Author(s): Department of Cardiology, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Pacher, R Hulsmann, M Berger, R Koller Strametz, J Kos, T Frey, B Dukat, A Stanek, B Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 1997 April 11; 109(7): 232-8 0043-5325

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Fatal fetal outcome with the combined use of valsartan and atenolol. Author(s): Women's Hospital, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, CA 90801-1428, USA. [email protected] Source: Briggs, G G Nageotte, M P Ann-Pharmacother. 2001 Jul-August; 35(7-8): 859-61 1060-0280

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Melatonin response to atenolol administration in depression: indication of betaadrenoceptor dysfunction in a subtype of depression. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece. [email protected] Source: Paparrigopoulos, T Acta-Psychiatr-Scand. 2002 December; 106(6): 440-5 0001690X

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single doses of valsartan and atenolol. Author(s): Human Pharmacology, Ciba-Geigy Limited, Basel, Switzerland. Source: Czendlik, C H Sioufi, A Preiswerk, G Howald, H Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1997; 52(6): 451-9 0031-6970

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Randomised double-blind comparative study of efficacy and safety of hydroflumethiazide and reserpine and chlortalidone and atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in black patients. Author(s): Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Natal Medical School, Durban, South Africa. Source: Maharaj, B van der Byl, K J-Hum-Hypertens. 1993 October; 7(5): 447-50 09509240

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The effects of atenolol and zofenopril on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide are due to their interactions with target organ damage of essential hypertensive patients. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 77555-0566, USA. Source: Elijovich, F Laffer, C L Schiffrin, E L J-Hum-Hypertens. 1997 May; 11(5): 313-9 0950-9240

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Valsartan and atenolol in patients with severe essential hypertension. Author(s): Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. Source: Cifkova, R Peleska, J HraDecember, J Rosolova, H Pinterova, E Zeman, K Oddou Stock, P Thirlwell, J Botteri, F J-Hum-Hypertens. 1998 August; 12(8): 563-7 0950-9240

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to atenolol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATENOLOL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to atenolol. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to atenolol and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to atenolol: •

A comparison of Chinese traditional and Western medical approaches for the treatment of mild hypertension. Author(s): Wong ND, Ming S, Zhou HY, Black HR. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1991 January-February; 64(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1897264&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled study of the effects of mental relaxation on autonomic excitatory responses in healthy subjects. Author(s): Lucini D, Covacci G, Milani R, Mela GS, Malliani A, Pagani M. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1997 September-October; 59(5): 541-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316188&dopt=Abstract

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A highly selective beta1-adrenergic blocker with partial beta2-agonist activity derived from ferulic acid, an active component of Ligusticum wallichii Franch. Author(s): Wu BN, Huang YC, Wu HM, Hong SJ, Chiang LC, Chen IJ.

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Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1998 May; 31(5): 750-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593075&dopt=Abstract •

A mechanistic study on enhancement of rectal permeability to insulin in the albino rabbit. Author(s): Yamamoto A, Hayakawa E, Kato Y, Nishiura A, Lee VH. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1992 October; 263(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1403789&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal myocardial glucose handling in patients with syndrome X: effect of betaadrenergic blockade. Author(s): Fragasso G, Chierchia SL, Rossetti E, Landoni C, Lucignani G, Fazio F. Source: G Ital Cardiol. 1997 November; 27(11): 1113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9419821&dopt=Abstract

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ACE inhibition preserves renal function better than beta-blockade in the treatment of essential hypertension. Author(s): Himmelmann A, Hansson L, Hansson BG, Hedstrand H, Skogstrom K, Ohrvik J, Furangen A. Source: Blood Pressure. 1995 March; 4(2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7599759&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of the combined effect of 1-menthol and ethanol as skin permeation enhancers based on a two-layer skin model. Author(s): Kobayashi D, Matsuzawa T, Sugibayashi K, Morimoto Y, Kimura M. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1994 January; 11(1): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8140061&dopt=Abstract

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Antihypertensive monotherapy and cardiovascular responses to an acoustic startle stimulus. Author(s): Girard A, Holand S, Laude D, Elghozi JL. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2001 January; 37(1): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152367&dopt=Abstract

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Autonomic components of the cardiovascular responses to an acoustic startle stimulus in rats. Author(s): Baudrie V, Tulen JH, Blanc J, Elghozi JL. Source: Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology. 1997 October; 17(5): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427109&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral vs beta-blocker therapy in patients with primary hypertension: effects on blood pressure, left ventricular function and mass, and the pressor surge of social

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stress anger. Author(s): Lee DD, DeQuattro V, Allen J, Kimura S, Aleman E, Konugres G, Davison G. Source: American Heart Journal. 1988 August; 116(2 Pt 2): 637-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3293408&dopt=Abstract •

Beta-adrenergic receptors on human tracheal epithelial cells in primary culture. Author(s): Davis PB, Silski CL, Kercsmar CM, Infeld M. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1990 January; 258(1 Pt 1): C71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1689114&dopt=Abstract

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Bisoprolol and atenolol in essential hypertension: effects on systemic and renal hemodynamics and on ambulatory blood pressure. Author(s): Leeman M, van de Borne P, Collart F, Vandenhoven G, Peeters L, Melot C, Degaute JP. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1993 December; 22(6): 785-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7509894&dopt=Abstract

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Captopril and atenolol are equally effective in retarding progression of diabetic nephropathy. Results of a 2-year prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Elving LD, Wetzels JF, van Lier HJ, de Nobel E, Berden JH. Source: Diabetologia. 1994 June; 37(6): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7926346&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular effects of Atenolol, scopolamine and their combination on healthy men in Finnish sauna baths. Author(s): Kukkonen-Harjula K, Oja P, Vuori I, Pasanen M, Lange K, Siitonen S, MetsaKetela T, Vapaatalo H. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1994; 69(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7957149&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular effects of the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist FG 7142 in rats. Author(s): Quigley KS, Sarter MF, Hart SL, Berntson GG. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1994 May 30; 62(1): 11-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7917029&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in blood pressure and heart rate by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Author(s): Hong B, Kuwaki T, Ju K, Kumada M, Akai M, Ueno S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 August 23; 329(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161262&dopt=Abstract

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Chronotropic and inotropic effects of kampo extracts in the canine isolated, bloodperfused heart preparations. Author(s): Sugiyama A, Hashimoto K. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1989 October; 51(2): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2593381&dopt=Abstract

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Circadian heart rate response to chronotherapy versus conventional therapy in patients with hypertension and myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Glasser SP, Frishman W, White WB, Stone P, Johnson MF. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2000 July; 23(7): 524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10894441&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical aspects of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with angina and other forms of coronary heart disease. Author(s): Pepine CJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 April 30; 80(4C): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2871755&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of blood pressure response to heat stress in sauna in young hypertensive patients treated with atenolol and diltiazem. Author(s): Luurila OJ, Kohvakka A, Sundberg S. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 July 1; 64(1): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2741821&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary Mg(2+) supplementation restores impaired vasoactive responses in isolated rat aorta induced by chronic ethanol consumption. Author(s): Brown RA, Ilg KJ, Chen AF, Ren J. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 May 10; 442(3): 241-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065078&dopt=Abstract

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Different effects of absorption promoters on corneal and conjunctival penetration of ophthalmic beta-blockers. Author(s): Sasaki H, Igarashi Y, Nagano T, Nishida K, Nakamura J. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1995 August; 12(8): 1146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7494826&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of sympathetic stimulation on inactive renin. Author(s): de Leeuw PW, de Bos R, van Soest GA, Willemse PJ, Birkenhager WH. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982; 4(11-12): 2285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6129086&dopt=Abstract


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Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition versus conventional antihypertensive therapy on the glomerular filtration rate. Author(s): Hansson L. Source: Cardiology. 1995; 86 Suppl 1: 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7614504&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of autogenic training and antihypertensive agents on circadian and circaseptan variation of blood pressure. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Cornelissen G, Watanabe M, Watanabe F, Otsuka K, Ohkawa S, Kikuchi T, Halberg F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 2003 October; 25(7): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14596365&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of early use of atenolol or captopril on infarct size and ventricular volume: A double-blind comparison in patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Galcera-Tomas J, Castillo-Soria FJ, Villegas-Garcia MM, Florenciano-Sanchez R, Sanchez-Villanueva JG, de La Rosa JA, Martinez-Caballero A, Valenti-Aldeguer JA, Jara-Perez P, Parraga-Ramirez M, Lopez-Martinez I, Inigo-Garcia L, Pico-Aracil F. Source: Circulation. 2001 February 13; 103(6): 813-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11171788&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of propranolol, atenolol, and chlordesmethyldiazepam on response to mental stress in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Author(s): Mazzuero G, Galdangelo F, Zotti AM, Bertolotti G, Tavazzi L. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1987 June; 10(6): 293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2885116&dopt=Abstract

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Enantioselective determination of (R)- and (S)-sotalol in human plasma by on-line coupling of a restricted-access material precolumn to a cellobiohydrolase I-based chiral stationary phase. Author(s): Schlauch M, Fulde K, Frahm AW. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 August 5; 775(2): 197-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113986&dopt=Abstract

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Fear potentiation of acoustic startle stimulus-evoked heart rate changes in rats. Author(s): Young BJ, Leaton RN. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 1994 December; 108(6): 1065-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7893399&dopt=Abstract

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Formulation influence on conjunctival penetration of four beta blockers in the pigmented rabbit: a comparison with corneal penetration. Author(s): Ashton P, Podder SK, Lee VH.

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Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1991 September; 8(9): 1166-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1788163&dopt=Abstract •

Formulation influence on ocular and systemic absorption of topically applied atenolol in the pigmented rabbit. Author(s): Lee YH, Lee VH. Source: J Ocul Pharmacol. 1993 Spring; 9(1): 47-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8463732&dopt=Abstract

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Gateways to clinical trials. Author(s): Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002 December; 24(10): 703-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616965&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized anxiety disorder: new concepts and psychopharmacologic therapies. Author(s): Dubovsky SL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 January; 51 Suppl: 3-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1967248&dopt=Abstract

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Genistein potentiates the relaxation induced by beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptor activation in rat aortic rings. Author(s): Satake N, Imanishi M, Keto Y, Yamada H, Ishikawa M, Shibata S. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2000 February; 35(2): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10672854&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertrophic effect of selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor stimulation on ventricular cardiomyocytes from adult rat. Author(s): Schafer M, Frischkopf K, Taimor G, Piper HM, Schluter KD. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 2000 August; 279(2): C495-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10913016&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of beta-blockade on complex cognitive functioning. Author(s): Streufert S, DePadova A, McGlynn T, Pogash R, Piasecki M. Source: American Heart Journal. 1988 July; 116(1 Pt 2): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2899390&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1994 September; 43(9): 1108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8070610&dopt=Abstract


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Induction of p34cdc2 in mouse parotid glands upon activation of beta1-adrenergic receptors. Author(s): Waters CA, Morand JN, Schatzman RC, Carlson DM. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 1998 March; 44(2): 333-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593584&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of some beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice. Author(s): De Sarro G, Di Paola ED, Ferreri G, De Sarro A, Fischer W. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 May 10; 442(3): 205-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065073&dopt=Abstract

•

Long-term effect of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1997 July; 46(7): 1182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9200654&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of atenolol on dipyridamole 201Tl myocardial perfusion tomography in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Bridges AB, Kennedy N, McNeill GP, Cook B, Pringle TH. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1992 January; 13(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1594169&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of infinitesimal drug dilutions on the pharmacokinetics of nalidixic acid and atenolol. Author(s): Ferry N, Bernard N, Pozet N, Gardes E, Bruguier M, Cuisinaud G, Sassard J. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 July; 32(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888640&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to atenolol; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Atenolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-adrenergic Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hawthorn Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10035,00.html


Nifedipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (nsaids) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tenoretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ATENOLOL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “atenolol” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atenolol, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Atenolol By performing a patent search focusing on atenolol, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on atenolol: •

Pharmaceutical composition Inventor(s): Byrne; William (Dublin, IE), Corrigan; Olive (Dublin, IE), Rynne; Andrew (Clane, IE) Assignee(s): Byrne Rynne Holdings Limited (Clane, IE) Patent Number: 5,156,849 Date filed: February 26, 1991 Abstract: A pharmaceutical product preferably in the form of a capsule comprises in one case Atenolol and aspirin. A barrier film coating including a dihydric alcohol is provided around a tablet of Atenolol which in turn is surrounded by Aspirin inside a capsule. Aspirin is preferentially and maximally absorbed in the first hour after ingestion before significant release and absorbtion of Atenolol. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition. a barrier between the salicylate and the second active ingredient to substantially prevent interaction therebetween in the composition. The use of a barrier substantially prevents interaction between the active ingredients and degradation of the composition. Thus, a chemically and physically stable dosage form is provided. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05156849__

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Pharmaceutical compositions in the form of beadlets and method Inventor(s): Bachman; William R. (North Brunswick, NJ), Jain; Nemichand B. (Monmouth Junction, NJ), Joshi; Yatindra M. (Piscataway, NJ) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 4,808,413 Date filed: December 31, 1987 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition is provided which is in the form of a plurality of beadlets, adapted to be filled into pharmaceutical hard shell capsules, or compressed into tablets, which beadlets are formed of a pharmaceutical such as an ACE inhibitor, for example, captopril, a beta-blocker such as nadolol, propranolol or atenolol, a calcium channel blocker such as diltiazem or nifedipine or other pharmaceuticals including combinations thereof, binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, and at least 5% by weight of an acid processing aid, such as citric acid, which imparts plasticity to the wet mass needed for efficient extrusion and spheronization. A method for forming beadlets is also provided which includes the steps of extruding a composition as described above, and subjecting the resulting extrudate to a spheronization step wherein an acid processing aid such as citric acid is employed to improve processing and form improved beadlets. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new pharmaceutical composition in the form of beadlets which contain one or more pharmaceuticals, such as an ACE inhibitor, beta blocker, calcium channel blocker or combinations thereof and at least 5% by weight of an organic acid such as citric acid, and to a method for forming such beadlets. n is 0 or 1. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application (kokai) No. 61-36217 discloses sustained-

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release ACE inhibitor formulations wherein the ACE inhibitor is suspended in a lipophilic (oil or fat) base together with one or more of ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, erythorbic, acid, sodium erythorbate, sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium sulfite and metabisulfite, and a viscosity enhaner such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or methyl cellulose. The lipophilic base is present in a weight ratio to the ACE inhibitor of from about 3:1 to about 12:1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04808413__ •

Process for producing optically active atenolol and intermediate thereof Inventor(s): Kitaori; Kazuhiro (Itami, JP), Saragai; Nobuaki (Amagasaki, JP), Takehira; Yoshikazu (Itami, JP) Assignee(s): Daiso Company, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,130,482 Date filed: December 7, 1990 Abstract: Improved process for producing an optically active atenolol useful as a.beta.adrenergic blocker for the treatment of angina pectoris, arrhythmia and hypertension, which comprising reacting a phenol compound with an optically active epihalohydrin to give an intermediate, optically active glycidyl ether compound, followed by reacting the intermediate with isopropylamine, and purification method of the optically active atenolol in high yield by means of forming a salt of atenolol with a Bronsted's acid whereby the salt of optically active atenolol having high optical purity can be separated from the salt of racemic atenolol by solid-liquid separation method. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved process for producing opticablly active atenolol and an intermediate thereof. More particularly, it relates to a process for producing an intermediate, optically active glycidyl ether compound and producing optically active atenolol from the intermediate, optically active glycidyl ether, and also to a method for isolation and purification of the optically active atenolol in a high yield. It is known that atenolol (chemical name: 4-[2-hydroxy-3-[(1methylethyl)amino]propoxy]benzeneacetamide) is useful as.beta.-adrenergic blocker for the treatment of angina pectoris, arrhythmia and hypertension. It is also known that atenolol has 1-aryloxy-3-aminopropan-2-ol nucleus wherein the hydroxy-bonded carbon is an asymmetric carbon and hence includes optical isomers, R- and S-isomers, and the S-isomer thereof is particularly useful as.beta.-adrenergic blocker in view of the superior pharmacological activities. It is reported that only S-isomer of atenolol has hypotensive activity and activity on brachycardia (cf. A.A. Pearson, T. E. Gaffney, T. Walle, P. J. Privitera; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 250 (3), 759, 1989). However, this process has some disadvantages. That is, it requires multiple steps for obtaining the compound (1) from the starting D-mannitol; in the step of converting the primary hydroxy group of the compound (1) into the corresponding halogen or sulfonyloxy group, the carbamoylmethyl group (NH.sub.2 COCH.sub.2 --) on the aryl group is also reacted with the reactant and is converted into cyanomethyl group; due to production of a large amount of the by-product, the yield of the desired compound (4) is very low, less than 50%; and further, the secondary hydroxy group is also reacted with the reactant in some degree, and thereby, the intermediate glycidyl ether (3) has less purity such as 80% ee or lower. Accordingly, the above process is not suitable for the industrial process for producing the desired optically active atenolol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05130482__

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•

Process for producing p-hydroxyphenyl/acetic acid Inventor(s): Bailey; Thomas (Bramhall, GB2), Mitchell; Alan (Macclesfield, GB2) Assignee(s): Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (London, GB2) Patent Number: 4,393,235 Date filed: May 4, 1981 Abstract: A process for the preparation of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by reducing phydroxymandelic acid with a stannous salt. The product is a valuable intermediate for the preparation of the.beta.-adrenergic blocking agent atenolol. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new chemical process and more particularly it relates to an improved process for the reduction of p-hydroxymandelic to phydroxyphenylacetic acid. In United Kingdom Specification No. 1,576,333 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,198,526 corresponds) there are described various methods for carrying out the abovementioned reduction, and the preferred method is stated to be a process using a chromous salt. This is indeed a very effective process which gives high yields on a commercial plant scale, but it suffers from a number of practical disadvantages. Firstly, it is a heterogeneous reaction because the chromous salt is most conveniently prepared in situ using a chromic salt and suspended zinc dust, and this requires careful attention to the surface properties and agitation of the zinc. Secondly, on plant scale it produces a large and variable exotherm, requiring careful monitoring of the reaction. Thirdly, and most important of all, the chromium and zinc residues from the process cannot satisfactorily be recovered for re-use, and their disposal produces an environmental problem. We have now found, and herein lies our invention, a process for carrying out the said reduction which overcomes the abovementioned disadvantages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04393235__

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Process for the manufacture of p-hydroxybenzyl cyanide Inventor(s): Cooper; Michael J. (Macclesfield, GB2), Copeland; Robert J. (Macclesfield, GB2), Edwards; Philip N. (Macclesfield, GB2) Assignee(s): Imperial Chemical Industries Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 4,154,757 Date filed: May 22, 1978 Abstract: A process for the manufacture of p-hydroxybenzyl cyanide which comprises reacting p-hydroxymandelic acid with cyanide ion. The product is a useful intermediate for the preparation of the.beta.-adrenergic blocking agent atenolol. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new chemical process for the manufacture of the compound p-hydroxybenzyl cyanide, which is a valuable chemical intermediate. According to the invention there is provided a process for the manufacture of phydroxybenzyl cyanide which comprises reacting p-hydroxymandelic acid [.alpha.hydroxy-.alpha.-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid] with cyanide ion. The cyanide ion is conveniently provided in the form of an alkali metal cyanide, for example sodium or potassium cyanide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04154757__

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•

Process for the manufacture of p-hydroxybenzyl cyanide Inventor(s): Hutton; Jonathan (Adlington, GB2) Assignee(s): Imperial Chemical Industries Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 4,317,781 Date filed: April 13, 1981 Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of p-hydroxybenzyl cyanide by the reaction of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol with an alkali metal cyanide, by carrying out the process in the presence of an alkyl formate, especially n-propyl formate. The cyanide product is a valuable intermediate for the preparation of the.beta.-adrenergic blocking agent atenolol. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a chemical process for the manufacture of phydroxybenzyl cyanide. It is known from United Kingdom Specification No. 1,476,073, that p-hydroxybenzyl cyanide may be obtained by the reaction of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol with hydrogen cyanide. The described process is carried out under acidic conditions whereby the hydrogen cyanide is released from an alkali metal cyanide in situ. The yield quoted for the reaction, in Example 3 of said specification, is 54%. It is further known, from the Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1976, 41, 2502-2503, that phydroxybenzyl cyanide may be obtained by the reaction of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol with sodium cyanide in solution in N,N-dimethylformamide, at a temperature of 110.degree.-130.degree. C. The yield quoted for this reaction is 67%. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04317781__

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Process for the production of stable liquid form of beta-blocker-containing medicaments with controlled release of the active constituent for oral administration Inventor(s): Marton; Sylvia (Budapest, HU), Racz; Istvan (Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): Synepos Aktiengesellschaft (Vaduz, LI) Patent Number: 5,484,776 Date filed: October 14, 1993 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the production of optimally stable orally administrable solution forms of medicaments containing high-molecular polysaccharides, with controlled release of drugs having beta-blocking action, this process consisting of the reacting of 1 to 20 parts (w/w) of beta-blocking agent (oxprenolol, pindolol, sotalol, metoprolol, alprenolol, acebutolol, atenolol, bopindolol, practolol, nadolol or propranolol) in 100 parts of an aqueous solution with 0.001 to 10.0 parts of a polysaccharide polymer, advantageously with Xanthan Gum having beta-1,4glucan chain, or dextran, or amylodextrin, or carboxymethylamylum. The reaction is allowed to take place in the course of 20 minutes at a pH adjusted no 2.0-4.5, with vigorous stirring at 80.degree. C. temperature. Following the usual method of the pharmaceutical practice, the system is then formulated by the addition of water to obtain a solution suitable for oral administration. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the preparation of optimally stable, orally administered solution forms of medicaments containing polysaccharides ensuring controlled release of the active ingredient, which is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. In recent years, the use of beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitors has resulted in considerable therapeutic success in the treatment of arrhythmia and circulatory

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disorders (hyperkinesis, angina pectoris, hypertension, etc.). Up to now, however, the physician has had at his disposal only very few dosage forms for such a treatment, in general, only tablets and injections. It is perfectly evident that the real and proper solution would be the clinical adjustment of individual medication corresponding to the marked differences in the functioning of the organism of the various patients (age, sex, body weight, rate of secretion and resorption, problems in bioavailability, etc.); particularly, this is the case in the treatment of prolonged and permanent diseases which may last till the end of life, such as hypertonia and cardiac disorders. For the time being, drugs for this purpose are only available in the form of tablets and injections: of these, the administration of tablets, representing the main part (80-90%) of the medicaments applied in this field, is unsatisfactory owing to difficulties in the adjustment of the proper dosage (breaking or dividing of the tablets to quarters, etc.) as required according to the various rates of resorption, liberation, biological half-life of the drug, due to individual factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05484776__

Patent Applications on Atenolol As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to atenolol: •

Bile acid containing prodrugs with enhanced bioavailabilty Inventor(s): Coop, Andrew; (Columbia, MD), Lentz, Kimberly A; (Durham, CT), Maeda, Dean Y; (Bothel, WA), Polli, James E; (Elliot City, MD) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030212051 Date filed: March 21, 2003 Abstract: Many compounds have poor bioavailability or variable bioavailability because of poor absorption of the compound in the small intestine. Conjugation of the compound with bile acid to form a prodrug will increase the bioavailibility of the compound and/or reduce the bioavailability variability of the compound because of the active transport of the prodrug by the intestinal bile acid transporter and because of increased lipophilic nature of the prodrug. A linker group can be used between the bile acid and the compound. One example of a bile acid containing prodrug is acyclovir valylchenodeoxycholate, where valine is the linker group. Another example of this prodrug is atenolol cholic acid amide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the method of increasing the bioavailability and reducing the bioavailability variability of compounds by conjugating or linking a bile acid to the compound. This invention also relates to the new composition of matter obtained by attaching a bile acid to another compound to generate a prodrug. This invention further relates to the usage of the bile acid transporter to actively move a prodrug out of the lumen of the small intestine. Insufficient or variable intestinal

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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permeability is a reason for inadequate oral drug bioavailability. Many methods are available to increase bioavailability of various drugs [1]. While some of these methods improve the bioavailability of some drugs, not one method works for all compounds. 1. Less than complete oral absorption. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Delivery of beta-blockers through an inhalation route Inventor(s): Rabinowitz, Joshua D.; (Mountain View, CA), Zaffaroni, Alejandro C.; (Altherton, CA) Correspondence: Richard R. Eckman; Morrison & Foerster LLP; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20030005924 Date filed: May 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the delivery of beta-blockers through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol that are used in inhalation therapy. In a composition aspect of the present invention, the aerosol comprises particles comprising at least 5 percent by weight of atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol. In a method aspect of the present invention, one of atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol is delivered to a mammal through an inhalation route. The method comprises: a) heating a composition, wherein the composition comprises at least 5 percent by weight of atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol, to form a vapor; and, b) allowing the vapor to cool, thereby forming a condensation aerosol comprising particles, which is inhaled by the mammal. In a kit aspect of the present invention, a kit for delivering atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol through an inhalation route to a mammal is provided which comprises: a) a composition comprising at least 5 percent by weight of atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol; and, b) a device that forms a atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol containing aerosol from the composition, for inhalation by the mammal. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/294,203 entitled "Thermal Vapor Delivery of Drugs," filed May 24, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application further claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/317,479 entitled "Aerosol Drug Delivery," filed Sep. 5, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to the delivery of beta-blockers through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, or metoprolol that are used in inhalation therapy. There are a number of compositions currently marketed for the treatment of hypertension. The compositions contain at least one active ingredient that provides for observed therapeutic effects. Among the active ingredients given in such antihypertensive compositions are atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, propranolol, and metoprolol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with atenolol, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on atenolol. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning atenolol. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ATENOLOL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to atenolol. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on atenolol include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “atenolol” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “atenolol” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “atenolol” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

An Abstract compendium from the world literature on the use of atenolol in the management of hypertension; ISBN: 0881370010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881370010/icongroupinterna

•

Atenolol and renal function; ISBN: 0808912372; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808912372/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

[Beta]-blockade in the 1980s: focus on atenolol: proceedings of an international symposium held in Monte Carlo on 7th to 10th June, 1982 Author: Robertson, J. I. S. (James Ian Summers); Year: 1983; New York: ADIS Press, [1983]

Chapters on Atenolol In order to find chapters that specifically relate to atenolol, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and atenolol using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATENOLOL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover atenolol.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on atenolol is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to atenolol. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “atenolol” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for atenolol: •

Atenolol is effective in the treatment of symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 23, 2003

•

Losartan superior to atenolol in isolated systolic hypertension with LV hypertrophy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 24, 2002

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Losartan reduces cardiovascular morbidity, mortality more than atenolol Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 20, 2002

•

Sotalol and atenolol equally effective for symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 03, 1999

•

Atenolol "should be avoided" in pregnancy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 02, 1999

•

Digoxin plus atenolol offers best control of chronic atrial fibrillation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 01, 1999

•

Effects Of Carvedilol And Atenolol In Hypertensive NIDDM Patients Described Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 23, 1997

•

Losartan And Atenolol Equally Effective Therapy For Mild To Moderate Essential Hypertension Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 09, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “atenolol” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to atenolol, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “atenolol” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on atenolol: •

Diabetes and Heart Disease: New Strategies Emerge Source: Harvard Heart Letter. 10(11): 1-4. July 2000. Contact: Available from Harvard Medical School Health Publications Group. Harvard Heart Letter, P.O. Box 420300, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0300. (800) 829-9045. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.health.harvard.edu. Summary: This article explores the relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in the blood vessels of the heart and throughout the body. In addition, other risk factors for heart disease are closely associated with diabetes, including obesity, hypertension, and lipid abnormalities. Although the death rates due to coronary heart disease have been steadily declining over the last few decades, this has not been the case for people who have diabetes. Middle aged women with diabetes have the same increased risk for heart disease as do men. In addition, people who have diabetes and have had heart attacks have a less favorable prognosis than heart attack victims without diabetes. Therefore, most experts recommend that physicians regard all people who have diabetes as heart disease patients, even if they show no signs of cardiovascular problems. Studies have shown that beta blockers such as atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, and propranolol are among the best drugs to treat coronary artery disease. Doctors traditionally have avoided prescribing beta blockers for people who have diabetes because they can mask the warning signs of low blood glucose and can worsen some problems common in people who have diabetes such as impotence and fatigue. However, research suggests that

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people who have diabetes may derive even greater benefits from beta blockers when compared with people who do not have diabetes. In addition, research suggests that tight diabetes control can reduce the risk of other diabetes complications. Other studies have investigated the outcomes between people with and without diabetes following balloon angioplasty. Results suggest that angioplasty in people who have diabetes leaves more heart muscle in danger than does bypass surgery. Thus, most physicians create treatment plans under the assumption that bypass surgery is the best form of treatment for people who have diabetes and severe symptoms of coronary disease that has not responded to drug treatment.

Academic Periodicals covering Atenolol Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to atenolol. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering atenolol that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for atenolol. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with atenolol. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to atenolol: Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Corzide 40/5; Corzide 80/5; Inderide; Inderide LA; Lopressor HCT; Tenoretic 100; Tenoretic 50; Timolide 10-25; Ziac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202088.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5163 14 961 1 0 6139

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “atenolol” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on atenolol can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to atenolol. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to atenolol. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “atenolol”:

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•

Other guides Arrhythmia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arrhythmia.html Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Chronic Fatigue Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicfatiguesyndrome.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to atenolol. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to atenolol. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with atenolol. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about atenolol. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “atenolol” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “atenolol”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “atenolol” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “atenolol” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

106 Atenolol

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

108 Atenolol

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

109

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

111

ATENOLOL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris,

112 Atenolol

glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Afterload: The tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. [EU] Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuminuria: More than normal amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Albuminuria may be a sign of kidney disease. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

Dictionary 113

Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are

114 Atenolol

the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic

Dictionary 115

and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Asystole: Cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome. [EU]

Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atherectomy: Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure

116 Atenolol

through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Autogenic: A type of succession when the developing vegetation itself is the cause for the succession. [NIH] Autogenic Training: Technique based on muscle relaxation during self-hypnotic exercises. It is used in conjunction with psychotherapy. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Betaxolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its

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composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types,

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yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a

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network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiogenic: Originating in the heart; caused by abnormal function of the heart. [EU] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of

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reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist that may act as a partial agonist at some adrenergic sites. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH]

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Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chronotherapy: The adaptation of the administration of drugs to circadian rhythms. The concept is based on the response of biological functions to time-related events, such as the low point in epinephrine levels between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. or the elevated histamine levels between midnight and 4 a.m. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms or modifying therapy based on known variations in body rhythms. While chronotherapy is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, it is not restricted to cancer therapy or to chemotherapy. [NIH] Cilazapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. Preliminary results also indicate its potential in the treatment of congestive heart failure. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and

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photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such

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as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD

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results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

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Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dipyridamole: A drug that prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH]

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Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejection fraction: A measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in

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all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]

Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of enalapril and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH]

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Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH]

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Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrinolytic Agents: Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to fibrinolysin (plasmin). [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of

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action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Resection: An operation to remove part or all of the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycidyl: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are

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different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoperfusion: Removal of toxins or metabolites from the circulation by the passing of blood, within a suitable extracorporeal circuit, over semipermeable microcapsules containing adsorbents (e.g., activated charcoal) or enzymes, other enzyme preparations (e.g., gel-entrapped microsomes, membrane-free enzymes bound to artificial carriers), or other adsorbents (e.g., various resins, albumin-conjugated agarose). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU]

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Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Cyanide: HCN. A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperkinesis: Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be

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associated with organic or psychological disorders. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertonia: Or hypertony n, pl. hypertonias or hypertonies : hypertonicity. n. Pathology: increased rigidity, tension and spasticity of the muscles. [EU] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indapamide: A sulfamyl diuretic with about 16x the effect of furosemide. It has also been shown to be an effective antihypertensive agent in the clinic. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU]

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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a

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gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. [NIH] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]

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Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place.

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It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that binds selectively to and inhibits calcium channels, T-type. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH]

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Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial

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swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]

Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nicorandil: A derivative of the niacinamide that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nisoldipine:

1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4

(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic

acid

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methyl 2-methylpropyl ester. Nisoldipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitrendipine: Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease fever, swelling, pain, and redness. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver

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somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH]

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Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacology, Clinical: The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer

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phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH]

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Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Cyanide: Potassium cyanide (K(CN)). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Practolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases). [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU]

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Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane).

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The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH]

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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme,

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and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rifabutin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH]

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Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid

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hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Cyanide: Na(CN). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes. [NIH] Sodium sulfite: A chemical used in photography, paper making, water treatment, and for other purposes. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In

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taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic

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nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH]

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Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH]

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Tunica Intima: The innermost coat of blood vessels, consisting of a thin lining of endothelial cells longitudinally oriented and continuous with the endothelium of capillaries on the one hand and the endocardium of the heart on the other. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]

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Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality

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disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 111, 134, 136, 148, 151, 152 Abdominal, 111, 125, 141, 142, 148 Acceptor, 111, 141 Acebutolol, 49, 79, 111 Acetylcholine, 27, 111, 140 Acoustic, 66, 69, 111 Actin, 111, 138 Acyclovir, 80, 111 Adaptation, 111, 121, 143 Adipose Tissue, 111, 141 Adjustment, 80, 111 Adrenal Cortex, 111, 112, 124, 148 Adrenergic Agonists, 20, 111 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 111, 114 Adverse Effect, 10, 112, 148, 149 Aerobic, 29, 61, 112, 128 Aerobic Exercise, 29, 61, 112 Aerosol, 81, 112 Affinity, 112, 136, 150 Afterload, 11, 112 Agarose, 112, 131 Age of Onset, 112, 154 Agonist, 8, 40, 65, 67, 112, 116, 120, 137 Agoraphobia, 112, 143 Airway, 112, 150 Albumin, 4, 112, 131, 137, 143 Albuminuria, 37, 112 Aldosterone, 14, 49, 112, 137 Algorithms, 112, 117 Alkaline, 113, 118 Alkaloid, 113, 116, 141, 147, 148, 149 Alpha-1, 113, 126, 144 Alprenolol, 18, 79, 113, 137 Alternative medicine, 86, 113 Alveolar Process, 113, 148 Amino Acids, 113, 114, 142, 144, 146 Amlodipine, 13, 14, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 32, 40, 45, 47, 57, 113 Analgesic, 113, 133, 135, 141 Analog, 111, 113, 129 Anatomical, 113, 116, 125, 133 Anemia, 113, 117 Anesthesia, 13, 112, 113, 115, 127 Aneurysm, 113, 130, 154 Angina, 14, 17, 22, 23, 29, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 68, 72, 77, 80, 111, 113, 114, 117, 135, 137, 140, 141, 145, 153

Anginal, 17, 113, 114, 139 Angioplasty, 88, 113, 115 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 33, 113 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 48, 113, 114 Angiotensinogen, 43, 114, 147, 148 Anions, 112, 114, 135 Antagonism, 53, 54, 114, 125 Antianginal, 14, 29, 61, 114 Antiarrhythmic, 114, 153 Antibiotic, 114, 118, 142, 145, 148 Anticoagulant, 114, 146, 155 Anticonvulsant, 71, 114 Antidote, 114, 118 Antiepileptic, 71, 114 Antihypertensive Agents, 50, 69, 114 Anti-inflammatory, 73, 114, 115, 129, 133, 140, 148 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 114, 115 Antimetabolite, 111, 114, 129 Antimicrobial, 114, 138 Antioxidant, 114, 115 Antipsychotic, 114, 148 Antispasmodic, 115, 141, 149 Antiviral, 111, 115 Anuria, 115, 135 Anus, 115, 147 Anxiety, 34, 42, 70, 112, 115, 141, 143, 145 Aorta, 68, 115, 155 Apnea, 115 Aqueous, 60, 79, 115, 116, 124 Arachidonic Acid, 115, 145 Arginine, 115, 140 Arrhythmia, 27, 77, 79, 85, 100, 114, 115, 155 Arterial, 31, 34, 35, 39, 115, 119, 133, 140, 146, 152 Arteries, 16, 25, 27, 30, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 124, 136, 137, 138, 139 Arteriolar, 115, 118, 129, 148 Arterioles, 115, 117, 118, 138, 139 Arteriovenous, 9, 16, 115 Ascorbic Acid, 77, 115, 132 Aspirin, 11, 76, 115 Assay, 18, 33, 115 Asymptomatic, 54, 115 Asystole, 57, 115

158 Atenolol

Atherectomy, 115, 127 Atherogenic, 18, 116 Atrial, 10, 14, 28, 49, 53, 62, 86, 116, 155 Atrial Fibrillation, 10, 14, 53, 86, 116, 155 Atrioventricular, 116, 151 Atrioventricular Node, 116, 151 Atrium, 116, 137, 151, 155 Atropine, 116, 149 Autogenic, 69, 116 Autogenic Training, 69, 116 Autonomic, 54, 65, 66, 111, 115, 116, 130, 140, 142, 151 Autonomic Nervous System, 116, 142, 151 Axillary, 116, 118 Axillary Artery, 116, 118 B Bactericidal, 116, 128 Base, 77, 116, 124, 135 Baths, 61, 67, 116 Behavior Therapy, 50, 116 Beta blocker, 4, 15, 19, 21, 47, 69, 76, 87, 116 Betaxolol, 26, 31, 43, 53, 54, 56, 116 Bile, 80, 116, 117, 120, 132, 136, 151, 152 Bile Acids, 117, 151, 152 Bile Acids and Salts, 117 Bilirubin, 112, 117 Bioavailability, 20, 53, 80, 117 Biochemical, 11, 114, 117, 135, 149 Biosynthesis, 115, 117, 136, 149 Biotechnology, 12, 84, 86, 95, 117 Biotransformation, 117, 142 Bisoprolol, 28, 38, 67, 117 Bladder, 117, 133, 154 Blood Coagulation, 117, 118, 152 Blood Glucose, 38, 87, 117, 134 Blood vessel, 6, 87, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 127, 130, 135, 142, 150, 151, 152, 154 Blood Viscosity, 39, 117 Body Fluids, 117, 118, 150 Bone Marrow, 117, 124, 133 Brachial, 5, 39, 118 Brachial Artery, 5, 118 Bradykinin, 118, 140, 143 Branch, 62, 107, 118, 127, 142, 150, 152 Breakdown, 118, 125, 130, 141, 150 Broad-spectrum, 118, 148 Bronchi, 118, 128, 153 Bronchial, 111, 118, 132 Bronchitis, 38, 118 Buccal, 118, 136 Bypass, 88, 118, 152

C Calcium channel blocker, 76, 113, 114, 118, 140, 155 Calcium Channel Blockers, 114, 118, 140 Calcium Channels, 118, 137, 141 Calcium Chloride, 30, 118 Capillary, 24, 50, 118, 130, 155 Capsules, 76, 119, 126, 130 Captopril, 4, 11, 12, 14, 45, 53, 56, 60, 67, 69, 76, 119 Carbohydrate, 119, 144 Carbon Dioxide, 119, 120, 124, 130, 148 Carcinogenic, 119, 134, 151 Carcinogens, 119, 121 Cardiogenic, 19, 47, 60, 119 Cardiomyopathy, 119 Cardiorespiratory, 112, 119 Cardioselective, 111, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 145 Cardiotonic, 119, 125 Cardiovascular disease, 9, 13, 38, 87, 119 Carotene, 119, 148 Case report, 19, 32, 49, 60, 119 Catecholamines, 10, 119, 148 Catheterization, 113, 119 Caudal, 119, 144 Celiprolol, 13, 20, 25, 27, 45, 47, 52, 120 Cell membrane, 60, 118, 120, 143 Cellobiose, 120 Cellulose, 76, 77, 120, 143 Central Nervous System, 8, 111, 116, 118, 120, 130, 132, 139, 141, 149 Cerebral, 5, 20, 120, 123, 128, 132, 141, 152 Cerebrovascular, 6, 118, 119, 120 Cerebrum, 120 Cervical, 44, 120 Cervical Plexus, 44, 120 Cervix, 120 Character, 113, 120, 124 Chemoreceptors, 120, 150 Chemotherapy, 120, 121 Cholesterol, 117, 120, 123, 126, 132, 136, 149, 151 Cholic Acid, 80, 120 Choroid, 120, 148 Chromic, 78, 120 Chromium, 78, 120, 121 Chronic, 5, 6, 7, 22, 23, 29, 38, 41, 53, 55, 68, 86, 100, 114, 121, 124, 127, 130, 134, 135 Chronic Disease, 7, 121 Chronic renal, 121, 130

Index 159

Chronotherapy, 68, 121 Cilazapril, 32, 45, 121 Circadian, 68, 69, 121 Circadian Rhythm, 121 CIS, 121, 148 Citric Acid, 76, 121 Citrus, 115, 121 Clamp, 7, 121 Claudication, 18, 121 Clinical trial, 4, 44, 70, 95, 121, 123, 124, 138, 146, 147 Cloning, 117, 121 Coagulation, 117, 121, 143, 152, 155 Coenzyme, 115, 122, 136, 139, 149 Cofactor, 122, 146, 152 Collagen, 10, 122, 129, 143, 145 Collapse, 118, 122, 150 Colloidal, 112, 122, 127 Combination Therapy, 26, 122 Complement, 122, 143 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 73, 122 Complementary medicine, 65, 122 Computational Biology, 95, 123 Conduction, 26, 116, 123 Cones, 123, 148 Congestive heart failure, 121, 123, 136 Conjugated, 117, 120, 123, 131 Connective Tissue, 115, 118, 122, 123, 129, 130, 136, 148 Consciousness, 113, 123, 125, 152 Constriction, 123, 135 Consumption, 68, 123, 141 Contractility, 114, 123, 126 Contraindications, ii, 123 Controlled study, 23, 27, 36, 65, 123 Conventional therapy, 68, 123 Conventional treatment, 123 Convulsions, 114, 123, 126, 144 Coronary, 12, 13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 32, 50, 54, 57, 68, 71, 87, 100, 113, 116, 119, 123, 124, 137, 138, 139 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 123, 138 Coronary Circulation, 113, 123 Coronary Disease, 88, 100, 123 Coronary heart disease, 12, 68, 87, 119, 123 Coronary Thrombosis, 124, 137, 138 Coronary Vessels, 123, 124 Cortical, 124, 128, 149 Cortisol, 112, 124 Curative, 124, 152

Cutaneous, 120, 124, 136 Cyanide, 78, 79, 124, 144 Cyclic, 124, 131, 140, 146 Cyclosporine, 48, 124 Cytoplasm, 120, 124 D Databases, Bibliographic, 95, 124 Decarboxylation, 124, 132, 137 Decision Making, 6, 124 Degenerative, 124, 148 Density, 21, 124, 126, 136, 140, 150 Deuterium, 124, 132 Diabetes Insipidus, 124, 132 Diabetes Mellitus, 124 Diabetic Retinopathy, 4, 124 Diagnostic procedure, 75, 86, 124 Dialyzer, 125, 131 Diaphragm, 120, 125 Diastole, 125 Diastolic, 22, 23, 24, 36, 37, 125, 133 Diastolic blood pressure, 37, 125 Diffusion, 125, 154 Digestion, 117, 125, 134, 136, 151 Digestive tract, 125, 150 Digitalis, 11, 53, 125 Dilatation, 113, 125, 145, 154 Dilatation, Pathologic, 125, 154 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 50, 125 Dilation, 30, 115, 118, 125, 132, 154 Diltiazem, 14, 26, 36, 38, 44, 49, 60, 68, 76, 125 Dimethyl, 125, 135, 139, 140 Dipyridamole, 71, 125 Direct, iii, 8, 24, 26, 89, 125, 132, 141, 147 Disinfectant, 125, 128 Dissociation, 30, 112, 125 Dissociative Disorders, 125 Diuretic, 3, 45, 118, 126, 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 150 Diuretics, Thiazide, 114, 126 Dorsal, 126, 144 Dosage Forms, 36, 80, 126 Doxazosin, 12, 26, 29, 37, 38, 40, 126 Drug Interactions, 90, 126 Drug Tolerance, 126, 153 Duodenum, 116, 126, 151 Dyslipidemia, 52, 126 E Echocardiography, 7, 28, 126 Eclampsia, 126, 144 Edema, 124, 126, 130, 132, 144 Effector, 111, 122, 126, 139

160 Atenolol

Efficacy, 6, 10, 12, 21, 23, 36, 38, 46, 48, 54, 55, 61, 126 Ejection fraction, 38, 126 Elastin, 122, 126 Electrolyte, 112, 126, 131, 135, 137, 144, 150 Electrons, 114, 116, 126, 135, 141, 147 Electrophoresis, 24, 50, 127 Electrophysiological, 127, 155 Emboli, 127, 155 Embolism, 127, 146, 155 Embolization, 127, 155 Emergency Treatment, 127, 144 Enalapril, 11, 22, 23, 25, 28, 33, 34, 35, 45, 46, 49, 50, 60, 127 Enalaprilat, 35, 127 Endarterectomy, 44, 113, 116, 127 Endothelium, 5, 30, 127, 140, 154 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 127 Endothelium, Vascular, 127 Endothelium-derived, 127, 140 Endotoxic, 127, 136 End-stage renal, 6, 121, 127 Enhancers, 66, 128 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 128 Enzymatic, 118, 119, 122, 128, 129, 132, 148 Enzyme, 4, 27, 37, 69, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 136, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 152, 155, 156 Epinephrine, 111, 121, 128, 140, 154 Epithelial, 67, 128, 137 Epithelial Cells, 67, 128, 137 Epithelium, 127, 128 Ethanol, 66, 68, 128 Ether, 77, 128 Ethnic Groups, 10, 128 Evoke, 128, 151 Excitatory, 65, 128 Excrete, 115, 128, 135 Exercise Test, 52, 55, 128 Exercise Tolerance, 23, 35, 128 Exhaustion, 114, 128 Exogenous, 117, 119, 128, 154 Extracellular, 7, 123, 128, 129, 150 Extracellular Matrix, 123, 128, 129 Extracorporeal, 129, 131 Extraction, 9, 26, 31, 129 F Facial, 129, 142 Facial Nerve, 129, 142 Family Planning, 95, 129

Fat, 9, 77, 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 127, 129, 135, 136, 148 Fatigue, 35, 87, 100, 129, 131 Fatty acids, 112, 129, 145 Felodipine, 48, 129 Fibrillation, 10, 11, 129 Fibrin, 117, 129, 152 Fibrinolytic, 18, 31, 129, 152 Fibrinolytic Agents, 129, 152 Fibroblasts, 11, 129 Fibrosis, 42, 129 Flatus, 129, 130 Fludrocortisone, 46, 129 Fluorescence, 33, 129 Fluorouracil, 125, 129 Forearm, 6, 117, 129 Fosinopril, 24, 35, 61, 129 Furosemide, 11, 129, 133 G Ganglia, 111, 115, 130, 139, 142, 151 Ganglionic Blockers, 114, 130 Gas, 29, 61, 119, 125, 129, 130, 132, 140 Gas exchange, 29, 61, 130 Gastric, 43, 126, 130, 132 Gastric Resection, 43, 130 Gastrin, 130, 132 Gastrointestinal, 41, 60, 118, 128, 130, 149, 151 Gastrointestinal tract, 128, 130, 149 Gene, 10, 43, 84, 117, 130, 143 Genetics, 7, 130, 142 Genotype, 8, 52, 130, 142 Gland, 111, 130, 133, 136, 139, 141, 142, 149, 151, 152 Glomerular, 4, 69, 130, 134, 135, 137, 140, 147 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 4, 69, 130, 135, 137, 140 Glomerulus, 130 Glucose, 4, 8, 9, 22, 66, 115, 117, 120, 121, 124, 130, 134, 147, 150 Glycidyl, 77, 130 Glycine, 117, 120, 130 Governing Board, 130, 144 Grade, 16, 130 Gram-negative, 127, 131, 138 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 127, 131, 138 Gram-positive, 131, 138 Growth, 15, 52, 55, 114, 131, 143, 152, 153, 154 Guanylate Cyclase, 131, 139, 140

Index 161

H Half-Life, 80, 131 Heart attack, 87, 119, 131 Heart failure, 7, 10, 11, 28, 61, 114, 127, 131, 142, 144 Heart Transplantation, 11, 38, 131 Heartbeat, 115, 131, 155 Heme, 117, 131, 144 Hemodiafiltration, 131, 154 Hemodialysis, 6, 52, 55, 125, 131, 135, 154 Hemodynamics, 20, 52, 54, 57, 67, 131 Hemofiltration, 131, 154 Hemoperfusion, 55, 131 Hemorrhage, 131, 151, 155 Hepatic, 33, 112, 131, 150 Heredity, 130, 131 Herpes, 111, 132 Heterogeneity, 7, 112, 132 Histamine, 114, 121, 132 Hormonal, 58, 132 Hormone, 52, 112, 121, 124, 128, 130, 132, 134, 150, 152 Humoral, 10, 132 Humour, 132 Hydralazine, 11, 132 Hydrocephalus, 132, 135 Hydrochlorothiazide, 7, 11, 21, 22, 23, 33, 36, 37, 46, 48, 132 Hydrogen, 77, 79, 111, 116, 119, 124, 132, 138, 141, 146 Hydrogen Cyanide, 79, 132 Hydroxylysine, 122, 132 Hydroxyproline, 122, 132 Hypercholesterolemia, 126, 132 Hyperglycemia, 4, 132 Hyperkinesis, 80, 132 Hyperlipidemia, 126, 133 Hyperthyroidism, 133, 145 Hypertonia, 80, 133 Hypertriglyceridemia, 126, 133 Hypertrophy, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 21, 23, 29, 41, 43, 47, 52, 85, 133, 144 Hypnotic, 116, 133 Hypotensive, 33, 77, 133 I Ibuprofen, 26, 133 Id, 62, 71, 100, 106, 108, 133 Ileal, 53, 133 Ileum, 133 Immersion, 116, 133 Immunization, 133, 145 Immunogenic, 133, 136

Impairment, 5, 9, 133, 137 Impotence, 87, 133, 141 In situ, 78, 79, 133 In vitro, 7, 18, 34, 117, 133 In vivo, 18, 34, 133 Incontinence, 132, 133, 149 Indapamide, 34, 133 Indicative, 83, 133, 142, 154 Induction, 34, 71, 114, 130, 133, 150 Infarction, 132, 134 Infection, 134, 136, 142, 148, 151, 155 Inflammation, 112, 114, 115, 118, 129, 134, 141, 148 Infusion, 9, 57, 134 Ingestion, 76, 134, 144 Inhalation, 81, 112, 134, 144 Initiation, 5, 134 Inotropic, 68, 115, 129, 134 Insulin, 6, 8, 21, 30, 34, 35, 39, 66, 134, 154 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 35, 39, 134 Intermittent, 18, 134 Interstitial, 10, 134, 147 Intestinal, 35, 80, 119, 134 Intestine, 117, 134, 135 Intoxication, 19, 134, 156 Intracellular, 4, 10, 118, 134, 140, 144, 146 Intravenous, 19, 36, 48, 57, 60, 134 Intrinsic, 39, 53, 112, 134 Inulin, 130, 134 Invasive, 134, 136 Involuntary, 129, 134, 138 Ions, 116, 118, 125, 126, 132, 134 Ischemia, 22, 45, 47, 54, 135 Isosorbide, 17, 36, 135 Isradipine, 44, 135 K Kb, 94, 135 Kidney Disease, 3, 94, 100, 112, 135 Kidney Failure, 7, 127, 135, 137 Kidney Failure, Acute, 135 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 135 Kinetics, 18, 118, 135 L Labetalol, 13, 48, 135 Large Intestine, 125, 134, 135, 147, 150 Lethal, 116, 124, 135 Levo, 135, 153 Library Services, 106, 135 Ligaments, 123, 135 Lipid, 22, 37, 43, 87, 134, 135, 136 Lipid A, 22, 87, 136

162 Atenolol

Lipophilic, 77, 80, 136 Lipopolysaccharides, 136 Lipoprotein, 126, 131, 136 Lisinopril, 3, 5, 11, 15, 37, 49, 58, 70, 71, 136 Liver, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 120, 131, 136, 147, 148 Lovastatin, 136, 149 Low-density lipoprotein, 126, 136 Lumbar, 47, 136 Lumen, 80, 127, 136 Lupus, 17, 136 Lymph, 116, 120, 127, 132, 136, 139 Lymph node, 116, 120, 136, 139 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 5, 136 Malformation, 16, 136 Malnutrition, 112, 136 Mandible, 113, 136, 148 Manifest, 18, 136 Mannitol, 77, 136 Medial, 5, 137 MEDLINE, 95, 137 Membrane, 120, 122, 125, 128, 131, 137, 138, 141, 143, 148, 155 Memory, 5, 53, 137 Meninges, 120, 137 Menopause, 137, 144, 145 Mental Disorders, 137, 145 Mental Health, iv, 4, 94, 96, 137, 145 Mental Processes, 125, 137, 146 Menthol, 66, 137 Metabolite, 117, 121, 125, 127, 129, 136, 137, 144, 145, 147 Methyldopa, 11, 137 Metoprolol, 11, 18, 21, 24, 28, 31, 32, 35, 47, 48, 49, 79, 81, 87, 137 MI, 7, 24, 50, 80, 109, 137 Mibefradil, 13, 24, 137 Microbe, 137, 153 Microorganism, 122, 137, 155 Mineralocorticoid, 129, 137 Mitral Valve, 50, 137 Modification, 138, 147 Molecular, 7, 10, 11, 15, 79, 95, 97, 117, 123, 131, 138 Molecule, 116, 122, 125, 126, 127, 138, 141, 147 Monitor, 15, 120, 138 Monotherapy, 26, 40, 66, 138 Morphological, 5, 138 Motion Sickness, 138, 149

Mucosa, 136, 138 Multicenter study, 21, 43, 138 Muscle Fibers, 116, 138 Muscle Relaxation, 116, 138 Mydriatic, 125, 138, 149 Myocardial infarction, 7, 14, 16, 21, 28, 32, 36, 39, 44, 48, 49, 54, 57, 69, 124, 137, 138, 145, 155 Myocardial Ischemia, 29, 35, 44, 68, 113, 123, 138 Myocardium, 113, 137, 138 Myosin, 10, 138 N Nalidixic Acid, 71, 138 Natriuresis, 114, 138 Nausea, 114, 126, 138, 154 Necrosis, 134, 137, 138 Need, 3, 84, 87, 101, 112, 121, 139, 153 Nephrectomy, 28, 139 Nephropathy, 3, 60, 67, 70, 71, 135, 139 Nerve, 51, 111, 113, 120, 129, 139, 141, 151, 153 Nerve Endings, 51, 139 Nerve Fibers, 120, 139 Nervous System, 8, 116, 120, 139, 142, 151, 152 Neural, 130, 132, 139 Neuroeffector Junction, 139 Neuromuscular, 111, 139 Neuromuscular Junction, 111, 139 Neurons, 128, 130, 139, 151 Neuropsychological Tests, 5, 139 Neurosis, 139, 143 Neutrophil, 13, 139 Niacinamide, 139 Nicorandil, 60, 139 Nifedipine, 13, 17, 18, 23, 28, 29, 30, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50, 55, 58, 61, 73, 76, 139 Nisoldipine, 13, 54, 139 Nitrates, 11, 140 Nitrendipine, 33, 41, 46, 140 Nitric acid, 140 Nitric Oxide, 5, 140 Nitrogen, 112, 113, 132, 135, 140, 153 Norepinephrine, 111, 137, 140, 148 Normotensive, 14, 140 NSAIDs, 73, 140 Nuclei, 127, 136, 140, 141, 146 Nucleus, 77, 116, 124, 140, 146 O Ocular, 70, 140 Ointments, 126, 140

Index 163

Oliguria, 135, 137, 140 On-line, 69, 109, 140 Opacity, 124, 140 Ophthalmic, 68, 140 Opium, 140, 141 Opsin, 141, 148 Optic Disk, 124, 141 Optic Nerve, 141, 148 Osmolarity, 137, 141 Osmotic, 112, 135, 141 Overdose, 20, 30, 33, 47, 49, 52, 55, 57, 141 Oxidation, 35, 111, 114, 117, 141 Oxprenolol, 79, 141 Oxygen Consumption, 128, 141, 148 P Palliative, 141, 152 Pancreas, 111, 134, 141 Panniculitis, 49, 141 Papaverine, 18, 141 Parietal, 5, 141, 142 Parietal Lobe, 141 Parotid, 71, 142 Paroxysmal, 14, 86, 113, 142 Patch, 7, 142 Pathogenesis, 4, 142 Pathologic, 123, 142, 148 Pathophysiology, 7, 142 Penicillin, 114, 142, 154 Peptide, 6, 49, 53, 62, 142, 144, 146 Perfusion, 71, 142 Perindopril, 27, 34, 60, 142 Peripheral Nervous System, 137, 142, 145, 151 Peritoneum, 142, 148 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 120, 128, 142 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 126, 142 Pharmacodynamic, 13, 42, 61, 142 Pharmacogenetics, 7, 142 Pharmacokinetic, 13, 17, 21, 42, 50, 51, 60, 61, 142 Pharmacologic, 5, 7, 11, 52, 113, 131, 142, 153, 154 Pharmacology, Clinical, 10, 142 Phenotype, 11, 35, 142 Phobia, 43, 50, 143 Phobic Disorders, 143 Phospholipids, 129, 136, 143 Phosphorus, 118, 143 Physiologic, 112, 117, 131, 134, 143, 145, 147, 148, 153 Physiology, 10, 67, 70, 111, 127, 143

Pigments, 119, 143, 148 Pilot study, 52, 143 Plants, 113, 116, 119, 121, 125, 130, 134, 140, 143, 153 Plaque, 113, 115, 116, 143 Plasma, 6, 8, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 39, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 61, 62, 69, 112, 120, 127, 130, 135, 137, 143, 147, 148 Plasma protein, 112, 127, 143 Plasticity, 76, 143 Platelet Aggregation, 28, 140, 143 Platelets, 51, 140, 143, 144, 149, 152 Poisoning, 118, 134, 138, 144 Polymorphism, 7, 10, 14, 144 Polypeptide, 122, 144, 156 Polysaccharide, 79, 112, 120, 144 Posterior, 5, 120, 126, 141, 144 Postmenopausal, 21, 144 Postoperative, 29, 44, 53, 144 Postprandial, 19, 32, 144 Potassium, 48, 63, 78, 112, 126, 132, 137, 139, 144, 147 Potassium Cyanide, 78, 144 Potentiates, 70, 144 Potentiation, 69, 144 Practice Guidelines, 96, 144 Practolol, 79, 144 Pravastatin, 52, 56, 144 Prazosin, 8, 28, 43, 144 Precursor, 114, 115, 126, 128, 140, 144, 145, 153, 154 Preeclampsia, 16, 44, 144 Premedication, 145, 149 Presynaptic, 139, 145 Presynaptic Terminals, 139, 145 Prevalence, 5, 145 Primary Prevention, 13, 145 Probe, 6, 145 Prodrug, 80, 121, 129, 145, 147 Progression, 5, 28, 56, 60, 67, 145 Progressive, 10, 11, 121, 126, 131, 135, 138, 145, 147 Proline, 122, 132, 145 Propafenone, 54, 145 Prophylaxis, 16, 44, 145, 148, 155 Proportional, 26, 145 Propranolol, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 31, 43, 47, 51, 54, 56, 60, 69, 73, 76, 79, 81, 87, 115, 145, 153 Prostaglandin, 54, 114, 145 Prostaglandins A, 145, 146 Protease, 122, 146

164 Atenolol

Protein C, 6, 112, 136, 146 Protein S, 84, 117, 146 Proteins, 7, 10, 113, 120, 122, 138, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 153 Proteinuria, 25, 33, 144, 146 Protocol, 54, 146 Protons, 132, 146, 147 Psychic, 139, 146, 149 Psychology, 50, 125, 146 Psychotherapy, 116, 146 Public Policy, 95, 146 Publishing, 12, 146 Pulmonary, 13, 117, 123, 128, 131, 135, 146, 155 Pulmonary Artery, 117, 146, 155 Pulmonary Edema, 135, 146 Pulmonary Embolism, 146, 155 Pulse, 23, 138, 147 Pupil, 125, 138, 147 Q Quality of Life, 60, 147 Quaternary, 147, 149 Quinidine, 111, 147 R Race, 8, 42, 48, 50, 77, 147 Radiation, 113, 129, 147 Radioactive, 131, 132, 147 Ramipril, 39, 48, 147 Randomized, 3, 6, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 57, 60, 67, 126, 147 Reabsorption, 132, 147 Reagent, 147, 150 Receptor, 7, 8, 23, 35, 40, 43, 47, 48, 51, 67, 79, 111, 147, 149 Rectal, 66, 147 Rectum, 115, 125, 129, 130, 133, 135, 147 Reductase, 136, 144, 147, 149 Refer, 1, 118, 122, 132, 147 Regimen, 6, 126, 147 Relapse, 46, 147 Relaxant, 141, 147 Renal failure, 55, 147 Renin, 6, 48, 49, 68, 114, 119, 147 Renin-Angiotensin System, 114, 119, 147 Reserpine, 46, 61, 148 Resorption, 80, 132, 147, 148 Respiration, 115, 119, 138, 148 Retina, 4, 120, 123, 124, 141, 148, 155 Retinal, 4, 27, 124, 141, 148 Retinol, 148 Retinopathy, 4, 124, 148

Retroperitoneal, 15, 148 Rheumatism, 133, 148 Rifabutin, 48, 148 Rigidity, 10, 133, 143, 148 Risk factor, 9, 45, 87, 148 Rod, 121, 148 Ryanodine, 7, 148 S Salicylate, 76, 148 Schizoid, 149, 155 Schizophrenia, 149, 155 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 149, 156 Scopolamine, 61, 67, 149 Screening, 121, 149 Secretion, 53, 80, 121, 132, 134, 137, 149 Seizures, 71, 142, 149 Serotonin, 114, 148, 149, 153 Serous, 127, 149 Serum, 12, 20, 26, 33, 38, 41, 112, 122, 126, 135, 136, 137, 149 Sex Characteristics, 149, 152 Shock, 19, 47, 60, 149 Side effect, 6, 89, 112, 115, 149, 153 Signs and Symptoms, 147, 149 Simvastatin, 34, 149 Skeletal, 121, 147, 150 Skeleton, 111, 145, 150 Sleep apnea, 22, 150 Small intestine, 80, 126, 132, 133, 134, 150 Smooth muscle, 118, 129, 132, 135, 141, 148, 150, 151 Social Environment, 147, 150 Sodium, 8, 10, 77, 78, 79, 112, 126, 127, 132, 137, 138, 140, 147, 150 Sodium Cyanide, 79, 150 Sodium sulfite, 77, 150 Solvent, 128, 141, 142, 150 Somatic, 132, 142, 150 Sorbitol, 4, 136, 150 Sotalol, 14, 31, 69, 79, 86, 150 Sound wave, 123, 150 Spasticity, 133, 150 Specialist, 101, 125, 150 Species, 31, 128, 147, 150, 151, 153, 155 Spinal cord, 118, 120, 137, 139, 142, 151 Steel, 121, 151 Steroid, 117, 124, 149, 151 Stimulant, 132, 151, 154 Stimulus, 66, 69, 123, 143, 151, 152 Stomach, 111, 125, 130, 132, 138, 150, 151 Stress, 28, 30, 32, 54, 67, 68, 69, 116, 124, 138, 151

Index 165

Stroke, 7, 10, 38, 94, 119, 151 Subclinical, 134, 149, 151 Subcutaneous, 126, 141, 151 Subspecies, 150, 151 Substance P, 137, 149, 151 Supplementation, 68, 151 Supraventricular, 38, 151 Sympathetic Nervous System, 8, 114, 116, 151 Sympathomimetic, 53, 111, 128, 140, 151 Symptomatic, 14, 27, 28, 36, 85, 86, 152 Syncope, 36, 46, 47, 152 Systemic, 47, 48, 50, 67, 70, 90, 115, 117, 128, 131, 134, 152, 155 Systolic, 6, 22, 37, 41, 54, 85, 133, 152 Systolic blood pressure, 41, 152 T Tachycardia, 38, 43, 44, 152 Taurine, 117, 120, 152 Teratogenic, 125, 152 Testosterone, 27, 61, 147, 152 Therapeutics, 21, 23, 26, 39, 43, 45, 46, 51, 52, 55, 60, 61, 66, 90, 152 Thermal, 81, 125, 152 Thorax, 111, 136, 152 Threshold, 36, 133, 152 Thrombin, 129, 143, 146, 152 Thrombocytes, 144, 152 Thrombolytic, 44, 48, 152 Thrombolytic Therapy, 48, 152 Thrombomodulin, 146, 152 Thrombosis, 146, 151, 152 Thrombus, 124, 134, 138, 143, 152, 155 Thyroid, 35, 133, 152, 154 Thyroxine, 112, 152 Timolol, 18, 153 Tolerance, 6, 55, 153 Tomography, 5, 71, 153 Topical, 128, 153 Toxaemia, 144, 153 Toxic, iv, 116, 124, 125, 132, 140, 153 Toxicity, 15, 17, 42, 126, 153 Toxicology, 15, 17, 49, 96, 153 Toxins, 118, 131, 134, 153 Trace element, 121, 153 Trachea, 118, 152, 153 Traction, 121, 153 Transfection, 117, 153 Transmitter, 111, 137, 140, 153 Transplantation, 22, 38, 48, 121, 133, 135, 153 Tremor, 153

Trimetazidine, 23, 153 Tryptophan, 122, 149, 153 Tuberculosis, 48, 123, 136, 153 Tunica Intima, 127, 154 Type 2 diabetes, 3, 12, 14, 154 Tyrosine, 119, 154 U Ultrafiltration, 6, 131, 154 Unconscious, 133, 154 Uremia, 135, 147, 154 Urethra, 154 Urinary, 4, 132, 133, 138, 140, 144, 149, 154 Urinary Retention, 144, 154 Urinary tract, 138, 154 Urinary tract infection, 138, 154 Urine, 31, 33, 50, 112, 115, 117, 124, 126, 133, 135, 138, 140, 146, 154 Uterus, 120, 154 V Vaccine, 146, 154 Valine, 80, 154 Vascular, 4, 5, 8, 9, 30, 51, 118, 120, 127, 129, 134, 135, 140, 152, 154 Vasoactive, 68, 154 Vasodilatation, 139, 154 Vasodilation, 5, 114, 127, 139, 141, 154 Vasodilator, 114, 118, 132, 139, 140, 141, 153, 154 Vein, 113, 115, 134, 142, 154, 155 Venous, 115, 139, 146, 155 Venous Thrombosis, 155 Ventricle, 116, 137, 146, 147, 152, 155 Ventricular, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 47, 52, 57, 66, 69, 70, 85, 126, 132, 145, 155 Ventricular Dysfunction, 30, 38, 39, 126, 155 Ventricular fibrillation, 10, 11, 155 Ventricular Function, 22, 66, 155 Venules, 117, 118, 127, 155 Verapamil, 7, 15, 19, 20, 22, 30, 47, 60, 155 Veterinary Medicine, 95, 155 Virulence, 153, 155 Virus, 128, 143, 155 Viscosity, 77, 117, 155 Vitreous Body, 148, 155 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 124, 155 Vitro, 155 Vivo, 18, 44, 155 W Warfarin, 10, 11, 155 White blood cell, 139, 155

166 Atenolol

Windpipe, 152, 155 Withdrawal, 42, 57, 58, 155

Y Yeasts, 143, 156 Z Zymogen, 146, 156

Index 167

168 Atenolol

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Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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