ASPHYXIATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Asphyxiation: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00103-9 1. Asphyxiation-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on asphyxiation. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASPHYXIATION ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Asphyxiation................................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASPHYXIATION ............................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 Finding Nutrition Studies on Asphyxiation................................................................................ 17 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 18 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ASPHYXIATION ...................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Patents on Asphyxiation.............................................................................................................. 21 Patent Applications on Asphyxiation .......................................................................................... 31 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ASPHYXIATION.......................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 35 Chapters on Asphyxiation............................................................................................................ 35 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 39 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 41 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 45 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 49 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 49 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 55 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 55 ASPHYXIATION DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 57 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 77
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with asphyxiation is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about asphyxiation, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to asphyxiation, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on asphyxiation. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to asphyxiation, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on asphyxiation. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASPHYXIATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on asphyxiation.
Federally Funded Research on Asphyxiation The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to asphyxiation. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to asphyxiation. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore asphyxiation. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for asphyxiation: •
Project Title: BLOOD-BRAIN OXYGENATION
BARRIER
CHANGES
VIA
HYPOXIA/RE-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Witt, Ken A.; Pharmacology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Ischemia associated pathologies (cardiac arrest, stroke, asphyxiation, etc.) significantly contribute to death and long-term disability in the United States. However, little is understood in regards to how the ischemic event induces a breakdown and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Although hypoxia associated with stroke and cardiac arrest has been reported to cause increased BBB permeability, effects of re-oxygenation on brain endothelial cells following a hypoxic insult remains unclear, and what is known revolves solely around in vitro modeling. The hypothesis of this proposal is hypoxia / re-oxygenation induces significant alterations in the expression and localization of junctional and cytoskeletal proteins leading to increased BBB permeability. This proposal expands previous work on hypoxic insult to the BBB by focusing on functional, biochemical and molecular changes in brain endothelial cells during hypoxia / reoxygenation, in a whole animal model. Changes in BBB permeability, alterations in cytoskeletal I tight junction proteins, and distribution I localization of those proteins will be examined in this pathology. Data from this research will demonstrate how alterations in the cytoskeletal framework and junctional proteins are related to functional changes (i.e. paracellular permeability) that occur during hypoxia I re-oxygenation. The insight into the cellular mechanism, which occur over the time course of the pathology, will contribute to the development of alternative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischemia and associated brain alterations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CEREBRAL PROTECTION & RECOVERY AFTER CIRCULATORY ARREST Principal Investigator & Institution: Xu, Yan; Associate Professor; Anesthesiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) The PI proposes technologically intense, NMR/MRI based investigations of cardiac arrest using a new, clinically relevant rat cardiac arrest model. MRI/MRS data will be correlated with histopathologic and neurobehavioral outcomes. State-of-the-art interleaved multi-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging are conducted in a customized 9.4 Tesla instrument with powerful gradient coils. Diffusion-weighted MR-imaging is used to detect rapid changes in brain edema, and spin-tagging of blood is used for perfusion imaging of the brain. Cardiac arrest will be induced by controlled asphyxiation in anesthetized, normothermic rats. Resuscitation will occur at four predetermined time points (12, 16, 20 and 24 minutes) after cardiac arrest. All events will occur inside a superwide-bore, 9.4 Tesla high-resolution NMR spectrometer, during which time MRI and MRS measurements will be continually made of rCBF, cerebral ion and water homeostasis, and brain metabolism. Measurements will be made before, during, and after cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Pre- and post-arrest pharmacological treatments will combine three classes of novel neuroprotective agents: (i) agents that improve cerebral energy metabolism, (ii) antioxidants that inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, and (iii) glutamate receptor antagonists that mitigate excitotoxicity injury. Seven series of experiments are proposed. The four specific aims are: (1) to correlate changes caused by global ischemia in cerebral perfusion, water homeostasis, and energy metabolism, with brain damage and neurologic outcome; (2) to correlate energy metabolism and water homeostasis with post-resuscitation hypoperfusion; (3) to study the effects of antioxidants on reperfusion injury; and (4) to study glutamate excitotoxicity in global ischemia.
Studies
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DOWNED FIREFIGHTER LOCATION SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fobare, Mark R.; Tiercent Corporation 1223 Peoples Ave Troy, Ny 12180 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 01-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fire Fighting is a very hazardous occupation. On average, there are 600,000 structure fires annually and 3.0 deaths per 100,000 structure fire. Alarmingly, this death toll has doubled since 1977. Most of the fatalities are a result of heart attack and asphyxiation, complicated by the fact that rescuers cannot locate a downed victim in time to provide aid. Unfortunately, there is no equipment available today that will provide a rescuer with the location of a downed or lost firefighter and directions on how to best reach the victim. Tiercent is working to develop a solution: a system that will track the path and location of firefighters inside burning structures and alert the accountability officer when an individual is in need of assistance. The system will graphically display the 3D path and location of the downed firefighter such that a rescue team can quickly lend assistance. Tirecent aims to reduce firefighter fatalities 50% by reducing the average time it takes to search for a downed or lost firefighter. The firm's commercialization plans aim to penetrate 30% of the emergency services market by 2006, delivering 2,500 systems to the marketplace. Upon completion of this Phase 1 Research Project, Tiercent will demonstrate the feasibility of a system that uses a unique combination of radio frequency and inertial based technologies to locate a person within a 50'x50'x50' dwelling. More specifically, the system will provide information on the floor that a person is on, as well as their location on this floor, within five feet of accuracy. There are three sets of experiments in the Phase I research plan; floor level determination, X-Y accuracy improvement, and algorithm validation. The results of these experiments will be signal processing algorithms to determine firefighter location using a single three-axis body-mounted accelerometer and a radio frequency location system. Algorithm validations will be performed by collecting accelerometer and radio frequency tracking data during routine firefighter training exercises. The research plan calls for the use of: 1) ten paid firefighters from Troy, NY, 2) a fire training facility in Rensselaer County, NY, 3) Wearable Accelerometric Motion Analysis Systems, developed by Stanford University, and 4) the Wherenet real-time location system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MUCOUS PATHOGENESIS
MEMBRANE
PEMPHIGOID:
ORGAN
SPECIFIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhol, Kailash C.; Orak Medicine Infection and Immunity; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The objective of this translational research grant application is to study a rare, and interesting potentially catastrophic, blistering autoimmune disease, which predominantly affects the mucous membranes known as mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP). When it affects the oral cavity, eating and swallowing are exquisitely painful. Ocular involvement can frequently result in blindness. Since laryngeal disease can cause sudden asphyxiation and death, it mandates elective tracheostomy. Recently we described that, the anti-basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies found in the sera of MMP patients targets the
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cytoplasmic domain of human beta4 integrin. The clinical profile of mucosal involvement in MMP is variable, though the target antigen is present in all mucosae and skin. The investigator proposes to study the role of local factors involved in MMP. Using sera of patients with MMP, the investigator will identify binding of anti-BMZ antibodies to the basement membrane of the eye, nose, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina and skin. Matching of clinical profiles with ability of patient's sera to bind to the BMZ of different mucosal tissues, or to different epitopes in the cytoplasmic domain of beta4 integrin will provide essential differences between systemic and local factors or the tissue microenvironments. The ability of sera from patients with MMP, and rabbit antibodies to bind to specific epitopes within the beta4 integrin, to produce sub-mucosal blisters in organ culture, using skin and different mucosal tissues, will be studied. Data from this study will provide important insights into how and why specific organs are involved, in a disease in which the autoantibody has the potential to cause disease in all tissues that contain the target antigen. Such advances can facilitate planning of future studies that focus on specific factors that may individually or collectively, play an important role in different organs in producing clinical disease, and this elucidate specific sites of pathology. The ability of the autoantibody to bind to specific tissues yet not produce clinical disease, might help understand and detect factors that can locally prevent disease manifestation and involvement. Such information can help generate site-specific therapy for purpose of clinical resolution and prevention of involvement. Thus MMP has the potential to be a model that could be applied to study many other multi systemic autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE DETECTION OF PEPTIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Weber, Stephen G.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1991; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Damage to the brain resulting from stroke, asphyxiation, strangulation, head injury and related events occur in a remarkable way. Much of the damage is delayed, occurring hours or days following the incident, leaving plenty of time for pharmacotherapeutic approaches to minimize damage. It is known that the delayed cell death is chemically induced, and that overexcitation of nerve cells by neurotransmitters leads to cell death. It is also known that peptides often control a nerve s sensitivity to neurotransmitters. Do peptides play a role in cell death by causing them to be highly sensitive to neurotransmitters? Could peptide-like drugs be used to lower a nerve s sensitivity? These questions are difficult to answer without advances in technology. Two major advances are proposed. In one, the sampling of peptides from the brain, now inefficient, will be improved. In another, separation/detection systems will be developed that will allow for rapid, sensitive and selective detection of peptides and their metabolites. These techniques will be applied in rat models of ischemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with asphyxiation, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “asphyxiation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for asphyxiation (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
"Breathing" coal mines and surface asphyxiation from stythe (black damp). Author(s): Hendrick DJ, Sizer KE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 August 29; 305(6852): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1392998
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A chloroform inhalation fatality--an unusual asphyxiation. Author(s): Allan AR, Blackmore RC, Toseland PA. Source: Med Sci Law. 1988 April; 28(2): 120-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3386458
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A contribution to a possible differentiation between SIDS and asphyxiation. Author(s): Betz P, Hausmann R, Eisenmenger W. Source: Forensic Science International. 1998 January 30; 91(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9549904
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A death involving asphyxiation from propane inhalation. Author(s): Haq MZ, Hameli AZ. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1980 January; 25(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7391778
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Acute asphyxiation as a fatal complication in oral acenocoumarol therapy. Author(s): Tributsch W, Ambach E. Source: Eur J Med. 1992 October; 1(6): 380. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1341473
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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An autopsy case of accidental asphyxiation in a storage room for apples. Author(s): Kashiwagi M, Ikeda N, Tsuji A. Source: Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 2000 December; 91(12): 310-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11210779
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Asphyxiation by a child's dummy. Author(s): Clayton MG, Ratkinson J, Isaacs G. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 October 31; 295(6606): 1098. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3120896
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Asphyxiation by glottic impaction of nasal secretions. Author(s): Leadbeatter S, Douglas-Jones AG. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1989 September; 10(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2782304
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Asphyxiation by hanging in two young Hispanic children--homicide, suicide, or accidental deaths? A review of pediatric hangings. Author(s): Perrot LJ, Froede RC, Jones AM. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1985 December; 6(4): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4072980
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Asphyxiation by laryngeal edema in patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Bork K, Siedlecki K, Bosch S, Schopf RE, Kreuz W. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 April; 75(4): 349-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10761488
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Asphyxiation from shoulder seat belts: an unusual motor vehicle injury. Author(s): James RA, Byard RW. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 June; 22(2): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394758
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Asphyxiation: steroid-induced osteoporosis of cervical spine. Author(s): Willis R. Source: J Otolaryngol Soc Aust. 1969 March; 2(4): 86-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5796436
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Autoerotic asphyxiation in a female. Author(s): Gosink PD, Jumbelic MI. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2000 June; 21(2): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10871123
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Auto-erotic asphyxiation: three case reports. Author(s): Cooper AJ. Source: Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 1996 Spring; 22(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8699497
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Behavioural treatment of life-threatening masochistic asphyxiation: a case study. Author(s): Haydn-Smith P, Marks I, Buchaya H, Repper D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1987 April; 150: 518-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3664133
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Changes in rates of suicide by car exhaust asphyxiation in England and Wales. Author(s): Amos T, Appleby L, Kiernan K. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 July; 31(5): 935-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11459392
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Childhood asphyxiation by choking or suffocation. Author(s): Baker SP, Fisher RS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 September 19; 244(12): 1343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7411807
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Childhood asphyxiation by food. A national analysis and overview. Author(s): Harris CS, Baker SP, Smith GA, Harris RM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 May 4; 251(17): 2231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6708272
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Complete autoerotic asphyxiation: suicide or accident? Author(s): Tournel G, Hubert N, Rouge C, Hedouin V, Gosset D. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 June; 22(2): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394755
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Death from auto-erotic asphyxiation in a long-term psychiatric setting. Author(s): Cosgray RE, Hanna V, Fawley R, Money M. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 1991; 27(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2008326
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Deaths from asphyxiation and poisoning at work in the United States 1984-6. Author(s): Suruda A, Agnew J. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1989 August; 46(8): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2775673
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Fatal asphyxiation in a baboon (Papio anubis) caused by a laryngeal peduncular fibroma. Author(s): Giddens WE Jr, Dillingham LA. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970 September 1; 157(5): 726-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4989065
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Food asphyxiation in adults. Author(s): Pollak OJ. Source: Del Med J. 1985 March; 57(3): 185-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3987946
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Food asphyxiation in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Irwin RS, Ashba JK, Braman SS, Lee HY, Corrao WM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 June 20; 237(25): 2744-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=577229
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Food asphyxiation--restaurant rescue. Author(s): Eller WC, Haugen RK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 July 12; 289(2): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4710408
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Foreign body asphyxiation--an autopsy study. Author(s): Berzlanovich AM, Muhm M, Sim E, Bauer G. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 October; 107(4): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10527037
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Identification of mechanical asphyxiation in cases of attempted masking of the homicide. Author(s): Brinkmann B, Fechner G, Puschel K. Source: Forensic Science International. 1984 December; 26(4): 235-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6519613
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Increase in suicide by asphyxiation in New York City after the publication of Final Exit. Author(s): Marzuk PM, Tardiff K, Hirsch CS, Leon AC, Stajic M, Hartwell N, Portera L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 November 11; 329(20): 1508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8413474
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Intranuclear ubiquitin immunoreactivity of the pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra in fatal acute mechanical asphyxiation and drowning. Author(s): Quan L, Zhu BL, Ishida K, Oritani S, Taniguchi M, Fujita MQ, Maeda H. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2001 August; 115(1): 6-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599772
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Laryngeal edema and death from asphyxiation after tooth extraction in four patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Bork K, Barnstedt SE. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003 August; 134(8): 1088-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956349
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Laryngologic aspects of bolus asphyxiation-bolus death. Author(s): Jacob B, Wiedbrauck C, Lamprecht J, Bonte W. Source: Dysphagia. 1992; 7(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424826
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Letter: Asphyxiation due to choking. Author(s): Pointer AE. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 November 16; 111(10): 1048-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4429928
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Letter: Asphyxiation, bulimia, and insulin levels in Huntington disease (chorea). Author(s): Whittier JR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 April 5; 235(14): 1423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=130504
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Letter: Food asphyxiation. Author(s): Lager LH. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1975 February 8; 112(3): 283. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1109745
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Letter: Food asphyxiation. Author(s): Lager LH. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 December 7; 111(11): 1186, 1189, 1191. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4434285
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Letter: Food asphyxiation. Author(s): Brummitt WM, MacKay IM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1975 June 21; 112(12): 1381-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1139476
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Macrophage subtype patterns in protracted asphyxiation. Author(s): Du Chesne A, Cecchi-Mureani R, Puschel K, Brinkmann B. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1996; 109(4): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007629
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Mononucleosis patient dies of asphyxiation. Author(s): Regan WA. Source: Hosp Prog. 1978 April; 59(4): 80, 82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=631827
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Near asphyxiation with a child's dummy. Author(s): Macnamara AF, Durham S. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1995 December; 12(4): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8775962
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Near-fatal asphyxiation in sawdust--an unusual tracheobronchial foreign body. Author(s): Linegar AG, Hayhurst MD, Cooke R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2001 March; 91(3): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11291417
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Near-miss asphyxiation from a toy ball: a small parts failure. Author(s): Baker MD. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1989 March; 5(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2710666
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Non-fatal asphyxiation and foreign body ingestion in children 0-14 years. Author(s): Altmann AE, Ozanne-Smith J. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 1997 September; 3(3): 176-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338828
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Non-intentional asphyxiation deaths due to upper airway interference in children 0 to 14 years. Author(s): Altmann A, Nolan T. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 1995 June; 1(2): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9346000
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Organ weight effects of drowning and asphyxiation on the lungs, liver, brain, heart, kidneys, and spleen. Author(s): Hadley JA, Fowler DR. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 November 26; 137(2-3): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738080
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Organ weight effects of drowning and asphyxiation on the lungs, liver, brain, heart, kidneys, and spleen. Author(s): Hadley JA, Fowler DR. Source: Forensic Science International. 2003 May 5; 133(3): 190-6. Erratum In: Forensic Sci Int. 2003 November 26; 137(2-3): 238. Corrected and Republished In: Forensic Sci Int. 2003 Nov 26; 137(2-3): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787651
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Patho-anatomic findings in neck structures in asphyxiation due to hanging: a survey of 80 cases. Author(s): Simonsen J. Source: Forensic Science International. 1988 July-August; 38(1-2): 83-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3192138
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Positional asphyxiation in adults. A series of 30 cases from the Dade and Broward County Florida Medical Examiner Offices from 1982 to 1990. Author(s): Bell MD, Rao VJ, Wetli CV, Rodriguez RN. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1992 June; 13(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1510056
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Possible asphyxiation from carbon dioxide of a cross-country skier in eastern California: a deadly volcanic hazard. Author(s): Hill PM. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2000 Fall; 11(3): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11055566
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Postmortem lung weight in drownings: a comparison with acute asphyxiation and cardiac death. Author(s): Zhu BL, Quan L, Li DR, Taniguchi M, Kamikodai Y, Tsuda K, Fujita MQ, Nishi K, Tsuji T, Maeda H. Source: Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2003 March; 5(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12935646
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Propane asphyxiation. Author(s): Imami RH, Kemal M. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1986 March; 7(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3728427
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Pulmonary giant cells and their significance for the diagnosis of asphyxiation. Author(s): Betz P, Nerlich A, Penning R, Eisenmenger W. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1993; 106(3): 156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8117595
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Restraint asphyxiation in excited delirium. Author(s): O'Halloran RL, Lewman LV. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1993 December; 14(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8116586
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Restraint asphyxiation. Author(s): Hirsch CS. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1994 September; 15(3): 266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7825561
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Review: autoerotic asphyxiation in the United States. Author(s): Uva JL. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1995 July; 40(4): 574-81. Review. Retraction In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7595293
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Sexual asphyxiation: an unusual case involving four male adolescents. Author(s): J Forensic Sci. 1995 Nov;40(6):932 Source: J Forensic Sci. 1995 May; 40(3): 490-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8522924
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Suicidal asphyxiation by using pure helium gas: case report, review, and discussion of the influence of the internet. Author(s): Gallagher KE, Smith DM, Mellen PF. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2003 December; 24(4): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634476
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Suicidal carbon dioxide asphyxiation: Case report. Author(s): Hofman WI. Source: Military Medicine. 1976 July; 141(7): 477. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=819876
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Suicide by asphyxiation after the publication of Final Exit. Author(s): Humphrey D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 April 7; 330(14): 1017. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8121455
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Television-inspired autoerotic asphyxiation. Author(s): Dietz PE. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1989 May; 34(3): 528-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2738557
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The doctor game: quick action can save food asphyxiation victims. Author(s): Gifford-Jones W. Source: Can J Psychiatr Nurs. 1979 November-December; 20(6): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=260903
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The forensic investigation of propane gas asphyxiation. Author(s): Fonseca CA, Auerbach DS, Suarez RV. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2002 June; 23(2): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040262
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Traumatic asphyxiation caused by a motorized parking gate. Author(s): Chilcote R, Lott I, Dungy C. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 8; 317(15): 967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3627219
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Two cases of near asphyxiation in children, using non-releasing plastic garden ties. Author(s): McLaughlin RE, Stewart A. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 March; 19(2): 184; Author Reply 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904283
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Two cases of near asphyxiation in children, using non-releasing plastic garden ties. Author(s): Makwana N, Evans HM, Moore D, Berry K. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2001 May; 18(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11354222
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What we can do to reduce deaths from asphyxiation due to choking. Author(s): Cochrane BM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 September 7; 111(5): 460. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4416896
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASPHYXIATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and asphyxiation.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Asphyxiation The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “asphyxiation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “asphyxiation” (or a synonym): •
Decreased allergic lung inflammatory cell egression and increased susceptibility to asphyxiation in MMP2-deficiency. Author(s): Biology of Inflammation Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
[email protected] Source: Corry, David B Rishi, Kirtee Kanellis, John Kiss, Attila Song Lz, Li zhen Xu, Jie Feng, Lili Werb, Zena Kheradmand, Farrah Nat-Immunol. 2002 April; 3(4): 347-53 15292908
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON ASPHYXIATION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “asphyxiation” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on asphyxiation, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Asphyxiation By performing a patent search focusing on asphyxiation, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on asphyxiation: •
Apparatus and method for preventing sudden infant death syndrome Inventor(s): von der Heyde; Christian P. (182 Great Hill Rd. Extension, East Sandwich, MA 02537) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,887,304 Date filed: July 10, 1997 Abstract: An apparatus and method for preventing asphyxiation of an infant due to breathing of exhaled carbon dioxide. A mattress with optional mattress pad provides an even air flow that removes exhaled carbon dioxide that accumulates at or near the surface of the mattress or mattress pad. The infant may be located anywhere on the surface of the mattress or mattress pad as the even air flow disperses carbon dioxide across the entire surface. In a preferred embodiment, the even air flow is accomplished by forcing air into a cavity, or plenum chamber, in the body of the mattress which air distributes equally to air flow holes on the top surfaces of the mattress and mattress pad. Optional temperature regulating or medicine dispensing devices respectively heat or cool the air flow, or introduce medicine into the air flow. In another embodiment, the mattress is itself a mattress pad. That is, the mattress pad provides an even air flow as described and may be placed on the sleeping surface of a conventional mattress. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to apparatuses and methods for preventing sudden infant death syndrome, and more particularly to mattresses and pads that remove exhaled carbon dioxide from the vicinity of a sleeping infant's mouth to prevent asphyxiation. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) claims the lives of thousands of infants in the United States each year. These infants generally appear to be normal and healthy, but succumb without warning in their cribs. The cause of SIDS is not known, and thus there is no certain means of preventing these tragedies. Medical specialists have, however, advanced several theories to explain the onset of SIDS. U.S. Pat. No. 5,483,711 issued to Hargest et al. reviews these theories, provides statistics regarding the impact of SIDS in the United States, and explains the advantage of placing an infant on its stomach for rest or sleep to prevent choking on regurgitated fluids. This advantage may be accentuated in the case of a premature or newborn infant with relatively undeveloped lungs. However, placing the infant on its stomach has certain drawbacks. As noted in Hargest, one theory regarding the cause of SIDS is that an infant sleeping or resting on its stomach, and thus with its mouth near the mattress or mattress pad of its crib, inhales the carbon dioxide products of breathing that have accumulated near the top surface of the mattress or mattress pad resulting in "carbon dioxide poisoning." This result may alternatively be described as suffocation due to an insufficient amount of oxygen in the carbon-dioxide rich air near the infant's mouth. The presence of bedding may contribute to such accumulation and thus contribute to the possibility of suffocation by the infant. As a result, there are reasons to conclude that SIDS may be prevented by avoiding the accumulation of carbon dioxide near the top surface of the mattress or mattress pad of an infant's crib. Known apparatuses for attempting to prevent such accumulation, and in some cases for attempting to provide a fresh flow of air or oxygen, include that of Hargest and also the mattresses disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,618 issued to Beedy et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,906 issued to Varndell et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,216 issued to Ormerod.
Patents 23
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05887304__ •
Apparatus and method for safely maintaining a restraining hold on a person Inventor(s): Chapman; Bruce (Gardiner, NY) Assignee(s): Handle With Care, Inc. (Gardiner, NY) Patent Number: 6,273,091 Date filed: November 18, 1999 Abstract: An apparatus and method for assisting a first person in maintaining a safe restraining hold on a second person for extended period of time without danger of positional asphyxiation is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a resilient substantially hollow inverted cone with a wide open area top opening for receiving the first person's elbow and a smaller bottom flat surface attached to a perpendicular stabilizing pad of a predetermined thickness configured and positioned to enable the apparatus to rest in a stable position on a floor surface, and is further configured to accept additional pads underneath so that the position of the apparatus may be optionally elevated above the floor surface. A resilient loop for assisting retention of at least the first person's elbow in the cone is attached to two points on opposing outside surfaces of the cone. The first person initiates the restraining hold by manipulating the second person into a facedown prone position onto the floor surface, such that the first person is disposed along and above the second person. The first person completes the restraining hold when the first person's weight is distributed between the first person's knees and the first person's elbow such that the first persons elbow is proximal to a corresponding arm of the second person. The apparatus is then applied and positioned by a third person such that the first person's elbow is retained within the cone and the resilient loop encircles at least the first person's arm to further retain the elbow in the cone. The first person is thus comfortably elevated over the second person during extended application of the hold and danger of positional asphyxiation is thereby eliminated. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for assisting a first person in maintaining a restraining hold on a second person for extended periods of time. There are many thousands of human service and law enforcement agencies and facilities that provide care and supervision to aggressive, suicidal, and emotionally disturbed persons (hereinafter commonly referred to as "EDPs"). The staff and officers working in these agencies regularly come into physical contact with the EDPs through the use of physical subduing or restraint holds when the EDP becomes aggressive. Although there are many types of well-known physical subduing holds, the safest and most advantageous physical subduing hold is a Primary Restraint Technique (PRT). The PRT is an advantageous system of maneuvers that was developed by Bruce Chapman, a professional in the field of EDP care and supervision, from years of experience with subduing and restraining EDPs in a variety of environments. The PRT is a single person restraint that is applied from behind by engaging both arms of the EDP simultaneously or from the side by engaging one arm first followed by the other. The staff member engages or threads his arms through EDP's arms so that the EDP's elbows are underneath the staff member's armpits, his chest held closely against the EDP's back, hands overlapping or side by side with the palms flat or on edge against the EDP's back, such that the staff member's wrists and fingertips are pointed towards the EDP's head. The act of turning the fingertips and wrists straight up in this configuration has the effect of making the PRT a mechanically correct "skeletal lock" and this distinguishes it from any other wrestling or subduing hold. The PRT can be further reinforced or
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stabilized by taking hold of clothing worn by the EDP but, even with closed fists (with or without clothing), the wrists must but be turned straight up in order to take full advantage of this passive "locking" effect. Essentially, the staff member's upper and lower arm bones passively lock the upper and lower arm bones of the EDP without the use of muscularity or strength on the part of the staff member. The PRT cannot be broken with strength. It is this mechanical advantage that allows persons of modest size and strength to safely subdue stronger and larger EDPs than otherwise possible with any other passive subduing hold. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06273091__ •
Apparatus and process for removing smoke from burning buildings Inventor(s): O'Donnell; James W. (7400 N. Overhill, Chicago, IL 60648) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,779,801 Date filed: November 19, 1986 Abstract: A special, lightweight, easy-to-use apparatus and effective smoke abatement process are provided to efficiently remove smoke and gases from a burning building to minimize smoke damage, asphyxiation, and injury, as well as to accommodate safer quicker exiting of the building's occupants and better visibility for the firemen. The apparatus has a water spray nozzle which is positioned to face away from the fire to create a suction which draws the smoke and gases out of the burning building. Excerpt(s): This invention relate to firefighting equipment and, more particularly, to an apparatus and process for removing smoke from burning buildings. Fires in burning buildings emit enormous amounts of smoke. Smoke from billowing flames and the combustion of household, school and office furnishings, such as wooden desks, tables, drapes, upholstery, synthetic backed carpeting, rubber coated electrical wires, wallpaper, polyvinyl chloride and other plastics, latex paint, and oil based paint emit noxious soot-laden toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen, nitrogen, and ammonia. Such smoke can be hazardous, injurous to the health and safety of the building's occupants and firefighting personnel. Smoke can quickly blanket areas surrounding the fire and asphyxiate its occupants and firefighting personnel. Many government reports indicate that many victims of fire die from smoke asphyxiation rather than from the heat or flames of the fire. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04779801__
•
Baby pacifier Inventor(s): Fulton; William R. (401 Lake Crest Dr., Spartanburg, SC 29301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,867,159 Date filed: July 18, 1988 Abstract: An improved baby pacifier including a fillable reuseable nipple, a handle, and a cover that locks into place with a tilt, snap and twist motion. The pacifier includes a sealing plug to removably secure the nipple to the main body and seal the nipple filling
Patents 25
inside the nipple. The main body of the pacifier includes a mating flange which extends outwardly from the outer surface of the main body about the entire circumference except for a discontinuous portion which forms a gap. The cover includes bosses on its interior surface to matingly engage the mating flange on the main body so as to secure engagement of the cover to the main body and prevent a child from removing it. The pacifier further includes a shield extending from the outer surface of the pacifier and including safety holes to prevent asphyxiation in the event the pacifier is swallowed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved baby pacifier. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved baby pacifier which includes a fillable reuseable nipple, a ring handle, and a cover, which locks into place with a tilt, snap and twist motion. It is known to provide a pacifier which includes a main body portion whose inner surface forms a cavity and whose outer surface includes conventional screw threads. It is also known for this pacifier to include a non-refillable jelly filled nipple with an open flanged end which extends through the cavity and whose open-end flange is secured by a plug within an opening in an end wall formed on one end by the inner surface of the main body. The plug includes a shaft with a truncated spherical nub at one end and a flange at the other end. The nub extends through the flange of the nipple and secures it against the end wall of the main body. The flange of the plug rests on a ledge formed by the inner surface of the main body near the opposite end of the cavity. The pacifier further includes a cover which is open on one end and has conventional screw threads on the interior surface of the open end and which is adapted to be screwed onto the exterior of one end of the main body to serve as a cover and to be screwed onto the other end of the main body to serve as a handle for the pacifier. The main body further includes an annular skirt which extends outwardly from a central region of the exterior surface. It is known to provide anti-choking holes through the skirt to provide for passage of air in the event that the skirt becomes lodged in a child's air passage. The skirt extends out an equal distance about the circumference of the main body and is curved in a direction away from the end of the main body through which the nipple protrudes. The above-described pacifier is not reuseable after the fluid has been extracted from the nipple. Further, the conventional screw type attachment of the handle to the main body allows the handle to be easily removed by the child and thereby increases the possibility of the child swallowing the pacifier or the handle. In addition, the chance of the pacifier being swallowed by the child is increased by the shield extending equidistantly about the circumference of the main body and curving away from the child's mouth when the pacifier is in use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04867159__ •
Disposable or reusable animal trap Inventor(s): Spiller; Robert S. (24676 Mendocino Ct., Laguna Hills, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,550,523 Date filed: January 9, 1984 Abstract: A reusable or disposable rodent trap, having only two discrete parts, consisting of an unstable, tiltable enclosure, upon whose exterior surface is mounted a rotating door member with elongated side panels, which is prevented from rotating whenever the entrance side of the enclosure is downwardly inclined. Contact between the elongated door side panels, and the surface upon which the downwardly inclined enclosure rests, provides the rotational impediment. A rodent traversing the length of
26
Asphyxiation
the enclosure to reach bait at the closed end causes the enclosure to incline upwardly, allowing the door to rotate closed by gravity. The rodent's return to the entrance end causes the enclosure to again assume a downward inclination. Since the door cannot be rotated in either direction when the enclosure is downwardly inclined, the rodent cannot open the door when proximate to it. The rodent, which will die of asphyxiation within hours, may be disposed of by simply inverting the trap. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to animal traps, and particularly to rodent traps, which may be manufactured inexpensively enough to permit single use entrapment of mice and rats, the trap and contained animal being disposable, or, alternatively, may be simply reused after disposal of the trapped animal. Rodent traps can be generally divided into two broad classifications: those that kill and mutilate the animal, such as the familiar spring-loaded snap trap, and those that trap the animal live in an enclosure. The live traps, by design, can be either disposable and/or reusable. The mutilating traps have the advantage of being inexpensive, and therefore disposable, but have numerous disadvantages, such as being unsanitary and unsightly after the animal has been trapped, dangerous to pets and children, difficult to set, not completely reliable in preventing bait theft by a wily rodent, and aesthetically revolting to dispose of. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04550523__ •
Fitted comforter for infant Inventor(s): McGuire; Douglas R. (199D McCulloch Blvd., Suite 275, Lake Havasu City, AZ 86403), McGuire; Sherry L. (2961 Tonto Dr., Lake Havasu City, AZ 86403), Rohrich; Ellen A. (1719 Cody Ave., Casper, WY 82604) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,644,598 Date filed: August 1, 1984 Abstract: In an infant-safe comforter fitted to the foot end of a crib mattress, the grasping power of the two boxed corners of the comforter on the corners of the mattress is controllably reduced by limiting the extent of an elasticized central segment of the free edge between the two corner seams in the foot end of the comforter. The terminal points of this elasticized central portion are spaced 11/2 inches inboard from each of the corner seams. The nudging head of an infant crawling under the comforter to the foot end raises the free edge above the bottom perimeter bead of the mattress to admit access of air under the comforter and releases the grasp at the corners to prevent asphyxiation under a comforter of low air permeability. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an infant comforter that is fitted at the foot end to a crib mattress by boxing the two corners at the foot end. When the full length of the free edge at the foot end of the comforter is elasticized, as in the hypothetical Hester/Deutsch combination which is discussed in detail later in this specification, it is drawn under the corners of the mattress to which it is fitted. By this means the foot end of the mattress is secured from slippage. Its removal from the mattress requires a vigorous tug far in excess of any force that an infant is capable of exerting. Normally, a strong tug with one hand assisted by a coordinated peeling action with the fingers of the other hand of an adult is required so as to minimize the possibility of tearing the fabric by tugging alone. The Hester/Deutsch comforter, strongly anchored to the foot end of the crib mattress with its free edge tightly tucked under the mattress presents an asphyxiation hazard for an infant who crawls head first under the comforter to the foot
Patents 27
end. It does, however, reduce the hazard of asphyxiation by entanglement of the head of the infant in a loose comforter. It is an object of this invention to provide security against the hazard of entanglement in a loose comforter as well as security against the hazard of asphyxiation at the foot end of the tightly fitted comforter which has limited air permeability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04644598__ •
Infant basket for side sleeping support Inventor(s): Hartman; Dorothy M. (1105-C South St., Philadelphia, PA 19147) Assignee(s): Hartman; Dorothy M. (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,553,589 Date filed: April 21, 2000 Abstract: A carrying structure for support of an infant which cradles the infant in a preferred sleeping position. The infant is supported within a basket structure in which a curved board and cushion combination provide a resting surface which is at an angle to a base which is fixed to the main basket which comprises the body of the device. By supporting an infant's sleeping position such that the infant cannot lye flat on its back, danger of asphyxiation of a young infant is greatly reduced. The disclosed infant carrying basket addresses one of the suspected causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome by presenting a resting surface which urges the infant to remain in an offlevel position, essentially sleeping partially on one of their sides. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a bolster structure for supporting a sleeping infant on its side. The present invention is an infant carrying or sleeping basket integrated with a carry handle and resting base to maintain stability of the basket and provide for a safe means to carry an infant. The disclosed invention provides a support mechanism related to means to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Much attention has been given to ways to reduce a risk of dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, an affliction which threatens infants who have died in their sleep for heretofore unknown reasons. Many different explanations for this syndrome and ways to prevent the syndrome are found in the literature. It is thought that infants which sleep on their backs may be at risk of death because of the danger of formula regurgitation and liquid aspiration into the lungs. It has been thought that infants of six (6) months or less do not have the motor skills or body muscular development to regulate movements responsive to correcting breathing problems that may occur during sleep. Rolled blankets have been used behind the back of an infant to position the infant in an other than flat position, by biasing the infant to the left or to the right of a flat, level position. Blankets or other cushions temporarily placed in a crib are unsatisfactory for infant side support, because the blanket may unroll or the support structure may be pushed out of the way by movement of the infant. A structure is needed which is more permanent in nature to support an infant on its side while sleeping. The present invention describes a positioning structure which is integrated into a carrying basket which also is itself integrated into a base to provide for leveling of the device on any surface, be it a table, floor, car seat or even within an existing crib. The prior art provides many different infant support and positioning systems which are generally adapted to the safe carrying of an infant on a transportation device, be it a bicycle, backpack, or infant car seat. With respect to devices which are designed to allow an infant to rest on its side, there is a less developed array of inventions which are available to teach just how to present an infant support system aimed at reducing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06553589__ •
Mouthpiece for resuscitation Inventor(s): Barlett; Harry (500 Green Rd., No. 803, Stoney Creek, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,360,017 Date filed: March 18, 1981 Abstract: A rescue breathing device or insufflator is shown for providing mouth-tomouth artificial resuscitation to a victim of suffocation or asphyxiation. The device has a tubular body comprising an input portion and an output portion. The tubular body has a central axial air passageway converging in cross-sectional area in the input portion to a central venturi region. At least one fresh air port communicates with the venturi region. The air passageway in the output portion diverges or is of constant cross-sectional area, so that a venturi effect is produced when the device is used, resulting in the venturi mixing fresh ambient air with the respirated air provided to an asphyxiation victim by a rescuer, thereby increasing the oxygen content of the air delivered to the victim by the resuscitation process. A shield is removably mounted on the tubular body to provide a good seal and prevent lip contact between the rescuer and the victim. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to rescue breathing devices and more particularly to devices to be used to provide artificial respiration to victims of suffocation or asphyxiation. Several problems have characterized mouth-to-mouth resuscitation methods in the past. One problem is the physical contact between the victim of asphyxiation or suffocation and the person attempting to administer mouthto-mouth resuscitation. For squeamish rescuers, the lip contact between the rescuer and the victim, particularly in cases where the victim has vomited or has food in his mouth, would prove to be a deterrent to the administration of artificial respiration. Unfortunately, it is known that complete oral contact or a good seal between the rescuer's mouth and the victim's mouth is necessary to provide an effective resuscitation of a victim to avoid fatal results. In addition to the problem of oral contact, other problems exist which may frustrate the efforts of the rescuer in resuscitating the suffocating victim. Related problems are in the common tendency of the victim either to swallow his tongue or to undergo a muscle contraction in the nasal pharynx thereby partially or completely occluding the trachea. These related problems are particularly characteristic of victims of electrocution or drowning. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04360017__
•
Optical method and apparatus for measuring carbon monoxide in non-hemolyzed blood Inventor(s): Mendelson; Karen (Worcester, MA), Mendelson; Yitzhak (Worcester, MA) Assignee(s): Worcestor Polytechnic Institute (Worcester, MA) Patent Number: 6,084,661 Date filed: May 7, 1998 Abstract: Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas which causes asphyxiation by combining with a strong affinity to blood hemoglobin. Unless a patient
Patents 29
is quickly identified as having CO poisoning, the patient could face severe medical consequences including death.This patent describes a reagentless optical method for measuring carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in a whole undiluted blood sample that can be obtained from a fingerstick. A battery-operated triple wavelength device measures light transmission at frequencies of 548 nm, 810 nm and 950 nm through a 40.mu.L sample of undiluted whole blood placed in standard disposable glass capillary tube. Having a portable point-of-care device, for uses by paramedics during an emergency situation, in the emergency room, or in a physician's office, can provide accurate immediate confirmation of CO poisoning. Excerpt(s): Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless by-product gas that results from exogenous sources such as pollution, fires, or smoking. In the blood, CO combines readily with hemoglobin (Hb) in a reversible chemical reaction to produce carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO). Headaches, dizziness, nausea and other flu-like symptoms are often associated with HbCO levels around 10-15%. With higher HbCO levels between 15% and 40%, common symptoms include severe headaches, mental confusion, and fainting. When the HbCO levels in blood exceed 40%, unconsciousness or death may result. Traditionally, HbCO has been measured by automated clinical analyzers in the laboratory. One common clinical analyzer is the IL-482 CO-Oximeter (manufactured by Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington, Mass.). This oximeter is an automated instrument which analyzes a blood sample for total hemoglobin (THb), percent oxyhemoglobin (%HbO.sub.2), %HbCO, and reduced hemoglobin (%RHb) contents. (Brown L., "A New Instrument for the Simultaneous Measurement of Total Hemoglobin, % Oxyhemoglobin, % Carboxyhemoglobin, % Methemoglobin, and Oxygen Content in Whole Blood" Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 27:132-8(1980); and Instrumentation Laboratory, IL-482 COOximeter Operator's Manual, Lexington, Mass.) Clinical analyzers, such as the IL-482, are best operated in a well equipped laboratory by highly trained personnel. These analyzers are usually used in a hospital setting because they are bulky, expensive, and powered by 110 V a.c. In addition, CO-Oximeters require a hemolyzed blood sample for analysis. For the reasons mentioned above, these clinical analyzers are not suitable for use by paramedics in the field. Although several types of devices are currently available for detecting CO levels in ambient air, the definitive diagnosis of CO poisoning is made in the hospital by measuring HbCO levels in blood utilizing spectrophotometric means. HbCO and HbO.sub.2 both absorb less light in the red region of the spectrum (i.e.about.660 nm) than RHb. Therefore, blood that contains elevated levels of CO possesses the same distinctive red color as blood that is highly oxygenated. For this reason, based on color alone, it is difficult to differentiate well oxygenated blood from blood containing high levels of CO. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06084661__ •
Protective cap for a writing, drawing or applicator implement Inventor(s): Moeck; Gerhard (Kirchehrenbach, DE) Assignee(s): Schwan-Stabilo Schwanhausser GmbH & Co. (Nuremberg, DE) Patent Number: 5,051,015 Date filed: June 12, 1989 Abstract: A protective cap for a writing, drawing or applicator element comprises an outer casing portion and within same a closure cap portion which has a cover portion for sealingly covering over the applicator member of the implement. The cap portion is
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connected to the casing portion by means of ribs which define between them through openings through which the interior of the cap is in fluid communication with the exterior thereof. The through openings are of an overall cross-section of at least 5 mm.sup.2 in order at least to reduce the risk of asphyxiation if the cap is unintentionally swallowed. The ribs are disposed in the region of the cover portion of the cap portion and are extended in the axial direction of the cap over the cover portion, whereby the through openings are oriented in particular in a radial direction. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to a protective cap for a writing, drawing or applicator implement. For the sake of convenience in this specification, the term applicator element will be used generally to denote an implement as referred to above for writing, drawing or applying a material, on the basis that writing and drawing also involve applying material to a surface. One form of protective cap for an applicator implement, as disclosed in JP-A-61-11 016, comprises an outer casing portion and a caplike closure portion which is disposed in the outer casing portion and which has an insert portion for sealingly closing off an applicator member of the implement. The outer casing portion and the closure portion are connected by means of ribs which are uniformly distributed circumferentially of the cap, with openings between the ribs. In that construction the closure portion is either integrally connected to the outer casing portion or it is in the form of an independent component which is then joined to the outer casing portion. At any event the cap has through openings which are defined between the closure portion and the outer casing portion and which are separated from each other by the above-mentioned ribs. Although no reference is made in the aboveindicated specification to a mould arrangement for producing the cap, which involves a particular design of sliding inserts for producing the through openings, it can be assumed that the mould arrangement will in fact include a sliding insert with fingers and with slots between the fingers for moulding the through openings in the cap. It is also to be assumed that the mould arrangement will have two sliding inserts which come to bear against each other in an obtuse position in the course of the moulding operation, due to the configuration to be formed in the moulded cap. That means that the possibility of damage to the sliding inserts or vibration in particular in respect of the fingers of the one sliding insert cannot be excluded. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05051015__ •
Sleeping pad, beddings and bumpers to improve respiratory efficiency and environmental temperature of an infant and reduce the risks of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asphyxiation Inventor(s): Koenig; J. Frank (407 Kramer Dr. SE., Vienna, VA 22180) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,055,690 Date filed: November 1, 1995 Abstract: Rebreathing carbon dioxide and overheating of the infant are contributing causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and asphyxiation. The characteristics of conventional crib mattresses, beddings and bumper pads contribute to rebreathing of carbon dioxide and overheating of the infant and may be contributing environmental causes of SIDS, asphyxiation, apnea syndromes and hypoventilation. The present invention consists of improved sleeping pads, beddings and bumper pads which reduce rebreathing of carbon dioxide and overheating and provide increased crib ventilation to stimulate breathing.
Patents 31
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, asphyxiation, apnea syndrome and hypoventilation through the use of improved sleeping pads, beddings and bumper pads within a crib or the like to improve the respiratory efficiency and environmental temperature of an infant. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of postneonatal infant death in the United States. About 7,000 deaths occur each year from SIDS. In addition, many infants die each year of asphyxiation while in a crib. Prone sleeping is associated with spontaneous face-down sleeping in infants. The face-down position is associated with rebreathing expired gases, including carbon dioxide, and increased carbon dioxide lung pressure in normal infants. In some cases the amount of rebreathed carbon dioxide is sufficient to cause death in normal infants. B. A. Chiodini and B. T. Thach, Impaired ventilation in infants sleeping facedown: Potential significance for sudden infant death syndrome, J. Pediatrics, Vol. 123, 686 (1993); J. S. Kemp and B. T. Thach, Sudden Death in Infants Sleeping on Polystyrene-Filled Cushions, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 324, 1858 (1991). In that case the cause of death is asphyxiation, not SIDS. However in SIDS's cases the rebreathing of carbon dioxide, short of asphyxiation, may be a contributing cause of death of the infant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06055690__
Patent Applications on Asphyxiation As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to asphyxiation: •
Portable air heating system Inventor(s): Adrian, Trevor; (Park City, UT) Correspondence: Robyn L. Phillips; 1000 Eagle Gate Tower; 60 East South Temple; Salt Lake City; UT; 84111; US Patent Application Number: 20030056390 Date filed: August 9, 2002 Abstract: A portable air heating system for use in remote areas is disclosed. The portable air heating system provides a stream heated air for use in heating the interior of a structure, such as a tent or camp trailer. The heating system generally comprises an air transfer assembly for providing a flow of air through the system, a fuel burner assembly for providing heat by combustion, and a heat transfer housing for safely transferring the heat produced by the fuel burner assembly to the air flowing through the transfer assembly. The burner assembly and the heat transfer housing are both positioned outside the area being heated. Further, the exhaust gases are completely isolated from the air heated by the system, thereby virtually eliminating the likelihood of asphyxiation by the exhaust gases from the burner. The present heating system is also highly portable and simple to use, thereby providing an efficient mechanism for providing heat where more traditional heating apparatus are not readily available.
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 60/311,647, filed Aug. 10, 2001 and entitled "Portable Air Heating System," which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention generally relates to heating devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a portable air heating system for use in remote areas. The popularity of outdoor recreation in the United States has grown tremendously in recent years. An ever increasing number of outdoor activities have become more accessible to a greater number of people, resulting in a greater proportion of the general population spending more time in less developed and remote areas of the country. Examples of such recreational activities include hiking, biking, camping, hunting, rock climbing, and mountain climbing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Safe t-Tube Inventor(s): Leonard, Ralph; (New Haven, CT) Correspondence: Ralph Leonard; Apartment 400; 1145 Chapel Street; New Haven; CT; 06510; US Patent Application Number: 20030196666 Date filed: April 22, 2002 Abstract: This invention is a device that is intended to address the problem of patient asphyxiation of intubated patients resulting from a disconnection of the endotracheal tube and ventilator tubing. The proposed device is a t-shaped piece of tubing that is firmly attached such that its two ends which are not covered (the so-called parallel cylinder) are connected to the endotracheal tube and ventilator tubing, forming a conduit between these tubes. Running perpendicular to this parallel cylinder is the `t` component of the tubing on which are mounted impermeable discs that serve as springloaded valves that open when the air pressure within the ventilation system exceeds the desired level, thus allowing air to flow into the lower pressure surrounding environment and dissipate the pressure within the ventilation system. Excerpt(s): To the best of my knowledge, there are no prior patents which describe the process or a similar mechanism to address the problem that is the content of this patent. There were no direct or indirect federally sponsored research money or support given for the development of this application or idea. Does not apply. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Sleeping pad, bedding and bumpers to improve respiratory efficiency and environmental temperature of an infant and reduce the risks of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asphyxiation Inventor(s): Koenig, J. Frank; (Vienna, VA) Correspondence: Shlesinger, Arkwright & Garvey Llp; 3000 South Eads Street; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020178500 Date filed: July 31, 2002 Abstract: Rebreathing carbon dioxide and overheating of the infant are contributing causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and asphyxiation. The characteristics
Patents 33
of conventional crib mattresses, bedding and bumper pads contribute to rebreathing of carbon dioxide and overheating of the infant and may be contributing environmental causes of SIDS, asphyxiation, apnea syndromes and hypoventilation. The present invention consists of improved sleeping pads, beddings and bumper pads which reduce rebreathing of carbon dioxide and overheating and provide increased crib ventilation to stimulate breathing. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/560,139, filed Apr. 28, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/551,319, filed Nov. 1, 1995, and each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to apparatus for reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, asphyxiation, apnea syndrome and hypoventilation through the use of improved sleeping pads, bedding and bumper pads within a crib or the like to improve the respiratory efficiency and environmental temperature of an infant. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of postneonatal infant death in the United States. About 7,000 deaths occur each year from SIDS. In addition, many infants die each year of asphyxiation while in a crib. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with asphyxiation, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “asphyxiation” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on asphyxiation. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning asphyxiation. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ASPHYXIATION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to asphyxiation. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on asphyxiation include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “asphyxiation” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “asphyxiation” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “asphyxiation” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Summary report nitrogen asphyxiation (1 death, 1 injury) : Union Carbide Corporation, Hahnville, Louisiana, March 27, 1998 (SuDoc Y 3.C 42/2:2/1999029624); ISBN: B000113XUW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000113XUW/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Asphyxiation In order to find chapters that specifically relate to asphyxiation, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and asphyxiation using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates
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and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “asphyxiation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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APPENDICES
39
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
41
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “asphyxiation” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 3377 138 211 1 204 3931
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “asphyxiation” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted 16
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
45
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on asphyxiation can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to asphyxiation. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to asphyxiation. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “asphyxiation”:
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Alcohol and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholandyouth.html Farm Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/farmsafety.html Rural Health Concerns http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ruralhealthconcerns.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html Tetanus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tetanus.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to asphyxiation. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources
47
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to asphyxiation. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with asphyxiation. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about asphyxiation. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “asphyxiation” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “asphyxiation”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “asphyxiation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “asphyxiation” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
49
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
50
Asphyxiation
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
51
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
53
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
54
Asphyxiation
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
55
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ASPHYXIATION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH]
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Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH]
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Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Camping: Living outdoors as a recreational activity. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;
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called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choreatic Disorders: Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature chorea as a primary manifestation of the disease process. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]
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Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced
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ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU]
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Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH]
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Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homicide: The killing of one person by another. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH]
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Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoventilation: A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH]
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Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lye: Generally speaking, it is the alkaline substance obtained from wood ashes by percolation. Preparations of lye can either be solutions of potassium or sodium hydroxide. The term lye, is also used to refer to the household product which is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells
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that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping.
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Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH]
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Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paramedic: An emergency medical technician (EMT) who received further training for the delivery of some aspects of advanced life support (ALS) care. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]
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Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvinyl Chloride: A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare
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the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Alveoli: Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in
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ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seat Belts: Restraining belts fastened to the frame of automobiles, aircraft, or other vehicles, and strapped around the person occupying the seat in the car or plane, intended to prevent the person from being thrown forward or out of the vehicle in case of sudden deceleration. [NIH]
Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as
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the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strangulation: Extreme compression or constriction of the trachea or of any part. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH]
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Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Oxides: Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein
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through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
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INDEX A Acceptor, 57, 66, 69 Acrylonitrile, 57, 72 Actin, 57, 67, 68 Adaptability, 57, 60 Affinity, 28, 57, 73 Air Pressure, 32, 57 Airway, 13, 57 Algorithms, 5, 57 Alkaline, 57, 66, 69 Alveoli, 57, 75 Amino acid, 57, 58, 61, 63, 67, 69, 71, 74, 75 Amino Acid Sequence, 57, 58 Ammonia, 24, 57 Anesthesia, 57, 58 Angioedema, 8, 11, 58 Animal model, 4, 58 Antibacterial, 58, 73 Antibiotic, 58, 73 Antibodies, 5, 58, 63, 64, 67, 70 Antibody, 57, 58, 64, 65, 73 Antigen, 6, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65 Antioxidants, 4, 58 Apnea, 30, 31, 33, 58 Arachidonic Acid, 4, 58, 71 Arteries, 58, 59, 61, 67, 74 Arterioles, 58, 59 Artery, 58, 61, 67, 71 Aseptic, 58, 69 Aspiration, 27, 58 Autoimmune disease, 5, 58 Autopsy, 8, 10, 58 B Bacteria, 58, 59, 73, 74 Basal Ganglia, 59, 60 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 59, 60 Basement Membrane, 5, 59, 66 Benign, 59, 63 Benign tumor, 59, 63 Bewilderment, 59, 61 Bile, 59, 65, 66, 73 Bile duct, 59, 65 Biochemical, 4, 59 Biosynthesis, 58, 59 Blood Glucose, 59, 64, 65 Blood vessel, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67, 69, 73, 74, 75 Blood-Brain Barrier, 4, 59
Bolus, 11, 59 Bolus infusion, 59 Bronchi, 59, 74 Bulimia, 11, 59 C Camping, 32, 59 Capillary, 29, 59, 71, 75 Carbon Dioxide, 13, 15, 22, 30, 31, 32, 60, 63, 72 Carcinogenic, 60, 73 Cardiac, 4, 14, 60, 68, 72, 73 Cardiac arrest, 4, 60 Case report, 9, 15, 60 Cause of Death, 31, 60 Cell, 6, 18, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75 Cell Death, 6, 60, 64, 68 Cell Respiration, 60, 72 Cerebral, 4, 59, 60, 61, 62, 71 Cerebrum, 60 Cervical, 8, 60 Cervix, 60 Chin, 60, 67 Chloroform, 7, 60 Cholesterol, 59, 60, 73 Chorea, 11, 60 Choreatic Disorders, 60 Clinical trial, 3, 41, 60 Collagen, 57, 59, 61 Colon, 61, 65 Computational Biology, 41, 61 Cone, 23, 61 Confusion, 29, 61, 62, 65 Connective Tissue, 61, 62, 63, 66 Consciousness, 61, 62, 72 Constriction, 61, 66, 73 Contraindications, ii, 61 Convulsions, 61, 65, 68 Coronary, 61, 67 Coronary Thrombosis, 61, 67 Cysteine, 61, 74 Cytoplasm, 61 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 4, 61 Cytoskeleton, 61 D Delirium, 14, 61 Dendrites, 62, 68 Dermis, 58, 62
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Asphyxiation
Deuterium, 62, 64 Diabetes Mellitus, 62, 64 Diagnostic procedure, 21, 62 Digestion, 59, 62, 66, 73 Direct, iii, 32, 62, 71, 74 Discrete, 25, 62 Disorientation, 61, 62 Dissociation, 57, 62 Dizziness, 29, 62 Duodenum, 59, 62, 73 E Edema, 4, 8, 11, 58, 62, 68 Effector, 62 Effector cell, 62 Elective, 5, 62 Electrolyte, 62, 63, 70, 73 Electrons, 63, 66, 67, 69 Elementary Particles, 63, 67, 71 Endogenous, 63, 68 Endothelial cell, 4, 59, 63 Environmental Health, 40, 42, 63 Epithelium, 59, 63 Epitopes, 6, 63 Esophagus, 6, 63, 70, 73 Eukaryotic Cells, 61, 63, 69, 75 Excitatory, 63, 64, 68 Excitatory Amino Acids, 63, 68 Excitotoxicity, 4, 63 Exogenous, 29, 63 Expiration, 63, 72 Extraction, 11, 63 F Family Planning, 41, 63 Fat, 58, 63, 66 Fibroma, 10, 63 Flatus, 63 G Gas, 15, 28, 29, 57, 60, 63, 64, 68, 71, 74, 75 Gas exchange, 63, 71, 75 Giant Cells, 14, 64 Glucose, 59, 62, 64, 65, 72 Glutamate, 4, 63, 64 Glycoprotein, 64, 66 Gonadal, 64, 73 Governing Board, 64, 70 H Haptens, 57, 64 Heart attack, 5, 64 Hemoglobin, 28, 29, 64 Hemorrhage, 64, 68, 73 Hepatic, 62, 64 Hereditary, 8, 11, 60, 64
Heterogeneity, 57, 64 Homeostasis, 4, 64 Homicide, 8, 10, 64 Hormone, 64, 65, 70, 72 Hydrogen, 24, 57, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 71 Hydrogen Peroxide, 64, 66 Hyperreflexia, 65, 74 Hypoglycaemia, 62, 65 Hypoventilation, 30, 31, 33, 65 Hypoxia, 4, 62, 65 Hypoxic, 4, 65 I Immune response, 58, 64, 65, 75 Immunology, 57, 65 Impaction, 8, 65 Impairment, 59, 62, 65 In vitro, 4, 65 In vivo, 65, 74 Infarction, 61, 65, 67, 71 Infection, 5, 58, 62, 65, 66, 67 Ingestion, 12, 65, 70 Inhalation, 7, 65, 70 Insight, 4, 65 Insulin, 11, 65 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 65 Intoxication, 62, 65, 75 Intrinsic, 57, 59, 65 Ion Channels, 65 Ions, 62, 63, 64, 66 Ischemia, 4, 6, 66, 68, 71 K Kb, 40, 66 L Laceration, 66, 74 Laminin, 59, 66 Laryngeal, 5, 8, 10, 11, 66 Larynx, 66, 74 Lesion, 66 Linkages, 64, 66 Lip, 28, 66 Lipid, 4, 65, 66 Lipid Peroxidation, 4, 66 Liver, 13, 58, 59, 64, 66 Localization, 4, 66 Localized, 58, 65, 66, 70, 74 Loop, 23, 66 Lye, 27, 66 Lymph, 60, 63, 66, 67 Lymph node, 60, 66, 67 Lymphatic, 65, 66, 73 Lymphatic system, 66, 73 Lymphocyte, 58, 67
79
Lymphoid, 58, 67 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 67 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 4, 67 MEDLINE, 41, 67 Membrane, 5, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 74, 75 Memory, 62, 67 Mental, iv, 3, 9, 29, 40, 42, 60, 61, 62, 67, 71 Methionine, 67, 74 MI, 9, 55, 67 Modeling, 4, 67 Molecular, 4, 41, 43, 61, 67, 72, 74 Molecule, 58, 62, 67, 69, 71 Monitor, 67, 69 Motion Sickness, 67, 68 Motor Skills, 27, 67 Muscle Contraction, 28, 67 Myocardial Reperfusion, 67, 68, 72 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 68, 72 Myocardium, 67, 68 Myosin, 67, 68 N Nausea, 29, 68 Necrosis, 65, 67, 68, 71 Nerve, 6, 58, 60, 62, 68 Nervous System, 68 Neurologic, 4, 68 Neurons, 11, 62, 63, 68, 74 Neuroprotective Agents, 4, 68 Neurotransmitter, 57, 63, 64, 65, 68, 72 Nitrogen, 24, 35, 68 Nitrogen Oxides, 24, 68 Nuclear, 4, 59, 63, 68, 69 Nuclei, 63, 67, 69, 71 Nucleic acid, 68, 69 O Organ Culture, 6, 69 Organelles, 61, 69 Osteoporosis, 8, 69 Oxidation, 57, 58, 66, 69 Oxides, 68, 69, 74 Oxygen Consumption, 69, 72 Oxygenation, 4, 69 P Pancreas, 65, 69 Paramedic, 29, 69 Pathologies, 4, 69 Peptide, 6, 57, 69, 71 Perception, 61, 69 Perfusion, 4, 65, 69 Pharmacologic, 58, 69, 74 Pharynx, 6, 28, 70
Physiologic, 59, 70, 71 Plants, 60, 64, 70, 72, 74, 75 Plasma, 58, 64, 70 Plasma cells, 58, 70 Platinum, 66, 70 Pneumonia, 61, 70 Poisoning, 10, 22, 29, 62, 65, 68, 70 Polysaccharide, 58, 70, 71 Polyvinyl Chloride, 24, 70 Port, 28, 70 Port-a-cath, 70 Postmenopausal, 69, 70 Potassium, 66, 70 Practice Guidelines, 42, 70 Precursor, 58, 62, 70 Progesterone, 70, 73 Progression, 58, 71 Prone, 23, 31, 71 Prone Position, 23, 71 Prostaglandins, 58, 71 Proteins, 4, 57, 58, 61, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 Proteoglycans, 59, 71 Protons, 64, 67, 71 Psychiatric, 10, 71 Psychiatry, 9, 71, 75 Psychic, 67, 71, 72 Psychomotor, 62, 71 Public Policy, 41, 71 Pulmonary, 14, 65, 71, 75 Pulmonary Alveoli, 65, 71 R Radioactive, 64, 69, 71 Receptor, 4, 58, 61, 71 Rectum, 61, 63, 71 Refer, 1, 62, 66, 71, 74 Refraction, 71, 73 Regurgitation, 27, 71 Renal failure, 62, 71 Reperfusion, 4, 68, 71 Reperfusion Injury, 4, 71 Respiration, 28, 58, 60, 67, 72 Respiratory Physiology, 72, 75 Resuscitation, 4, 28, 72 Retinal, 61, 72 Rubber, 24, 57, 70, 72 S Saponins, 72, 73 Screening, 60, 72 Seat Belts, 8, 72 Second Messenger Systems, 72 Seizures, 62, 72 Senile, 69, 72
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Asphyxiation
Side effect, 72, 74 Skeletal, 23, 73 Skeleton, 57, 73 Sodium, 66, 73 Solvent, 60, 73 Spatial disorientation, 62, 73 Specialist, 47, 73 Specificity, 57, 73 Spectrometer, 4, 73 Spectrum, 29, 73 Spinal cord, 60, 68, 73 Spleen, 13, 66, 67, 73 Steroid, 8, 72, 73 Stomach, 22, 63, 64, 68, 70, 73 Stool, 61, 65, 73 Strangulation, 6, 73 Stress, 68, 72, 73 Stroke, 4, 6, 40, 46, 68, 73 Styrene, 72, 73 Subcutaneous, 58, 62, 74 Suction, 24, 74 Sulfur, 24, 67, 74 Sulfur Oxides, 24, 74 Synapses, 74 Syncytium, 64, 74 Systemic, 6, 62, 65, 74 T Tetani, 74 Tetanic, 74 Tetanus, 46, 74 Thrombosis, 73, 74 Thromboxanes, 58, 74
Tissue, 6, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74 Toxic, iv, 24, 73, 74 Toxicology, 42, 74 Toxin, 74 Trachea, 28, 59, 66, 70, 73, 74 Tracheostomy, 5, 74 Translational, 5, 74 Trauma, 59, 62, 68, 75 Trees, 72, 75 U Ubiquitin, 11, 75 Uterus, 60, 71, 75 V Vagina, 6, 60, 75 Valves, 32, 75 Vascular, 58, 62, 65, 75 Vein, 69, 75 Ventilation, 30, 31, 32, 33, 75 Venules, 59, 75 Veterinary Medicine, 41, 75 Viral, 64, 75 Virus, 64, 75 Vitro, 75 W Wakefulness, 62, 75 Windpipe, 70, 75 Withdrawal, 62, 75 X Xenograft, 58, 75 X-ray, 69, 75
