Ankylosing Spondylitis

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES...

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ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83558-6 1. Ankylosing Spondylitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ankylosing spondylitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ..................................................................... 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Ankylosing Spondylitis ................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed.................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.......................................................... 223 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 223 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ankylosing Spondylitis ............................................................. 223 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 228 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 228 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ................................... 231 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 231 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 231 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 235 General References..................................................................................................................... 237 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ................................................ 239 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 239 Recent Trials on Ankylosing Spondylitis.................................................................................. 239 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 241 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS .................................................................... 243 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 243 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 243 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 244 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 245 Chapters on Ankylosing Spondylitis ......................................................................................... 246 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ......................................................... 249 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 249 Bibliography: Multimedia on Ankylosing Spondylitis.............................................................. 249 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ...................................... 251 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 251 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 251 Newsletters on Ankylosing Spondylitis .................................................................................... 254 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 254 Academic Periodicals covering Ankylosing Spondylitis ........................................................... 255 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 259 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 259 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 259 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 261 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 264 The Genome Project and Ankylosing Spondylitis ..................................................................... 264 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 269 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 269 Patient Guideline Sources ......................................................................................................... 269 Finding Associations ................................................................................................................. 274 APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ................................................................................ 277 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 277 U.S. Pharmacopeia .................................................................................................................... 277 Commercial Databases............................................................................................................... 278 Researching Orphan Drugs....................................................................................................... 278

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Contents APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................281 Overview ....................................................................................................................................281 Preparation.................................................................................................................................281 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................281 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................281

ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................287 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................289 ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS DICTIONARY ......................................................................291 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................350

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ankylosing spondylitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ankylosing spondylitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ankylosing spondylitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ankylosing spondylitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ankylosing spondylitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ankylosing spondylitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ankylosing spondylitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ankylosing spondylitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Spondyloarthropathies Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 8:269-274; 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reviews some of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of ankylosing spondylitis and spondyloarthropathies, focusing on definitions, clinical and diagnostic features, risk factors, assessment, and treatment. In the past decade, the concept of spondyloarthropathy has become well established, and appropriate classification criteria have been developed. Now better definitions of the terms in common use are needed to facilitate scientific communication. Recently, new therapeutic approaches have been tested, but the design of some of these studies is weak. Clearly, the outcome of ankylosing spondylitis and spondyloarthropathies is

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Ankylosing Spondylitis

multidimensional. A number of new instruments for the assessment of ankylosing spondylitis are now available, but there is a need for core sets of outcome measures appropriate for the different settings in which assessment is performed. Although criteria intended for use in epidemiologic studies might be useful in daily clinical practice to establish a diagnosis, improved recognition of the different elements of ankylosing spondylitis and spondyloarthritis requires more problem orientation and less disease orientation. 48 references and 1 figure. (AA-M). •

Diagnosis of Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Radiologic Technology. 68(2):163-165. Summary: This journal article for health professionals focuses on the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). It explains the differences between AS and rheumatoid arthritis, presents the symptoms of AS, discusses the use of radiographic techniques in the diagnosis of AS, and offers suggestions for radiographically examining AS patients. In addition, the article describes the course of the disease and highlights methods for suppressing inflammation, alleviating pain, preventing deformity, preserving function, and treating specific extra-articular diseases associated with the overlying disease. 7 references.

Federally Funded Research on Ankylosing Spondylitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ankylosing spondylitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ankylosing spondylitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ankylosing spondylitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ankylosing spondylitis: •

Project Title: FAMILY STUDIES OF THE GENETICS OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Reveille, John D. Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1999; Project End 0-JUN-2004 Summary: Although HLA-B27 is regarded as an essential feature for the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS, recent studies have implicated other genes and

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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chromosomal regions, both inside and outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), in the pathogenesis of the disorder. The entire MHC contribution has been calculated at only 31 percent. Linkage analysis of sib pairs from the United Kingdom has shown eight chromosomal regions, including the MHC, to have moderate evidence of linkage to AS. However, many genes are contained in these regions, and which are the actual disease susceptibility genes within these regions has not been established. Thus, the specific aims of this proposal are: 1) to establish a consortium of investigators with a recent record of clinical or genetic research in AS (and hence established patient cohorts) based at 10 academic medical centers throughout North America (the North American Spondylitis Consortium-NASC) in order to identify from their cohorts families with at least two siblings fulfilling the modified New York criteria for AS; 2) from the membership of the Spondylitis Association of America (SAA), to identify similarly affected families and verify the diagnoses in both groups by questionnaire, medical record review and pelvic radiographs; 3) to collect 50 ml of blood from affected and unaffected sib pairs and, when available, both their parents in order to establish a bank of sera, genomic DNA and frozen lymphocytes from these 400 families; 4) to characterize the MHC contribution to predisposition to AS by DNA typing for HLA-B27 alleles, B60 and HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles; 5) to conduct a genome wide search using closely spaced microsatellite markers in sib pairs concordant and discordant for AS in the 400 Caucasian families; 6) to conduct microsatellite polymorphism analyses of non-MHC genes using multipoint analyses for fine mapping studies of genes linked to AS using transmission disequilibrium testing (TDT); and finally, 7) to study sequence variation of three to four candidate genes in 25 AS patients and 25 controls to identify the mutations an disease-relevant polymorphisms involved in AS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS SEVERITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Weisman, Michael H. Professor; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 8-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is among the strongest associations known between a disease and a genetic marker. Genes, both within and outside the major histocompatibility complex, are believed to account for more than 90% of the population variance in AS. While these associations clearly indicates strong genetic contributions to the susceptibility to AS, whether genes influence the severity, of AS is unknown. The severity of AS varies widely among patients, with some having severe persistent joint inflammation, functional limitation, premature work disability, and early spinal fusion. We hypothesize that the severity of -AS is genetically determined, and that genes that influence susceptibility to AS, genes that influence the severity of inflammatory responses, and genes regulating transforming growth factor-beta are among the genes that also influence its severity. We propose a model of AS severity in which genetic differences among patients influence the immune response and consequently the persistence and severity of joint inflammation. Persistent severe joint inflammation thereafter leads to spinal ankylosis and poorer long-term health outcomes. We will test this model in two stages. First, we will identify genetic markers associated with worse radiological outcomes, greater functional disability, work disability and need for total hip arthroplasty in a retrospective cohort study of 400 patients with AS of 20 years or

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longer. Second, we will test these genetic markers for associations with persistent active inflammation in a prospective cohort study of 200 patients with early AS who will be repeatedly assessed over 2 years. The model will be supported if the genetic markers that are associated with persistent active inflammation are also associated with poorer long-term health outcomes. In addition, the prospective cohort will enable the development and assessment of new clinical and radiographic measures of disease activity in AS for use in clinical trials. Understanding the contribution of genetic factors to differences in the severity of AS and in the health outcomes of patients would further our understanding of the pathogenesis of AS, provide important prognostic information, and could identify subgroups at high risk for poor outcomes who could then be targeted for more aggressive interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for ankylosing spondylitis in the PubMed Central database: •

B lymphocyte involvement in ankylosing spondylitis: the heavy chain variable segment gene repertoire of B lymphocytes from germinal center-like foci in the synovial membrane indicates antigen selection. by Voswinkel J, Weisgerber K, Pfreundschuh M, Gause A. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30712

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Circulating cytotoxic CD8+ CD28- T cells in ankylosing spondylitis. by Schirmer M, Goldberger C, Wurzner R, Duftner C, Pfeiffer KP, Clausen J, Neumayr G, Falkenbach A. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64855

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Somatic Serogroups, Capsular Types, and Species of Fecal Klebsiella in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis. by Toivanen P, Hansen DS, Mestre F, Lehtonen L, Vaahtovuo J, Vehma M, Mottonen T, Saario R, Luukkainen R, Nissila M. 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85385

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ankylosing spondylitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “ankylosing spondylitis” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

99mTc-MDP scintigraphy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Collie DA, Smith GW, Merrick MV. Source: Clin Radiol. 1993 December; 48(6): 392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8293644&dopt=Abstract

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A 12-week double-blind study of the efficacy, safety and tolerance of pirazolac b.i.d. compared with indomethacin t.i.d. in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Carcassi C, La Nasa G, Perpignano G. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1990; 16(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2198157&dopt=Abstract

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A 33-year-old man presented with progressive neck pain and a subjective sensation of neck instability. Diagnosis: type II dens fracture complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Peh WC. Source: Australas Radiol. 2001 February; 45(1): 101-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345063&dopt=Abstract

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A 3-year follow-up of temporomandibular disorders in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tegelberg A, Kopp S. Source: Acta Odontol Scand. 1996 February; 54(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8669235&dopt=Abstract

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of coexisting Behcet's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chang HK, Cho EH, Kim JU, Herr H. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2000 January; 15(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10714100&dopt=Abstract

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A case of HLA-B27 negative ankylosing spondylitis treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Author(s): Yoshida S, Motai Y, Hattori H, Yoshida H, Torikai K. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 October; 20(10): 1805-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8295202&dopt=Abstract

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A case of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn's disease. Author(s): Unsal E, Eroglu Y, Buyukgebiz B, Kupelioglu A, Cevik NT. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1997 April-June; 39(2): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9223928&dopt=Abstract

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A case of osteomalacia mimicking ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Akkus S, Tamer MN, Yorgancigil H. Source: Rheumatol Int. 2001 August; 20(6): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563583&dopt=Abstract

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A case report of lumboperitoneal shunt for cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Okada S, Hase H, Hirasawa Y, Ogawa H, Takahashi K, Shibata S. Source: Spine. 1992 March; 17(3 Suppl): S59-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1566188&dopt=Abstract

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A case report of neurologically unstable fracture of the lumbosacral spine in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hee HT, Thambiah J, Nather A, Wong HK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2002 January; 31(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885486&dopt=Abstract

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A change in ocular involvement in a patient suffering from ankylosing spondylitis and Behcet's disease. Author(s): Beiran I, Scharf J, Dori D, Miller B. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1995 July-September; 5(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845689&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of HLA genes in HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27 positive peripheral reactive arthritis. Author(s): Westman P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Partanen J, Koskimies S. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 June; 39(6): 943-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651988&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of nabumetone and indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Palferman TG, Webley M. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1991; 11(2): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1365469&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of the usefulness of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and the Dougados Functional Index in the assessment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Spoorenberg A, van der Heijde D, de Klerk E, Dougados M, de Vlam K, Mielants H, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 961-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229428&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of diflunisal and phenylbutazone in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Franssen MJ, Gribnau FW, van de Putte LB. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1986 June; 5(2): 210-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3524970&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled trial of sulphasalazine treatment of chronic ankylosing spondylitis: failure to demonstrate a clinical effect. Author(s): Corkill MM, Jobanputra P, Gibson T, Macfarlane DG. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 29(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968354&dopt=Abstract

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A destructive discovertebral lesion: septic discitis, ankylosing spondylitis, or rheumatoid arthritis? Author(s): Arnold MH, Brooks PM, Ryan M, Francis H. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1989 June; 8(2): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2527109&dopt=Abstract

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A double blind comparison of diclofenac and indomethacin in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 February; 14(1): 118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3553586&dopt=Abstract

10 Ankylosing Spondylitis

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A Dutch version of the functional index for ankylosing spondylitis: development and validation in a long-term study. Author(s): Creemers MC, Van 't Hof MA, Franssen MJ, Van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW, Van Riel PL. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 September; 33(9): 842-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8081670&dopt=Abstract

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A further note on testing for a birth order effect in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): James WH. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 January; 48(1): 283-4; Author Reply 284. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528147&dopt=Abstract

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A genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Pile KD, Kennedy LG, Campbell D, Andrew L, March R, Shatford JL, Weeks DE, Calin A, Wordsworth BP. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 April; 41(4): 588-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550467&dopt=Abstract

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A modification of retrograde wire-guided, fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Roberts KW, Solgonick RM. Source: Anesth Analg. 1996 June; 82(6): 1290-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8638807&dopt=Abstract

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A modified method for intubation of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis using intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach)--a case report. Author(s): Hsin ST, Chen CH, Juan CH, Tseng KW, Oh CH, Tsou MY, Tsai SK. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 2001 December; 39(4): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840584&dopt=Abstract

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A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. Author(s): Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Gaisford P, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 December; 21(12): 2286-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7699630&dopt=Abstract

Studies 11

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A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. Author(s): Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H, Kennedy LG, O'Hea J, Mallorie P, Jenkinson T. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 December; 21(12): 2281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7699629&dopt=Abstract

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A new dimension to outcome: application of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index. Author(s): Calin A, Mackay K, Santos H, Brophy S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 988-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229434&dopt=Abstract

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A new HLA-B*27 allele (B*2719) identified in a Lebanese patient affected with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tamouza R, Mansour I, Bouguacha N, Klayme S, Djouadi K, Laoussadi S, Azoury M, Dulphy N, Ramasawmy R, Krishnamoorthy R, Toubert A, Naman R, Charron D. Source: Tissue Antigens. 2001 July; 58(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11580853&dopt=Abstract

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A new method for the radiological assessment of vertebral squaring in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ralston SH, Urquhart GD, Brzeski M, Sturrock RD. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 March; 51(3): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1575575&dopt=Abstract

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A new scoring system for the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) Author(s): Jones SD, Porter J, Garrett SL, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 August; 22(8): 1609. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7473496&dopt=Abstract

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A new technique for correction of an iatrogenic extension deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Van Royen BJ. Source: Spine. 2002 February 1; 27(3): 330. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805705&dopt=Abstract


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A novel pattern of abnormal spinal uptake on Tc-99m MDP skeletal scintigraphy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Branson HM, Barnsley L, Duggan JE, Allman KC. Source: Clin Nucl Med. 2001 December; 26(12): 1037-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11711711&dopt=Abstract

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A parallel analysis of cancer mortality among atomic bomb survivors and patients with ankylosing spondylitis given X-ray therapy. Author(s): Darby SC, Nakashima E, Kato H. Source: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985 July; 75(1): 1-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3859683&dopt=Abstract

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A parallel group comparison of tenoxicam and piroxicam in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bird HA, Le Gallez P, Astbury C, Looi D, Wright V. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1986; 4(7): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3515371&dopt=Abstract

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A polymorphism within the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene is associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McGarry F, Neilly J, Anderson N, Sturrock R, Field M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 December; 40(12): 1359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752505&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective nationwide cross-sectional study of NSAID usage in 1331 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 June; 17(6): 801-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1974927&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of early diagnostic investigations in the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Eastmond CJ, Robertson EM. Source: Scott Med J. 2003 February; 48(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669498&dopt=Abstract

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A rare neurological presentation due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the thoracic spine and ankylosing spondylitis: case report. Author(s): Huang TJ, Hsu RW, Liao YS, Shih HN, Chen YJ. Source: Spinal Cord. 1997 August; 35(8): 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267923&dopt=Abstract

Studies 13

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A reinvestigation of the cross-reactivity between Klebsiella and HLA-B27 in the aetiology of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Georgopoulos K, Dick WC, Goodacre JA, Pain RH. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1985 December; 62(3): 662-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3878755&dopt=Abstract

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A review of 100 patients with ankylosing spondylitis with particular reference to socio-economic effects. Author(s): Wordsworth BP, Mowat AG. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1986 May; 25(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3708234&dopt=Abstract

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A six-month randomized, controlled, double-blind, dose-response comparison of intravenous pamidronate (60 mg versus 10 mg) in the treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Fitzgerald AA, LeClercq S, Chiu P, Yan A, Skeith KJ, Aaron SL, Homik J, Davis P, Sholter D, Russell AS. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 March; 46(3): 766-73. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920413&dopt=Abstract

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A six-month randomized, controlled, double-blind, dose-response comparison of intravenous pamidronate (60 mg versus 10 mg) in the treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-refractory ankylosing spondylitis: comment on the article by Maksymowych et al. Author(s): Singh R, Menon Y, Cuchacovich R, Espinoza LR. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 February; 48(2): 583-4; Author Reply 584. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571878&dopt=Abstract

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A study of antipolynucleotide antibodies, anti-Klebsiella (K30) antibodies and antiDNA antibody idiotypes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Isenberg DA, Feldman R, Dudeney C, Konikoff F, Jones D, Ebringer A, Shoenfeld Y. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1987 June; 26(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3495312&dopt=Abstract

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A study of the gram-negative bacterial flora in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ferraz MB, Atra E, Trabulsi LR, Goldenberg J, Sato EI. Source: Braz J Med Biol Res. 1990; 23(1): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2386846&dopt=Abstract


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A technique for lumbar spinal osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McMaster MJ. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985 March; 67(2): 204-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3980526&dopt=Abstract

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A trial of cyclophosphamide in ankylosing spondylitis with involvement of peripheral joints and high disease activity. Author(s): Sadowska-Wroblewska M, Garwolinska H, Maczynska-Rusiniak B. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1986; 15(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3541169&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal autonomic cardiovascular control in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toussirot E, Bahjaoui-Bouhaddi M, Poncet JC, Cappelle S, Henriet MT, Wendling D, Regnard J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 August; 58(8): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10419866&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal bowel permeability in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Smith MD, Gibson RA, Brooks PM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 April; 12(2): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4032403&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis of lymphocytes and increased circulating immune complex in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Liu HC, Hsieh KH. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1986 February; 19(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816353&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of an association between ankylosing spondylitis and IgA nephropathy. Author(s): van de Laar MA, Moens HJ, van der Korst JK. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 March; 48(3): 262-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2930284&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in London. Author(s): Toivanen A, Stahlberg TH, Granfors K, Ebringer A. Source: Lancet. 1986 December 13; 2(8520): 1400. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2878261&dopt=Abstract

Studies 15

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Absence of Antienterobacteriaceae and anti-HLA-B27 antibodies in mitogen stimulated cultures of lymphocytes from patients with Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cavender DE, Ziff M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 February; 15(2): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258921&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of autoantibodies to peptides shared by HLA-B27.5 and Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in serum samples from HLA-B27 positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): de Vries DD, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Gyodi E, Bohm U, Ivanyi P. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 June; 51(6): 783-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1616364&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of cross-reaction between HLA B27 and yersinia enterocolitica or chlamydia trachomatis in reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Roudier J, De Montclos H, Thouvenot D, Chomel JJ, Guillermet FN, Betuel H. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1985 December; 4(4): 487. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3879474&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of IgA nephropathy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Swaak AJ, Frankfort I, Menon RS, Pekelharing JM, Planten O. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1986; 6(4): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3787089&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of polymorphism between HLA-B27 genomic exon sequences isolated from normal donors and ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Coppin HL, McDevitt HO. Source: J Immunol. 1986 October 1; 137(7): 2168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3489755&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of relation between TGF beta 1 serum levels and bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Toussirot E, Racadot E, Nguyen NU, Dumoulin G, Wendling D. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 January-February; 18(1): 111. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728458&dopt=Abstract


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Aceclofenac is as safe and effective as tenoxicam in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a 3 month multicenter comparative trial. Spanish Study Group on Aceclofenac in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Author(s): Villa Alcazar LF, de Buergo M, Rico Lenza H, Montull Fruitos E. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 July; 23(7): 1194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823692&dopt=Abstract

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Acetabular osteitis in ankylosing spondylitis: does fibrillin figure in its pathogenesis? Author(s): Simkin PA. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 December; 28(12): 2663-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764215&dopt=Abstract

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Achondroplasia with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Randolph LM, Shohat M, Miller D, Lachman R, Rimoin DL. Source: Am J Med Genet. 1988 September; 31(1): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3223492&dopt=Abstract

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Acute polyarthritis after BCG-therapy for bladder carcinoma in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Thepot C, Martigny J, Simon L, Bellin J, Larget-Piet B, Chevalier X. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995 June; 62(6): 459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7552212&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesive arachnoiditis causing cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: CT and MRI demonstration of dural calcification and a dorsal dural diverticulum. Author(s): Bilgen IG, Yunten N, Ustun EE, Oksel F, Gumusdis G. Source: Neuroradiology. 1999 July; 41(7): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450845&dopt=Abstract

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Adult-onset cyclic neutropenia responsive to cyclosporine therapy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Storek J, Glaspy JA, Grody WW, Susi E, Slater ED. Source: Am J Hematol. 1993 June; 43(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7688178&dopt=Abstract

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Age and spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Viitanen JV, Kautiainen H, Kokko ML, Ala-Peijari S. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1995; 24(5): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8533048&dopt=Abstract

Studies 17

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Age at presentation with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): James WH. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 September; 51(9): 1102-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1417153&dopt=Abstract

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Allelic variation at the TAP 1 locus influences disease phenotype in HLA-B27 positive individuals with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Tao S, Li Y, Wing M, Russell AS. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1995 May; 45(5): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7652740&dopt=Abstract

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Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sierakowski S, Chwiecko J, Kita K. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2001; 46: 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780580&dopt=Abstract

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Alterations in cardiac diastolic function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sun JP, Khan MA, Farhat AZ, Bahler RC. Source: Int J Cardiol. 1992 October; 37(1): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1428290&dopt=Abstract

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Ambulatory 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 54 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Thomsen NH, Horslev-Petersen K, Beyer JM. Source: Eur Heart J. 1986 March; 7(3): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2423334&dopt=Abstract

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Amyloid goiter in a case of systemic amyloidosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cohan P, Hirschowitz S, Rao JY, Tanavoli S, Van Herle AJ. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 December; 23(11): 762-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194711&dopt=Abstract

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Amyloid nephropathy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Prakash J, Tripathi K, Sharma OP, Usha, Srivastava PK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1988 January; 86(1): 3-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3379321&dopt=Abstract


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Amyloidosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gallar P, Oliet A, Hernandez E, Vigil A, Crespo M. Source: Clin Nephrol. 1992 May; 37(5): 269. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1606779&dopt=Abstract

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Amyloidosis in a case of ankylosing spondylitis with a review of the literature. Author(s): Lance NJ, Curran JJ. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 January; 18(1): 100-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2023177&dopt=Abstract

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An antiserum to a disease-associated factor from the cells of an HLA-B27 positive patient with ankylosing spondylitis specifically recognizes an HLA-B27 associated determinant. Author(s): Sullivan JS, Geczy AF. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 April; 30(4): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2437933&dopt=Abstract

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An audit of anthropometric measurements by medical and physiotherapy staff in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lubrano E, Butterworth M, Hesselden A, Wells S, Helliwell P. Source: Clin Rehabil. 1998 June; 12(3): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9688037&dopt=Abstract

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An epidemiological survey of the signs and symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gran JT. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1985 June; 4(2): 161-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3159533&dopt=Abstract

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An estimate of the prevalence of reactive systemic amyloidosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Escalante A, Weaver WJ, Beardmore TD. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 November; 22(11): 2192-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596177&dopt=Abstract

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An identical twin pair discordant for rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): MacGregor AJ, Fox H, Ollier WE, Snaith ML, Silman AJ. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993 July-August; 11(4): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8403590&dopt=Abstract

Studies 19

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An increased prevalence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis: fact or artefact? Author(s): Blaauw I, van der Linden S, Nohlmans L. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1990; 87: 148. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2259885&dopt=Abstract

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An investigation of factors limiting aerobic capacity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Carter R, Riantawan P, Banham SW, Sturrock RD. Source: Respir Med. 1999 October; 93(10): 700-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10581658&dopt=Abstract

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An open study of pamidronate in the treatment of refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Leclercq S, Skeith K, Yan A, Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 April; 25(4): 714-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558174&dopt=Abstract

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An overview of research into ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Maini RN. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 176-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3401650&dopt=Abstract

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An update on the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity and Functional Indices (BASDAI, BASFI): excellent Cronbach's alpha scores. Author(s): Biasi D, Carletto A, Caramaschi P, Bambara LM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 February; 23(2): 407-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8882064&dopt=Abstract

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An update on the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity and Functional Indices (BASDAI, BASFI): excellent Cronbach's alpha scores. Author(s): Jones SD, Calin A, Steiner A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 February; 23(2): 407. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8882063&dopt=Abstract

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Anaesthesia for hip replacement in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wittmann FW, Ring PA. Source: J R Soc Med. 1986 August; 79(8): 457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3761289&dopt=Abstract


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Analysis of circulating immune complexes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting using antiserum against a psoriasis associated retrovirus-like particle. Author(s): Rodahl E, Iversen OJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 November; 45(11): 892-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3539036&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of HLA B27 in ankylosing spondylitis with human alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocyte clones: failure to detect disease-related T cell epitopes. Author(s): Czitrom AA, Pototschnik R, Edwards S, Gladman DD, Falk JA. Source: Exp Clin Immunogenet. 1986; 3(3): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2484102&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of the MHC class II encoded components of the HLA class I antigen processing pathway in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Burney RO, Pile KD, Gibson K, Calin A, Kennedy LG, Sinnott PJ, Powis SH, Wordsworth BP. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 January; 53(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8311558&dopt=Abstract

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Anatomic and genetic considerations in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bluestein HG. Source: J Rheumatol Suppl. 1988 September; 16: 29-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3057208&dopt=Abstract

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Andersson lesion in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Obradov M, Schonfeld DH, Franssen MJ, de Rooy DJ. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2001 April; 84(2): 71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374644&dopt=Abstract

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Androgen levels of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): James WH. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 February; 27(2): 556-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685837&dopt=Abstract

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Androgen levels of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): James WH. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 August; 26(8): 1850-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451092&dopt=Abstract

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Androgenic status and sexual function in males with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gordon D, Beastall GH, Thomson JA, Sturrock RD. Source: Q J Med. 1986 July; 60(231): 671-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3094090&dopt=Abstract

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Androgens and ankylosing spondylitis: a role in the pathogenesis? Author(s): Giltay EJ, van Schaardenburg D, Gooren LJ, Popp-Snijders C, Dijkmans BA. Source: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 June 22; 876: 340-64; Discussion 365. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10415629&dopt=Abstract

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Anesthesia for ankylosing spondylitis patients undergoing transpedicle vertebrectomy. Author(s): Lin BC, Chen IH. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 1999 June; 37(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410406&dopt=Abstract

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Angiotropic lymphoma manifesting as a solitary adrenal tumor in a case of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gau JP, Chiu CF, Liu SM, Hsu HC, Ho CH, Chau WK. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2000 January; 63(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645053&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and Behcet's disease in combination. Two case reports. Author(s): Etaouil N, Benyahya E, Bennis R, Mkinsi O. Source: Joint Bone Spine. 2002 January; 69(1): 96-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858369&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and bowel disease. Author(s): Baeten D, De Keyser F, Mielants H, Veys EM. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 537-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406426&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and current disease-controlling agents: do they work? Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Breban M, Braun J. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 619-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406430&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis and exercise. Author(s): Richards AJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1989 August; 28(4): 365. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743103&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and genitourinary infection. Author(s): Lange U, Teichmann J. Source: Eur J Med Res. 1999 January 26; 4(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892567&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and heterogeneity of HLA-B27 in Chinese. Author(s): Lin J, Lu H, Feng C. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1996 April; 109(4): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8758295&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and heterogeneity of HLA-B27. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1988 November; 18(2): 134-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3064305&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27 as susceptibility gene. Author(s): Ebringer A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 April; 14(2): 390-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3496457&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27: restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of an HLA-B27 allele from a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Higgins CM, Lund T, Shipley ME, Ebringer A, Sadowska-Wroblewska M, Craig RK. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 July; 51(7): 855-62. Erratum In: Ann Rheum Dis 1993 January; 52(1): 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1352961&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and infections of the female urogenital tract. Author(s): Lange U, Berliner M, Ludwig M, Schiefer HG, Teichmann J, Weidner W, Schmidt KL. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1998; 17(5): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542778&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and Klebsiella--the debate continues. Author(s): Ebringer A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 March; 18(3): 312-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1856800&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and Klinefelter's syndrome: does the X chromosome modify disease expression? Author(s): Armstrong RD, Macfarlane DG, Panayi GS. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1985 August; 24(3): 277-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4040414&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and middle ear impairment. Author(s): De Miguel E, Tomas M, Benito S, Gavilan J, Gijon J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 February; 46(2): 174. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3827343&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and monoclonal gammopathies. Author(s): Renier G, Renier JC, Gardembas-Pain M, Chevailler A, Boasson M, Hurez D. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 August; 51(8): 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1417119&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Libbrecht N, De Bleecker J. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1999 January-February; 54(1): 30-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192975&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis: an apparent association? Author(s): Hanrahan PS, Russell AS, McLean DR. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 October; 15(10): 1512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3264579&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and neuraxial anaesthesia--a 10 year review. Author(s): Schelew BL, Vaghadia H. Source: Can J Anaesth. 1996 January; 43(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8665638&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and other B27 related spondylarthropathies. Author(s): van der Linden S, van der Heijde DM. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1995 May; 9(2): 355-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7656345&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies. Author(s): Khan MA, van der Linden SM. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990 August; 16(3): 551-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2217958&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and peripheral joint disease. Author(s): Landewe RB, Goei The HS. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1989 March; 8(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743722&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and pregnancy. Author(s): Ostensen M, Husby G. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989 May; 15(2): 241-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2657890&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and pregnancy. Author(s): Husby G, Ostensen M, Gran JT. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1988 April-June; 6(2): 165-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3052967&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and recurrent anterior uveitis. Author(s): Abel GS, Terry JE. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1991 November; 62(11): 844-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1813512&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and renal amyloidosis. Author(s): Lehtinen K. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 October; 18(10): 1639. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1810302&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with Paget's disease. Differential effects of indomethacin, D-penicillamine, or gold sodium thiomalate in the respective arthritides. Author(s): Alarcon-Segovia D, Martinez-Cordero E. Source: Arch Intern Med. 1985 October; 145(10): 1915-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3929708&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and sarcoidosis--coincidence or association? Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Stucki G, von Felten A, Speich R, Michel BA. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1992 September; 11(3): 436-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1458799&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and secretor status: a re-evaluation. Author(s): Smith GW, James V, Mackenzie DA, Stewart J, Blackwell CC, Elton RA, Nuki G. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 July; 36(7): 778-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255113&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and selective IgA deficiency. Author(s): McLean IL, Kidd BL, Thompson PW, Cawley MI. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 April; 50(4): 271. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2029214&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and steroid therapy. Author(s): Umeki S, Kawai K, Konishi Y, Yasuda T, Morimoto K, Terao A. Source: Arch Intern Med. 1986 May; 146(5): 1025. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3963970&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and the shoulder: commonly involved but infrequently disabling. Author(s): Will R, Kennedy G, Elswood J, Edmunds L, Wachjudi R, Evison G, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 January; 27(1): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648036&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and trauma: the medicolegal implications. A comparative study of patients with non-specific back pain. Author(s): Jacoby RK, Newell RL, Hickling P. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 May; 44(5): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3159352&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies: a clinical review and description of a disease subset with older age at onset. Author(s): Olivieri I, Salvarani C, Cantini F, Ciancio G, Padula A. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001 July; 13(4): 280-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555728&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis antirheumatic drug trials. I. Effects of standardization procedures on observer dependent outcome measures. Author(s): Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Esdaile JM, Fam AG, Kean WF, Thompson JM, Wells GA, Campbell J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 November; 18(11): 1701-8. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 1992 January; 19(1): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1787492&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis antirheumatic drug trials. II. Tables for calculating sample size for clinical trials. Author(s): Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Esdaile JM, Fam AG, Kean WF, Thompson JM, Wells GA, Campbell J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 November; 18(11): 1709-15. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 1992 February; 19(2): 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1787493&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis antirheumatic drug trials. III. Setting the delta for clinical trials of antirheumatic drugs--results of a consensus development (Delphi) exercise. Author(s): Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Esdaile JM, Fam AG, Kean WF, Thompson JM, Wells GA, Campbell J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 November; 18(11): 1716-22. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 1992 February; 19(2): 328-9. J Rheumatol 1992 January; 19(1): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1787494&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis assessment group preliminary definition of short-term improvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Anderson JJ, Baron G, van der Heijde D, Felson DT, Dougados M. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 August; 44(8): 1876-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508441&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis associated with IgA lambda chain myeloma. Author(s): O'Neill TW, Harrison BJ, Yin AL, Holt PJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 March; 36(3): 401-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9133979&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis associated with myositis. Author(s): Waragai M, Shinotoh H. Source: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994 May; 57(5): 661-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201359&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Pavithran K, Raji NL, Thomas M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 June; 50: 836-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240857&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis associated with osteoporosis and vertebral deformity. Author(s): 'Neill TW, Prouse P, Bhalla AK. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1994 March; 13(1): 113-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187430&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis associated with temporomandibular joint ankylosis: report of a case. Author(s): Dachowski MT, Dolan EA, Angelillo JC. Source: J Craniomandib Disord. 1990 Winter; 4(1): 52-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2098388&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis complicated by trauma: MR findings correlated with plain radiographs and CT. Author(s): Goldberg AL, Keaton NL, Rothfus WE, Daffner RH. Source: Skeletal Radiol. 1993; 22(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8372362&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in a case of recurrent optic neuritis. Author(s): Menon V, Khokhar S. Source: J Neuroophthalmol. 2001 September; 21(3): 235. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725198&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in aborigines (guanches) of the Canary Islands. Author(s): Gonzalez T, Garcia C, Rodriguez C, Gonzalez-Anton R. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1990 August; 33(8): 1294-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2202315&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in association with mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and aortic regurgitation: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Gupta BK, Panwar RB, Kabra PK, Kaushik AN, Meena GL, Chadda VS. Source: Echocardiography. 2003 April; 20(3): 275-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848665&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis in families with two distinct B27 haplotypes: a selective association. Author(s): Suarez-Almazor ME, Russell AS, LeClercq S. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1986 December; 29(12): 1510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3492209&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in females. Similarities and differences with male spondylitics. Author(s): Mathew CM, Bhandarkar P, Siqueira RD, Borges NE, Joshi VR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1989 May; 37(5): 334-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2533195&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in monozygotic twins: studies on immunological parameters. Author(s): Hohler T, Hug R, Schneider PM, Krummenauer F, Gripenberg-Lerche C, Granfors K, Marker-Hermann E. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 July; 58(7): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10381488&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in north Jordan: descriptive and analytical study. Author(s): Askari A, Al-Bdour MD, Saadeh A, Sawalha AH. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 July; 59(7): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873969&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in Northern Jordan. Author(s): Al-Amayreh IA, Zaidat BO. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 October; 21(10): 950-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369960&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1989. Is the epidemiology changing? Author(s): Carbone LD, Cooper C, Michet CJ, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1992 December; 35(12): 1476-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1472124&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in Singapore: a study of 150 patients and a local update. Author(s): Koh WH, Boey ML. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1998 January; 27(1): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9588266&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in Singaporean Chinese--a clinical profile. Author(s): Koh WH, Howe HS, Boey ML. Source: Singapore Med J. 1993 December; 34(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153714&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in the Mexican mestizo: patterns of disease according to age at onset. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Naranjo A, Castillo J, Katona G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 February; 16(2): 186-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2787404&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Author(s): Feldtkeller E, Lemmel EM, Russell AS. Source: Rheumatol Int. 2003 January; 23(1): 1-5. Epub 2002 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548434&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in twins: comment on the article by Brown et al. Author(s): James WH. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 November; 41(11): 2085-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9811068&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in two Zairian brothers. Author(s): Mbuyi-Muamba JM, Malonda N, Yuma O. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1993 June; 12(2): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8358992&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in west Africans--evidence for a non-HLA-B*27 protective effect. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 November; 56(11): 696. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9462176&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis in West Africans--evidence for a non-HLA-B27 protective effect. Author(s): Brown MA, Jepson A, Young A, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM, Wordsworth BP. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 January; 56(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9059145&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis in women. Author(s): Gran JT, Husby G. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1990 April; 19(5): 303-12. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2192459&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis is caused by Klebsiella. Evidence from immunogenetic, microbiologic, and serologic studies. Author(s): Ebringer A. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992 February; 18(1): 105-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1561397&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis is indigenous to Mesoamerica. Author(s): Martinez-Lavin M, Mansilla J, Pineda C, Pijoan C. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 December; 22(12): 2327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835570&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis is not caused by Klebsiella. Author(s): Russell AS, Suarez Almazor ME. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992 February; 18(1): 95-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1561412&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis lung disease and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Author(s): Levy H, Hurwitz MD, Strimling M, Zwi S. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1988 January; 82(1): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3166923&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis manifested by spontaneous anterior atlantoaxial subluxation. Author(s): Chou LW, Lo SF, Kao MJ, Jim YF, Cho DY. Source: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002 December; 81(12): 952-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447095&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis presenting as juxta-articular masses in females. Author(s): Lindsley HB, De Smet AA, Neff JR. Source: Skeletal Radiol. 1987; 16(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3576250&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis presenting as spondylodiscitis. Author(s): Bourqui M, Gerster JC. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1985 December; 4(4): 458-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3830524&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis presenting with discitis. Author(s): Ebrahim RA, Sarwani NI, Kanekar SG. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 September; 21(9): 884-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11376371&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis successfully treated with methotrexate. Author(s): Yamane K, Saito C, Natsuda H, Yuhara T, Akama T, Suzuki H, Kashiwagi H. Source: Intern Med. 1993 January; 32(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8495046&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with cauda equina syndrome. Case report. Author(s): Tilgner M, Fortin D. Source: Mo Med. 1985 November; 82(11): 708-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4069104&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with diverse renal outcome in two patients. Author(s): Nithya S, Abraham G, Bhaskaran S, Lawrence R. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1996 October; 44(10): 727-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251349&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with exuberant sclerosis in the sacroiliac joints, symphysis pubis and spine. Author(s): Kahn MF. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 August; 18(8): 1265-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1941840&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with exuberant sclerosis in the sacroiliac joints, symphysis pubis and spine. Author(s): Olivieri I, Gemignani G, Pasero G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 November; 17(11): 1515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2273494&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with exuberant sclerosis or SAPHO syndrome? Author(s): Olivieri I, Barbieri P, Padula A, Ruju GP, Pasero G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 January; 20(1): 202-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8489637&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis with lung involvement mimicking pulmonary tuberculosis and rapidly progressing chronic renal failure. Author(s): Negi VS, Daga MK, Gaiha M, Mathur RP. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 October; 42(10): 835-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7876062&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with predominant involvement of the cervical spine in a woman with Behcet's syndrome. Author(s): Olivieri I, Gemignani G, Busoni F, Pecori F, Camerini E, Trippi D, Pasero G. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 September; 47(9): 780-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3178318&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with primary Sjogren's syndrome: the first two case-reports. Author(s): Golstein MA, Steinfeld S. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998 June; 65(6): 434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9670336&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis with severe chondrocalcinosis: case report. Author(s): Ho HH, Yang WE, Luo SF. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999 September; 22(3): 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584432&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis without B27: no evidence for gene conversion. Author(s): Pease CT, Ellis SA, McMichael AJ, Brewerton DA. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 December; 47(12): 1001-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3264696&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, a seronegative spondarthritis. Author(s): Pal B. Source: Practitioner. 1987 May 22; 231(1430): 785-93. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3321017&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, birth order, and hormones: comment on the article by Baudoin et al. Author(s): James WH. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 June; 44(6): 1476. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407713&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA B27, and beyond. Author(s): Nuki G. Source: Lancet. 1998 March 14; 351(9105): 767-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519942&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27, and klebsiella. Author(s): Geczy AF. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 March; 45(3): 261-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3485411&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27, and Klebsiella: a study of lymphocyte reactivity of anti-Klebsiella sera. Author(s): Singh B, Milton JD, Woodrow JC. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 March; 45(3): 190-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3485408&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27, and klebsiella: cross reactivity and antibody studies. Author(s): Ebringer A, Ghuloom M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 August; 45(8): 703-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3488716&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, IgA, and transforming growth factors. Author(s): Archer JR. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 July; 54(7): 544-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7668896&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis show increased bone resorption, but differ with regard to bone formation. Author(s): Grisar J, Bernecker PM, Aringer M, Redlich K, Sedlak M, Wolozcszuk W, Spitzauer S, Grampp S, Kainberger F, Ebner W, Smolen JS, Pietschmann P. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 July; 29(7): 1430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136902&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Booth J, Weatherley C. Source: Nurs Times. 1986 January 22-28; 82(4): 28-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3633536&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Aggarwal A, Marosszeky JE. Source: Med J Aust. 1994 June 6; 160(11): 734-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8202022&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mulcahy B, Molly MG, Neary P, Dunne C. Source: Ir Med J. 1993 November-December; 86(6): 210. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8106232&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Haslock I. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1993 February; 7(1): 99-115. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8519080&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bennett GJ. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1991; 37: 622-35. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2009711&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cardenosa G, DeLuca SA. Source: Am Fam Physician. 1990 July; 42(1): 147-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2195856&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Edmonds J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1986 October; 15(10): 1292-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3778340&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Walden RJ. Source: Lancet. 1985 September 14; 2(8455): 609. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2863614&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calin A. Source: Clin Rheum Dis. 1985 April; 11(1): 41-60. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3158467&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. A common cause of low back pain. Author(s): Escalante A. Source: Postgrad Med. 1993 July; 94(1): 153-60, 166. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321769&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. A comparison of clinical and radiographic features in men and women. Author(s): Eustace S, Coughlan RJ, McCarthy C. Source: Ir Med J. 1993 July-August; 86(4): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8360039&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. An optimistic outlook. Author(s): Lisse JR. Source: Postgrad Med. 1989 July; 86(1): 147-8, 151-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2662153&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. An unusual manifestation of familial Mediterranean fever. Report of a case complicated by amyloidosis and polyneuropathy. Author(s): Knockaert DC, Malysse IG, Peetermans WE. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1989 September; 8(3): 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805617&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical features. Author(s): van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998 November; 24(4): 663-76, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9891705&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Comparative analysis of Swedish (n = 780) and British (n = 1500) experience--the National Ankylosing Spondylitis Societies. Author(s): Elswood J, Calin A, Berg C, Rogers F. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1987; 16(6): 437-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3423753&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: a beta2m-deposition disease? Author(s): Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A. Source: Trends Immunol. 2003 February; 24(2): 73-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547503&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis: a chronic inflammatory disease with iron overload in granulocytes and platelets. Author(s): Feltelius N, Lindh U, Venge P, Hallgren R. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 October; 45(10): 827-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3789818&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: a difficult diagnosis in patients on long-term renal replacement therapy. Author(s): Piccoli GB, Quaglia M, Mezza E, Burdese M, Lacuzzo C, Bechis F, Biancone L, Anania P, Maddalena E, Jeantet A, Segoloni GP, Salvarani C. Source: J Nephrol. 2002 March-April; 15(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018635&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: an autoimmune disease? Author(s): Lakomek HJ, Plomann M, Specker C, Schwochau M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 November; 50(11): 776-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1772292&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: an overview. Author(s): Sieper J, Braun J, Rudwaleit M, Boonen A, Zink A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii8-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381506&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: clinical course in women and men. Author(s): Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Mintz G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 December; 20(12): 2069-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7516975&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: evidence for a non-HLA-B*27 protective effect. Author(s): van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1998 April; 57(4): 263-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709196&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: experience in surgical management of 21 patients. Author(s): Bradford DS, Schumacher WL, Lonstein JE, Winter RB. Source: Spine. 1987 April; 12(3): 238-43. Erratum In: Spine 1987 Apr; 12(6): 590-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3589819&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: how should the disease be assessed? Author(s): Dougados M, van der Heijde D. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 605-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406429&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: integrated clinical and physiological perspectives. Author(s): Masi AT, Walsh EG. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 January-February; 21(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673883&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: interaction between genes, joints, age at onset, and disease expression. Author(s): Brophy S, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 October; 28(10): 2283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11669170&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: introductory comments on its diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii3-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381505&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: lateral approach to spinal anaesthesia for lower limb surgery. Author(s): Kumar CM, Mehta M. Source: Can J Anaesth. 1995 January; 42(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7889588&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: plenary discussion and results of voting on selection of domains and some specific instruments. Author(s): van der Heijde D, van der Linden S, Dougados M, Bellamy N, Russell AS, Edmonds J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 1003-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229437&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: radiographic abnormalities of the hand and wrist. Author(s): Hogikyan J, Hankin F, Braunstein E. Source: J Fam Pract. 1988 November; 27(5): 533-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3193068&dopt=Abstract


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Ankylosing spondylitis: the case for the underestimated female. Author(s): Russell ML. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 February; 12(1): 4-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3981517&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: the correlation between a new metrology score and radiology. Author(s): Kennedy LG, Jenkinson TR, Mallorie PA, Whitelock HC, Garrett SL, Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 August; 34(8): 767-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551663&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: the dissection of a complex genetic disease. Author(s): Arnett FC, Chakraborty R. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1997 October; 40(10): 1746-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336405&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: time to focus on ankylosis. Author(s): Archer JR, Keat AC. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 761-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229392&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: what do we really know about the onset and progression of this disease? Author(s): Creemers MC. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 June; 29(6): 1121-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064823&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: what is the cost to society, and can it be reduced? Author(s): Boonen A, Severens JL. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 691-705. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406435&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: what is the optimum duration of a clinical study? A one year versus a 6 weeks non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug trial. Author(s): Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, Velicitat P, Veys EM, Zeidler H, Calin A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 March; 38(3): 235-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325662&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--an analytical review of 1500 patients: the changing pattern of disease. Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J, Rigg S, Skevington SM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 August; 15(8): 1234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3184071&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--at the interface of bone and cartilage. Author(s): Maksymowych WP. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 October; 27(10): 2295-301. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11036819&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--cardiac manifestations. Author(s): Lautermann D, Braun J. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S11-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463440&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--education, employment and invalidity. Author(s): Ringsdal VS, Helin P. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1991 June; 38(3): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1868756&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--experience with a self administered questionnaire: an analytical study. Author(s): Ringsdal VS, Andreasen JJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 November; 48(11): 924-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2596883&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--the female aspect. Author(s): Ostensen M, Ostensen H. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 January; 25(1): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9458214&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--the history of medical therapies. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463438&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis--the role of HLA-B27 homozygosity. Author(s): Spencer DG, Hick HM, Dick WC. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1979 November; 14(5): 379-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731569&dopt=Abstract


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Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in a patient with HLA-B27 associated anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tham VM, Cunningham E JR. Source: Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 June; 85(6): 756. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426425&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-beta 2-microglobulin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis: effects on in vitro lymphocyte function. Author(s): Meryhew NL, Zoschke DC, Messner RP. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 February; 13(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3517325&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies against bacterial lipopolysaccharides in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tani Y, Sato H, Tanaka N, Hukuda S. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 April; 36(4): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9159547&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Enterobacteriaceae in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Bohemen CG, Nabbe AJ, Goei The HS, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Zanen HC. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1986; 15(2): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3092349&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella and Proteus microorganisms in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis patients measured by ELISA. Author(s): Khalafpour S, Ebringer A, Abuljadayel I, Corbett M. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3042078&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae in Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis and to Proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Blankenberg-Sprenkels SH, Fielder M, Feltkamp TE, Tiwana H, Wilson C, Ebringer A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 April; 25(4): 743-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558179&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ahmadi K, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Binder A, Ebringer A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 December; 37(12): 1330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9973159&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase reductase in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ahmadi K, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Shanmuganathan S, Binder A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1998 July; 57(7): 441. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797574&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in the sera of ankylosing spondylitis patients with/without iritis and enthesitis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Lehtinen K, Toivanen P, Granfors K. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 May; 34(5): 418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788169&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in the sera of patients with axial and peripheral form of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Nissila M, Lehtinen K, Leirisalo-Repo M, Toivanen P, Granfors K. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 May; 34(5): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788168&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis in ankylosing spondylitis: effect of sulfasalazine treatment. Author(s): Nissila M, Lahesmaa R, Leirisalo-Repo M, Lehtinen K, Toivanen P, Granfors K. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 November; 21(11): 2082-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869314&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to Klebsiella, Proteus, and HLA-B27 peptides in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Tani Y, Tiwana H, Hukuda S, Nishioka J, Fielder M, Wilson C, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 January; 24(1): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002020&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to peptidoglycan in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Zeiger AR, Schumacher HR. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 June; 14(3): 640-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3625658&dopt=Abstract


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Antibodies to peptidoglycan in juvenile onset ankylosing spondylitis and pauciarticular onset juvenile arthritis associated with chronic iridocyclitis. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Howard A, Ansell BM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 August; 13(4): 760-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3534259&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to the peptide from the plasmid-coded Yersinia outer membrane protein (YOP1) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tsuchiya N, Husby G, Williams RC Jr. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1990 December; 82(3): 493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2265487&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to ubiquitin in relation to Yersinia infection status in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hrycaj P, Lacki JK. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2003 February; 22(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605315&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody activity in ankylosing spondylitis sera to two sites on HLA B27.1 at the MHC groove region (within sequence 65-85), and to a Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase reductase peptide (within sequence 181-199). Author(s): Ewing C, Ebringer R, Tribbick G, Geysen HM. Source: J Exp Med. 1990 May 1; 171(5): 1635-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2185331&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody response to Klebsiella pneumoniae 60 kDa protein in familial and sporadic ankylosing spondylitis: role of HLA-B27 and characterization as a GroEL-like protein. Author(s): Cancino-Diaz ME, Perez-Salazar JE, Dominguez-Lopez L, Escobar-Gutierrez A, Granados-Arreola J, Jimenez-Zamudio L, Burgos-Vargas R, Garcia-Latorre E. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 September; 25(9): 1756-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733457&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody response to nitrogenase-positive and -negative Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis patients and their first degree relatives: lack of differential recognition of the bacterial nitrogenase. Author(s): Parra-Campos V, Escobar-Gutierrez A, Dominguez-Lopez ML, Cancino-Diaz M, Burgos-Vargas R, Granados-Arreola J, Jimenez-Zamudio L, Garcia-Latorre E. Source: Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 1996 April-June; 38(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8986112&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody responses to gut bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Tiwana H, Wilson C, Walmsley RS, Wakefield AJ, Smith MS, Cox NL, Hudson MJ, Ebringer A. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1997; 17(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9194209&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody to a 63 kilodalton insect protein in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brand SR, Worthington J, McIntosh DP, Bernstein RM. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 March; 51(3): 334-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1575576&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-lactoferrin antibodies and other types of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Locht H, Skogh T, Kihlstrom E. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1999 September; 117(3): 568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10469064&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in seminal plasma and spermatozoa of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ozgocmen S, Sogut S, Fadillioglu E, Ardicoglu A, Ardicoglu O. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 June; 42(6): 805-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771443&dopt=Abstract

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Antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mateo L, Juanola X, Nolla JM, del Blanco J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 August; 20(8): 1451-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8230046&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae IgA antibodies are raised in ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. Author(s): Hoffman IE, Demetter P, Peeters M, De Vos M, Mielants H, Veys EM, De Keyser F. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 May; 62(5): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695160&dopt=Abstract

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Antiserum to Klebsiella K43 BTS 1 specifically lyses lymphocytes of HLA-B27positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis from a London population. Author(s): Archer JR, Stubbs MM, Currey HL, Geczy AF. Source: Lancet. 1985 February 9; 1(8424): 344-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2857398&dopt=Abstract


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Anti-TNF-alpha therapy for ankylosing spondylitis--a specific or nonspecific treatment? Author(s): Dayer JM, Krane SM. Source: N Engl J Med. 2002 May 2; 346(18): 1399-400. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986415&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy for ankylosing spondylitis: international experience. Author(s): Braun J, Sieper J, Breban M, Collantes-Estevez E, Davis J, Inman R, MarzoOrtega H, Mielants H. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii51-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381511&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. A need for guidelines. Author(s): Kassimos DG, Garyfallos A, Delamere J, Whallett A, Kitas GD. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 March; 42(3): 490. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626807&dopt=Abstract

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Aortic injury occurring after minor trauma in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Schaberg FJ Jr. Source: J Vasc Surg. 1986 October; 4(4): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3761488&dopt=Abstract

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Aortic root disease and valve disease associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Roldan CA, Chavez J, Wiest PW, Qualls CR, Crawford MH. Source: J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 November; 32(5): 1397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809954&dopt=Abstract

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Aortic root replacement for Takayasu arteritis associated with ulcerative colitis and ankylosing spondylitis--report of a case. Author(s): Aoyagi S, Akashi H, Kawara T, Ishihara K, Tanaka A, Kanaya S, Koga Y, Ishikawa R. Source: Jpn Circ J. 1998 January; 62(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559420&dopt=Abstract

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Apophyseal arthritis limits lumbar motion in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Simkin PA, Downey DJ, Kilcoyne RF. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1988 June; 31(6): 798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3382452&dopt=Abstract

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Appendicular and vertebral bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis. A comparison of plain radiographs with single- and dual-photon absorptiometry and with quantitative computed tomography. Author(s): Devogelaer JP, Maldague B, Malghem J, Nagant de Deuxchaisnes C. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1992 September; 35(9): 1062-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1418022&dopt=Abstract

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Application of Bayes' theorem to the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis from radioisotope bone scans. Author(s): Diffey BL, Pal B, Gibson CJ, Clayton CB, Griffiths ID. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 October; 44(10): 667-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4051587&dopt=Abstract

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Applications of bone scintigraphy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Peh WC, Ho WY, Luk KD. Source: Clin Imaging. 1997 January-February; 21(1): 54-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9117933&dopt=Abstract

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Are there any antirheumatic drugs that modify the course of ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Laurent R. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1991 August; 4(2): 387-400. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1674450&dopt=Abstract

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Arrested progression of the cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis after lumboperitoneal shunting. Author(s): Larner AJ, Pall HS, Hockley AD. Source: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996 July; 61(1): 115-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8676141&dopt=Abstract

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Arthritis of the middle ear in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pascual-Gomez E, Lopez-Rico JJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 February; 44(2): 141. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3977411&dopt=Abstract

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Arthroplasty for temporomandibular joint ankylosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Politis C, Vroninks P, Fossion E. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 June; 6(2): 264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3304796&dopt=Abstract


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Aspects of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wright V. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 February; 30(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1991208&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Zukovskis K, Davis MJ, Dawes PT, Jones P. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1992 February; 31(2): 143-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1306033&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of disability with the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule II in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Tubergen A, Landewe R, Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Spoorenberg A, van der Heijde D, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 February; 62(2): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525383&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of enthesitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Spoorenberg A, van Tubergen A, Landewe R, van ver Tempel H, Mielants H, Dougados M, van der Heijde D. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 February; 62(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525381&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of fatigue in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a psychometric analysis. Author(s): van Tubergen A, Coenen J, Landewe R, Spoorenberg A, Chorus A, Boonen A, van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 February; 47(1): 8-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932872&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of functional ability in younger and older patients with ankylosing spondylitis: performance of the bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Franke A, Van Tubergen A, Van Der Linden S. Source: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002 June; 81(6): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023597&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of thoracolumbar rotation in ankylosing spondylitis: a simple tape method. Author(s): Viitanen JV, Kokko ML, Heikkila S, Kautiainen H. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1999; 18(2): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357122&dopt=Abstract

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Association between ankylosing spondylitis and a 9.2 kb Pvu II class I HLA DNA restriction fragment: a reassessment. Author(s): Durand JP, Taurog JD. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 July; 15(7): 1119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2902225&dopt=Abstract

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Association between ankylosing spondylitis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: reality or fiction? Author(s): de Vlam K, Mielants H, Veys EM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996 January-February; 14(1): 5-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8697657&dopt=Abstract

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Association of a 9.2-kilobase Pvu II class I major histocompatibility complex restriction fragment length polymorphism with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McDaniel DO, Acton RT, Barger BO, Koopman WJ, Reveille JD. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 August; 30(8): 894-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2888467&dopt=Abstract

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Association of ankylosing spondylitis with hairy cell leukemia: a previously once reported case. Author(s): Manna R, Perri F, Ghirlanda G, Zeppilli P, Carughi S, Annese V, Uccioli L, Mango G. Source: Z Rheumatol. 1985 March-April; 44(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4050146&dopt=Abstract

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Association of ankylosing spondylitis with HLA-B*1403 in a West African population. Author(s): Lopez-Larrea C, Mijiyawa M, Gonzalez S, Fernandez-Morera JL, BlancoGelaz MA, Martinez-Borra J, Lopez-Vazquez A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 November; 46(11): 2968-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428239&dopt=Abstract

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Association of ankylosing spondylitis with IgA-multiple myeloma: report of a case and pathogenetic considerations. Author(s): Lam SM, Ho HH, Dunn P, Luo SF. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 July; 88(7): 726-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2809565&dopt=Abstract


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Association of ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease and Takayasu's arteritis in a child. Author(s): Hilario MO, Terreri MT, Prismich G, Len C, Kihara EN, Goldenberg J, Sole D. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 January-February; 16(1): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543573&dopt=Abstract

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Association of different tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter allele frequencies with ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Author(s): Hohler T, Schaper T, Schneider PM, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, MarkerHermann E. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 August; 41(8): 1489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9704649&dopt=Abstract

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Association of Gm allotypes with the occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis in HLAB27-positive anterior uveitis. Author(s): Broekema N, Linssen A, Luyendijk L, Feltkamp TE, Baarsma GS, Kruit PJ, Rothova A, Kijlstra A. Source: Am J Ophthalmol. 1986 October 15; 102(4): 549. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3490183&dopt=Abstract

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Association of gut inflammation with increased serum IgA class Klebsiella antibody concentrations in patients with axial ankylosing spondylitis (AS): implication for different aetiopathogenetic mechanisms for axial and peripheral AS? Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Leirisalo-Repo M, Turunen U, Granfors K. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 March; 56(3): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135221&dopt=Abstract

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Association of HLA B27 antigen in Indian patients of ankylosing spondylitis and other autoimmune diseases. Author(s): Kankonkar SR, Raikar SC, Joshi SV, Tijoriwala SJ. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 April; 46(4): 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273314&dopt=Abstract

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Association of HLA-B39 with HLA-B27-negative ankylosing spondylitis and pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Japanese patients. Evidence for a role of the peptide-anchoring B pocket. Author(s): Yamaguchi A, Tsuchiya N, Mitsui H, Shiota M, Ogawa A, Tokunaga K, Yoshinoya S, Juji T, Ito K. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1995 November; 38(11): 1672-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7488289&dopt=Abstract

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Association of large molecular weight proteasome 7 gene polymorphism with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fraile A, Nieto A, Vinasco J, Beraun Y, Martin J, Mataran L. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 March; 41(3): 560-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9506586&dopt=Abstract

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Association of retroperitoneal fibrosis with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bichile LS, Gill NH. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 March; 48(3): 364-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229135&dopt=Abstract

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Association of RFLP of HLA class I genes with Chinese ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Lin XY, Wang Y, Sun J, Wang FQ, Ni LQ, Chang LY, Chen SS. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1989 November; 34(5): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2576476&dopt=Abstract

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Association of sister chromatid exchange frequencies in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with and without HLA-B27. Author(s): Ikbal M, Ezirmik N, Tos T, Pirim I. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 August; 62(8): 775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860736&dopt=Abstract

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Association of the HLA-A2, CW2, B27, S31, DR2 haplotype with ankylosing spondylitis. A possible role of non-B27 factors in the disease. Author(s): La Nasa G, Mathieu A, Mulargia M, Carcassi C, Vacca A, Ledda A, Contu L. Source: Dis Markers. 1993 November; 11(4): 191-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8112024&dopt=Abstract

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Association to HLA-DRB1*08, HLA-DPB1*0301 and homozygosity for an HLA-linked proteasome gene in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ploski R, Flato B, Vinje O, Maksymowych W, Forre O, Thorsby E. Source: Hum Immunol. 1995 October; 44(2): 88-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8847233&dopt=Abstract

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Asymptomatic sacral arachnoid cyst in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lan MY, Chang YY, Chen WH, Lin SH, Liu JS, Chen SS. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1994 November; 10(11): 654-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7837326&dopt=Abstract


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Atlantoaxial dislocation as the presenting symptom of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hamilton MG, MacRae ME. Source: Spine. 1993 November; 18(15): 2344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8278860&dopt=Abstract

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Atlantoaxial rotary subluxation in ankylosing spondylitis. A case report. Author(s): Leventhal MR, Maguire JK Jr, Christian CA. Source: Spine. 1990 December; 15(12): 1374-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2281384&dopt=Abstract

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Atlantoaxial subluxation in an ankylosing spondylitis patient with cervical spine ossification. Author(s): Toussirot E, Benmansour A, Bonneville JF, Wendling D. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 February; 36(2): 293-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9133951&dopt=Abstract

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Atlantoaxial subluxation in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kernodle GW Jr, Allen NB, Kredich D. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 July; 30(7): 837-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3619967&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic disorders in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Rudwaleit M, Andermann B, Alten R, Sorensen H, Listing J, Zink A, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 November; 61(11): 968-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379517&dopt=Abstract

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Attempts towards a serological diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lakomek HJ, Schwochau M, Decken K, Juli E, Will H, Kruskemper HL. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 September; 6 Suppl 2: 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3319358&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bluestone R. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1989 May 30; 24(5A): 83-90, 93, 97-8 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2498356&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Koh WH, Dunphy J, Dixey J, Calin A, McHugh NJ, Maddison PJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 July; 34(7): 695-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670800&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical clinical presentation of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mader R. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1999 December; 29(3): 191-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622683&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical methotrexate dermatitis and vasculitis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Borman P, Bodur H, Gulec AT, Ucan H, Seckin U, Mocan G. Source: Rheumatol Int. 2000; 19(5): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984137&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical presentation of ankylosing spondylitis: a case study. Author(s): Pate D, Huslig EL. Source: J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985 June; 8(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4009069&dopt=Abstract

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Audit of the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bessant R, Harris C, Keat A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2003 April; 30(4): 779-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672199&dopt=Abstract

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Autoantibodies to collagens in Japanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tani Y, Sato H, Hukuda S. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997 May-June; 15(3): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177925&dopt=Abstract

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Autoantibodies to HLA B27 in the sera of HLA B27 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. Molecular mimicry with Klebsiella pneumoniae as potential mechanism of autoimmune disease. Author(s): Schwimmbeck PL, Yu DT, Oldstone MB. Source: J Exp Med. 1987 July 1; 166(1): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2439632&dopt=Abstract


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Autoimmune pathogenesis for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and Reiter's syndrome (RS): autoantibodies against an epitope shared by HLA B27 and Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in sera of HLA B27 patients with AS and RS. Author(s): Schwimmbeck PL, Oldstone MB. Source: Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1987; 100: 28-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2457977&dopt=Abstract

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Autoimmunity to cartilage link protein in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Guerassimov A, Zhang Y, Banerjee S, Cartman A, Webber C, Esdaile J, Fitzcharles MA, Poole AR. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 August; 25(8): 1480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712087&dopt=Abstract

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Autologous stem cell transplantation in a lymphoma patient with a long history of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jantunen E, Myllykangas-Luosujarvi R, Kaipiainen-Seppanen O, Nousiainen T. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 May; 39(5): 563-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852991&dopt=Abstract

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Axial involvement in the seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy syndrome and its progression to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Clark P. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 February; 16(2): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2526221&dopt=Abstract

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Axial skeletal changes in paralysed patients may mimic ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fiske DN, Bush CH, Edwards NL. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 February; 34(2): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704467&dopt=Abstract

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Axis fracture in ankylosing spondylitis: case report. Author(s): Gartman JJ Jr, Bullitt E, Baker ML. Source: Neurosurgery. 1991 October; 29(4): 590-3; Discussion 593-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1944842&dopt=Abstract

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Ayurveda in ankylosing spondylitis and low back pain. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Oberguggenberger R. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 March; 62(3): 276-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594124&dopt=Abstract

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B lymphocyte involvement in ankylosing spondylitis: the heavy chain variable segment gene repertoire of B lymphocytes from germinal center-like foci in the synovial membrane indicates antigen selection. Author(s): Voswinkel J, Weisgerber K, Pfreundschuh M, Gause A. Source: Arthritis Res. 2001; 3(3): 189-95. Epub 2001 March 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299060&dopt=Abstract

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B27 homozygosity and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Suarez-Almazor ME, Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 April; 14(2): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3496453&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Lehtinen K, Granfors K, Vainionpaa R, Toivanen P. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 June; 84(3): 472-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2044228&dopt=Abstract

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Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. Author(s): Calin A, Jones SD, Garrett SL, Kennedy LG. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 August; 34(8): 793-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551671&dopt=Abstract

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Behcet syndrome with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kallel MH, Bejia I, Fournie B, Fournie A. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995 April; 62(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7606426&dopt=Abstract

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Behcet's syndrome coexisting with clinically occult ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cimen OB, Sahin G, Bicer A, Erdogan C. Source: Z Rheumatol. 2002 August; 61(4): 440-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426850&dopt=Abstract

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Behcet's syndrome coexisting with clinically occult ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cimen OB, Sahin G, Bicer A, Erdogan C. Source: South Med J. 2002 November; 95(11): 1355-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540010&dopt=Abstract


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Bilateral ankylosis of temporomandibular joint secondary to ankylosing spondylitis in a male Chinese. Author(s): Chow TK, Ng WL, Tam CK, Kung N. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1997; 26(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137330&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral optic neuritis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kang SW, Lee EB, Baek HJ, Kim HA, Chang BL, Song YW. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 September-October; 17(5): 635-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544859&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical aspects of infection in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Neumann V. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1988 April; 2(1): 259-69. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3046758&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical bone turnover markers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Yilmaz N, Ozaslan J. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2000; 19(2): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791618&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in mild ankylosing spondylitis and their relationship with bone mineral density and vertebral fractures. Author(s): Mitra D, Elvins DM, Collins AJ. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 October; 26(10): 2201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529140&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical markers of bone remodeling and bone sialoprotein in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Acebes C, de la Piedra C, Traba ML, Seibel MJ, Garcia Martin C, Armas J, Herrero-Beaumont G. Source: Clin Chim Acta. 1999 November; 289(1-2): 99-110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10556657&dopt=Abstract

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Biomechanical analysis of posture in patients with spinal kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis: a pilot study. Author(s): Bot SD, Caspers M, Van Royen BJ, Toussaint HM, Kingma I. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 May; 38(5): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371282&dopt=Abstract

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Bipolar hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bhan S, Malhotra R. Source: Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1996; 115(2): 94-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9063860&dopt=Abstract

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Birth order and ankylosing spondylitis: no increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis among first-born children. Author(s): Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002 Dec;4(6):498-9 Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 March; 29(3): 527-9. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12427364

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Birth order and ankylosing spondylitis: no increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis among first-born children. Author(s): Brophy S, Taylor G, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 March; 29(3): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908567&dopt=Abstract

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Blind confirmation in Leiden of Geczy factor on the cells of Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Geczy AF, van Leeuwen A, van Rood JJ, Ivanyi P, Breur BS, Cats A. Source: Hum Immunol. 1986 November; 17(3): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3491812&dopt=Abstract

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Blind confirmation of Geczy factor in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Rood JJ, van Leeuwen A, Ivanyi P, Cats A, Breur-Vriesendorp BS, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Kijlstra A, van Kregten E. Source: Lancet. 1985 October 26; 2(8461): 943-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2865436&dopt=Abstract

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Blood lymphocytes from ankylosing spondylitis patients fail to induce diseasespecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Author(s): Breur-Vriesendorp BS, Post FA, de Waal LP, Blokland E, Pool J, van der Linden S, Dekker-Saeys BJ, Goulmy E, Ivanyi P. Source: Hum Immunol. 1989 July; 25(3): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2670850&dopt=Abstract

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Blood polymorphonuclear behavior in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): el Abbouyi A, Paul JL, Roch-Arveiller M, Moachon L, Dougados M, Giroud JP, Amor B, Raichvarg D. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1988 October-December; 6(4): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2852567&dopt=Abstract


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Bone density, ultrasound measurements and body composition in early ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toussirot E, Michel F, Wendling D. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 August; 40(8): 882-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511757&dopt=Abstract

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Bone loss as well as bone formation is a feature of progressive ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Will R, Palmer R, Bhalla AK, Ring F, Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1990 December; 29(6): 498-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2099764&dopt=Abstract

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Bone marrow IgA and IgA subclass synthesis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Peeters AJ, Daha MR, Smeets TJ, Breedveld FC. Source: J Rheumatol. 1992 May; 19(5): 751-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1613704&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Reid DM, Nicoll JJ, Kennedy NS, Smith MA, Tothill P, Nuki G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 October; 13(5): 932-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3820204&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bronson WD, Walker SE, Hillman LS, Keisler D, Hoyt T, Allen SH. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 May; 25(5): 929-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598894&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density and vertebral compression fracture rates in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Donnelly S, Doyle DV, Denton A, Rolfe I, McCloskey EV, Spector TD. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 February; 53(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8129456&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sivri A, Kilinc S, Gokce-Kutsal Y, Ariyurek M. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 January; 15(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8929776&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in ankylosing spondylitis. DEXA comparison of control subjects with mild and advanced cases. Author(s): Mullaji AB, Upadhyay SS, Ho EK. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994 July; 76(4): 660-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8027159&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in mild and advanced ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Capaci K, Hepguler S, Argin M, Tas I. Source: Yonsei Med J. 2003 June 30; 44(3): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833574&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in women with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Juanola X, Mateo L, Nolla JM, Roig-Vilaseca D, Campoy E, Roig-Escofet D. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 April; 27(4): 1028-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782832&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density, calcaneal ultrasound, and bone turnover markers in women with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Speden DJ, Calin AI, Ring FJ, Bhalla AK. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 March; 29(3): 516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908565&dopt=Abstract

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Bowel permeability and CD45RO expression on circulating CD20+ B cells in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and their relatives. Author(s): Vaile JH, Meddings JB, Yacyshyn BR, Russell AS, Maksymowych WP. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 January; 26(1): 128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918253&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Turner JF, Enzenauer RJ. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1994 October; 37(10): 1557-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945485&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchoalveolar lavage in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Dalphin JC, Toson B, Depierre A, Guidet M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 May; 49(5): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2140499&dopt=Abstract


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Building consensus on nomenclature and disease classification for ankylosing spondylitis: results and discussion of a questionnaire prepared for the International Workshop on New Treatment Strategies in Ankylosing Spondylitis, Berlin, Germany, 18-19 January 2002. Author(s): Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381512&dopt=Abstract

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Can we define the outcome of ankylosing spondylitis and the effect of physiotherapy management? Author(s): Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 February; 21(2): 184-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182620&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer mortality following X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Weiss HA, Darby SC, Doll R. Source: Int J Cancer. 1994 November 1; 59(3): 327-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7927937&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinoid syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gemignani G, Olivieri I. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990 September-October; 8(5): 521-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2082991&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinoid syndrome concurrent with development of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Reychler R, Verbruggen LA, Achten E. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990 January-February; 8(1): 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347140&dopt=Abstract

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CARD15 gene mutations are not associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van der Paardt M, Crusius JB, de Koning MH, Murillo LS, van de Stadt RJ, Dijkmans BA, Pena AS, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE. Source: Genes Immun. 2003 January; 4(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595906&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac alterations in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Alves MG, Espirito-Santo J, Queiroz MV, Madeira H, Macieira-Coelho E. Source: Angiology. 1988 July; 39(7 Pt 1): 567-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3408021&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac and cardiopulmonary disorders in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Nagyhegyi G, Nadas I, Banyai F, Luzsa G, Geher P, Molnar J, Velics V, Gomor B, Weisz M, Antaloczy Z. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1988 January-March; 6(1): 17-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3396245&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac valvular dysfunction associated with Crohn's disease in the absence of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Burdick S, Tresch DD, Komokowski RA. Source: Am Heart J. 1989 July; 118(1): 174-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2741785&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sukenik S, Pras A, Buskila D, Katz A, Snir Y, Horowitz J. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 December; 6(4): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3449309&dopt=Abstract

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Caring for the quadriplegic patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Nursing grand rounds. Author(s): Ingersoll G, Averill E, Copoulos C, Kucak C, Lindsey A, O'Malley C. Source: Nursing. 1985 October; 15(10): 44-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3850406&dopt=Abstract

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Case 2-2002. Thoracic epidural anesthesia in patients with ankylosing spondylitis undergoing coronary artery surgery. Author(s): Varadarajan B, Whitaker DK, Vohra A, Smith MS. Source: J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002 April; 16(2): 240-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957178&dopt=Abstract

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Case report 477: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) complicating long-standing ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Author(s): Rubenstein DJ, Ghelman B. Source: Skeletal Radiol. 1988; 17(3): 212-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3375851&dopt=Abstract

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Case report 709: Transverse fracture with epidural and small paravertebral hematomata, in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fitt G, Hennessy O, Thomas D. Source: Skeletal Radiol. 1992; 21(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1546340&dopt=Abstract


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Case report and review of the literature. Fatal pulmonary complication in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Strobel ES, Fritschka E. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1997 November; 16(6): 617-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456016&dopt=Abstract

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Case report of IgA nephropathy associated with ankylosing spondylitis and HLAB27. Author(s): Saku K, Naito S, Matsuzaki M, Miyata J, Takebayashi S, Arakawa K. Source: Nephron. 1987; 46(3): 333-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498126&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: CT and MRI of the cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kerslake RW, Mitchell LA, Worthington BS. Source: Clin Radiol. 1992 February; 45(2): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1737429&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: MRI of vertebral osteitis in early ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Remedios D, Natali C, Saifuddin A. Source: Clin Radiol. 1998 July; 53(7): 534-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9714397&dopt=Abstract

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Case report: pseudoarthrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis--appearances on magnetic imaging. Author(s): Peh WC, Ho TK, Chan FL. Source: Clin Radiol. 1993 May; 47(5): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110216&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome associated with ankylosing spondylitis in a female. Author(s): Kushwaha SS, Steinberg VL. Source: Postgrad Med J. 1992 June; 68(800): 485-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1437938&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome associated with multiple lumbar arachnoid cysts in ankylosing spondylitis: improvement following surgical therapy. Author(s): Shaw PJ, Allcutt DA, Bates D, Crawford PJ. Source: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990 December; 53(12): 1076-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2292702&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mitchell MJ, Sartoris DJ, Moody D, Resnick D. Source: Radiology. 1990 May; 175(2): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2326476&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis: MR features. Author(s): Rubenstein DJ, Alvarez O, Ghelman B, Marchisello P. Source: J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989 May-June; 13(3): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2723187&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis: role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Westhovens R, Verstraeten A, Knockaert D, van Holsbeeck M, Sileghem A, Vanderschueren D, Dequeker J. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1994 June; 13(2): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8088075&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis (the CES-AS syndrome): metaanalysis of outcomes after medical and surgical treatments. Author(s): Ahn NU, Ahn UM, Nallamshetty L, Springer BD, Buchowski JM, Funches L, Garrett ES, Kostuik JP, Kebaish KM, Sponseller PD. Source: J Spinal Disord. 2001 October; 14(5): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586143&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed by computed tomography. Author(s): Devlin GP, Sheppeard H. Source: N Z Med J. 1987 October 28; 100(834): 651-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3452129&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Byrne JV. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 1986 April; 21(2): 101-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3704669&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Sant SM, O'Connell D. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 March; 14(2): 224-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789067&dopt=Abstract


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Cauda equina syndrome of long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Tullous MW, Skerhut HE, Story JL, Brown WE Jr, Eidelberg E, Dadsetan MR, Jinkins JR. Source: J Neurosurg. 1990 September; 73(3): 441-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2200856&dopt=Abstract

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Cauda equina syndrome with multiple lumbar diverticula complicating longstanding ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Schroder R, Urbach H, Zierz S. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 December; 72(12): 1056-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711415&dopt=Abstract

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Caudal anesthesia complicated by intraosseous injection in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Weber S. Source: Anesthesiology. 1985 December; 63(6): 716-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4061931&dopt=Abstract

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CD4+ and CD8+ clonal T cell expansions indicate a role of antigens in ankylosing spondylitis; a study in HLA-B27+ monozygotic twins. Author(s): Duchmann R, Lambert C, May E, Hohler T, Marker-Hermann E. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 2001 February; 123(2): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207664&dopt=Abstract

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CD8(+) T-cell autoreactivity to an HLA-B27-restricted self-epitope correlates with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fiorillo MT, Maragno M, Butler R, Dupuis ML, Sorrentino R. Source: J Clin Invest. 2000 July; 106(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880047&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular immune response to Klebsiella pneumoniae antigens in patients with HLAB27+ ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dominguez-Lopez ML, Cancino-Diaz ME, Jimenez-Zamudio L, GranadosArreola J, Burgos-Vargas R, Garcia-Latorre E. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 June; 27(6): 1453-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852270&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular immunity to cartilage proteoglycans: relevance to the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jobanputra P, Choy EH, Kingsley GH, Sieper J, Palacios-Boix AA, Heinegard D, Panayi GS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 August; 51(8): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1417120&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis-like syndrome. Author(s): Cellerini M, Gabbrielli S, Bongi SM. Source: Neuroradiology. 2001 December; 43(12): 1067-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11792046&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the tardive cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Confavreux C, Larbre JP, Lejeune E, Sindou M, Aimard G. Source: Ann Neurol. 1991 February; 29(2): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2012391&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical cord compression complicating atlantoaxial subluxation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dellestable F, Gaucher A, Bresler F. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 September; 23(9): 1668-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877948&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical fracture in ankylosing spondylitis: value of multidimensional imaging. Author(s): Fishman EK, Magid D. Source: Clin Imaging. 1992 January-March; 16(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1540859&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Samani J, Clark C. Source: Iowa Med. 1990 October; 80(10): 475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2262303&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olivieri I, Fiandra E, Muscat C, Barozzi L, Tomassini C, Gerli R. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 December; 39(12): 2074-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961915&dopt=Abstract


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Cervical osteotomy and manipulation in ankylosing spondylitis: successful general anesthesia after failed local anesthesia with sedation. Author(s): Hyman SA, Rogers WD, Bullington JC 3rd. Source: J Spinal Disord. 1990 December; 3(4): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2134460&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical osteotomy by the Simmons method in the treatment of cervical kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis. Case report. Author(s): Savini R, Di Silvestre M, Gargiulo G. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1988 September; 14(3): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3246496&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical osteotomy for ankylosing spondylitis: an innovative variation on an existing technique. Author(s): Mehdian SM, Freeman BJ, Licina P. Source: Eur Spine J. 1999; 8(6): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664313&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis. A case report. Author(s): Deburge A, Guigui P, Ouahes M, Barre E. Source: Spine. 1996 December 1; 21(23): 2801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8979329&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical spinal cord injury complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Foo D, Sarkarati M, Marcelino V. Source: Paraplegia. 1985 December; 23(6): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4080412&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical spine fracture in ankylosing spondylitis: a case of 'auto-fracture'. Author(s): Tait TJ, Barlow G, Iveson JM. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 April; 37(4): 467-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619907&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical spine surgery in ankylosing spondylitis: is the outcome good? Author(s): Koh WH, Garrett SL, Calin A. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1997 September; 16(5): 466-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348141&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical spondylodiscitis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lim KL, Chaudhuri K, Johnston RA, Sturrock RD. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 October; 35(10): 1034-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8883452&dopt=Abstract

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Chance type cervical fracture and neurological deficits in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Yilmazlar S, Kocaeli H, Doygun M. Source: Ulus Travma Derg. 2003 January; 9(1): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587061&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in bone density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a two-year followup study. Author(s): Maillefert JF, Aho LS, El Maghraoui A, Dougados M, Roux C. Source: Osteoporos Int. 2001; 12(7): 605-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527060&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of B27 haplotypes by oligotyping and genomic sequencing in the Mexican Mestizo population with ankylosing spondylitis: juvenile and adult onset. Author(s): Lopez-Larrea C, Gonzalez-Roces S, Pena M, Dominguez O, Coto E, Alvarez V, Moreno M, Hernandez O, Burgos-Vargas R, Gorodezky C. Source: Hum Immunol. 1995 July; 43(3): 174-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7558934&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of changes in IgG associated oligosaccharide profiles in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis using fluorophore linked carbohydrate electrophoresis. Author(s): Martin K, Talukder R, Hay FC, Axford JS. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 July; 28(7): 1531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469458&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of the humoral immune response to Klebsiella species in inflammatory bowel disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tiwana H, Walmsley RS, Wilson C, Yiannakou JY, Ciclitira PJ, Wakefield AJ, Ebringer A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 May; 37(5): 525-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9651080&dopt=Abstract

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Charnley total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis: survivorship analysis of 76 patients followed for 8-28 years. Author(s): Lehtimaki MY, Lehto MU, Kautiainen H, Lehtinen K, Hamalainen MM. Source: Acta Orthop Scand. 2001 June; 72(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480596&dopt=Abstract


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Chest expansion in healthy adolescents and patients with the seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy syndrome or juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Castelazo-Duarte G, Orozco JA, Garduno-Espinosa J, Clark P, Sanabria L. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 November; 20(11): 1957-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308785&dopt=Abstract

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Chest pain without radiographic sacroiliitis in relatives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van der Linden SM, Khan MA, Rentsch HU, Gerber N, Cats A, Valkenburg HA, Tugwell PX. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988; 15(5): 836-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262753&dopt=Abstract

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Chest pain--a common feature of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dawes PT, Sheeran TP, Hothersall TE. Source: Postgrad Med J. 1988 January; 64(747): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3420054&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis serology in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Csango PA, Upsahl MT, Romberg O, Kornstad L, Sarov I. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 September; 6(3): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3327642&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydial antibody crossreactivity with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: the role of HLA B27. Author(s): Wakefield D, Easter J, Robinson P, Graham D, Penny R. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1986 January; 63(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3485486&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and ulcerative colitis: an interesting association. Author(s): Tzivras M, Souyioultzis S, Tsirantonaki M, Archimandritis A. Source: J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997 July; 25(1): 365-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9412923&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic otitis media and ankylosing spondylitis: an HLA association? Author(s): Camilleri AE, Swan IR, Sturrock R. Source: Clin Otolaryngol. 1991 August; 16(4): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1934550&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic otitis media: a new extra-articular manifestation in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Camilleri AE, Swan IR, Murphy E, Sturrock RD. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 May; 51(5): 655-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1616333&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating cytotoxic CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Schirmer M, Goldberger C, Wurzner R, Duftner C, Pfeiffer KP, Clausen J, Neumayr G, Falkenbach A. Source: Arthritis Res. 2002; 4(1): 71-6. Epub 2001 October 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879540&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating inhibitor bound elastase in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis and the influence of sulphasalazine treatment. Author(s): Feltelius N, Hallgren R. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 January; 47(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2894204&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating levels of sialic acid and glycosaminoglycans: a diagnostic test for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Susheela AK, Das TK, Khurana JS, Jayaswal A, Dave PK. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 October; 47(10): 833-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2973770&dopt=Abstract

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Clearance of inhaled particles in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Farquhar DR, Chamberlain MJ, McCain GA, Morgan WK. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 December; 48(12): 974-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2619357&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and epidemiologic aspects of ankylosing spondylitis and spondyloarthropathies. Author(s): van der Linden S, van der Heijde DM. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1996 July; 8(4): 269-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864577&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and imaging correlates of response to treatment with infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Stone M, Salonen D, Lax M, Payne U, Lapp V, Inman R. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 July; 28(7): 1605-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469469&dopt=Abstract


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Clinical and radiographic features of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van der Linden SM. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1990 August; 2(4): 563-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2206796&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical application of D-penicillamine in ankylosing spondylitis: a 9-month study. Author(s): Bernacka K, Tytman K, Sierakowski S. Source: Med Interne. 1989 October-December; 27(4): 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2694320&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical aspects, outcome assessment, and management of ankylosing spondylitis and postenteric reactive arthritis. Author(s): van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 July; 12(4): 263-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910177&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical assessment of ankylosing spondylitis: a study of observer variation in spinal measurements. Author(s): Pile KD, Laurent MR, Salmond CE, Best MJ, Pyle EA, Moloney RO. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 February; 30(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1991213&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical assessment of spinal mobility measurements in ankylosing spondylitis: a compact set for follow-up and trials? Author(s): Viitanen JV, Heikkila S, Kokko ML, Kautiainen H. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2000; 19(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791625&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical comparison of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis. Author(s): Deesomchok U, Tumrasvin T. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1993 February; 76(2): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228701&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features and management of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Russell AS. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1993 July; 5(4): 408-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8357737&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features and prognosis of patients with possible ankylosing spondylitis. Results of a 10-year followup. Author(s): Mau W, Zeidler H, Mau R, Majewski A, Freyschmidt J, Stangel W, Deicher H. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 July; 15(7): 1109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262757&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis in women and men and its relationship with age of onset. Author(s): Maldonado-Cocco JA, Babini S, Garcia-Morteo O. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 February; 12(1): 179-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3981507&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical improvement in ankylosing spondylitis with rifamycin SV infiltrations of peripheral joints. Author(s): Caruso I, Cazzola M, Santandrea S. Source: J Int Med Res. 1992 April; 20(2): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1521673&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical investigation of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Altan L, Bingol U, Karakoc Y, Aydiner S, Yurtkuran M, Yurtkuran M. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2001; 30(5): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727838&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical outcome results of pedicle subtraction osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis with kyphotic deformity. Author(s): Kim KT, Suk KS, Cho YJ, Hong GP, Park BJ. Source: Spine. 2002 March 15; 27(6): 612-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884909&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein in axial involvement of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, Velicitat P, Zeidler H, Veys E, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229430&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical study of Thai patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Deesomchok U, Tumrasvin T. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1985 March; 4(1): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3157530&dopt=Abstract


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Clinical, epidemiologic, and therapeutic aspects of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gran JT, Husby G. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1998 July; 10(4): 292-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725089&dopt=Abstract

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Clinics in diagnostic imaging (70). Bilateral sacroiliitis due to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Peh WC. Source: Singapore Med J. 2002 February; 43(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993901&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning and sequencing of the gene that codes for the Klebsiella pneumoniae GroELlike protein associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cancino-Diaz M, Curiel-Quesada E, Garcia-Latorre E, Jimenez-Zamudio L. Source: Microb Pathog. 1998 July; 25(1): 23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9705246&dopt=Abstract

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Closing wedge osteotomy with transpedicular fixation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jaffray D, Becker V, Eisenstein S. Source: Clin Orthop. 1992 June; (279): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1600645&dopt=Abstract

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Closing-wedge posterior osteotomy for ankylosing spondylitis. Partial corporectomy and transpedicular fixation in 22 cases. Author(s): van Royen BJ, Slot GH. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995 January; 77(1): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7822367&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of ankylosing spondylitis and Behcet's disease. Two cases with atypical presentation and course. Author(s): Kotevoglu N. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2003; 32(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892258&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of ankylosing spondylitis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: another report. Author(s): Olivieri I, Trippi D, Gherardi S, Pasero G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 October; 14(5): 1058-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3501468&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of ankylosing spondylitis and mixed connective tissue disease in a single patient. Author(s): Lee JK, Jung SS, Kim TH, Jun JB, Yoo DH, Kim SY. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 March-April; 17(2): 263. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342061&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Author(s): Galluzzo E, Taglione E, Bartolomei MP, Pasero G, Riente L. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1998; 17(3): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9694060&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis in two patients. Author(s): Jattiot F, Goupille P, Valat JP. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 May-June; 13(3): 405-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7554573&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rillo OL, Scheines EJ, Moreno C, Barreira JC, Porrini AA, Maldonado Cocco JA. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1989 December; 8(4): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2515022&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Kozanoglu E, Guzel R, Guler-Uysal F, Goncu K. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2002 June; 21(3): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111634&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of hereditary multiple exostoses and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olmez N, Gunaydin R, Gurgan A, Elcin F. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1999; 18(6): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638774&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of ochronosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gemignani G, Olivieri I, Semeria R, Giustarini S, Pasero G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 December; 17(12): 1707-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2084253&dopt=Abstract


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Coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and dermatomyositis in a patient with diabetes mellitus and the associated linked HLA antigens. Author(s): Sattar MA, Al-Sughyer AA, Siboo R. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988 April; 27(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365534&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistence of spinal arteriovenous malformation and ankylosing spondylitis--are they related? Author(s): Chen JY, Ho HH, Wu YJ, Luo SF. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1994 September; 13(3): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7835025&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistent acute gouty arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. A rare occurrence. Author(s): Wong DM, Chalmers IM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 April; 21(4): 773-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8035413&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistent Marfan's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Fietta P, Manganelli P. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2001; 20(2): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346228&dopt=Abstract

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Coexistent rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis in a child. Author(s): Streilein KF, Rosenberg AM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 December; 12(6): 1216-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4093941&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting ankylosing spondylitis and Behcet's disease. Author(s): Tosun M, Uslu T, Ibrahim Imamoglu H, Bahadir S, Erdolu S, Guler M. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 November; 15(6): 619-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973876&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting ankylosing spondylitis and Paget's disease. Author(s): Olivieri I, Semeria R, Gemignani G, Tavoni A, Aloisi D, Giustarini S. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1990 June; 9(2): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2390853&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olivieri I. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1991 March; 10(1): 95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2065518&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting IgA nephropathy and leukocytoclastic cutaneous vasculitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Hsu CM, Kuo SY, Chu SJ, Shih TY, Chen A, Huang GS, Chang DM. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1995 January; 55(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712401&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis discussion of 3 cases with review of the literature. Author(s): Toussirot E, Acquaviva PC. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 September; 14(5): 554-60. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8549095&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fallet GH, Barnes CG, Berry H, Mowat AG, Roux H, Villiaumey J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 December; 14(6): 1135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3437421&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in a German self-help organization. Author(s): Basler HD, Rehfisch HP. Source: J Psychosom Res. 1991; 35(2-3): 345-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1710669&dopt=Abstract

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Coincidental amyloid nephropathy and IgA glomerulonephritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gratacos J, Collado A, Sanmarti R, Poch E, Torras A, Munoz-Gomez J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 September; 20(9): 1613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8164228&dopt=Abstract

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Collagen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Author(s): Gao XM, Wordsworth P, McMichael A. Source: Eur J Immunol. 1994 July; 24(7): 1665-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8026527&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic perforation in a patient with amyloidosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Alonso MD, Bal M, Santiago J, Costa C, Bal F, Blanco R. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 February; 21(2): 376-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182662&dopt=Abstract


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Combined spa-exercise therapy is effective in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): van Tubergen A, Landewe R, van der Heijde D, Hidding A, Wolter N, Asscher M, Falkenbach A, Genth E, The HG, van der Linden S. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 October; 45(5): 430-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642642&dopt=Abstract

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Comment on article by van der Linden et al. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: a proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Author(s): Calin A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1985 March; 28(3): 357-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3977980&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative responsiveness of 3 functional indices in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ruof J, Sangha O, Stucki G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 September; 26(9): 1959-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10493677&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between self-report measures and clinical observations of functional disability in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia. Author(s): Hidding A, van Santen M, De Klerk E, Gielen X, Boers M, Geenen R, Vlaeyen J, Kester A, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 May; 21(5): 818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8064720&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a disease-specific and a generic instrument for measuring healthrelated quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Helliwell PS, Marzo-Ortega H, Tennant A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 November; 46(11): 3098. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428255&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of cemented ceramic and metal-polyethylene coupling hip prostheses in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gualtieri G, Gualtieri I, Hendriks M, Gagliardi S. Source: Clin Orthop. 1992 September; (282): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1516332&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of complications of total hip arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Lakatos J, Csakanyi L. Source: Orthopedics. 1991 January; 14(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1996303&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of sacroiliitis accompanying ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Yu W, Feng F, Dion E, Yang H, Jiang M, Genant HK. Source: Skeletal Radiol. 1998 June; 27(6): 311-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9677647&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of statistically derived ASAS improvement criteria for ankylosing spondylitis with clinically relevant improvement according to an expert panel. Author(s): van Tubergen A, van der Heijde D, Anderson J, Landewe R, Dougados M, Braun J, Bellamy N, Udrea G, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 March; 62(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594105&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Author(s): Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Weisman MH, Blackburn WD, Cush JJ, Cannon GW, Mahowald ML, Schumacher HR Jr, Taylor T, Budiman-Mak E, Cohen MR, Vasey FB, Luggen ME, Mejias E, Silverman SL, Makkena R, Alepa FP, Buxbaum J, Haakenson CM, Ward RH, Manaster BJ, Anderson RJ, Ward JR, Henderson WG. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 December; 39(12): 2004-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961905&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: comment on the article by Clegg et al. Author(s): Helliwell PS. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1997 October; 40(10): 1911-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336437&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the antibody responses to the 77 Klebsiella capsular types in ankylosing spondylitis and various rheumatic diseases. Author(s): Sahly H, Kekow J, Podschun R, Schaff M, Gross WL, Ullmann U. Source: Infect Immun. 1994 November; 62(11): 4838-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7927763&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the Dougados Functional Index and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. A literature review. Author(s): Ruof J, Stucki G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 955-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229427&dopt=Abstract


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Comparison of the faecal microflora of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls using molecular methods of analysis. Author(s): Stebbings S, Munro K, Simon MA, Tannock G, Highton J, Harmsen H, Welling G, Seksik P, Dore J, Grame G, Tilsala-Timisjarvi A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 December; 41(12): 1395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468819&dopt=Abstract

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Complementation with HLA-A and HLA-D locus alleles in ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral arthritis. Author(s): Kirwan JR, Winska-Wiloch H, McCloskey D, Festenstein H. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 June; 14(3): 643-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3476753&dopt=Abstract

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Complementation with HLA-A and HLA-D locus alleles in ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral arthritis. Author(s): Aaron S, Miller ML, Howard J, Fraser PA, Jackson JM, Larson MG, Glass DN. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 June; 12(3): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3876437&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance monitoring of NSAID drug therapy in ankylosing spondylitis, experiences with an electronic monitoring device. Author(s): de Klerk E, van der Linden SJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 January; 35(1): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624625&dopt=Abstract

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Complications of fractures of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Broom MJ, Raycroft JF. Source: Spine. 1988 July; 13(7): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3194784&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomographic demonstration of calcification of the ligamenta flava of the lumbosacral spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Avrahami E, Wigler I, Stern D, Caspi D, Yaron M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 January; 47(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3345106&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomography in the diagnosis of early ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fam AG, Rubenstein JD, Chin-Sang H, Leung FY. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1985 August; 28(8): 930-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4026889&dopt=Abstract

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Computer assisted tomography of the apophyseal changes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Russell AS, Jackson F. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 June; 13(3): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3735280&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant ankylosing spondylitis and DISH. Author(s): Olivieri I, Vitali C, Gemignani G, Pasero G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 August; 16(8): 1170-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2585418&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant ankylosing spondylitis and Sjogren's syndrome in three patients. Author(s): Treves R, Vergne P, Bonnet C, Bertin P. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998 December; 65(12): 801. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923054&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olivieri I, Gemignani G, Balagi M, Pasquariello A, Gremignai G, Pasero G. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 May; 49(5): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2344214&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital kyphoscoliosis versus ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tornero J, Herrero-Beaumont G, Castaneda S, Vidal J, Quiros J, FernandezVallado P. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 October; 15(10): 1595-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3204612&dopt=Abstract

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Contemporary management of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calabro JJ, Eyvazzadeh C, Weber CA. Source: Compr Ther. 1986 September; 12(9): 11-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3533404&dopt=Abstract

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Continuation of group physical therapy is necessary in ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Hidding A, van der Linden S, Gielen X, de Witte L, Dijkmans B, Moolenburgh D. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 1994 June; 7(2): 90-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7857999&dopt=Abstract


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Conventional treatments for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dougados M, Dijkmans B, Khan M, Maksymowych W, van der Linden S, Brandt J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii40-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381510&dopt=Abstract

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Cooccurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Helfgott SM, Lazarides G, Sandberg-Cook J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 September; 15(9): 1451-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3199405&dopt=Abstract

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Co-occurrence of spondyloarthropathy and connective tissue disease: development of Sjogren's syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brandt J, Maier T, Rudwaleit M, Kuhl U, Hiepe F, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 January-February; 20(1): 80-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892716&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of chin-on-chest deformity in ankylosing spondylitis through a fracture site. A case report. Author(s): Hershman EB, Bercik RJ, Allen SC, Fielding JW. Source: Clin Orthop. 1985 December; (201): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4064406&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of kyphotic deformity in ankylosing spondylitis using multiple spinal osteotomy and Zielke's VDS instruments. Author(s): Chen PQ. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1988 July; 87(7): 692-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3249200&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of kyphotic deformity of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis using general anesthesia and internal fixation. Author(s): Shimizu K, Matsushita M, Fujibayashi S, Toguchida J, Ido K, Nakamura T. Source: J Spinal Disord. 1996 December; 9(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8976496&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of severe cervical kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis by traction. Author(s): Mehdian H, Jaffray D, Eisenstein S. Source: Spine. 1992 February; 17(2): 237-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1553597&dopt=Abstract

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Correction osteotomy of flexion deformity of cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis--a case report. Author(s): Lin SY, Wu HJ, Chien SH. Source: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1990 August; 6(8): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2213966&dopt=Abstract

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Corrective osteotomy of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Experience with 66 cases. Author(s): Camargo FP, Cordeiro EN, Napoli MM. Source: Clin Orthop. 1986 July; (208): 157-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720118&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between mobility restrictions and radiologic changes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Viitanen JV, Kokko ML, Lehtinen K, Suni J, Kautiainen H. Source: Spine. 1995 February 15; 20(4): 492-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747236&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between plasma TNF-alpha, IGF-1, biochemical markers of bone metabolism, markers of inflammation/disease activity, and clinical manifestations in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lange U, Teichmann J, Stracke H. Source: Eur J Med Res. 2000 December 29; 5(12): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11147993&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between the immune responses to collagens type I, III, IV and V and Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tiwana H, Natt RS, Benitez-Brito R, Shah S, Wilson C, Bridger S, Harbord M, Sarner M, Ebringer A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 January; 40(1): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157137&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of immunoglobulin and C reactive protein levels in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Sanders KM, Hertzman A, Escobar MR, Littman BH. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 April; 46(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3592781&dopt=Abstract


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Correlation of joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and in ankylosing spondylitis with the synovial: cartilaginous surface ratio of various joints. Author(s): Mens JM. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 March; 30(3): 359-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3566831&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of combined spa-exercise therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Van Tubergen A, Boonen A, Landewe R, Rutten-Van Molken M, Van Der Heijde D, Hidding A, Van Der Linden S. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 October 15; 47(5): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382292&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of group physical therapy compared to individualized therapy for ankylosing spondylitis. A randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Bakker C, Hidding A, van der Linden S, van Doorslaer E. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 February; 21(2): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182635&dopt=Abstract

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Costovertebral joint changes in ankylosing spondylitis with thoracic pain. Author(s): Pascual E, Castellano JA, Lopez E. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1992 June; 31(6): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1596705&dopt=Abstract

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Costovertebral joint erosion in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Le T, Biundo J, Aprill C, Deiparine E. Source: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 January; 80(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138957&dopt=Abstract

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Costs of ankylosing spondylitis in three European countries: the patient's perspective. Author(s): Boonen A, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Guillemin F, Spoorenberg A, Schouten H, Rutten-van Molken M, Dougados M, Mielants H, de Vlam K, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 August; 62(8): 741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860729&dopt=Abstract

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Course of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Author(s): Lassoued S, Lassoued K, Marchou B, Pages M, Fournie B, Fournie A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 December; 18(12): 1939-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1795339&dopt=Abstract

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Craniomandibular disorders in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical study. Author(s): Kononen M, Wenneberg B, Kallenberg A. Source: Acta Odontol Scand. 1992 October; 50(5): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1441932&dopt=Abstract

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C-reactive protein: a marker for disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): Nashel DJ, Petrone DL, Ulmer CC, Sliwinski AJ. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 April; 13(2): 364-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3723498&dopt=Abstract

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Cricoarytenoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Miller FR, Wanamaker JR, Hicks DM, Tucker HM. Source: Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994 February; 120(2): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8297582&dopt=Abstract

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Cricoarytenoid synovitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Helfgott SM, Treseler PA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1990 April; 33(4): 604-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2328038&dopt=Abstract

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Criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: facts and fallacies. Author(s): Moll JM. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2969759&dopt=Abstract

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Crohn's disease (CD) patients suffering from peripheral arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis reveal restricted T cell receptor V beta regions in different temporal phases of disease. Author(s): Lugering N, Kucharzik T, Fisahn M, Domschke W, Stoll R. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1996 August; 105(2): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8706334&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-reacting bacterial determinants in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sullivan JS, Prendergast JK, Geczy AF, Edmonds JP, McGuigan LE, Edwards CM. Source: Am J Med. 1988 December 23; 85(6A): 54-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2462351&dopt=Abstract


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Cross-reactive epitope with Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in articular tissue of HLA-B27+ patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Husby G, Tsuchiya N, Schwimmbeck PL, Keat A, Pahle JA, Oldstone MB, Williams RC Jr. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1989 April; 32(4): 437-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2468338&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-reactivity of anti-Klebsiella K43 antiserum and lymphocytes from HLA-B27positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Struthers GR. Source: Lancet. 1985 March 30; 1(8431): 764. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2858037&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-reactivity of anti-Klebsiella K43 BTS 1 serum and lymphocytes of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: antipodean curiosity? Author(s): Geczy AF, Prendergast JK, McGuigan LE, Upfold LI, Sullivan JS. Source: Lancet. 1985 May 18; 1(8438): 1169. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2860379&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-reactivity studies on bacteria believed to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and reactive arthritis (ReA). Author(s): Pease PE, Chahal H, Tallack JE, Lane MR, Allan RN. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 32-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3401651&dopt=Abstract

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Current guidelines for the drug treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toussirot E, Wendling D. Source: Drugs. 1998 August; 56(2): 225-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711447&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous immunofluorescence in ankylosing spondylitis. Absence of correlation with disease activity. Author(s): Peeters AJ, Boom BW, de Rooy-Dijk HH, Westedt ML, Breedveld FC. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 17(2): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181128&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis in a case of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Machet L, Jan V, Ouakil H, Vaillant L, Esteve E, Lorette G. Source: Acta Derm Venereol. 1997 July; 77(4): 324. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228232&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis, erythema nodosum and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gillott TJ, Struthers GR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 April; 38(4): 377-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10378721&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous vasculitis and IgA glomerulonephritis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Beauvais C, Kaplan G, Mougenot B, Michel C, Marinho E. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1993 January; 52(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8427517&dopt=Abstract

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Cystic rheumatoid arthritis with Felty's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lecoules S, el Maghraoui A, Lapeyre E, Lechevalier D, Magnin J, Eulry F. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 May; 66(5): 292-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10380264&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes against disease-associated determinant(s) in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Geczy AF, McGuigan LE, Sullivan JS, Edmonds JP. Source: J Exp Med. 1986 September 1; 164(3): 932-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3528379&dopt=Abstract

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Dactylitis with pitting oedema of the hand in longstanding ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olivieri I, Padula A, Favaro L, Pierro A, Oranges GS, Ferri S. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 November; 14(6): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8608692&dopt=Abstract

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Decrease in serum nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mori K, Chano T, Ikeda T, Ikegawa S, Matsusue Y, Okabe H, Saeki Y. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 January; 42(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509614&dopt=Abstract

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Decrease of respiratory burst in neutrophils of patients with ankylosing spondylitis by combined radon-hyperthermia treatment. Author(s): Reinisch N, Mur E, Herold M, Dunzendorfer S, Kahler CM, Falkenbach A, Wiedermann CJ. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 May-June; 17(3): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410267&dopt=Abstract


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Decreased serum biochemical markers of muscle origin in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Giltay EJ, van Schaardenburg D, Gooren LJ, Kostense PJ, Dijkmans BA. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 September; 58(9): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10460186&dopt=Abstract

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Defective helper T cell function in IgM rheumatoid factor synthesis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Yu CL, Chang KL, Hong ST, Chiang BN, Han SH, Wang SR. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1989; 18(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2523087&dopt=Abstract

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Deficient control of in vitro Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Robinson S, Panayi GS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 December; 45(12): 974-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3028287&dopt=Abstract

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Defining disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis: is a combination of variables (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) an appropriate instrument? Author(s): Calin A, Nakache JP, Gueguen A, Zeidler H, Mielants H, Dougados M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 September; 38(9): 878-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10515650&dopt=Abstract

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Defining outcome in ankylosing spondylitis. Where have we been, where are we and where do we go from here? Author(s): Calin A. Source: Joint Bone Spine. 2002 March; 69(2): 101-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027298&dopt=Abstract

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Defining spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The Bath AS Metrology Index. Author(s): Jenkinson TR, Mallorie PA, Whitelock HC, Kennedy LG, Garrett SL, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 September; 21(9): 1694-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7799351&dopt=Abstract

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Definition of disease flare in ankylosing spondylitis: the patients' perspective. Author(s): Brophy S, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 May; 29(5): 954-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022357&dopt=Abstract

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Deformity planning for sagittal plane corrective osteotomies of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Van Royen BJ, De Gast A, Smit TH. Source: Eur Spine J. 2000 December; 9(6): 492-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11189917&dopt=Abstract

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Delay in the radiographic detection of sacroiliitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1992 June; 35(6): 727. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1599528&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed evoked potentials in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pillay N, Hunter T. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 February; 13(1): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3701727&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed injury of the common femoral artery following primary THA in the patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Inao S, Gotoh E, Takemitsu Y. Source: Orthopedics. 1998 January; 21(1): 90-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9474639&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed spinal cord compression in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Harun S. Source: J Accid Emerg Med. 1998 September; 15(5): 336. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867400&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of antiglobulin activity in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis after pepsin treatment: real or artefact? Author(s): Davies PG, Revell PA, Mayston V. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 October; 45(10): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3098193&dopt=Abstract

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Dental abscess in an anticoagulated patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cone A. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1993 February 3-16; 49(3): 190. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8439786&dopt=Abstract


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Dermatoglyphics and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gomor B, Petrou P. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1994 June; 13(2): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8088071&dopt=Abstract

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Destructive diskovertebral lesions in ankylosing spondylitis: appearance on magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Kurugoglu S, Mihmanli I, Kanberoglu K, Kanberoglu A. Source: South Med J. 2001 August; 94(8): 837-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549199&dopt=Abstract

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Destructive spine lesions in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kahan A, Menkes CJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 June; 49(6): 422. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2383071&dopt=Abstract

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Detection & characterization of immune complexes in the sera of ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Kapoor AK, Agarwal RR, Siddiqui JS, Bhushan V, Jain UK, Khan IU, Gupta AK, Singh GK. Source: Indian J Med Res. 1985 November; 82: 447-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4093163&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of self-reported health status in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hidding A, de Witte L, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 February; 21(2): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182637&dopt=Abstract

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Development of the ASQoL: a quality of life instrument specific to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Doward LC, Spoorenberg A, Cook SA, Whalley D, Helliwell PS, Kay LJ, McKenna SP, Tennant A, van der Heijde D, Chamberlain MA. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 January; 62(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480664&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Krongard DF, DeVos D. Source: Radiol Technol. 1996 November-December; 68(2): 163-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8938839&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic features of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dougados M. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 April; 34(4): 301-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788141&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of bone marrow biopsy in patients with AA-type renal amyloidosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sungur C, Sungur A, Akpolat T, Arik N. Source: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996 December; 11(12): 2520-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9017640&dopt=Abstract

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Diclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: review of worldwide clinical experience and report of a double-blind comparison with indomethacin. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1985 November; 15(2 Suppl 1): 80-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4081795&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in HLA-B27 positive and negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis: study of clinical disease activity and concentrations of serum IgA, C reactive protein, and haptoglobin. Author(s): Reynolds TL, Khan MA, van der Linden S, Cleveland RP. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 March; 50(3): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2015008&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in lymphocyte typing for the antigen HLA-B27 resulting from the particular technique used in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Collantes-Estevez E, Gonzalez Fernandez R, Munoz Gomariz E, Solana Lara R, Pena J. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 December; 36(12): 1336-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448599&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in peptide-binding specificity of two ankylosing spondylitis-associated HLA-B27 subtypes. Author(s): Fruci D, Butler RH, Greco G, Rovero P, Pazmany L, Vigneti E, Tosi R, Tanigaki N. Source: Immunogenetics. 1995; 42(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7607703&dopt=Abstract


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Differences in the expression of spondyloarthropathy: a comparison between ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Author(s): Gladman DD, Brubacher B, Buskila D, Langevitz P, Farewell VT. Source: Clin Invest Med. 1993 February; 16(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8467576&dopt=Abstract

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Differential association of HLA-B*2705 and B*2709 to ankylosing spondylitis correlates with limited peptide subsets but not with altered cell surface stability. Author(s): Ramos M, Paradela A, Vazquez M, Marina A, Vazquez J, Lopez de Castro JA. Source: J Biol Chem. 2002 August 9; 277(32): 28749-56. Epub 2002 May 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042320&dopt=Abstract

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Difficult intubation in a case of ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Kamarkar US, Chaudhari LS, Hosalkar H, Budhi M, Venkataraghavan D. Source: J Postgrad Med. 1998 April-June; 44(2): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703569&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis misdiagnosed as ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Findeisen JM, Clague RB. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988 August; 27(4): 327-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3408836&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse interstitial lung disease as an early manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ferdoutsis M, Bouros D, Meletis G, Patsourakis G, Siafakas NM. Source: Respiration. 1995; 62(5): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8560097&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse lymphadenopathy as a manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Marantz PR, Linzer M. Source: Am J Med. 1986 May; 80(5): 951-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3486595&dopt=Abstract

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Direct costs of ankylosing spondylitis and its determinants: an analysis among three European countries. Author(s): Boonen A, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Guillemin F, Rutten-van Molken M, Dougados M, Mielants H, de Vlam K, van der Tempel H, Boesen S, Spoorenberg A, Schouten H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 August; 62(8): 732-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860728&dopt=Abstract

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Disability and handicap in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis--results from the German rheumatological database. German Collaborative Arthritis Centers. Author(s): Zink A, Braun J, Listing J, Wollenhaupt J. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 March; 27(3): 613-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743798&dopt=Abstract

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Disability in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dalyan M, Guner A, Tuncer S, Bilgic A, Arasil T. Source: Disabil Rehabil. 1999 February; 21(2): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9990492&dopt=Abstract

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Disability motivates patients with ankylosing spondylitis for more frequent physical exercise. Author(s): Falkenbach A. Source: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 March; 84(3): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638106&dopt=Abstract

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Discordance between HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis: a family investigation. Author(s): Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Anhorn KA, Chalmers A, Mervart H. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 February; 13(1): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3486283&dopt=Abstract

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Discordance for ankylosing spondylitis in a B27 negative monozygotic twin. Author(s): Wojtys E, Hankin F, Braunstein E, Kaufer H, Palella T. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 February; 13(1): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3486286&dopt=Abstract

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Discovertebral destruction in ankylosing spondylitis complicated by spinal cord compression. Author(s): Jobanputra P, Kirkham B, Duke O, Crockard A, Panayi GS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 April; 47(4): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365033&dopt=Abstract

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Discovertebral destruction in ankylosing spondylitis: the role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Kenny JB, Hughes PL, Whitehouse GH. Source: Br J Radiol. 1990 June; 63(750): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379069&dopt=Abstract


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Disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis: selection of a core set of variables and a first set in the development of a disease activity score. Author(s): Creemers MC, van 't Hof MA, Franssen MJ, van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW, van Riel PL. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 September; 35(9): 867-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8810670&dopt=Abstract

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Disease expression of ankylosing spondylitis in males and females. Author(s): Kidd B, Mullee M, Frank A, Cawley M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 September; 15(9): 1407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3199401&dopt=Abstract

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Disease-specific, patient-assessed measures of health outcome in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsiveness. Author(s): Haywood KL, M Garratt A, Jordan K, Dziedzic K, Dawes PT. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 November; 41(11): 1295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422003&dopt=Abstract

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DISH and ankylosing spondylitis. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Troise Rioda W, Ferraccioli GF. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990 November-December; 8(6): 591-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2289330&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociation of atlantoaxial junction in ankylosing spondylitis: case report. Author(s): Liang CL, Lu K, Lee TC, Lin YC, Chen HJ. Source: J Trauma. 2002 December; 53(6): 1173-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478047&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of HLA-B27 subtypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: the disease is associated with a common determinant of the various B27 molecules. Author(s): Breur-Vriesendorp BS, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Ivanyi P. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 May; 46(5): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2439031&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of HLA-DRB1 genes in patients with sporadic ankylosing spondylitis in the south of Spain. Author(s): Perez-Guijo V, Munoz E, Escudero A, Veroz R, Sanchez M, MunozVillanueva MC, Gonzalez R, Pena J, Collantes-Estevez E. Source: Joint Bone Spine. 2002 October; 69(5): 458-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477229&dopt=Abstract

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Do patients with ankylosing spondylitis have poorer balance than normal subjects? Author(s): Murray HC, Elliott C, Barton SE, Murray A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 May; 39(5): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852979&dopt=Abstract

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Do sex hormones play a role in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Masi AT. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992 February; 18(1): 153-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1561401&dopt=Abstract

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Do the radiological changes of classic ankylosing spondylitis differ from the changes found in the spondylitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and reactive arthritis? Author(s): Helliwell PS, Hickling P, Wright V. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1998 March; 57(3): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640127&dopt=Abstract

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Do viruses play an etiologic role in ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis? Author(s): Luxembourg A, Cailla H, Roux H, Roudier J. Source: Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1987 November; 45(2): 292-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3665203&dopt=Abstract

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Does a regular exercise program for ankylosing spondylitis influence body image? Author(s): Hider S, Wong M, Ortiz M, Dulku A, Mulherin D. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2002; 31(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195632&dopt=Abstract

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Does coexistence of ochronosis and ankylosing spondylitis really exist? Author(s): Canhao H, Coelho P, Pereira da Silva J, Santos MJ, Teixeira da Costa J, Viana de Queiroz M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996 November-December; 14(6): 699. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8978971&dopt=Abstract

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Does male:female sex ratio in ankylosing spondylitis change with age? Author(s): Masi AT, Wilkins WR. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 May; 23(5): 947-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8724320&dopt=Abstract


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Does serum rheumatoid factor have an influence on the clinical picture of ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Martinez-Osuna P, Arellano J, Lara C, Yanez-Sanchez P, Camargo-Coronel A, Fuentes J, Bravo-Gatica C, Fraga A. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997 May-June; 15(3): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177924&dopt=Abstract

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Doppler echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Crowley JJ, Donnelly SM, Tobin M, FitzGerald O, Bresnihan B, Maurer BJ, Quigley PJ. Source: Am J Cardiol. 1993 June 1; 71(15): 1337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8498377&dopt=Abstract

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Double spinal cord injury in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Akman MN, Karatas M, Kilinc S, Agildere M. Source: Spinal Cord. 1999 April; 37(4): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10338355&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, parallel clinical trial of tenoxicam (Ro 12-0068) versus piroxicam in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Astorga G. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1987; 9(2): 70-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3329111&dopt=Abstract

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Down-regulation of the nonspecific and antigen-specific T cell cytokine response in ankylosing spondylitis during treatment with infliximab. Author(s): Zou J, Rudwaleit M, Brandt J, Thiel A, Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 March; 48(3): 780-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632433&dopt=Abstract

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D-penicillamine in the therapy of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tytman K, Bernacka K, Sierakowski S. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1989 September; 8(3): 419-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805621&dopt=Abstract

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Dramatic response after an intravenous loading dose of azathioprine in one case of severe and refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Durez P, Horsmans Y. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 February; 39(2): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10725069&dopt=Abstract

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Dural compression as a cause of paraplegia during operative correction of cervical kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jackson RP, Simmons EH. Source: Spine. 1991 July; 16(7): 846-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1925761&dopt=Abstract

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Dutch patients with familial and sporadic ankylosing spondylitis do not differ in disease phenotype. Author(s): Paardt M, Dijkmans B, Giltay E, van der Horst-Bruinsma I. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 December; 29(12): 2583-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465156&dopt=Abstract

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Early diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pal B. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1987 September; 85(9): 275-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3450746&dopt=Abstract

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Early pulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis: assessment with thinsection CT. Author(s): Turetschek K, Ebner W, Fleischmann D, Wunderbaldinger P, Erlacher L, Zontsich T, Bankier AA. Source: Clin Radiol. 2000 August; 55(8): 632-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964736&dopt=Abstract

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Echocardiographic abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): O'Neill TW, King G, Graham IM, Molony J, Bresnihan B. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 May; 51(5): 652-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1616332&dopt=Abstract

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Echocardiographic evidence of altered cardiac diastolic function in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Khan MA, Sun JP, Balher RC. Source: Lancet. 1987 June 27; 1(8548): 1501. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2885499&dopt=Abstract

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Echocardiographic evidence of cardiac involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Yildirir A, Aksoyek S, Calguneri M, Oto A, Kes S. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2002 May; 21(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086163&dopt=Abstract


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Echocardiographic features of mitral regurgitation due to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Shah A. Source: Am J Med. 1987 February; 82(2): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3812536&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of physiotherapy on spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Viitanen JV, Suni J, Kautiainen H, Liimatainen M, Takala H. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1992; 21(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1570486&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of spa therapy in Tiberias on patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tishler M, Brostovski Y, Yaron M. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 January; 14(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7743740&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of lymphocytapheresis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ueo T, Kobori K, Okumura H, Ito K, Yoshida H, Norioka M, Shimizu K, Yamamuro T. Source: Transfus Sci. 1990; 11(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10149524&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of warming up on reliability of anthropometric techniques in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Roberts WN, Liang MH, Pallozzi LM, Daltroy LH. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1988 April; 31(4): 549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358812&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2-specific inhibitor, in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a six-week controlled study with comparison against placebo and against a conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. Author(s): Dougados M, Behier JM, Jolchine I, Calin A, van der Heijde D, Olivieri I, Zeidler H, Herman H. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 January; 44(1): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212158&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of diclofenac in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calabro JJ. Source: Am J Med. 1986 April 28; 80(4B): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3518435&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of diclofenac/misoprostol vs diclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McKenna F. Source: Drugs. 1993; 45 Suppl 1: 24-30; Discussion 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7685685&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of infliximab in refractory ankylosing spondylitis: results of a six-month open-label study. Author(s): Breban M, Vignon E, Claudepierre P, Devauchelle V, Wendling D, Lespessailles E, Euller-Ziegler L, Sibilia J, Perdriger A, Mezieres M, Alexandre C, Dougados M. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 November; 41(11): 1280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422001&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a three-year open study. Author(s): Biasi D, Carletto A, Caramaschi P, Pacor ML, Maleknia T, Bambara LM. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2000; 19(2): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791621&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Breban M, Gombert B, Amor B, Dougados M. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 March; 42(3): 580-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088786&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated serum interleukin-2 receptor; increased in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis and lack of response to testosterone-enhanced in vitro interleukin-2 production in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Liu HC, Hsieh KH. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1987 February; 20(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3109849&dopt=Abstract

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Employment perspectives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chorus AM, Boonen A, Miedema HS, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 August; 61(8): 693-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117674&dopt=Abstract


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Employment, work disability, and work days lost in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a cross sectional study of Dutch patients. Author(s): Boonen A, Chorus A, Miedema H, van der Heijde D, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 April; 60(4): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247865&dopt=Abstract

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Endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor--a new biological marker for disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Jones PB, Makki RJ, Weiss JB. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 April; 33(4): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8156303&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced interferon-gamma production by lymphocytes induced by a mitogen from mycoplasma arthritidis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Seitz M, Lemmel EM, Homfeld J, Kirchner H. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1989; 9(2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2510239&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced jejunal production of antibodies to Klebsiella and other Enterobacteria in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Hallgren R, Kanerud L, Feltelius N, Knutsson L, Granfors K. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 July; 56(7): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9486004&dopt=Abstract

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Enterobacteria and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Alvaro-Gracia JM, Ariza A, Cascon G, Sabando P, Ossorio C. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1987; 16(3): 221-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3602954&dopt=Abstract

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Enterobacterial antibodies in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chou CT, Uksila J, Toivanen P. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 March-April; 16(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536392&dopt=Abstract

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Enterobacterial antibodies in patients with ankylosing spondylitis from southern Italy. Author(s): Iannone F, Lapadula G. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 November-December; 17(6): 752-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609081&dopt=Abstract

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Enterobacterial involvement in the pathogenesis of secondary ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Bohemen CG, Weterings E, Goei The HS, Grumet FC, Zanen HC. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2456814&dopt=Abstract

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Enthesitis of the ligamentum teres during ankylosing spondylitis: histopathological report. Author(s): Gillet P, Pere P, Jouzeau JY, Floquet J, Gaucher A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 January; 53(1): 82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8311565&dopt=Abstract

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Enthesitis, osteitis, microbes, biomechanics, and immune reactivity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McGonagle D, Emery P. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 October; 27(10): 2302-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11036820&dopt=Abstract

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Enthesopathy index in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dawes PT, Sheeran TP, Beswick EJ, Hothersall TE. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 September; 46(9): 717. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3675016&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic aspects, clinical features, and management of ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Author(s): Toivanen A, Toivanen P. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1994 July; 6(4): 354-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8068506&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toivanen A, Toivanen P. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1995 July; 7(4): 279-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7547104&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology and genetics of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ahearn JM, Hochberg MC. Source: J Rheumatol Suppl. 1988 September; 16: 22-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3057207&dopt=Abstract


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Estimated radiation doses to different organs among patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis with a single course of X rays. Author(s): Lewis CA, Smith PG, Stratton IM, Darby SC, Doll R. Source: Br J Radiol. 1988 March; 61(723): 212-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3126852&dopt=Abstract

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Estimating the strength of genetic effects: a comparison of maximum likelihood and transmission disequilibrium methods in the study of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Amos CI, Wan Y, Siminovitch KA, Rubin LA. Source: Hum Immunol. 1997 September 15; 57(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438194&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic differences in ankylosing spondylitis: disease expression in Pakistan compared to Britain. Author(s): Roussou E, Chowdhry KM, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 March; 24(3): 612-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058679&dopt=Abstract

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Etiopathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Author(s): Inman RD, Scofield RH. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1994 July; 6(4): 360-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8068507&dopt=Abstract

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Etiopathogenesis of reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Careless DJ, Inman RD. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1995 July; 7(4): 290-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7547106&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a French version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index in patients with spondyloarthropathy. Author(s): Claudepierre P, Sibilia J, Goupille P, Flipo RM, Wendling D, Eulry F, Clerc D, Berthelot JM, Vergne P, Roudot-Thoraval F, Larget-Piet B, Chevalier X. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 October; 24(10): 1954-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9330938&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a functional index and an articular index in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, Nguyen M, Mery C, Amor B. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 February; 15(2): 302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3283358&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a functional index for patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dougados M, Gueguen A, Nakache JP, Nguyen M, Amor B. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 September; 17(9): 1254-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2290177&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison of the Rome, New York and modified New York criteria in patients with a positive clinical history screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Goie The HS, Steven MM, van der Linden SM, Cats A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1985 August; 24(3): 242-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3160423&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of early diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis in a 10 year followup. Author(s): Mau W, Zeidler H, Mau R, Majewski A, Freyschmidt J, Stangel W, Deicher H. Source: Z Rheumatol. 1990 March-April; 49(2): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2140920&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of early diagnostic criteria including HLA-B27 for ankylosing spondylitis in a follow-up study. Author(s): Zeidler H, Mau R, Mau W, Freyschmidt J, Majewski A, Deicher H. Source: Z Rheumatol. 1985 November-December; 44(6): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3879416&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of functional capacity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dougados M, van der Heijde D. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 January; 26(1): 4-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918233&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of quantitative sacro-iliac scintigraphy in the early diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kjallman M, Nylen O, Hansen M. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1986; 15(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3798041&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis--an interventional study. Author(s): Fraser SM, Sturrock RD. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 29(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968353&dopt=Abstract


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Evaluation of the involvement of axial entheses and sacroiliac joints in relation to diagnosis: comparison among diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostostis (DISH), osteoarthrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maertens M, Mielants H, Verstraete K, Veys EM. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1992 December; 11(4): 551-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1486750&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the smallest detectable difference in outcome or process variables in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Auleley GR, Benbouazza K, Spoorenberg A, Collantes E, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, van der Heijde D, Dougados M. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 December 15; 47(6): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522830&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a protective influence of blood group A phenotype on X-ray signs of ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27 positives. Author(s): Bauer K. Source: Dis Markers. 1987 September; 5(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3509723&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence of impaired cartilage/bone turnover in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Marhoffer W, Stracke H, Masoud I, Scheja M, Graef V, Bolten W, Federlin K. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 July; 54(7): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7668898&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise and changes in health status in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Uhrin Z, Kuzis S, Ward MM. Source: Arch Intern Med. 2000 October 23; 160(19): 2969-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041905&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise habits among patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A questionnaire based survey in the County of Vasterbotten, Sweden. Author(s): Sundstrom B, Ekergard H, Sundelin G. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2002; 31(3): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195631&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise in ankylosing spondylitis: how much is optimum? Author(s): Santos H, Brophy S, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 November; 25(11): 2156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818658&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise performance of subjects with ankylosing spondylitis and limited chest expansion. Author(s): Elliott CG, Hill TR, Adams TE, Crapo RO, Nietrzeba RM, Gardner RM. Source: Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1985 July-August; 21(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4041661&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of HLA-B27 antigens on mononuclear leucocytes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van der Gaag R, Luyendijk L, Linssen A, Kijlstra A. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1985 May; 60(2): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3874023&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of the CD2 activation epitope T11-3 (CD2R) on T cells in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and Lyme disease: phenotypic and functional analysis. Author(s): Potocnik AJ, Menninger H, Yang SY, Pirner K, Krause A, Burmester GR, Broker BM, Hept P, Weseloh G, Michels H, et al. Source: Scand J Immunol. 1991 September; 34(3): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1715605&dopt=Abstract

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Facial palsy and partial accommodative insufficiency associated with sulphasalazine treatment in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Magnus JH, Elverland HH, Olsen EG, Husby G. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1993; 22(4): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8102809&dopt=Abstract

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Factors affecting the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chou CT. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2001 February; 114(2): 211-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780212&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing the cytotoxicity of anti-bacterial sera for lymphocytes from ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Archer JR, Stubbs MM, Geczy AF. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1988 January-March; 6(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3260844&dopt=Abstract

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Factors related to change in global health after group physical therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hidding A, van der Linden S. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 May; 14(3): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641514&dopt=Abstract


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Failure of Klebsiella pneumoniae antibodies to cross-react with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cameron FH, Russell PJ, Easter JF, Wakefield D, March L. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 March; 30(3): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3551965&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of the serological determination of HLA-B27 due to antigen masking in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Neumuller J, Fischer M, Eberl R. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1993; 13(4): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8310210&dopt=Abstract

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Failure to detect cross-reacting antibodies to HLA-B27.5 and Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in sera from patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): de Vries DD, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Gyodi E, Ivanyi P. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1990; 87: 72; Discussion 72-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1701922&dopt=Abstract

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Familial aggregation of ankylosing spondylitis in Southern China. Author(s): Liu Y, Li J, Chen B, Helenius H, Granfors K. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 March; 28(3): 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296957&dopt=Abstract

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Familial aggregation of Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis in a mother and her son. Author(s): Czeizel AE. Source: J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992 June; 14(4): 349-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1607613&dopt=Abstract

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Familial Mediterranean fever with HLA B-27 positive ankylosing spondylitis in a young Armenian man. Author(s): Kaushik P, el-Sobkie NI, Shehab D, Malaviya AN. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 May-June; 17(3): 387-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410279&dopt=Abstract

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Familial occurrence of dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia, lipomatosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jensen IW, Faber J, Grunnet N. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1990; 19(4): 303-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2402602&dopt=Abstract

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Familial versus sporadic ankylosing spondylitis. Two different diseases? Author(s): Calin A, Kennedy LG, Edmunds L, Will R. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1993 May; 36(5): 676-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8489546&dopt=Abstract

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Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis: its prevalence and relationship to disease activity, sleep, and other factors. Author(s): Jones SD, Koh WH, Steiner A, Garrett SL, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 March; 23(3): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832988&dopt=Abstract

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Fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis--why is it ignored? Author(s): Calin A, Edmunds L, Kennedy LG. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 June; 20(6): 991-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8350337&dopt=Abstract

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Favorable results using methotrexate in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Handler RP. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1989 February; 32(2): 234. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2920057&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of utility assessment by rating scale and standard gamble in patients with ankylosing spondylitis or fibromyalgia. Author(s): Bakker C, Rutten M, van Doorslaer E, Bennett K, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 February; 21(2): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182636&dopt=Abstract

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Fiddling while Rome burns: burn out, remission and disease activity measurements in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Thomson GT, Chalmers IM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 April; 20(4): 607-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496851&dopt=Abstract

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Fifteen months' follow-up of intensive inpatient physiotherapy and exercise in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Viitanen JV, Lehtinen K, Suni J, Kautiainen H. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 July; 14(4): 413-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7586977&dopt=Abstract


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Flexion osteotomy of the cervical spine: a new technique for correction of iatrogenic extension deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sengupta DK, Khazim R, Grevitt MP, Webb JK. Source: Spine. 2001 May 1; 26(9): 1068-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337626&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoroscopy-guided intraarticular corticosteroid injection into the sacroiliac joints in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Karabacakoglu A, Karakose S, Ozerbil OM, Odev K. Source: Acta Radiol. 2002 July; 43(4): 425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225487&dopt=Abstract

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Flurbiprofen in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A comparison with indomethacin. Author(s): Lomen PL, Turner LF, Lamborn KR, Brinn EL. Source: Am J Med. 1986 March 24; 80(3A): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3963018&dopt=Abstract

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Flurbiprofen in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A comparison with phenylbutazone. Author(s): Lomen PL, Turner LF, Lamborn KR, Brinn EL, Sattler LP. Source: Am J Med. 1986 March 24; 80(3A): 120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3963017&dopt=Abstract

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Focal sialadenitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and spondyloarthropathy: a comparison with patients with rheumatoid arthritis or mixed connective tissue disease. Author(s): Helenius LM, Hietanen JH, Helenius I, Kautiainen H, Piirainen H, Paimela L, Lappalainen M, Suuronen R, Lindqvist C, Leirisalo-Repo M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 August; 60(8): 744-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11454637&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up findings in three patients with spinal ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Goei The HS, Cats A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1986; 15(2): 221-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3749830&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up study of ankylosing spondylitis over a period of 12 years (1977-1989). Author(s): Dekker-Saeys AJ, Keat AC. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1990; 87: 120-1; Discussion 121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2259880&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture of the dens in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Govender S, Charles RW. Source: Injury. 1987 May; 18(3): 213-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3508854&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture of the odontoid peg in ankylosing spondylitis: case report. Author(s): Peh WC, Ho EK. Source: J Trauma. 1995 March; 38(3): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7897715&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture of the S1 vertebral body in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Markel DC, Graziano GP. Source: J Spinal Disord. 1992 June; 5(2): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1606383&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture risk in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a population based study. Author(s): Cooper C, Carbone L, Michet CJ, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 October; 21(10): 1877-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7837154&dopt=Abstract

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Fractured hip in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Cohen AM, Coates DP. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 February 1-14; 53(3): 119. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7728315&dopt=Abstract

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Fractures of the cervical spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Amamilo SC. Source: Orthop Rev. 1989 March; 18(3): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2710581&dopt=Abstract

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Fractures of the dens complicating ankylosing spondylitis with atlantooccipital fusion. Author(s): Miller FH, Rogers LF. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 May; 18(5): 771-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1865430&dopt=Abstract

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Fractures of the lower vertebral column in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Straiton N. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1987 September; 41(9): 933-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3451777&dopt=Abstract


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Fractures of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gelineck J, De Carvalho A. Source: Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1990 March; 152(3): 30710. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2157254&dopt=Abstract

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Fractures of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Author(s): Graham B, Van Peteghem PK. Source: Spine. 1989 August; 14(8): 803-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2781394&dopt=Abstract

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Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hitchon PW, From AM, Brenton MD, Glaser JA, Torner JC. Source: J Neurosurg. 2002 September; 97(2 Suppl): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296682&dopt=Abstract

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Fractures of the vertebrae with spinal cord injuries in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: imaging findings. Author(s): Karasick D, Schweitzer ME, Abidi NA, Cotler JM. Source: Ajr Am J Roentgenol. 1995 November; 165(5): 1205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572504&dopt=Abstract

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Free and serum testosterone levels in 276 males: a comparative study of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and healthy controls. Author(s): Spector TD, Ollier W, Perry LA, Silman AJ, Thompson PW, Edwards A. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1989 March; 8(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2787224&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of atlantoaxial subluxation and neurologic involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Gomez-Vargas A, Guzman-Guzman JL, Jimenez-Gil F, Gamez-Nava JI, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Farrera-Gamboa H, Maksymowych WP, SuarezAlmazor ME. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 November; 22(11): 2120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596154&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of HLA-B27 subtypes in a Danish population and in Danish patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Baech J, Schmidt-Olsen S, Steffensen R, Varming K, Grunnet N, Jersild C. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1997 May; 49(5): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174143&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of the new HLA-B*2709 allele in ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy individuals. Author(s): D'Amato M, Fiorillo MT, Galeazzi M, Martinetti M, Amoroso A, Sorrentino R. Source: Dis Markers. 1995 August; 12(3): 215-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8590548&dopt=Abstract

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From ankylosing spondylitis to Forestier's disease: ossifying enthesopathy, a unifying concept. Author(s): Gaucher AA, Pere PG, Gillet PM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 June; 17(6): 854-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2117661&dopt=Abstract

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Functional assessment in ankylosing spondylitis: evaluation of a new selfadministered questionnaire and correlation with anthropometric variables. Author(s): Abbott CA, Helliwell PS, Chamberlain MA. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 November; 33(11): 1060-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7981994&dopt=Abstract

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Functional disability predicts total costs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ward MM. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 January; 46(1): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817595&dopt=Abstract

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Further observations upon HLA-B27, Yersinia enterocolitica, and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pease PE, Balmer SE, Tallack JE, Chahal H, Ibbotson J, Bartlett LR, Lane M, Allan RN. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 June; 45(6): 526-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3488038&dopt=Abstract

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Gait analysis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Zebouni L, Helliwell PS, Howe A, Wright V. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 July; 51(7): 898-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1632666&dopt=Abstract

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Gender, depression, and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Barlow JH, Macey SJ, Struthers GR. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 1993 March; 6(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8443258&dopt=Abstract


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Generic measures of health-related quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsiveness. Author(s): Haywood KL, Garratt AM, Dziedzic K, Dawes PT. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 December; 41(12): 1380-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468817&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic aspects of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Khan MA, Ball EJ. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 675-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406434&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic aspects of susceptibility, severity, and clinical expression in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Crane AM, Wordsworth BP. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 July; 14(4): 354-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118167&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics and rheumatic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Gregersen PK. Source: Bull Rheum Dis. 2001; 50(2): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339004&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): Moller P. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1987; 5 Suppl 1: S35-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498597&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Wordsworth BP, Reveille JD. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S43-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463446&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of non-HLA marker genes in HLA-B27-positive and -negative ankylosing spondylitis families. Author(s): de Jongh BM, van der Linden SM, Volkers WS, Cats A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1990; 87: 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2259882&dopt=Abstract

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Genuine ankylosing spondylitis in children: a case-control study of patients with early definite disease according to adult onset criteria. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Vazquez-Mellado J, Cassis N, Duarte C, Casarin J, Cifuentes M, Lino L. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 December; 23(12): 2140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8970053&dopt=Abstract

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Glomerulonephritis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Shu KH, Lian JD, Yang YF, Lu YS, Wang JY, Lan JL, Chou G. Source: Clin Nephrol. 1986 April; 25(4): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3516479&dopt=Abstract

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Gonadal and adrenal sex steroids in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gooren LJ, Giltay EJ, van Schaardenburg D, Dijkmans BA. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000 November; 26(4): 969-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11084954&dopt=Abstract

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Guilt by association: HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Beukelman CJ, Van Leeuwen A. Source: Immunol Today. 1990 August; 11(8): 270. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2206268&dopt=Abstract

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Guilt by association: HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Benjamin R, Parham P. Source: Immunol Today. 1990 April; 11(4): 137-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2187471&dopt=Abstract

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Gut mucosal T cell lines from ankylosing spondylitis patients are enriched with alphaEbeta7 integrin. Author(s): Van Damme N, Elewaut D, Baeten D, Demetter P, Cuvelier C, Verbruggen G, Mielants H, Veys EM, De Vos M, De Keyser F. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 November-December; 19(6): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791640&dopt=Abstract

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Hangman's fracture in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McCall I, el Masri W, Jaffray D. Source: Injury. 1985 July; 16(7): 483-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4030077&dopt=Abstract


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Health locus of control, self-help and treatment adherence in relation to ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Barlow JH, Macey SJ, Struthers GR. Source: Patient Educ Couns. 1993 May; 20(2-3): 153-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8337192&dopt=Abstract

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Health-related quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis: a survey of 175 patients. Author(s): Ward MM. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 1999 August; 12(4): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689989&dopt=Abstract

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Hematuria and proteinuria in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Veis JH, Hammond WS, Teitelbaum I. Source: Am J Kidney Dis. 1988 February; 11(2): 196-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3341378&dopt=Abstract

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Hemothorax--an unusual presentation of spinal fracture in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Juric G, Coumas JM, Giansiracusa DF, Irwin RS. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 17(2): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2319528&dopt=Abstract

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Herniated nucleus pulposus in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. A case report. Author(s): Burkus JK. Source: Spine. 1988 January; 13(1): 103-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3381117&dopt=Abstract

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Heterotopic bone formation following total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sundaram NA, Murphy JC. Source: Clin Orthop. 1986 June; (207): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3087671&dopt=Abstract

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Hidden flexion injury of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lahoti OP, Callanan I, Reidy DP, O'Rourke SK. Source: Injury. 1995 January; 26(1): 67-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868219&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of thoracic vertebral deformities and discal wedging in ankylosing spondylitis patients with hyperkyphosis. Author(s): Geusens P, Vosse D, van der Heijde D, Vanhoof J, van Tubergen A, Raus J, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 August; 28(8): 1856-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508590&dopt=Abstract

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High T cell epitope sharing between two HLA-B27 subtypes (B*2705 and B*2709) differentially associated to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Garcia-Peydro M, Marti M, Lopez de Castro JA. Source: J Immunol. 1999 August 15; 163(4): 2299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10438975&dopt=Abstract

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High variability of HLA-B27 alleles in ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies in the population of northern Spain. Author(s): Gonzalez S, Garcia-Fernandez S, Martinez-Borra J, Blanco-Gelaz MA, Rodrigo L, Sanchez del Rio J, Lopez-Vazquez A, Torre-Alonso JC, Lopez-Larrea C. Source: Hum Immunol. 2002 August; 63(8): 673-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121675&dopt=Abstract

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Higher prevalence of peripheral arthritis among ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Lee JH, Jun JB, Jung S, Bae SC, Yoo DH, Kim TY, Kim SY, Kim TH. Source: J Korean Med Sci. 2002 October; 17(5): 669-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378021&dopt=Abstract

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High-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the IL1RN locus in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectrometry. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Reeve JP, Reveille JD, Akey JM, Buenviaje H, O'Brien L, Peloso PM, Thomson GT, Jin L, Russell AS. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 July; 48(7): 2011-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847695&dopt=Abstract

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Histopathologic evidence that sacroiliitis in ankylosing spondylitis is not merely enthesitis. Author(s): Francois RJ, Gardner DL, Degrave EJ, Bywaters EG. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2000 September; 43(9): 2011-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014351&dopt=Abstract


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HIV infection and ankylosing spondylitis. Which benefits from the coexistence? Author(s): Sipsas NV, Panayiotakopoulos GD, Zormpala A, Kordossis T. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2000; 19(6): 512. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11147772&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigens in ankylosing spondylitis associated with Crohn's disease. Increased frequency of the HLA phenotype B27,B44. Author(s): Purrmann J, Zeidler H, Bertrams J, Juli E, Cleveland S, Berges W, Gemsa R, Specker C, Reis HE. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 November; 15(11): 1658-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3266250&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigens in ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral arthritis. Author(s): Glass DN, Aaron S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 July; 47(7): 615. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261156&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigens in seronegative spondylarthropathies. Reactive arthritis and arthritis in ankylosing spondylitis: relation to gut inflammation. Author(s): Mielants H, Veys EM, Joos R, Noens L, Cuvelier C, De Vos M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 June; 14(3): 466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498033&dopt=Abstract

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HLA class I and class II association with ankylosing spondylitis in a southern Indian population. Author(s): Madhavan R, Parthiban M, Rajendran CP, Chandrasekaran AN, Zake L, Sanjeevi CB. Source: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 April; 958: 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021150&dopt=Abstract

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HLA class I associations of ankylosing spondylitis in the white population in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Brown MA, Pile KD, Kennedy LG, Calin A, Darke C, Bell J, Wordsworth BP, Cornelis F. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1996 April; 55(4): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733445&dopt=Abstract

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HLA class II antigens (DR, DQ loci) and peripheral arthritis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sanmarti R, Ercilla MG, Brancos MA, Cid MC, Collado A, Rotes-Querol J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 July; 46(7): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3662636&dopt=Abstract

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HLA haplotypes in a family with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Rantapaa Dahlqvist S, Strom H, Bjelle A, Moller E. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 June; 12(3): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3876435&dopt=Abstract

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HLA in ankylosing spondylitis: is HLA-B27 the only MHC gene involved in disease pathogenesis? Author(s): Reveille JD, Suarez Almazor ME, Russell AS, Go RC, Appleyard J, Barger BO, Acton RT, Koopman WJ, McDaniel DO. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1994 April; 23(5): 295-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7913556&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-A*9, a probable secondary susceptibility marker to ankylosing spondylitis in Basque patients. Author(s): de Juan MD, Reta A, Cancio J, Belzunegui J, Cuadrado E. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1999 February; 53(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090616&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B associations of HLA-B27 negative ankylosing spondylitis: comment on the article by Yamaguchi et al. Author(s): Brown M, Bunce M, Calin A, Darke C, Wordsworth P. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 October; 39(10): 1768-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843876&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B*27 subtyping by PCR-RFLP in Spanish patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fraile A, Martin J, Lopez-Nevot MA, Mataran L, Nieto A. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1998 November; 52(5): 492-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9864041&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 alone rather than B27-related class I haplotypes contributes to ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility. Author(s): Martinez-Borra J, Gonzalez S, Lopez-Vazquez A, Gelaz MA, Armas JB, Kanga U, Mehra NK, Lopez-Larrea C. Source: Hum Immunol. 2000 February; 61(2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717805&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis: an anti-idiotypic model. Author(s): McLean IL, Adams DD, Highton J. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1985 November; 18(3): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3878886&dopt=Abstract


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HLA-B27 and B12(B44) in Crohn's disease with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 June; 16(6): 851-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2778773&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 and clinical aspects of ankylosing spondylitis: results of prospective studies. Author(s): Wagener P, Mau W, Zeidler H, Eckert G, Robin-Winn M, Deicher H. Source: Immunol Rev. 1985 August; 86: 93-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3899917&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 and its subtypes in 4 Taiwanese Aborigine tribes: a comparison to Han Chinese patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chou CT, Chen JM, Hsu CM, Chen SJ. Source: J Rheumatol. 2003 February; 30(2): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563689&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 and the putative susceptibility gene for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Reynolds TL, Khan MA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 June; 15(6): 1037-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262159&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 associated cross-reactive marker on the cells of New Zealand patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McGuigan LE, Geczy AF, Prendergast JK, Edmonds JP, Hart HH, Bashir HV. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 February; 45(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3484937&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 negative ankylosing spondylitis and hidradenitis suppurativa: report of a case. Author(s): Grassi W, Offidani AM, Blasetti P, Simonetti O, Cervini C. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1988 June; 7(2): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262031&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 negative ankylosing spondylitis in a father and a son. Author(s): Skomsvoll JF, Ostensen M, Romberg O, Anda S. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1995; 24(5): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8533051&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 polymorphism and worldwide susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gonzalez-Roces S, Alvarez MV, Gonzalez S, Dieye A, Makni H, Woodfield DG, Housan L, Konenkov V, Abbadi MC, Grunnet N, Coto E, Lopez-Larrea C. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1997 February; 49(2): 116-23. Erratum In: Tissue Antigens 1997 September; 50(3): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062966&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis and polyarteritis nodosa: a case report. Author(s): Galeazzi M, Fioravanti A, Minari C, Selvi E, Veronesi M, Marcolongo R. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 March; 15(2): 204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8777859&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 subtypes in Asian patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Evidence for new associations. Author(s): Lopez-Larrea C, Sujirachato K, Mehra NK, Chiewsilp P, Isarangkura D, Kanga U, Dominguez O, Coto E, Pena M, Setien F, et al. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1995 March; 45(3): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7761976&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 subtypes in Croatian patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Grubic Z, Kerhin-Brkljacic V, Peric P, Cecuk-Jelicic E, Zunec R, Kastelan A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2001; 30(1): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252694&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 subtypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (As) in Colombia. Author(s): Martinez B, Caraballo L, Hernandez M, Valle R, Avila M, Iglesias Gamarra A. Source: Rev Invest Clin. 1999 July-August; 51(4): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546503&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27 testing in ankylosing spondylitis: an analysis of the pretesting assumptions. Author(s): Baron M, Zendel I. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 May; 16(5): 631-4; Discussion 634-6. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 1989 July; 16(7): 1014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2526875&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27, ankylosing spondylitis and Klebsiella pneumoniae: toward a molecular approach. Author(s): Toubert A, Philippon A, Amor B. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 April; 14(2): 391-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3298651&dopt=Abstract


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HLA-B27, molecular mimicry, and ankylosing spondylitis: popular misconceptions. Author(s): Geczy AF, Prendergast JK, Sullivan JS, Upfold LI, McGuigan LE, Bashir HV, Prendergast M, Edmonds JP. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 February; 46(2): 171-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3493737&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27-derived peptides as autoantigens for T lymphocytes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Marker-Hermann E, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Wildner G. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1997 November; 40(11): 2047-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9365095&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27-negative ankylosing spondylitis resulting in panclavicular ligament ossification--a 28-year follow-up. Author(s): Tamai K, Mashitori H, Saotome K, Hoshino T. Source: Acta Orthop Scand. 1998 June; 69(3): 323-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9703414&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27-positive familial case of a daughter with juvenile pustular psoriasis and her father with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Isogai Z, Tsuji T, Kurita K, Iwata H. Source: Pediatr Dermatol. 1999 November-December; 16(6): 491-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651571&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B27-restricted CD8 T cells derived from synovial fluids of patients with reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hermann E, Yu DT, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Fleischer B. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 11; 342(8872): 646-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103147&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-B7/B27 constructs: a tool to understand the molecular mimicry hypothesis between HLA-B27 and gram-negative bacterial antigens in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toubert A, Sire J, Sodoyer R, Amor B, Jordan BR. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 19-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261187&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-Bw60 increases susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27+ patients. Author(s): Robinson WP, van der Linden SM, Khan MA, Rentsch HU, Cats A, Russell A, Thomson G. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1989 September; 32(9): 1135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2789045&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DR8 and acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Monowarul Islam SM, Numaga J, Fujino Y, Masuda K, Ohda H, Hirata R, Maeda H, Mitsui H. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1995 April; 38(4): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7718009&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-DR8 and susceptibility to acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis: comment on the article by Monowarul Islam et al. Author(s): Ploski R, Maksymowych W, Forre O. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 February; 39(2): 351-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8849392&dopt=Abstract

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Homozygous MM in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brewerton DA, Pease CT, Godwin G, McCarthy DM. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1987 February; 26(1): 65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3814974&dopt=Abstract

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How should clinicians manage osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Bessant R, Keat A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 July; 29(7): 1511-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136913&dopt=Abstract

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HSP70 gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fraile A, Nieto A, Mataran L, Martin J. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1998 April; 51(4 Pt 1): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583810&dopt=Abstract

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HSP70-Hom NcoI polymorphism and HLA-associations in the Finnish population and in patients with ankylosing spondylitis or reactive arthritis. Author(s): Westman P, Partanen J, Leirisalo-Repo M, Koskimies S. Source: Eur J Immunogenet. 1994 April; 21(2): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098422&dopt=Abstract

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Human chorionic gonadotrophin and active ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jara LJ, Espinoza LR. Source: J Rheumatol. 1992 August; 19(8): 1317-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1404176&dopt=Abstract


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Humoral immune response to Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides in HLA-B27positive patients with acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sahly H, Podschun R, Kekow J, Nolle B, Gross WL, Ullmann U. Source: Autoimmunity. 1998; 28(4): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892502&dopt=Abstract

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Hyper-responsiveness to EBV in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Winrow VR, Perry JD. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 June; 46(6): 493-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2820321&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of major loci controlling clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Brophy S, Bradbury L, Hamersma J, Timms A, Laval S, Cardon L, Calin A, Wordsworth BP. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 August; 48(8): 2234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905477&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. A new case report. Author(s): Bezza A, Maghraoui AE, Ghadouane M, Tabache F, Abouzahir A, Abbar M, Ghafir D, Ohayon V, Archane MI. Source: Joint Bone Spine. 2002 October; 69(5): 502-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477237&dopt=Abstract

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Ig A antibodies to klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ardicoglu O, Atay MB, Ataoglu H, Etiz N, Ozenci H. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 November; 15(6): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973866&dopt=Abstract

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IgA and rheumatoid factor in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Moller P, Kleveland G, Egeland T, Vinje O, Mellbye OJ. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1988; 75: 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3238362&dopt=Abstract

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IgA antibodies against Klebsiella and other Gram-negative bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis. Author(s): Sprenkels SH, Van Kregten E, Feltkamp TE. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 January; 15 Suppl 1: 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835503&dopt=Abstract

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IgA antibodies in HLA-B27 associated acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sprenkels SH, Uksila J, Vainionpaa R, Toivanen P, Feltkamp TE. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 January; 15 Suppl 1: 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835504&dopt=Abstract

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IgA antibodies to gram-negative bacteria in the serum and saliva of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pease CT, Fordham JN, Stubbs MM, Archer JR. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1987; 16(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3602952&dopt=Abstract

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IgA antibody response to klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis measured by immunoblotting. Author(s): Shodjai-Moradi F, Ebringer A, Abuljadayel I. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 February; 51(2): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1550409&dopt=Abstract

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IgA class serum antibodies against three different Klebsiella serotypes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Nissila M, Lehtinen K, Granfors K. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 December; 37(12): 1299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9973153&dopt=Abstract

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IgA containing immune complexes and hematuria in ankylosing spondylitis. A prospective longitudinal study. Author(s): Peeters AJ, van den Wall Bake AW, van Albada-Kuipers GA, Westedt ML, Brand R, Breedveld FC, van Es LA, Cats A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 November; 15(11): 1662-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3236300&dopt=Abstract

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IgA nephropathy associated with ankylosing spondylitis: occurrence in women as well as in men. Author(s): Lai KN, Li PK, Hawkins B, Lai FM. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 May; 48(5): 435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2730170&dopt=Abstract

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IgA nephropathy in a young female with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kanterewicz E, Sanmarti R, Collado A, Brancos MA, Torras A, Rotes Querol J. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1987 October; 26(5): 396-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664172&dopt=Abstract


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IgA serum levels and disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calabro JJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 January; 46(1): 85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3813682&dopt=Abstract

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IgA serum levels and disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective study. Author(s): Franssen MJ, van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 November; 44(11): 766-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4062389&dopt=Abstract

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IgA1 and IgA2 subclass antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae in the sera of patients with peripheral and axial types of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Nissila M, Lehtinen K, Leirisalo-Repo M, Granfors K. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 August; 54(8): 631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7677438&dopt=Abstract

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IgA-alpha 1 antitrypsin complexes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Struthers GR, Lewin IV, Stanworth DR. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 January; 48(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2784305&dopt=Abstract

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IgA-nephropathia in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Andersen GN. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1992; 21(1): 46-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1570488&dopt=Abstract

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IgG antibodies to enterobacteria 60 kDa heat shock proteins in the sera of HLA-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Dominguez-Lopez ML, Burgos-Vargas R, Galicia-Serrano H, Bonilla-Sanchez MT, Rangel-Acosta HH, Cancino-Diaz ME, Jimenez-Zamudio L, Granados J, GarciaLatorre E. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2002; 31(5): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455814&dopt=Abstract

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IgG heavy chain (Gm) allotypes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gran JT, Gaarder PI, Husby G. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1985 March; 4(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3857142&dopt=Abstract

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IgM, IgA and IgG class serum antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Lehtinen K, Nissila M, Granfors K. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 November; 33(11): 1025-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7981989&dopt=Abstract

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IgM, IgG and IgA class enterobacterial antibodies in serum and synovial fluid in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Penttinen M, Von Essen R, Gripenberg-Lerche C, Isomaki H, Granfors K. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 October; 36(10): 1051-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9374920&dopt=Abstract

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IgM, IgG, and IgA response to enterobacteria in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in southern India. Author(s): Madhavan R, Porkodi R, Rajendran CP, Chandrasekaran AN, Umadevi KR, Alamelu R. Source: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 April; 958: 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021151&dopt=Abstract

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Ileocolonoscopic and histologic studies of Korean patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lee YH, Ji JD, Kim JS, Bak YT, Lee CH, Kim CH, Chae YS, Song GG. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1997; 26(6): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433410&dopt=Abstract

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Images and patterns in medicine. Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Feller ER. Source: R I Med. 1993 November; 76(11): 575, 577. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8312638&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging and scoring in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Braun J, Golder W, Bollow M, Sieper J, van der Heijde D. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S178-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463473&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging and scoring in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Braun J, van der Heijde D. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 573-604. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406428&dopt=Abstract


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Immobilisation of spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Two case reports. Author(s): Moreau AP, Willcox N, Brown MF. Source: Injury. 2003 May; 34(5): 372-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719167&dopt=Abstract

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Immune complexes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): MacLean IL, Archer JR, Cawley MI, Kidd BL, O'Hara BP, Pegley FS, Thompson PW. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 January; 51(1): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1540045&dopt=Abstract

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Immune-mediated sensorineural hearing loss in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Yeo SW, Park SN. Source: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 July; 125(1): 113-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458230&dopt=Abstract

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Immunity to cartilage proteoglycans in BALB/c mice with progressive polyarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis induced by injection of human cartilage proteoglycan. Author(s): Mikecz K, Glant TT, Poole AR. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 March; 30(3): 306-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3566822&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoblot analysis of antibody response to Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kihlstrom E, Gronberg A, Bengtsson A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1989; 18(6): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2617227&dopt=Abstract

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Immunogenetics of ankylosing spondylitis: clinically oriented aspects. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1987; 5 Suppl 1: S49-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498599&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin A and C reactive protein levels in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Collado A, Sanmarti R, Brancos MA, Kanterewicz E, Gallart T, Rotes-Querol J, Cobos A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 September; 46(9): 719-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3675018&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin A in the skin of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Collado A, Sanmarti R, Bielsa I, Castel T, Kanterewicz E, Canete JD, Brancos MA, Rotes-Querol J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 December; 47(12): 1004-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3061367&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and ankylosing spondylitis. Report of two patients in Taiwan and review of the literature. Author(s): Chen A, Ho YS, Tu YC, Shieh SD, Hung HW, Chou CT. Source: Nephron. 1988; 49(4): 313-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3045683&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin allotype Gm(1,2;21) in ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral arthritis. Author(s): Mierau R, von Muhlen CA, Zarnowski H, Genth E, Hartl PW. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 November; 47(11): 893-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3264692&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin allotypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and acute anterior uveitis. Author(s): Russell AS, Turc JM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 June; 12(3): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4045850&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin allotypes in patients with B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Russell AS, Pandey JP. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 December; 12(6): 1200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3879281&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Warmold A, van den Wall Bake L, Peeters AJ, van der Ark A, Daha MR, Cats A, van Es LA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 September; 15(9): 1410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3264340&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistologic analysis of peripheral joint disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cunnane G, Bresnihan B, FitzGerald O. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 January; 41(1): 180-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433885&dopt=Abstract


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Immunohistological features of synovitis in ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Kidd BL, Moore K, Walters MT, Smith JL, Cawley MI. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 February; 48(2): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2522758&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological basis for the use of TNFalpha-blocking agents in ankylosing spondylitis and immunological changes during treatment. Author(s): Zou JX, Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S34-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463444&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological study in three families of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wang JY, Yeh HY, Tu ST, Chen AC. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1992 May-June; 33(3): 191-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1514412&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoreactive insulin levels in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Solis JL, Mintz G. Source: Arch Invest Med (Mex). 1991 April-June; 22(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1819986&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of sex on inheritance of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Miceli-Richard C, Said-Nahal R, Breban M. Source: Lancet. 2000 March 25; 355(9209): 1097-8; Author Reply 1098. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744112&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of sex on inheritance of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Feldtkeller E, Braun J. Source: Lancet. 2000 March 25; 355(9209): 1096-7; Author Reply 1098. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744111&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of sex on inheritance of ankylosing spondylitis: a cohort study. Author(s): Calin A, Brophy S, Blake D. Source: Lancet. 1999 November 13; 354(9191): 1687-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568571&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired expression of IgA Fc receptors (CD89) by blood phagocytic cells in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Montenegro V, Chiamolera M, Launay P, Goncalves CR, Monteiro RC. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 February; 27(2): 411-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685807&dopt=Abstract

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In ankylosing spondylitis serum interleukin-6 correlates with the degree of mobility restriction, but not with short-term changes in the variables for mobility. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Herold M. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1998; 18(3): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9833250&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in Finland. Author(s): Kaipiainen-Seppanen O, Aho K, Heliovaara M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 March; 24(3): 496-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058655&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of pleuropulmonary symptoms in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Strimlan CV. Source: Chest. 2001 July; 120(1): 320-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451863&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of varicoceles in patients with ankylosing spondylitis evaluated by physical examination and color duplex sonography. Author(s): Ozgocmen S, Kocakoc E, Kiris A, Ardicoglu A, Ardicoglu O. Source: Urology. 2002 June; 59(6): 919-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031381&dopt=Abstract

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Increased antibody responses to Klebsiella serotypes K26, K36, and K50 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sahly H, Podschun R, Ullmann U. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 May; 38(5): 481-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371297&dopt=Abstract

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Increased incidence of alcohol-related deaths from accidents and violence in subjects with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Myllykangas-Luosujarvi R, Aho K, Lehtinen K, Kautiainen H, Hakala M. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 June; 37(6): 688-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667625&dopt=Abstract


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Increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mielants H, Veys EM, De Vos M, Cuvelier C. Source: Gut. 1992 August; 33(8): 1150. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1398245&dopt=Abstract

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Increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis--primary lesion or drug effect? Author(s): Morris AJ, Howden CW, Robertson C, Duncan A, Torley H, Sturrock RD, Russell RI. Source: Gut. 1991 December; 32(12): 1470-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1773950&dopt=Abstract

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Increased jejunal secretory IgA and IgM in ankylosing spondylitis: normalization after treatment with sulfasalazine. Author(s): Feltelius N, Hvatum M, Brandtzaeg P, Knutson L, Hallgren R. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 November; 21(11): 2076-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7869313&dopt=Abstract

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Increased level of HLA-B27 expression in ankylosing spondylitis patients compared with healthy HLA-B27-positive subjects: a possible further susceptibility factor for the development of disease. Author(s): Cauli A, Dessole G, Fiorillo MT, Vacca A, Mameli A, Bitti P, Passiu G, Sorrentino R, Mathieu A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 December; 41(12): 1375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468816&dopt=Abstract

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Increased levels of serum IgA as IgA1 monomers in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hocini H, Iscaki S, Benlahrache C, Vitalis L, Chevalier X, Larget-Piet B, Bouvet JP. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 June; 51(6): 790-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1616365&dopt=Abstract

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Increased osteoprotegerin and decreased pyridinoline levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: comment on the article by Gratacos et al. Author(s): Golmia RP, Sousa BD, Scheinberg MA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 December; 46(12): 3390-1; Author Reply 3392. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483748&dopt=Abstract

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Increased risk of ankylosing spondylitis among first-born children: comment on the article by Baudoin et al. Author(s): Said-Nahal R, Miceli-Richard C, Dougados M, Breban M. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 August; 44(8): 1964-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508451&dopt=Abstract

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Increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis among first-born children. Author(s): Baudoin P, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Weinreich S, Bezemer PD, Dijkmans BA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2000 December; 43(12): 2818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145041&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing age at presentation for patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Will R, Calin A, Kirwan J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 March; 51(3): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1575577&dopt=Abstract

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Index of suspicion. Case 2. Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Smith S. Source: Pediatr Rev. 1993 March; 14(3): 117-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8516232&dopt=Abstract

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Infection as a cause of reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatic fever. Author(s): Moreland LW, Koopman WJ. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1992 August; 4(4): 534-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503878&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammatory bowel disease and ankylosing spondylitis associated with cutaneous vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and circulating IgA immune complexes. Author(s): Peeters AJ, van den Wall Bake AW, Daha MR, Breeveld FC. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 August; 49(8): 638-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2204314&dopt=Abstract

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Infliximab in ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective observational inception cohort analysis of efficacy and safety. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Lambert RG, Mallon C, Buenviaje H, Pedrycz E, Luongo R, Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 May; 29(5): 959-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022358&dopt=Abstract


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Infliximab in the treatment of active and severe ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brandt J, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S106-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463458&dopt=Abstract

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Infliximab treatment of severe ankylosing spondylitis: one-year followup. Author(s): Brandt J, Haibel H, Sieper J, Reddig J, Braun J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 December; 44(12): 2936-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762956&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of disease activity and chronicity on ankylosing spondylitis bone mass loss. Author(s): Meirelles ES, Borelli A, Camargo OP. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1999; 18(5): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524549&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of trauma on initiation of Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Masson G, Thomas P, Bontoux D, Alcalay M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 December; 44(12): 860-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4083943&dopt=Abstract

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Information processing biases among chronic pain patients and ankylosing spondylitis patients: the impact of diagnosis. Author(s): Wells HJ, Pincus T, McWilliams E. Source: Eur J Pain. 2003; 7(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600791&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Marzo-Ortega H, Emery P, McGonagle D. Source: N Engl J Med. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 359-61; Author Reply 359-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542065&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Asli B, Wechsler B, Lemaitre C. Source: N Engl J Med. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 359-61; Author Reply 359-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540654&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 serum levels in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toussirot E, Nguyen NU, Dumoulin G, Regnard J, Wendling D. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 November; 37(11): 1172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9851264&dopt=Abstract

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Interethnic studies of TNF polymorphisms confirm the likely presence of a second MHC susceptibility locus in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Milicic A, Lindheimer F, Laval S, Rudwaleit M, Ackerman H, Wordsworth P, Hohler T, Brown MA. Source: Genes Immun. 2000 October; 1(7): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196671&dopt=Abstract

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Interferon production from peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chou CT, Lee W, Chang ML, Lee CF, Kuo SY, Lin YM. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1990 October; 89(10): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1706407&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 generation by peripheral blood cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Keystone EC, Jaglal S, Shore A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 October; 13(5): 944-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3493347&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin 10 polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Goedecke V, Crane AM, Jaakkola E, Kaluza W, Laiho K, Weeks DE, Wilson J, Kauppi M, Kaarela K, Tuomilehto J, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA. Source: Genes Immun. 2003 January; 4(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595905&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cellular proliferation index in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Vazquez-Del MM, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Munoz-Valle JF, Garcia-Iglesias T, Martinez-Bonilla G, Bernard-Medina G, Sanchez-Ortiz A, Ornelas-Aguirre JM, SalazarParamo M, Gamez-Nava JI, Gonzalez-Lopez L. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 March; 29(3): 522-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908566&dopt=Abstract


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Interleukin 6 gene promoter polymorphism is not associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Collado-Escobar MD, Nieto A, Mataran L, Raya E, Martin J. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 June; 27(6): 1461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852271&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van der Paardt M, Crusius JB, Garcia-Gonzalez MA, Baudoin P, Kostense PJ, Alizadeh BZ, Dijkmans BA, Pena AS, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 December; 41(12): 1419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468823&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-6 serum concentration in ankylosing spondylitis: a reliable predictor of disease progression in the subsequent year? Author(s): Falkenbach A, Herold M, Wigand R. Source: Rheumatol Int. 2000; 19(4): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836525&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-6, acute phase reactants and clinical status in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tutuncu ZN, Bilgie A, Kennedy LG, Calin A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 June; 53(6): 425-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7518664&dopt=Abstract

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Interpretation of positive urine stick tests for blood in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jobanputra P, Gibson T. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988 April; 27(2): 158-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365536&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal perforation in a patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Leitch DN, Fordham JN. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 August; 56(8): 458-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306867&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Bidet A, Guidet M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 January; 17(1): 114-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2313660&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal permeability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and their healthy relatives. Author(s): Martinez-Gonzalez O, Cantero-Hinojosa J, Paule-Sastre P, Gomez-Magan JC, Salvatierra-Rios D. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 July; 33(7): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8019793&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative autotransfusion in reconstructive hip joint surgery of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Endresen GK, Spiechowicz J, Pahle JA, Espeland B. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1991; 20(1): 28-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1901423&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Peters ND, Ejstrup L. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1992; 21(3): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1604251&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ejstrup L, Peters ND. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1985 August; 32(4): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4042697&dopt=Abstract

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Intrinsic spinal cord lesions in 2 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dolan AL, Gibson T. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 June; 21(6): 1160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7932436&dopt=Abstract

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Investigating the genetic basis for ankylosing spondylitis. Linkage studies with the major histocompatibility complex region. Author(s): Rubin LA, Amos CI, Wade JA, Martin JR, Bale SJ, Little AH, Gladman DD, Bonney GE, Rubenstein JD, Siminovitch KA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1994 August; 37(8): 1212-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8053961&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of the temporomandibular joints in ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew's disease). Author(s): Locher MC, Felder M, Sailer HF. Source: J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996 August; 24(4): 205-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880446&dopt=Abstract


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Involvement of the zygapophyseal joint in ankylosing spondylitis: relation to the bridging syndesmophyte. Author(s): de Vlam K, Mielants H, Veys EM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 August; 26(8): 1738-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451071&dopt=Abstract

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Is 99mTc human immunoglobulin G scintigraphy (HIG-scan) useful for the detection of spinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): de Vlam K, Van de Wiele C, Mielants H, Dierckx RA, Veys EM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 May-June; 18(3): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10895377&dopt=Abstract

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Is ankylosing spondylitis in childhood a distinct entity? Author(s): Petty RE. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 December; 23(12): 2013-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8970031&dopt=Abstract

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Is disease severity in ankylosing spondylitis genetically determined? Author(s): Hamersma J, Cardon LR, Bradbury L, Brophy S, van der Horst-Bruinsma I, Calin A, Brown MA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 June; 44(6): 1396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407700&dopt=Abstract

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Is fibrillin-1 the link between ankylosing spondylitis and Marfan's syndrome? Author(s): Fietta P, Manganelli P. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 August; 29(8): 1808. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180757&dopt=Abstract

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Is group physical therapy superior to individualized therapy in ankylosing spondylitis? A randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Hidding A, van der Linden S, Boers M, Gielen X, de Witte L, Kester A, Dijkmans B, Moolenburgh D. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 1993 September; 6(3): 117-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8130287&dopt=Abstract

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Is HLA-B27 the ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility gene? Author(s): Bensen WG, Singal DP. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 October; 12(5): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3878882&dopt=Abstract

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Is methotrexate effective in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Roychowdhury B, Bintley-Bagot S, Bulgen DY, Thompson RN, Tunn EJ, Moots RJ. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 November; 41(11): 1330-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422010&dopt=Abstract

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Is quality of life affected by season and weather conditions in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Challier B, Urlacher F, Vancon G, Lemelle I, Pourel J, Guillemin F. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 May-June; 19(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407080&dopt=Abstract

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Is there an association between ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis? Author(s): Calin A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 December; 48(12): 971-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2619356&dopt=Abstract

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Is there any evidence for an association between ankylosing spondylitis and Borrelia burgdorferi infection? Author(s): Blaauw I, Nohlmans L, Peeters A, Dijkmans B, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1992 April; 19(4): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1593580&dopt=Abstract

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Is there sexual inequality in ankylosing spondylitis? A study of 498 women and 1202 men. Author(s): Will R, Edmunds L, Elswood J, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 December; 17(12): 1649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2084239&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of proteoglycan-specific T lymphocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mikecz K, Glant TT, Baron M, Poole AR. Source: Cell Immunol. 1988 March; 112(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2449981&dopt=Abstract

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Isoxicam vs ketoprofen in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Doury P, Roux H. Source: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 22 Suppl 2: 157S-160S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3620275&dopt=Abstract


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Joint laxity and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hordon LD, Bird HA. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988 June; 27(3): 241-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3378129&dopt=Abstract

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Joint surgery in severe ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Finsterbush A, Amir D, Vatashki E, Husseini N. Source: Acta Orthop Scand. 1988 October; 59(5): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3188851&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. Author(s): Hertzberger-ten Cate R, Vossen JM, Dijkmans BA. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1993 October; 32(10): 938-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8402008&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Petty RE. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1992 February; 18(1): 123-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1561399&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile onset ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) has less severe spinal disease course than adult onset ankylosing spondylitis (AAS): clinical comparison between JAS and AAS in Korea. Author(s): Baek HJ, Shin KC, Lee YJ, Kang SW, Lee EB, Yoo CD, Song YW. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 August; 29(8): 1780-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180744&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile onset ankylosing spondylitis--more girls than we thought? Author(s): Gomez KS, Raza K, Jones SD, Kennedy LG, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 April; 24(4): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9101510&dopt=Abstract

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Karel Capek--Czech writer, sufferer from ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Trnavsky K, Sabova L. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1992 September; 11(3): 337-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1458780&dopt=Abstract

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Klebsiella and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Russell AS. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1988 January-March; 6(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2456172&dopt=Abstract

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Klebsiella antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis and Proteus antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Ebringer A, Cox NL, Abuljadayel I, Ghuloom M, Khalafpour S, Ptaszynska T, Shodjai-Moradi F, Wilson C. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 72-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3042077&dopt=Abstract

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Klebsiella pneumoniae and HLA B27-associated diseases of Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Schwimmbeck PL, Oldstone MB. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1989; 145: 45-56. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2680296&dopt=Abstract

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Klebsiella pneumoniae-reactive T cells in blood and synovial fluid of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Comparison with HLA-B27+ healthy control subjects in a limiting dilution study and determination of the specificity of synovial fluid T cell clones. Author(s): Hermann E, Sucke B, Droste U, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1995 September; 38(9): 1277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7575723&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association of ankylosing spondylitis with the most common NOD2 susceptibility alleles to Crohn's disease. Author(s): Ferreiros-Vidal I, Amarelo J, Barros F, Carracedo A, Gomez-Reino JJ, Gonzalez A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2003 January; 30(1): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508397&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of carboxyl-terminal tyrosine distinguishes the B*2706-bound peptide repertoire from those of B*2704 and other HLA-B27 subtypes associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Garcia F, Marina A, Lopez de Castro JA. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1997 March; 49(3 Pt 1): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098927&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of correlation between clinical disease activity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, acute phase proteins or protease inhibitors in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sheehan NJ, Slavin BM, Donovan MP, Mount JN, Mathews JA. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1986 May; 25(2): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2423177&dopt=Abstract


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Lack of involvement of the Fas system in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Michel F, Toussirot E, Racadot E. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 July; 59(7): 574. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950752&dopt=Abstract

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Large granular lymphocytes and neutropenia in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lassoued S, Roubinet F, Hamidou M, Kuhlein E, Cassar G, Fournie B, Fournie A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1989 March; 32(3): 355. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2930606&dopt=Abstract

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Late effects in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with 224Ra. Author(s): Wick RR, Nekolla EA, Gossner W, Kellerer AM. Source: Radiat Res. 1999 December; 152(6 Suppl): S8-S11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564926&dopt=Abstract

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Late onset ankylosing spondylitis--a distinct disorder? Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J, Edmunds L. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 February; 30(1): 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1991225&dopt=Abstract

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Late onset hypersensitivity to sulfasalazine in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Paul RH, Toder JS, Cohen RA. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 1999 December; 12(6): 435-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081015&dopt=Abstract

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Leiomyosarcoma following therapeutic irradiation for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Stevens GN, Tattersall MH, Stalley P. Source: Br J Radiol. 1990 September; 63(753): 730-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2400902&dopt=Abstract

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Leonard Trask: the wonderful invalid: the first American description of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jayson MI. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 March; 48(3): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632411&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia mortality after X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Weiss HA, Darby SC, Fearn T, Doll R. Source: Radiat Res. 1995 April; 142(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7899552&dopt=Abstract

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Lewis (secretor) phenotype in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Moller P. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1990; 19(3): 248. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2360005&dopt=Abstract

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Lichen amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis and autoimmune thyroiditis: coincidence or association? Author(s): Apaydin R, Bilen N, Bayramgurler D, Harova G, Cetinarslan B. Source: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000 March; 14(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972101&dopt=Abstract

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Life change, irrational attitudes and disease impacts in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Klages U. Source: Int J Psychosom. 1993; 40(1-4): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8070991&dopt=Abstract

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Light and electron microscopic observations on the synovitis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chang CP, Schumacher HR Jr. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1992 August; 22(1): 54-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1411582&dopt=Abstract

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Liver transplantation in a Jehovah's Witness with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Baldry C, Backman SB, Metrakos P, Tchervenkov J, Barkun J, Moore A. Source: Can J Anaesth. 2000 July; 47(7): 642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10930204&dopt=Abstract

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LMP2 polymorphism is associated with extraspinal disease in HLA-B27 negative Caucasian and Mexican Mestizo patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Tao S, Vaile J, Suarez-Almazor M, Ramos-Remus C, Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 January; 27(1): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648037&dopt=Abstract


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Long term mortality after a single treatment course with X-rays in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Darby SC, Doll R, Gill SK, Smith PG. Source: Br J Cancer. 1987 February; 55(2): 179-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3814487&dopt=Abstract

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Long-standing ankylosing spondylitis with back pain. Author(s): Laurent-Haupt L, Westmark KD. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1991 August; 17(3): 813-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1947310&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term disability and prolonged sick leaves as outcome measurements in ankylosing spondylitis. Possible predictive factors. Author(s): Guillemin F, Briancon S, Pourel J, Gaucher A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1990 July; 33(7): 1001-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2369416&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term efficacy and safety of infliximab in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: an open, observational, extension study of a three-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, Zink A, Alten R, Burmester G, Golder W, Gromnica-Ihle E, Kellner H, Schneider M, Sorensen H, Zeidler H, Reddig J, Sieper J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 August; 48(8): 2224-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905476&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results of total hip replacement in young patients who had ankylosing spondylitis. Eighteen to thirty-year results with survivorship analysis. Author(s): Sochart DH, Porter ML. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 August; 79(8): 1181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9278078&dopt=Abstract

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Low dose amitriptyline in ankylosing spondylitis: a short term, double blind, placebo controlled study. Author(s): Koh WH, Pande I, Samuels A, Jones SD, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 November; 24(11): 2158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375877&dopt=Abstract

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Low frequency of HLA-B*2706 in Taiwanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chen IH, Yang KL, Lee A, Huang HH, Lin PY, Lee TD. Source: Eur J Immunogenet. 2002 October; 29(5): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358855&dopt=Abstract

Studies 139

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Low frequency of HLA-B27 and scarcity of ankylosing spondylitis in a Zairean Bantu population. Author(s): Mbayo K, Mbuyi-Muamba JM, Lurhuma AZ, Halle L, Kaplan C, Dequeker J. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1998; 17(4): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776114&dopt=Abstract

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Low T cell production of TNFalpha and IFNgamma in ankylosing spondylitis: its relation to HLA-B27 and influence of the TNF-308 gene polymorphism. Author(s): Rudwaleit M, Siegert S, Yin Z, Eick J, Thiel A, Radbruch A, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 January; 60(1): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114280&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar osteotomy for correction of thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. A structured review of three methods of treatment. Author(s): Van Royen BJ, De Gast A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 July; 58(7): 399-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10381482&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar stiffness but not thoracic radiographic changes relate to alteration of lung function tests in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cerrahoglu L, Unlu Z, Can M, Goktan C, Celik P. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2002 August; 21(4): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189452&dopt=Abstract

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Lumboperitoneal shunt for cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kawasaki T, Hukuda S, Katsuura A, Inoue K, Chano T. Source: J Spinal Disord. 1996 February; 9(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727460&dopt=Abstract

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Lung findings on high-resolution computed tomography in idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis--correlation with clinical findings, pulmonary function testing and plain radiography. Author(s): Casserly IP, Fenlon HM, Breatnach E, Sant SM. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 June; 36(6): 677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9236678&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A study of the influence of disease activity and treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Author(s): Franssen MJ, van Herwaarden CL, van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 October; 13(5): 936-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3546687&dopt=Abstract


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Lung parenchyma changes in ankylosing spondylitis: demonstration with high resolution CT and correlation with disease duration. Author(s): Senocak O, Manisali M, Ozaksoy D, Sevinc C, Akalin E. Source: Eur J Radiol. 2003 February; 45(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536090&dopt=Abstract

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Lupus anticoagulant and leg ulcers associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Blanchard B, Lazareth I, Brossel C, Saporta L, Letanoux M, Priollet P. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 December; 18(12): 1922-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1670132&dopt=Abstract

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Lupus anticoagulant, ankylosing spondylitis, and thrombosis. Author(s): Ames PR, Lubrano E, Scarpa R, Iannaccone L, Brancaccio V. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 September; 20(9): 1626-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8164231&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphadenopathy in an oriental with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Liou LB, Chen TC. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1998; 17(5): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9805192&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphocyte response to Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gross WL, Ludemann G, Schmidt K, Ullmann U. Source: Eur J Clin Invest. 1986 October; 16(5): 338-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3100299&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance changes in the temporomandibular joint in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Perez-Rocha O, Ludwig RN, Kolotyluk DR, Gomez-Vargas A, Suarez-Almazor ME, Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 January; 24(1): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002022&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical assessment of temporomandibular joint pathology in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Major P, Ramos-Remus C, Suarez-Almazor ME, Hatcher D, Parfitt M, Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 March; 26(3): 616-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090172&dopt=Abstract

Studies 141

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Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, before and after successful therapy with infliximab: evaluation of a new scoring system. Author(s): Braun J, Baraliakos X, Golder W, Brandt J, Rudwaleit M, Listing J, Bollow M, Sieper J, Van Der Heijde D. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 April; 48(4): 1126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687557&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging in cervical trauma associated with ankylosing spondylitis: report of two cases. Author(s): Iplikcioglu AC, Bayar MA, Kokes F, Gokcek C, Doganay OS. Source: J Trauma. 1994 March; 36(3): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8145328&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of arachnoid diverticula associated with cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sparling MJ, Bartleson JD, McLeod RA, Cohen MD, Ginsburg WW. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 October; 16(10): 1335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2509695&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Koenigsberg RA, Klahr J, Zito JL, Patel M, Carsons S. Source: J Neuroimaging. 1995 January; 5(1): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7849372&dopt=Abstract

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Management for electroconvulsive therapy of a patient with inoperable coronary artery disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Snyder DS, Lipsey JR, McPherson RW. Source: J Clin Anesth. 1992 May-June; 4(3): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1610580&dopt=Abstract

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Management of cervical spinal cord injury in ankylosing spondylitis: the intervertebral disc as a cause of cord compression. Author(s): Rowed DW. Source: J Neurosurg. 1992 August; 77(2): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1625012&dopt=Abstract


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Management of cervical spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis with posterior fixation. Author(s): Taggard DA, Traynelis VC. Source: Spine. 2000 August 15; 25(16): 2035-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954633&dopt=Abstract

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Management of cervical spine injuries in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Detwiler KN, Loftus CM, Godersky JC, Menezes AH. Source: J Neurosurg. 1990 February; 72(2): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2295918&dopt=Abstract

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Management of refractory ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies. Author(s): Amor B, Dougados M, Khan MA. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1995 February; 21(1): 117-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7732163&dopt=Abstract

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Manual jobs increase the risk of patients with ankylosing spondylitis withdrawing from the labour force, also when adjusted for job related withdrawal in the general population. Author(s): Boonen A, Chorus A, Landewe R, van der Heijde D, Miedema H, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 July; 61(7): 658. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079917&dopt=Abstract

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Marfans syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rovensky J, Zlnay M, Zlnay D. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 February; 5(2): 153. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674678&dopt=Abstract

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Marginal erosive discovertebral “Romanus” lesions in ankylosing spondylitis demonstrated by contrast enhanced Gd-DTPA magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Jevtic V, Kos-Golja M, Rozman B, McCall I. Source: Skeletal Radiol. 2000 January; 29(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10663586&dopt=Abstract

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Massive bleeding during spine surgery in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tetzlaff JE, Yoon HJ, Bell G. Source: Can J Anaesth. 1998 September; 45(9): 903-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818117&dopt=Abstract

Studies 143

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Matching prevalence of peripheral arthritis and acute anterior uveitis in individuals with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Chou CT, Russell AS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 February; 54(2): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702400&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal age and the risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Raza K, Kennedy LG, Calin A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 March; 56(3): 209. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135229&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of HLA class I expression in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Creamer P, Edmonds J, Sullivan J, Matthews S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 October; 51(10): 1138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1444627&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of pain threshold in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and healthy controls. Author(s): Gerecz-Simon EM, Tunks ER, Heale JA, Kean WF, Buchanan WW. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1989 December; 8(4): 467-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2612115&dopt=Abstract

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Measures of outcome in ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthritides. Author(s): van der Heijde DM, van der Linden S. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1998 November; 12(4): 683-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928502&dopt=Abstract

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Measures to assess ankylosing spondylitis: taxonomy, review and recommendations. Author(s): Bakker C, Boers M, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 October; 20(10): 1724-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8295185&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring disability in ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index with revised Leeds Disability Questionnaire. Author(s): Eyres S, Tennant A, Kay L, Waxman R, Helliwell PS. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 May; 29(5): 979-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022361&dopt=Abstract


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Medication toxicity among patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ward MM, Kuzis S. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 June 15; 47(3): 234-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115151&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis of sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ferraz MB, Tugwell P, Goldsmith CH, Atra E. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 November; 17(11): 1482-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980310&dopt=Abstract

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Methods of assessment used in ankylosing spondylitis clinical trials: a review. Author(s): Laurent MR, Buchanan WW, Bellamy N. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 October; 30(5): 326-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1912997&dopt=Abstract

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Methotrexate in severe ankylosing spondylitis: an open study. Author(s): Creemers MC, Franssen MJ, van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW, van Riel PL. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 June; 22(6): 1104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7674237&dopt=Abstract

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Methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Marshall RW, Kirwan JR. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2001; 30(6): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846047&dopt=Abstract

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Methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sampaio-Barros PD, Costallat LT, Bertolo MB, Neto JF, Samara AM. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2000; 29(3): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898067&dopt=Abstract

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MICA gene and ankylosing spondylitis: linkage analysis via a transmembraneencoded triplet repeat polymorphism. Author(s): Goto K, Ota M, Ohno S, Mizuki N, Ando H, Katsuyama Y, Maksymowych WP, Kimura M, Bahram S, Inoko H. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1997 May; 49(5): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174144&dopt=Abstract

Studies 145

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MICA gene triplet repeat polymorphism in patients with HLA-B27 positive and negative ankylosing spondylitis from Sardinia. Author(s): Ricci-Vitiani L, Vacca A, Potolicchio I, Scarpa R, Bitti P, Sebastiani G, Passiu G, Mathieu A, Sorrentino R. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 September; 27(9): 2193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990233&dopt=Abstract

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Microcirculation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Risold JC. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 April; 53(4): 284. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8203965&dopt=Abstract

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Migrating spinal pseudarthrosis in the spine affected by ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ho E, Chan FL, Leong JC. Source: Spine. 1989 May; 14(5): 546-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2727802&dopt=Abstract

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MNS genotypes in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mathiesen FK, Haar D. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986 August; 68(4): 656-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3733851&dopt=Abstract

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Mobility spectacles for a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Keller JT. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1987 May; 64(5): 388. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3605308&dopt=Abstract

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Mobility spectacles for a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Richer SP, Hall T. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1986 November; 63(11): 927-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3789085&dopt=Abstract

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Mobility spectacles for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kelly SP, Storey JK. Source: Bmj. 1989 June 24; 298(6689): 1704. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2503184&dopt=Abstract


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Modified costotransversectomy in treatment of intractable costovertebral pain in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tsai HH, Eastmond CJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1987 February; 26(1): 66-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2434181&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation at multiple anchor positions of the peptide specificity of HLA-B27 subtypes differentially associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lamas JR, Paradela A, Roncal F, Lopez de Castro JA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 September; 42(9): 1975-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513815&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Author(s): Fielder M, Pirt SJ, Tarpey I, Wilson C, Cunningham P, Ettelaie C, Binder A, Bansal S, Ebringer A. Source: Febs Lett. 1995 August 7; 369(2-3): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7649265&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular mimicry, ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis--something missing? Author(s): Williams RC Jr, Tsuchiya N, Husby G. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1992; 21(3): 105-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1604247&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular mimicry: the geographical distribution of immune responses to Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis and its relevance to therapy. Author(s): Ebringer A, Ahmadi K, Fielder M, Rashid T, Tiwana H, Wilson C, Collado A, Tani Y. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 January; 15 Suppl 1: 57-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835505&dopt=Abstract

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More on ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27. Author(s): Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 August; 13(4): 828-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3490576&dopt=Abstract

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Morning stiffness and nightime pain in ankylosing spondylitis. A comparison between enteric-coated and plain naproxen tablets. Author(s): Johnsen V, Brun JG, Fjeld E, Hansen K, Sydnes OA, Ugstad MB. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1992; 12(2): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1364937&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality and causes of death in 398 patients admitted to hospital with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lehtinen K. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1993 March; 52(3): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8484668&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality, course of disease and prognosis of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Braun J, Pincus T. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S16-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463441&dopt=Abstract

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MRI and CT of ankylosing spondylitis with vertebral scalloping. Author(s): Abello R, Rovira M, Sanz MP, Gili J, Capdevila A, Escalada J, Peri J. Source: Neuroradiology. 1988; 30(3): 272-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3405419&dopt=Abstract

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MRI appearances of inflammatory vertebral osteitis in early ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kurugoglu S, Kanberoglu K, Kanberoglu A, Mihmanli I, Cokyuksel O. Source: Pediatr Radiol. 2002 March; 32(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164353&dopt=Abstract

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MRI demonstration of arachnoiditis in cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Charlesworth CH, Savy LE, Stevens J, Twomey B, Mitchell R. Source: Neuroradiology. 1996 July; 38(5): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8837094&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple basal cell carcinomas and malignant melanoma following radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Beswick SJ, Garrido MC, Fryer AA, Strange RC, Smith AG. Source: Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000 July; 25(5): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012589&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple basal cell carcinomas in two cases of ankylosing spondylitis treated with Xray therapy. Author(s): Rampling RP, Lambert HE. Source: Br J Radiol. 1985 February; 58(686): 178-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4063657&dopt=Abstract


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Multiple cerebellar infarction due to vertebral artery obstruction and bulbar symptoms associated with vertical subluxation and atlanto-occipital subluxation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Shim SC, Yoo DH, Lee JK, Koh HK, Lee SR, Oh SH, Kim SY. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 December; 25(12): 2464-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9858447&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple erythematous papules on the back of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) secondary to radiation exposure. Author(s): Salvemini JN, Cande FP, Lynfield Y, Baldwin H. Source: Arch Dermatol. 1995 April; 131(4): 485, 488. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726597&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle disease as a cause of kyphotic deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Simmons EH, Graziano GP, Heffner R Jr. Source: Spine. 1991 August; 16(8 Suppl): S351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1785087&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle pathology in ankylosing spondylitis: clinical, enzymatic, electromyographic and histologic correlation. Author(s): Faus-Riera S, Martinez-Pardo S, Blanch-Rubio J, Benito-Ruiz P, Duro-Pujol JC, Corominas-Torres JM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 September; 18(9): 1368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1757939&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial dysfunction in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gould BA, Turner J, Keeling DH, Hickling P, Marshall AJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 February; 51(2): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1550408&dopt=Abstract

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Myositis ossificans progressiva mimicking ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Lu LY, Cheng HH, Chuang JC, Chen JH, Chen C. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1992 May; 49(5): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1320997&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer cell function in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Racadot E, Guidet M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 September; 47(9): 790-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3178320&dopt=Abstract

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Neck mobility assessment in ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical study of nine measurements including new tape methods for cervical rotation and lateral flexion. Author(s): Viitanen JV, Kokko ML, Heikkila S, Kautiainen H. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 April; 37(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619886&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological complications of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fox MW, Onofrio BM, Kilgore JE. Source: J Neurosurg. 1993 June; 78(6): 871-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8487068&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological disturbances in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tyrrell PN, Davies AM, Evans N. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 November; 53(11): 714-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7826132&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropathic bladder in ankylosing spondylitis with spinal diverticula. Author(s): Haddad FS, Sachdev JS, Bellapravalu M. Source: Urology. 1990 April; 35(4): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2108519&dopt=Abstract

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New approach to cervical flexion deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. Case report. Author(s): Duff SE, Grundy PL, Gill SS. Source: J Neurosurg. 2000 October; 93(2 Suppl): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012060&dopt=Abstract

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New clinical and radiographic features of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Russell AS. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1992 August; 4(4): 463-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503869&dopt=Abstract

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New criteria for the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Moll JM. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1987; 65: 12-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3317802&dopt=Abstract

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New light on uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Edmunds L, Elswood J, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 January; 18(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2023199&dopt=Abstract


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New treatment options in ankylosing spondylitis: a role for anti-TNFalpha therapy. Author(s): Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 November; 60 Suppl 3: Iii58-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890656&dopt=Abstract

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New treatment strategies in ankylosing spondylitis: Proceedings of the Ankylosing Spondylitis Workshop, Berlin, Germany, 18-19 January 2002. Author(s): Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381504&dopt=Abstract

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No alterations of serum levels of adrenal and gonadal hormones in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Straub RH, Struharova S, Scholmerich J, Harle P. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S52-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463448&dopt=Abstract

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No conclusive evidence of an epidemiological relation between Klebsiella and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Kregten E, Huber-Bruning O, Vandenbroucke JP, Willers JM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 March; 18(3): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1856808&dopt=Abstract

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No endotoxin detected in plasma of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Mertsola J, Granfors K, Kuusela P, Lehtinen K, Von Essen R, Saxen H. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 April; 56(4): 279. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166006&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of cardiac autonomic involvement in ankylosing spondylitis, as assessed by heart rate variability. Author(s): Yildirir A, Aksoyek S, Calguneri M, Aytemir K, Apras S, Kiraz S, Kabakci G, Ovunc K, Oto A, Kes S. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2001; 20(3): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434470&dopt=Abstract

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No signs of Campylobacter jejuni/coli-related antibodies in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Andreasen JJ, Ringsdal VS, Helin P. Source: Apmis. 1991 August; 99(8): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1677583&dopt=Abstract

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Non-contrast computed tomography-guided intra-articular corticosteroid injections of severe bilateral hip arthritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Santos-Ocampo AS, Santos-Ocampo RS. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747284&dopt=Abstract

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Normal anti-Klebsiella lymphocytotoxicity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kinsella TD, Fritzler MJ, Lewkonia RM. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1986 March; 29(3): 358-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2421740&dopt=Abstract

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Novel anti-rheumatic therapies challenge old views on ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthritides. Author(s): Braun J, van der Heijde D, Pincus T. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463437&dopt=Abstract

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Novel approaches in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthritides. Author(s): Braun J, van der Heijde D. Source: Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 July; 12(7): 1097-109. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831346&dopt=Abstract

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Novel concepts of severity mechanisms in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Masi AT, King JR, Burgos-Vargas R. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 October; 28(10): 2151-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11669148&dopt=Abstract

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Novel genetic markers in the 5'-flanking region of ANKH are associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tsui FW, Tsui HW, Cheng EY, Stone M, Payne U, Reveille JD, Shulman MJ, Paterson AD, Inman RD. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 March; 48(3): 791-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632434&dopt=Abstract

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NSAIDs in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Miceli-Richard C, Dougados M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463450&dopt=Abstract


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Objective analysis of walking in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and bilateral hip and knee fusion. A case report. Author(s): Matsunaga T, Nakata T, Wong AC. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med. 1986; 18(1): 23-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3715427&dopt=Abstract

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Observations on diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rigby AS, Wood PH. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993 January-February; 11(1): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8453798&dopt=Abstract

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Obstructive sleep apnoea as a cause of fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Erb N, Karokis D, Delamere JP, Cushley MJ, Kitas GD. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 February; 62(2): 183-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525393&dopt=Abstract

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Occult vertebral fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Finkelstein JA, Chapman JR, Mirza S. Source: Spinal Cord. 1999 June; 37(6): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10432265&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis in a nationwide series of twins. Author(s): Jarvinen P. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1995 March; 38(3): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880193&dopt=Abstract

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Odontoid fracture complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ozgocmen S, Ardicoglu O. Source: Spinal Cord. 2000 February; 38(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762187&dopt=Abstract

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Odontoid fracture complicating ankylosing spondylitis. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Kaplan SL, Tun CG, Sarkarati M. Source: Spine. 1990 June; 15(6): 607-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2205933&dopt=Abstract

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Olsalazine in ankylosing spondylitis: a pilot study. Author(s): Chapman CM, Zwillich SH. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 September; 21(9): 1699-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7799352&dopt=Abstract

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On the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van der Linden SM, Cats A, Valkenburg HA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 February; 15(2): 375-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3361548&dopt=Abstract

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On the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gran JT, Husby G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 February; 14(1): 174-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3572922&dopt=Abstract

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One-year open-label trial of thalidomide in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Huang F, Gu J, Zhao W, Zhu J, Zhang J, Yu DT. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 June 15; 47(3): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115153&dopt=Abstract

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Oral quinine in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized placebo controlled double blind crossover trial. Author(s): Williamson L, Illingworth H, Smith D, Mowat A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 August; 27(8): 2054-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955360&dopt=Abstract

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Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olivieri I, Trippi D, Gemignani G, Pasero G, Grazzini R. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1988 March; 31(3): 452. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3128987&dopt=Abstract

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Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in one of a pair of identical twins concordant for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olivieri I, Pappone N, Padula A, Rengo C, Ruju GP, Pucino A, Trippi D, Ferri S, Pasero G. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1994 June; 13(2): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8088080&dopt=Abstract

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Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in three geographically and genetically different populations of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Russell AS, Gomez-Vargas A, Hernandez-Chavez A, Maksymowych WP, Gamez-Nava JI, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Garcia-Hernandez A, MeonoMorales E, Burgos-Vargas R, Suarez-Almazor ME. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1998 July; 57(7): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797571&dopt=Abstract


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Osteocalcin: a marker of disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Falkenbach A, Herold M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 January; 61(1): 92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779778&dopt=Abstract

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Osteochondroma in a patient with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and alpha thalassemia. Author(s): Tsai CY, Yu CL, Tsai YY, Wu TH, Tsai ST. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1996; 25(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8774559&dopt=Abstract

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Osteomalacia and osteoporosis in a woman with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kohlmeier LA, Federman M, Leboff MS. Source: J Bone Miner Res. 1996 May; 11(5): 697-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9157786&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 August; 30(4): 318-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1863840&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rubinstein HM. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 April; 30(2): 160. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2012957&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis in early ankylosing spondylitis: a primary pathological event? Author(s): Will R, Palmer R, Bhalla AK, Ring F, Calin A. Source: Lancet. 1989 December 23-30; 2(8678-8679): 1483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2574769&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis, body composition, and bone turnover in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): El Maghraoui A, Borderie D, Cherruau B, Edouard R, Dougados M, Roux C. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 October; 26(10): 2205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529141&dopt=Abstract

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Osteotomy for kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Styblo K, Bossers GT, Slot GH. Source: Acta Orthop Scand. 1985 August; 56(4): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4072643&dopt=Abstract

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Osteotomy of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McMaster MJ. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997 March; 79(2): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9119841&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome assessment in clinical trials of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rigby AS, Silman AJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 October; 30(5): 321-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1912994&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of possible ankylosing spondylitis in a 10 years' follow-up study. Author(s): Mau W, Zeidler H, Mau R, Majewski A, Freyschmidt J, Deicher H. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 September; 6 Suppl 2: 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3500824&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome variables in ankylosing spondylitis: evaluation of their relevance and discriminant capacity. Author(s): Calin A, Nakache JP, Gueguen A, Zeidler H, Mielants H, Dougados M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 975-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229431&dopt=Abstract

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Ovarian function studies in active ankylosing spondylitis in women. Clinical response to estrogen therapy. Author(s): Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Tapia-Serrano R, Madero-Cervera JI, Murrieta S, Mintz G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 April; 17(4): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2348430&dopt=Abstract

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Oxaprozin versus diclofenac sodium in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Santo JE, Queiroz MV. Source: J Int Med Res. 1988 March-April; 16(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3378661&dopt=Abstract

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Paget's disease in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis--a diagnostic dilemma. Author(s): Peel NF, Barrington NA, Austin CA, Eastell R. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 October; 35(10): 1011-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8883443&dopt=Abstract


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Pain pressure threshold values in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Incel NA, Erdem HR, Ozgocmen S, Catal SA, Yorgancioglu ZR. Source: Rheumatol Int. 2002 August; 22(4): 148-50. Epub 2002 June 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172953&dopt=Abstract

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Paraspinal muscle fibrosis: a specific pathological component in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cooper RG, Freemont AJ, Fitzmaurice R, Alani SM, Jayson MI. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 November; 50(11): 755-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1837705&dopt=Abstract

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Paravertebral abscess formation due to brucellosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ozgocmen S, Ardicoglu A, Kocakoc E, Kiris A, Ardicoglu O. Source: Joint Bone Spine. 2001 December; 68(6): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808992&dopt=Abstract

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Participation of antigens related to the psoriasis associated antigen, pso p27, in immune complex formation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rodahl E, Asbakk K, Iversen OJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 August; 47(8): 628-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3415362&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis: recent advances. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 August; 20(8): 1273-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8230005&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis: the state of the art. Author(s): Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 106-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3042068&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of square bodies in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Aufdermaur M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 August; 48(8): 628-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2782972&dopt=Abstract

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Patient centered assessment of ankylosing spondylitis-specific health related quality of life: evaluation of the Patient Generated Index. Author(s): Haywood KL, Garratt AM, Dziedzic K, Dawes PT. Source: J Rheumatol. 2003 April; 30(4): 764-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672197&dopt=Abstract

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Patient utilities in ankylosing spondylitis and the association with other outcome measures. Author(s): Bakker C, Rutten-van Molken M, Hidding A, van Doorslaer E, Bennett K, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 July; 21(7): 1298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7966073&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with ankylosing spondylitis and healthy relatives do not show increased small intestinal permeability with the lactulose-mannitol test. Author(s): Kuiper S, van Pelt J, Verheesen PE, Rentsch HU, Stockbrugger R, van der Linden SM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993 July-August; 11(4): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8403588&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with ankylosing spondylitis show individual patterns of variation in disease activity. Author(s): Goodacre JA, Mander M, Dick WC. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 October; 30(5): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1913000&dopt=Abstract

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Pattern of rheumatic diseases in south India. V. Ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical and radiological study. Author(s): Achuthan K, Porkodi R, Ramakrishnan S, Krishnamurthy V, Madhavan R, Parthiban M, Chandrasekaran AN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 October; 38(10): 774-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2084081&dopt=Abstract

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Pedal radiographic manifestations of the seronegative spondyloarthritides. Part III: Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bartolomei FJ. Source: J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1986 July; 76(7): 380-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3723383&dopt=Abstract


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Penicillamine in ankylosing spondylitis: a double blind placebo controlled trial. Author(s): Steven MM, Morrison M, Sturrock RD. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 August; 12(4): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3903158&dopt=Abstract

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Perception of prescription drug risks: a survey of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): O'Brien BJ, Elswood J, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 April; 17(4): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2348431&dopt=Abstract

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Pericardial changes and left ventricular function in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Shah A, Askari AD. Source: Am Heart J. 1987 June; 113(6): 1529-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3591625&dopt=Abstract

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Phenotypes and spontaneous cell cytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from patients with seronegative spondyloarthropathies: ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy and pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis--analysis of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, synovial fluid and synovial membranes. Author(s): Thoen J, Forre O, Waalen K, Pahle J. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1988 March; 7(1): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261676&dopt=Abstract

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Phenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mateicka F, Rauova L, Zlanay D, Rovensky J. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1992 December; 11(4): 583-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1486761&dopt=Abstract

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Phenylbutazone can spuriously elevate unextracted testosterone assay results in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Giltay EJ, Popp-Snijders C, van Denderen JC, van Schaardenburg D, Gooren LJ, Dijkmans BA. Source: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 December; 85(12): 4923-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134168&dopt=Abstract

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Photo quiz. Diagnosis: apical fibrocavitary disease associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Franco C, Jurado R. Source: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 April 1; 32(7): 1062, 1103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394384&dopt=Abstract

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Physical training for patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rasmussen JO, Hansen TM. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 1989 March; 2(1): 25-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2488119&dopt=Abstract

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Physiotherapy in ankylosing spondylitis: what is the evidence? Author(s): van der Linden S, van Tubergen A, Hidding A. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S60-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463449&dopt=Abstract

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Physiotherapy interventions for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dagfinrud H, Hagen K. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd002822. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687163&dopt=Abstract

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Pierre Marie. Pioneer investigator in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Benoist M. Source: Spine. 1995 April 1; 20(7): 849-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7701402&dopt=Abstract

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Plain radiographs and thoracic high-resolution CT in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fenlon HM, Casserly I, Sant SM, Breatnach E. Source: Ajr Am J Roentgenol. 1997 April; 168(4): 1067-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124117&dopt=Abstract

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Plain radiographs as an outcome measure in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van der Heijde D, Spoorenberg A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 985-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229433&dopt=Abstract

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Pleural effusion in ankylosing spondylitis; successful treatment with intra-pleural steroid administration. Author(s): Tanaka H, Itoh E, Shibusa T, Chiba H, Hirasawa M, Abe S. Source: Respir Med. 1995 August; 89(7): 509-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480983&dopt=Abstract


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Polyclonal B cell activation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Barbieri P, Olivieri I, Benedettini G, Marelli P, Ciompi ML, Pasero G, Campa M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 June; 49(6): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2383063&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphic CAG repeats of the androgen receptor gene in Japanese male patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mori K, Ushiyama T, Inoue K, Hukuda S. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 May; 39(5): 530-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852984&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism in the LMP2 gene influences susceptibility to extraspinal disease in HLA-B27 positive individuals with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Suarez-Almazor M, Chou CT, Russell AS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 April; 54(4): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763114&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism in the LMP2 gene influences the relative risk for acute anterior uveitis in unselected patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Russell AS. Source: Clin Invest Med. 1995 February; 18(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7768065&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism of the LMP2 gene and disease phenotype in ankylosing spondylitis: no association with disease severity. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Adlam N, Lind D, Russell AS. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1997 September; 16(5): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348140&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) at position -308 in relation to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Verjans GM, Brinkman BM, Van Doornik CE, Kijlstra A, Verweij CL. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 July; 97(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8033419&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) promoter region in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kaijzel EL, Brinkman BM, van Krugten MV, Smith L, Huizinga TW, Verjans GM, Breedveld FC, Verweij CL. Source: Hum Immunol. 1999 February; 60(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027781&dopt=Abstract

Studies 161

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Polymorphisms of the CYP2D6 gene increase susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Edwards S, Hoyle E, Campbell S, Laval S, Daly AK, Pile KD, Calin A, Ebringer A, Weeks DE, Wordsworth BP. Source: Hum Mol Genet. 2000 July 1; 9(11): 1563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861282&dopt=Abstract

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Polymorphonuclear leucocyte motility in men with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pease CT, Fennell M, Brewerton DA. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 January; 48(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2784306&dopt=Abstract

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Polymyalgia rheumatica in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a report of 5 cases. Author(s): Elkayam O, Paran D, Yaron M, Caspi D. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997 July-August; 15(4): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9272303&dopt=Abstract

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Polysegmental lumbar osteotomies and transpedicled fixation for correction of longcurved kyphotic deformities in ankylosing spondylitis. Report on 177 cases. Author(s): Hehne HJ, Zielke K, Bohm H. Source: Clin Orthop. 1990 September; (258): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2144223&dopt=Abstract

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Polysegmental lumbar posterior wedge osteotomies for correction of kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Royen BJ, de Kleuver M, Slot GH. Source: Eur Spine J. 1998; 7(2): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629933&dopt=Abstract

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Positioning for plain spinal radiography producing paraplegia in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Upadhyay SS, Ho EK, Hsu LC. Source: Br J Radiol. 1991 June; 64(762): 549-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2070188&dopt=Abstract

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Positive association of ankylosing spondylitis with homozygous HLA-B2704, but protection with B2705 in Taiwan Chinese. Author(s): Shih HC, Liu SC, Chang CP, Tschen JS, Chiu HY, Liu HC, Chang JG. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2001 October; 17(10): 509-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831114&dopt=Abstract


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Possible protective role of HLA-B*2706 for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ren EC, Koh WH, Sim D, Boey ML, Wee GB, Chan SH. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1997 January; 49(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027969&dopt=Abstract

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Possible role of streptococci in pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dwivedy AC, Kapoor AK, Gupta AK, Bahuguna LM, Sanwal GG. Source: Indian J Med Res. 1988 December; 88: 475-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3243608&dopt=Abstract

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Possible role of streptokinase-induced delayed hypersensitivity and eosinophilia in pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kapoor AK, Khanna S, Das SK, Agrawal S, Bhushan V. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1993 July; 36(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8300175&dopt=Abstract

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Posterior vertebral body erosion by arachnoid diverticula in cauda equina syndrome: an unusual manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ginsburg WW, Cohen MD, Miller GM, Bartleson JD. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 July; 24(7): 1417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228148&dopt=Abstract

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Postsalmonella reactive phenomena in 2 patients with ankylosing spondylitis: no modification of the underlying disease. Author(s): Herrero-Beaumont G, Elswood J, Will R, Armas JB, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 17(2): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181129&dopt=Abstract

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Postsurgical recurrent stress fracture in the spine affected by ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ho EK, Chan FL, Leong JC. Source: Clin Orthop. 1989 October; (247): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2791398&dopt=Abstract

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Posttraumatic spinal osteolysis in ankylosing spondylitis as part of pseudoarthrosis. A case report. Author(s): Albertsen AM, Jurik AG. Source: Acta Radiol. 1996 January; 37(1): 98-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8611333&dopt=Abstract

Studies 163

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Predicting outcome of ankylosing spondylitis: prognosis or hindsight? Author(s): Boers M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 October; 21(10): 1789-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7837138&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of longterm outcome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Doran MF, Brophy S, MacKay K, Taylor G, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2003 February; 30(2): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563688&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of the progression of functional disability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ward MM. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 July; 29(7): 1420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136900&dopt=Abstract

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Predisposition for spinal fracture in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hanson JA, Mirza S. Source: Ajr Am J Roentgenol. 2000 January; 174(1): 150. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628471&dopt=Abstract

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Predominant cellular immune response to the cartilage autoantigenic G1 aggrecan in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Zou J, Zhang Y, Thiel A, Rudwaleit M, Shi SL, Radbruch A, Poole R, Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 July; 42(7): 846-55. Epub 2003 February 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730543&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary core sets for endpoints in ankylosing spondylitis. Assessments in Ankylosing Spondylitis Working Group. Author(s): van der Heijde D, Bellamy N, Calin A, Dougados M, Khan MA, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 November; 24(11): 2225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375888&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population study (the IBSEN study). Author(s): Palm O, Moum B, Ongre A, Gran JT. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 March; 29(3): 511-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908564&dopt=Abstract


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Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in males and females in a young middle-aged population of Tromso, northern Norway. Author(s): Gran JT, Husby G, Hordvik M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 June; 44(6): 359-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3160312&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Juanola X, Mateo L, Domenech P, Bas J, Contreras N, Nolla JM, Roig-Escofet D. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 October; 22(10): 1891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8991987&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of cardiac manifestations of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Stamato T, Laxer RM, de Freitas C, Gow R, Silverman ED, Luy L, Smallhorn JF. Source: Am J Cardiol. 1995 April 1; 75(10): 744-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7900679&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis is not increased. Author(s): van der Paardt M, van Denderen JC, van den Brule AJ, Morre SA, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Bezemer PD, Dijkmans BA. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 April; 59(4): 300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10733479&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ralston SH, Urquhart GD, Brzeski M, Sturrock RD. Source: Bmj. 1990 March 3; 300(6724): 563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2108749&dopt=Abstract

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Primary ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic and enteropathic spondyloarthropathy: a controlled analysis. Author(s): Edmunds L, Elswood J, Kennedy LG, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 May; 18(5): 696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1865416&dopt=Abstract

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Primary ankylosing spondylitis: patterns of disease in a Brazilian population of 147 patients. Author(s): Sampaio-Barros PD, Bertolo MB, Kraemer MH, Neto JF, Samara AM. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 March; 28(3): 560-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296959&dopt=Abstract

Studies 165

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Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Vargas CA, Medina R, Rubio CE, Torres EA. Source: J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994 April; 18(3): 263-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8034941&dopt=Abstract

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Primary noncemented total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical and radiographic results at an average follow-up period of 6 years. Author(s): Brinker MR, Rosenberg AG, Kull L, Cox DD. Source: J Arthroplasty. 1996 October; 11(7): 802-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8934320&dopt=Abstract

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Primary total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tang WM, Chiu KY. Source: J Arthroplasty. 2000 January; 15(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654462&dopt=Abstract

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Problem elicitation to assess patient priorities in ankylosing spondylitis and fibromyalgia. Author(s): Bakker C, van der Linden S, van Santen-Hoeufft M, Bolwijn P, Hidding A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 July; 22(7): 1304-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562763&dopt=Abstract

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Problems of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for the rheumatoid spondylitis of the lumbar spine. Author(s): Inaoka M, Tada K, Yonenobu K. Source: Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2002 March; 122(2): 73-9. Epub 2001 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880906&dopt=Abstract

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Profile of ankylosing spondylitis in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): al-Arfaj A. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 May; 15(3): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8793262&dopt=Abstract

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Proposals for diagnostic criteria of ankylosing spondylitis and allied disorders. Author(s): Cats A, Van der Linden SJ, Goei The HS, Khan MA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1987 April-June; 5(2): 167-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3497005&dopt=Abstract


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Prospective study of anterior chest wall involvement in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Author(s): Fournie B, Boutes A, Dromer C, Sixou L, Le Guennec P, Granel J, Railhac JJ. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 January; 64(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9051856&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudarthrosis and pseudopseudarthrosis of ankylosing spondylitis-report of 2 cases. Author(s): Hung CT, Yng ST, Han NT. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1992 December; 50(6): 500-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1338028&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudoarthrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tyrrell PN. Source: Clin Radiol. 1993 November; 48(5): 365. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8258228&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudoarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis mimicking infectious diskitis: MR appearance. Author(s): Eschelman DJ, Beers GJ, Naimark A, Yablon I. Source: Ajnr Am J Neuroradiol. 1991 November-December; 12(6): 1113-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1763736&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudoarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Peh WC, Luk KD. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 March; 53(3): 206-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8154942&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudopseudarthrosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Furst SR, Kindynis P, Gundry C, Haghighi P, Sartoris DJ, Resnick D. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 17(2): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2319527&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial factors and self-help in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Barlow JH, Macey SJ, Struthers G. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1992 June; 11(2): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1617897&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary aspergillosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Zizzo G, Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Zarrelli N, Nardella G, Daly J, Cammisa M. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 1996 June; 91(6): 817-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8830376&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary diffuse amyloidosis and ankylosing spondylitis. A rare association. Author(s): Blavia R, Toda MR, Vidal F, Benet A, Razquin S, Richart C. Source: Chest. 1992 November; 102(5): 1608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424904&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary function and maximal transrespiratory pressures in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Vanderschueren D, Decramer M, Van den Daele P, Dequeker J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 August; 48(8): 632-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2782973&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Feltelius N, Hedenstrom H, Hillerdal G, Hallgren R. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 September; 45(9): 736-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3767460&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary involvement in collagen vascular disease: a review of the pulmonary manifestations of the Marfan syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjogren's syndrome, and relapsing polychondritis. Author(s): Tanoue LT. Source: J Thorac Imaging. 1992 March; 7(2): 62-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1578527&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary manifestation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kamble RT, Joshi JM, Iyer RK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 July; 43(7): 507-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713230&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis and relapsing polychondritis. Author(s): Lee-Chiong TL Jr. Source: Clin Chest Med. 1998 December; 19(4): 747-57, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917964&dopt=Abstract


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QT dispersion as a predictor of arrhythmic events in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Yildirir A, Aksoyek S, Calguneri M, Aytemir K, Kabakci G, Ovunc K, Nazli N, Ozmen F, Oto A, Kes S. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 August; 39(8): 875-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10952742&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis: validation of the ankylosing spondylitis Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2, a modified Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales Questionnaire. Author(s): Guillemin F, Challier B, Urlacher F, Vancon G, Pourel J. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 1999 June; 12(3): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513505&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ward MM. Source: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998 November; 24(4): 815-27, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9891712&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative analysis of digitopalmar dermatoglyphics in men with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cvjeticanin M, Jajic Z, Jajic I. Source: Reumatizam. 2000; 47(1): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552607&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative radio-isotope scanning in ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical, laboratory and computerised tomographic study. Author(s): Taylor HG, Gadd R, Beswick EJ, Venkateswaran M, Dawes PT. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1991; 20(4): 274-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1925415&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative radio-isotope scanning of the sacroiliac joints in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Skaar O, Dale K, Lindegaard MW, Forre O, Kass E. Source: Acta Radiol. 1992 March; 33(2): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1562412&dopt=Abstract

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Quiz case 8. Diagnosis: intraspinal hypertrophic callus formation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Grampp S, Henk CB, Brodner W, Mallek R. Source: Eur J Radiol. 1999 June; 30(3): 227-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452722&dopt=Abstract

Studies 169

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Rabbit antisera to enterobacteriaceae isolated from HLA-B27 positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are lytic for the mononuclear cells of AS patients. Author(s): Beukelman CJ, van Leeuwen A, Aerts PC, van Kregten E, van Bree S, van Rood JJ, Willers JM, van Dijk H. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261191&dopt=Abstract

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Radiographic changes in the temporomandibular joint of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic, arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wenneberg B, Kononen M, Kallenberg A. Source: J Craniomandib Disord. 1990 Winter; 4(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2098385&dopt=Abstract

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Radiographic features of cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Normand JP, Dufour M, Lang JY, Grondin P, Bouchard G. Source: Can Assoc Radiol J. 1994 February; 45(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8118718&dopt=Abstract

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Radiography of the spine and sacro-iliac joints in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis. Author(s): Dale K, Vinje O. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1985 March-April; 26(2): 145-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3993418&dopt=Abstract

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Radiologic case study. Diskovertebral erosions in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Baran G, Joyce PF, Sundaram M. Source: Orthopedics. 1988 November; 11(11): 1619, 1622-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3200773&dopt=Abstract

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Radiologic case study. Fracture with pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): DiIorio G, Sundaram M. Source: Orthopedics. 1990 January; 13(1): 118, 120-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2300512&dopt=Abstract

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Radiologic case. Clinics in diagnostic imaging (1). Ankylosing spondylitis with complication of pseudoarthrosis. Author(s): Peh WC, Luk KD. Source: Singapore Med J. 1994 December; 35(6): 638-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7761894&dopt=Abstract


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Radiologic changes of cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lee HS, Kim TH, Yun HR, Park YW, Jung SS, Bae SC, Joo KB, Kim SY. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2001; 20(4): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529633&dopt=Abstract

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Radiologic changes of ischial tuberosity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jajic Z, Jajic I, Nemcic T. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 2001; 55(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428279&dopt=Abstract

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Radiologic features of DISH may mimic ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Gomez-Vargas A, LeClercq S, Russell AS. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993 November-December; 11(6): 603-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299251&dopt=Abstract

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Radiological changes of the symphysis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jajic Z, Jajic I, Grazio S. Source: Acta Radiol. 2000 July; 41(4): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10937747&dopt=Abstract

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Radiological outcome in ankylosing spondylitis: use of the Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (SASSS). Author(s): Averns HL, Oxtoby J, Taylor HG, Jones PW, Dziedzic K, Dawes PT. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 April; 35(4): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624642&dopt=Abstract

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Radiological scoring methods in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability and sensitivity to change over one year. Author(s): Spoorenberg A, de Vlam K, van der Heijde D, de Klerk E, Dougados M, Mielants H, van der Tempel H, Boers M, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 997-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229436&dopt=Abstract

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Radix Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Gao ZG, Zang AC, Bai RX. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1986 April; 99(4): 317-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3098512&dopt=Abstract

Studies 171

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Raised circulating levels of the eosinophil cationic protein in ankylosing spondylitis: relation with the inflammatory activity and the influence of sulphasalazine treatment. Author(s): Feltelius N, Hallgren R, Venge P. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 May; 46(5): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2884933&dopt=Abstract

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Raised endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Taylor HG, Weiss JB, McLaughlin B, Dawes PT. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993 September-October; 11(5): 537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7506131&dopt=Abstract

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Raised serum IgA to common cell envelope antigens supports enterobacterial inductive contribution to pathogenesis of secondary ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Bohemen CG, Weterings E, Nabbe AJ, Mulder CJ, Goei The HS, Zanen HC. Source: Immunol Lett. 1987 April; 14(4): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3583323&dopt=Abstract

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Raised titres of anti-klebsiella IgA in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Cooper R, Fraser SM, Sturrock RD, Gemmell CG. Source: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988 May 21; 296(6634): 1432-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3132277&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid remission of treatment-resistant ankylosing spondylitis with etanercept--a drug for refractory ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Barthel HR. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 August; 45(4): 404. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501730&dopt=Abstract

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Reactive arthritis of the cervical spine due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a patient with preexisting ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gran JT, Paulsen AQ, Gaskjenn H, Schulz T. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1992; 21(2): 95-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1570498&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrence risk modelling of the genetic susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Laval SH, Brophy S, Calin A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 November; 59(11): 883-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053066&dopt=Abstract


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Recurrent disc herniation in a man with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Stenback BA, Reigo T. Source: Eur Spine J. 1994; 3(3): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866832&dopt=Abstract

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Redistribution of cellular mineral and trace element stores in HLA-B27 positive relatives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis--a marker of hidden inflammatory disease. Author(s): Feltelius N, Hallgren R, Lindh U. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 February; 15(2): 308-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258920&dopt=Abstract

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Redistribution of minerals and trace elements in chronic inflammation--a study on isolated blood cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hallgren R, Feltelius N, Lindh U. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 June; 14(3): 548-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3625634&dopt=Abstract

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Reevaluation of some double-blind, randomized studies of dexibuprofen (Seractil): a state-of-the-art overview. Studies in patients with lumbar vertebral column syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, distortion of the ankle joint, gonarthrosis, ankylosing spondylitis, and activated coxarthrosis. Author(s): Rahlfs VW, Stat C. Source: J Clin Pharmacol. 1996 December; 36(12 Suppl): 33S-40S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9013382&dopt=Abstract

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Reference centile charts for measures of disease activity, functional impairment, and metrology in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Taylor AL, Balakrishnan C, Calin A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 June; 41(6): 1119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627023&dopt=Abstract

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Regarding the ankylosing spondylitis/Klebsiella/HLA-B27 problem. Author(s): Terasaki PI, Yu DT. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 March; 30(3): 353-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3551967&dopt=Abstract

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Regarding the ankylosing spondylitis/Klebsiella/HLA-B27 problem: more inconclusive proof! Author(s): Winrow VR, Archer JR, Mitchell DJ. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1988 March; 31(3): 453-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3258748&dopt=Abstract

Studies 173

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Regression of reactive systemic amyloidosis due to ankylosing spondylitis following the administration of colchicine. Author(s): Escalante A, Ehresmann GR, Quismorio FP Jr. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1991 July; 34(7): 920-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2059239&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between chest expansion, pulmonary function, and exercise tolerance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fisher LR, Cawley MI, Holgate ST. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 November; 49(11): 921-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2256739&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between ectopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty and activity of general inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tani Y, Nishioka J, Inoue K, Hukuda S, Tsujimoto M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1998 October; 57(10): 634. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893577&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of microscopic haematuria in ankylosing spondylitis to circulating IgA containing immune complexes. Author(s): Peeters AJ, van den Wall Bake AW, van Dalsen AD, Westedt ML. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 August; 47(8): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3415363&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between disease activity and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid hormone in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lange U, Jung O, Teichmann J, Neeck G. Source: Osteoporos Int. 2001 December; 12(12): 1031-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846329&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between genotype for the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Beyeler C, Armstrong M, Bird HA, Idle JR, Daly AK. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1996 January; 55(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8572738&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between pulmonary function and exercise tolerance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Seckin U, Bolukbasi N, Gursel G, Eroz S, Sepici V, Ekim N. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 July-August; 18(4): 503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949728&dopt=Abstract


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Relationship between urinary pyridinium cross-links, disease activity and disease subsets of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toussirot E, Ricard-Blum S, Dumoulin G, Cedoz JP, Wendling D. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 January; 38(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334678&dopt=Abstract

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Relative role of genetic and environmental factors in disease expression: sib pair analysis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1989 January; 32(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2912465&dopt=Abstract

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Relative value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in assessment of disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Spoorenberg A, van der Heijde D, de Klerk E, Dougados M, de Vlam K, Mielants H, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 980-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229432&dopt=Abstract

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Relative value of femoral and lumbar bone mineral density assessments in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Singh A, Bronson W, Walker SE, Allen SH. Source: South Med J. 1995 September; 88(9): 939-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660212&dopt=Abstract

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Relevance of residue 116 of HLA-B27 in determining susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): D'Amato M, Fiorillo MT, Carcassi C, Mathieu A, Zuccarelli A, Bitti PP, Tosi R, Sorrentino R. Source: Eur J Immunol. 1995 November; 25(11): 3199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489765&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability and validity of a Swedish version of the Revised Leeds Disability Questionnaire for patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Stenstrom CH, Hellstrom S, Hultgren M, Wikstrom M. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 2000; 29(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028846&dopt=Abstract

Studies 175

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Reliability of self assessed joint counts in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Spoorenberg A, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, de Vlam K, Mielants H, van de Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 September; 61(9): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176804&dopt=Abstract

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Renaissance of 224 Ra for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: clinical experiences. Author(s): Tiepolt C, Gruning T, Franke WG. Source: Nucl Med Commun. 2002 January; 23(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748439&dopt=Abstract

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Renal AA amyloidosis in a patient with Bence Jones proteinuria and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Quinton R, Siersema PD, Michiels JJ, ten Kate FJ. Source: J Clin Pathol. 1992 October; 45(10): 934-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1430270&dopt=Abstract

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Renal abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Vilar MJ, Cury SE, Ferraz MB, Sesso R, Atra E. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1997; 26(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9057797&dopt=Abstract

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Renal abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jones DW, Mansell MA, Samuell CT, Isenberg DA. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1987 October; 26(5): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664158&dopt=Abstract

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Renal affection in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Author(s): Omdal R, Husby G. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 March; 6(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3581701&dopt=Abstract

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Renal diseases in ankylosing spondylitis: review of the literature illustrated by case reports. Author(s): Strobel ES, Fritschka E. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1998; 17(6): 524-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9890685&dopt=Abstract


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Renal involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew's disease) Author(s): Nabokov AV, Shabunin MA, Smirnov AV. Source: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996 June; 11(6): 1172-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671994&dopt=Abstract

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Renal transplantation in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kinirons B, Dwyer R. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1996 September 18-October 1; 56(6): 298. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8998580&dopt=Abstract

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Repeated cyclosporine therapy of peripheral arthritis associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Geher P, Gomor B. Source: Med Sci Monit. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208503&dopt=Abstract

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Response to the editorial by Terasaki and Yu on the ankylosing spondylitis/Klebsiella/HLA-B27 problem. Author(s): Geczy AF, Sullivan JS, McGuigan LE. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 June; 30(6): 714-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3300661&dopt=Abstract

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Reveille JD, Koopman WJ, Barger BO, Acton RT, McDaniel DO. Source: Am J Med. 1988 December 23; 85(6A): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2904763&dopt=Abstract

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism of T cell receptor alpha and beta chain genes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Durand JP, el-Zaatari FA, Krieg AM, Taurog JD. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 July; 15(7): 1115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2902224&dopt=Abstract

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor region in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Verjans GM, van der Linden SM, van Eys GJ, de Waal LP, Kijlstra A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1991 April; 34(4): 486-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1672816&dopt=Abstract

Studies 177

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Results of surgical correction of kyphotic deformities of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis on the basis of the modified arthritis impact measurement scales. Author(s): Halm H, Metz-Stavenhagen P, Zielke K. Source: Spine. 1995 July 15; 20(14): 1612-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570177&dopt=Abstract

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Retroperitoneal fibrosis in radiotherapy-treated ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Reilly PA, Moran CJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1989 June; 28(3): 273-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2730994&dopt=Abstract

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Retroperitoneal fibrosis: an extraarticular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): LeBlanc CM, Inman RD, Dent P, Smith C, Babyn P, Laxer RM. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 April 15; 47(2): 210-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954016&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective analysis of 376 irradiated patients with ankylosing spondylitis and nonirradiated controls. Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 November; 16(11): 1443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2600944&dopt=Abstract

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Review of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Shah BC, Khan MA. Source: Compr Ther. 1987 March; 13(3): 52-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3552393&dopt=Abstract

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Review of UK data on the rheumatic diseases--5. Ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rigby AS. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 February; 30(1): 50-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1991219&dopt=Abstract

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Rheumatoid arthritis associated with ankylosing spondylitis defined by scintigraphic and CT abnormalities. Author(s): Martinez-Cordero E, Lopez-Zepeda J, Fonseca MC. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1992 December; 11(4): 574-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1486755&dopt=Abstract


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Risk factors for work disability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ward MM, Kuzis S. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 February; 28(2): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246669&dopt=Abstract

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Risks of leukemia in Japanese atomic bomb survivors, in women treated for cervical cancer, and in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Little MP, Weiss HA, Boice JD Jr, Darby SC, Day NE, Muirhead CR. Source: Radiat Res. 1999 September; 152(3): 280-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453089&dopt=Abstract

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Roma locuta, causa non finita: parameters that need to be considered in revision of criteria for ankylosing spondylitis and seronegative polyarthritis. Author(s): van der Linden SM, Goei The HS, Khan MA, Cats A, Valkenburg HA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1987; 5 Suppl 1: S109-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3652548&dopt=Abstract

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Routine molecular genotyping of HLA-B27 in spondyloarthropathies overcomes the obstacles of serological typing and reveals an increased B *2702 frequency in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Frankenberger B, Breitkopf S, Albert E, Scholz S, Keller E, Schattenkirchner M, Weiss EH, Kellner H. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 May; 24(5): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150078&dopt=Abstract

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RS3PE syndrome associated with advanced ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Koeger AC, Karmochkine M, Chaibi P. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 February; 22(2): 375-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7738972&dopt=Abstract

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Sacroiliac quantitative bone scintigraphy in ankylosing spondylitis: any clinical relevance? Author(s): Ryan PJ, Fogelman I. Source: Nucl Med Commun. 1993 September; 14(9): 719-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8233237&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of flurbiprofen in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. A summary of liver and kidney assay data. Author(s): Lomen PL, Turner LF, Lamborn KR. Source: Am J Med. 1986 March 24; 80(3A): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3963024&dopt=Abstract

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Salmonella reactive arthritis in established ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Paul IR, Mitchell ES, Bell AL. Source: Ulster Med J. 1988 October; 57(2): 215-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3232256&dopt=Abstract

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Samarium-153-EDTMP for palliation of ankylosing spondylitis, Paget's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Alberts AS, Brighton SW, Kempff P, Louw WK, Beek AV, Kritzinger V, Westerink HP, van Rensburg AJ. Source: J Nucl Med. 1995 August; 36(8): 1417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7543145&dopt=Abstract

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Sample sizes estimated in clinical trials using either a composite index (ASAS response criteria) or single outcome variables in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Auleley GR, Dougados M, Baron G. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 June; 46(6): 1693-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115205&dopt=Abstract

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Scientific contributions of ankylosing spondylitis patient advocacy groups. Author(s): Feldtkeller E, Bruckel J, Khan MA. Source: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 July; 12(4): 239-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910174&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphic evidence of effect of infliximab on disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hadi A, Hickling P, Brown M, Al-Nahhas A. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 January; 41(1): 114-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11792894&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary amyloidosis and colonic perforation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Rivas MJ, Ramos-Gudino B. Source: Joint Bone Spine. 2000; 67(5): 492. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143923&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary amyloidosis in ankylosing spondylitis. A systematic survey of 137 patients using abdominal fat aspiration. Author(s): Gratacos J, Orellana C, Sanmarti R, Sole M, Collado A, Gomez-Casanovas E, de Dios Canete J, Munoz-Gomez J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 May; 24(5): 912-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150081&dopt=Abstract


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Secondary amyloidosis: a severe complication of ankylosing spondylitis. Two casereports. Author(s): Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Zufferey P, So AK, Gerster JC. Source: Joint Bone Spine. 2000; 67(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10769106&dopt=Abstract

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Secretor status and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pal A, Hill M, Wordsworth P, Brown M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 February; 25(2): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9489826&dopt=Abstract

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Selection of instruments in the core set for DC-ART, SMARD, physical therapy, and clinical record keeping in ankylosing spondylitis. Progress report of the ASAS Working Group. Assessments in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Author(s): van der Heijde D, Calin A, Dougados M, Khan MA, van der Linden S, Bellamy N. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 951-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229426&dopt=Abstract

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Selective IgA deficiency and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Terzioglu E, Kokuludag A, Sin A, Kirmaz C, Yalcin M, Sebik F, Kabakci T. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997 November-December; 7(6): 619-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491204&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity of anthropometric techniques for clinical trials in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Roberts WN, Larson MG, Liang MH, Harrison RA, Barefoot J, Clarke AK. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1989 February; 28(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2645008&dopt=Abstract

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Sensorineural hearing loss, iritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Raza K, Karokis D, Wilson F, Delamere JP. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 December; 37(12): 1363. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9973173&dopt=Abstract

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Septic arthritis due to Clostridium perfringens in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Daviet JC, Bertin P, Treves R. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 July; 25(7): 1445. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9676788&dopt=Abstract

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Septic spondylodiscitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lohr KM, Barthelemy CR, Schwab JP, Haasler GB. Source: J Rheumatol. 1987 June; 14(3): 616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3625646&dopt=Abstract

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in patients with ankylosing spondylitis before and after a three-week rehabilitation treatment at high altitude during winter and spring. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Tripathi R, Sedlmeyer A, Staudinger M, Herold M. Source: Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001 April 30; 113(9): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388078&dopt=Abstract

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Serum amyloid A--an indicator of inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lange U, Boss B, Teichmann J, Klor HU, Neeck G. Source: Rheumatol Int. 2000; 19(4): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836520&dopt=Abstract

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Serum antibodies from patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome are reactive with HLA-B27 cells transfected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp60 gene. Author(s): Kellner H, Wen J, Wang J, Raybourne RB, Williams KM, Yu DT. Source: Infect Immun. 1994 February; 62(2): 484-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905462&dopt=Abstract

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Serum antibodies to Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sahly H, Podschun R, Sass R, Broker B, Kekow J, Gross WL, Ullmann U. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1994 May; 37(5): 754-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8185704&dopt=Abstract

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Serum beta 2 microglobulin in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Guidet M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 October; 16(10): 1399. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2681760&dopt=Abstract

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Serum cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma) in ankylosing spondylitis: a close correlation between serum IL-6 and disease activity and severity. Author(s): Gratacos J, Collado A, Filella X, Sanmarti R, Canete J, Llena J, Molina R, Ballesta A, Munoz-Gomez J. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 October; 33(10): 927-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921752&dopt=Abstract


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Serum IgA anti-Klebsiella antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis patients from Catalonia. Author(s): Collado A, Gratacos J, Ebringer A, Rashid T, Marti A, Sanmarti R, MunozGomez J. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1994; 23(3): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8016581&dopt=Abstract

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Serum IgA in ankylosing spondylitis: biological vs statistical significances of experimental results. Author(s): Bouvet JP, Iscaki S. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 July; 20(7): 1255-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8371235&dopt=Abstract

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Serum IgA to enterobacteria in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): van Bohemen CG, Nabbe AJ, Goei The HS, Mazurkiewicz ES, van der Linden S, Zanen HC. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1986; 15(3): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3541170&dopt=Abstract

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Serum IgA, acute phase proteins, and glycosylation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mackiewicz A, Khan MA, Reynolds TL, van der Linden S, Kushner I. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 February; 48(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2467628&dopt=Abstract

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Serum IgA1 and IgA2 subclass antibodies against collagens in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tani Y, Sato H, Tanaka N, Mori K, Doida Y, Hukuda S. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1997; 26(5): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385351&dopt=Abstract

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Serum keratan sulphate levels rise in rheumatoid arthritis patients, but fall in ankylosing spondylitis patients compared with normal controls. Author(s): Will R, Elswood J, Edmunds L, Calin A. Source: Biochem Soc Trans. 1990 October; 18(5): 964-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083769&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of beta 2-microglobulin in HLA-B27+ patients with acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Beersma MF, Derhaag PJ, Feltkamp TE. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1990; 87: 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2259876&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of secretory IgA in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Collado A, Sanmarti R, Serra C, Gallart T, Canete JD, Gratacos J, Vives J, Munoz-Gomez J. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1991; 20(3): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2068536&dopt=Abstract

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Serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Ersoy Y, Ozerol E, Baysal O, Temel I, MacWalter RS, Meral U, Altay ZE. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 January; 61(1): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779766&dopt=Abstract

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Serum osteocalcin and vitamin D metabolites in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Franck H, Keck E. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1993 May; 52(5): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8323382&dopt=Abstract

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Serum protein markers in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rantapaa Dahlqvist S, Beckman L. Source: Hum Hered. 1987; 37(6): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3500111&dopt=Abstract

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Serum secretory immunoglobulins in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Didier JM, Seilles E. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1996 November; 15(6): 590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973869&dopt=Abstract

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Serum testosterone levels are not elevated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Giltay EJ, Popp-Snijders C, van Schaardenburg D, Dekker-Saeys BJ, Gooren LJ, Dijkmans BA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1998 December; 25(12): 2389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9858435&dopt=Abstract

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Sex hormone concentrations in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis: preliminary report. Author(s): Chevallard M, Angelini M, Ambrosi B, Travaglini P, Carrabba M. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 December; 6(4): 609-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3449314&dopt=Abstract


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Sex ratio in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): James WH. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 August; 22(8): 1607. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7473494&dopt=Abstract

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Shock absorption by the spinal column in normals and in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Helliwell PS, Smeathers JE, Wright V. Source: Proc Inst Mech Eng [h]. 1989; 203(4): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2701954&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effect of physical training on temporomandibular joint disorder in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tegelberg A, Kopp S. Source: Acta Odontol Scand. 1988 February; 46(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3164163&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder muscle strength, endurance and electromyographic fatigue in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hagberg M, Hagner IM, Bjelle A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1987; 16(3): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3602950&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder, knee, and hip pain as initial symptoms of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Law LA, Haftel HM. Source: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998 February; 27(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9475141&dopt=Abstract

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Sibship Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gilvarry J, Keeling F, Fielding JF. Source: J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990 December; 12(6): 711-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2266254&dopt=Abstract

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Signal changes in the intervertebral discs on MRI of the thoracolumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tyrrell PN, Davies AM, Evans N, Jubb RW. Source: Clin Radiol. 1995 June; 50(6): 377-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789021&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of non-pathogenic cross reactive bowel flora in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McGuigan LE, Prendergast JK, Geczy AF, Edmonds JP, Bashir HV. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 July; 45(7): 566-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3527085&dopt=Abstract

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Significant loss of bone mass in patients with early, active ankylosing spondylitis: a followup study. Author(s): Gratacos J, Collado A, Pons F, Osaba M, Sanmarti R, Roque M, Larrosa M, Munoz-Gomez J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 November; 42(11): 2319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10555026&dopt=Abstract

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Similarly increased serum IgA1 and IgA2 subclass antibody levels against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis patients with/without extra-articular features. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Lehtinen K, Granfors K. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 February; 35(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612022&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous occurrence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis in the same patient. Author(s): Maertens M, Mielants H, Verstraete K, Veys EM. Source: J Rheumatol. 1992 December; 19(12): 1978-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1294752&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous occurrence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Moreno AC, Gonzalez ML, Duffin M, Lopez-Longo FJ, Carreno L, Forrester DM. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 April; 63(4): 292-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8738449&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous presentation of upper lobe fibrobullous disease and spinal pseudarthrosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hakala M, Kontkanen E, Koivisto O. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1990 September; 49(9): 728-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2241293&dopt=Abstract


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Sister chromatid exchange analysis in the lymphocytes of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sonmez S, Senel K, Oztas S, Erdal A, Cerrahoglu L. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 April; 56(4): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166003&dopt=Abstract

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Six-month results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of etanercept treatment in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brandt J, Khariouzov A, Listing J, Haibel H, Sorensen H, Grassnickel L, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 June; 48(6): 1667-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794835&dopt=Abstract

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Skeletal status of men with early and late ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lee YS, Schlotzhauer T, Ott SM, van Vollenhoven RF, Hunter J, Shapiro J, Marcus R, McGuire JL. Source: Am J Med. 1997 September; 103(3): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316556&dopt=Abstract

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Slow ascending myelopathy, tetraplegia, carcinoma of the bladder and amyloidosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Zwecker M, Daich A, Blumen N, Zeilig G, Ohry A. Source: Spinal Cord. 2000 May; 38(5): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822408&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and outcome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Averns HL, Oxtoby J, Taylor HG, Jones PW, Dziedzic K, Dawes PT. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1996; 25(3): 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8668955&dopt=Abstract

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Socioeconomic consequences of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Boonen A. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S23-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463442&dopt=Abstract

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Socioeconomic status in ankylosing spondylitis: relationship between occupation and disease activity. Author(s): Roussou E, Kennedy LG, Garrett S, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 May; 24(5): 908-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150080&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Racadot E, Viel JF. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1991 December; 34(12): 1622-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1747149&dopt=Abstract

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Somatic serogroups, capsular types, and species of fecal Klebsiella in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toivanen P, Hansen DS, Mestre F, Lehtonen L, Vaahtovuo J, Vehma M, Mottonen T, Saario R, Luukkainen R, Nissila M. Source: J Clin Microbiol. 1999 September; 37(9): 2808-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10449457&dopt=Abstract

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Spa and exercise treatment in ankylosing spondylitis: fact or fancy? Author(s): van Tubergen A, Hidding A. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 653-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406432&dopt=Abstract

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Specific antibody response to the mycobacterial 65 kDa stress protein in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): McLean IL, Archer JR, Cawley MI, Pegley FS, Kidd BL, Thompson PW. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1990 December; 29(6): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2257449&dopt=Abstract

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Specific cell-mediated responses to bacterial antigens and clinical correlations in reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sheldon P. Source: Immunol Rev. 1985 August; 86: 5-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3899916&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal abnormalities similar to ankylosing spondylitis in a 58-year-old woman with ochronosis. Author(s): Kabasakal Y, Kiyici I, Ozmen D, Yagci A, Gumusdis G. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 May; 14(3): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641516&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal ankylosing spondylitis: a variant form of ankylosing spondylitis or a distinct disease entity? Author(s): Gran JT, Husby G, Hordvik M. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 June; 44(6): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3874605&dopt=Abstract


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Spinal bone SPECT in chronic symptomatic ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ryan PJ, Gibson T, Fogelman I. Source: Clin Nucl Med. 1997 December; 22(12): 821-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9408642&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal complications of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dunn NA. Source: J R Soc Med. 1986 March; 79(3): 184-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3701759&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal cord injury occurring in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter study. Author(s): Apple DF Jr, Anson C. Source: Orthopedics. 1995 October; 18(10): 1005-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8584458&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal epidural hematoma and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hissa E, Boumphrey F, Bay J. Source: Clin Orthop. 1986 July; (208): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720127&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal epidural hematoma and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Van de Straete S, Demaerel P, Stockx L, Nuttin B. Source: J Belge Radiol. 1997 June; 80(3): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260389&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal epidural hematoma and ankylosing spondylitis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Wu CT, Lee ST. Source: J Trauma. 1998 March; 44(3): 558-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9529193&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal fractures and pseudoarthrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis: MRI manifestation and clinical significance. Author(s): Shih TT, Chen PQ, Li YW, Hsu CY. Source: J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001 March-April; 25(2): 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242208&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal fractures complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wade W, Saltzstein R, Maiman D. Source: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989 May; 70(5): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2719544&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Graham GP, Evans PD. Source: Injury. 1991 September; 22(5): 426-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1806518&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Olerud C, Frost A, Bring J. Source: Eur Spine J. 1996; 5(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8689417&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal haematoma following epidural analgesia. Report of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and a bleeding diathesis. Author(s): Gustafsson H, Rutberg H, Bengtsson M. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 March; 43(3): 220-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3284404&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal lesions in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pedersen W, Clausen S, Kriegbaum NJ. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1987; 16(5): 381-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3685914&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal movements in ankylosing spondylitis and the effect of treatment. Author(s): Pearcy MJ, Wordsworth BP, Portek I, Mowat AG. Source: Spine. 1985 June; 10(5): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2996156&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal pseudarthrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of CT and conventional tomography. Author(s): Chan FL, Ho EK, Chau EM. Source: Ajr Am J Roentgenol. 1988 March; 150(3): 611-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3257619&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chan FL, Ho EK, Fang D, Hsu LC, Leong JC, Ngan H. Source: Acta Radiol. 1987 July-August; 28(4): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2958050&dopt=Abstract


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Spinal pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Clinicopathological correlation and the results of anterior spinal fusion. Author(s): Fang D, Leong JC, Ho EK, Chan FL, Chow SP. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988 May; 70(3): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372569&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal pseudoarthrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis: a report of two patients. Author(s): Pettersson T, Laasonen L, Leirisalo-Repo M, Tervahartiala P. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 December; 35(12): 1319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010065&dopt=Abstract

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Spine fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fast A, Parikh S, Marin EL. Source: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986 September; 67(9): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3767633&dopt=Abstract

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Spondyloarthropathies in Japan: nationwide questionnaire survey performed by the Japan Ankylosing Spondylitis Society. Author(s): Hukuda S, Minami M, Saito T, Mitsui H, Matsui N, Komatsubara Y, Makino H, Shibata T, Shingu M, Sakou T, Shichikawa K. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 March; 28(3): 554-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296958&dopt=Abstract

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Spondylodiscitis in ankylosing spondylitis, inflammation or trauma? A description of six cases. Author(s): Rasker JJ, Prevo RL, Lanting PJ. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1996; 25(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8774557&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous avulsion injuries of tendons in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Groupe de Recherche en Immuno-pathologie (GRIMP) Author(s): Da Silva LF, Mejjad O, Berard V, Le Loet X. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 July-September; 63(7-8): 504. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8896066&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous fracture of the odontoid process in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Nonunion responsible for compression of the upper cervical cord. Author(s): Kremer P, Despaux J, Benmansour A, Wendling D. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995 June; 62(6): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7552211&dopt=Abstract

Studies 191

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Spontaneous hyphema: an unusual complication of uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Klemperer I, Yassur Y, David R. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1992 May; 24(5): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1379026&dopt=Abstract

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Staging of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a preliminary proposal. Author(s): Braun J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Emery P, Khan MA, Sieper J, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii9-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381507&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation of whole blood cultures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by a mitogen derived from Mycoplasma arthritidis (MAS) and other mitogens. Author(s): Brand JM, Neustock P, Kruse A, Alvarez-Ossorio L, Schnabel A, Kirchner H. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1997; 16(5): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9032820&dopt=Abstract

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Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score. Author(s): Dawes PT. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 993-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229435&dopt=Abstract

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Stress coping of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gunther V, Mur E, Traweger C, Hawel R. Source: J Psychosom Res. 1994 July; 38(5): 419-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965931&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of humoral and cell-mediated immunity to peptides shared by HLA-27.1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tsuchiya N, Husby G, Williams RC Jr. Source: Clin Exp Immunol. 1989 June; 76(3): 354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2665975&dopt=Abstract

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Studies with an enthesis index as a method of clinical assessment in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mander M, Simpson JM, McLellan A, Walker D, Goodacre JA, Dick WC. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 March; 46(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3107483&dopt=Abstract


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Subacute bacterial endocarditis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hoppmann RA, Wise CM, Challa VR, Peacock JE. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 May; 47(5): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3389930&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute measles encephalitis in a young man immunosuppressed for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gazzola P, Cocito L, Capello E, Roccatagliata L, Canepa M, Mancardi GL. Source: Neurology. 1999 March 23; 52(5): 1074-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102434&dopt=Abstract

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Successful direct laryngoscopy assisted by posture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ng M, Hastings RH. Source: Anesth Analg. 1998 December; 87(6): 1436-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9842844&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody infliximab. Author(s): Brandt J, Haibel H, Cornely D, Golder W, Gonzalez J, Reddig J, Thriene W, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2000 June; 43(6): 1346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857793&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of protein-losing enteropathy due to AA amyloidosis with somatostatin analogue and high dose steroid in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jeong YS, Jun JB, Kim TH, Lee IH, Bae SC, Yoo DH, Park MH, Kim SY. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 September-October; 18(5): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072606&dopt=Abstract

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Sulfasalazine in the prevention of anterior uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, Garcia-Sanchez J, Iradier T, Banares A. Source: Eye. 2000 June; 14 ( Pt 3A): 340-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026996&dopt=Abstract

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Sulfasalazine in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A twenty-six-week, placebocontrolled clinical trial. Author(s): Nissila M, Lehtinen K, Leirisalo-Repo M, Luukkainen R, Mutru O, YliKerttula U. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1988 September; 31(9): 1111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2901839&dopt=Abstract

Studies 193

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Sulphasalazine (Salazopyrin) in the treatment of enterogenic reactive synovitis and ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral arthritis. Author(s): Mielants H, Veys EM, Joos R. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1986 January; 5(1): 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2869851&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphasalazine and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): McConkey B. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 29(1): 2-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968352&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphasalazine and ankylosing spondylitis: an open pilot study. Author(s): Coelho Andrade LE, Atra E, Bosi Ferraz M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1989 November-December; 7(6): 661-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2575477&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Feltelius N, Hallgren R. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 May; 45(5): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2872857&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. A radiological, clinical and laboratory assessment. Author(s): Taylor HG, Beswick EJ, Dawes PT. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1991 March; 10(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1676621&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis: a double blind controlled study in 60 patients. Author(s): Dougados M, Boumier P, Amor B. Source: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 October 11; 293(6552): 911-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2876744&dopt=Abstract

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Sulphasalazine therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: its effect on disease activity, immunoglobulin A and the complex immunoglobulin A-alpha-1-antitrypsin. Author(s): Davis MJ, Dawes PT, Beswick E, Lewin IV, Stanworth DR. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1989 October; 28(5): 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2571386&dopt=Abstract


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Sulphasalazine-induced systemic lupus erythematous in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tsai WC, Chen CJ, Yen JH, Liu HW. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 2002 August; 21(4): 339-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296286&dopt=Abstract

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Superoxide anion scavenge effect of Quercus glauca Thunb. in whole blood of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sheu SY, Tsuang YH, Hsu FL, Lu FJ, Chiang HC. Source: Am J Chin Med. 1997; 25(3-4): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358904&dopt=Abstract

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Superoxide dismutases in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Pasquier C, Laoussadi S, Sarfati G, Raichvarg D, Amor B. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1985 April-June; 3(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4017308&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery of the deformities in ankylosing spondylitis: our experience of lumbar osteotomies in 31 patients. Author(s): Lazennec JY, Saillant G, Saidi K, Arafati N, Barabas D, Benazet JP, Laville C, Roy-Camille R, Ramare S. Source: Eur Spine J. 1997; 6(4): 222-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9294745&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Part I. Author(s): Simmons EH. Source: Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1989 Fall; 49(2): 111-30. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2557934&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical options in the treatment of the spinal disorders in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): El Saghir H, Boehm H. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463457&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of extensive discovertebral destruction in ankylosing spondylitis: a report of two cases. Author(s): Kuo SC, Kao HC, Liu CL, Yu WK, Lo WH. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1995 February; 55(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7750062&dopt=Abstract

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Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Karia N, Doran J, Watson SL, Nischal K. Source: J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999 April; 25(4): 597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10198872&dopt=Abstract

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Survival, alcohol and deaths in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 June; 37(6): 600-1. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667612&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis correlates with the C-terminal residue of peptides presented by various HLA-B27 subtypes. Author(s): Fiorillo MT, Meadows L, D'Amato M, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Appella E, Sorrentino R. Source: Eur J Immunol. 1997 February; 27(2): 368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9045906&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis in twins: the role of genes, HLA, and the environment. Author(s): Brown MA, Kennedy LG, MacGregor AJ, Darke C, Duncan E, Shatford JL, Taylor A, Calin A, Wordsworth P. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1997 October; 40(10): 1823-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336417&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis is independent of the Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes of HLA-B27 alleles. Author(s): Armas JB, Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J, Laranjeira F, Ribeiro E, Correia J, Ferreira ML, Toste M, Lopez-Vazquez A, Lopez-Larrea C. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1999 March; 53(3): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10203016&dopt=Abstract

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Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Carter N, Williamson L, Kennedy LG, Brown MA, Wordsworth BP. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 April; 39(4): 445. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817782&dopt=Abstract

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Sustained-release indomethacin in the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calabro JJ. Source: Am J Med. 1985 October 25; 79(4C): 39-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904443&dopt=Abstract


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Sweet's syndrome in a patient with acute Crohn's colitis and longstanding ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Petermann A, Tebbe B, Distler A, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 September-October; 17(5): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544847&dopt=Abstract

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Synovial expression of HLA-B27 related antigens in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Husby G, Tsuchiya N, Schwimmbeck PL, Keat A, Pahle JA, Oldstone MB, Williams RC Jr. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1988; 76: 23-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2471998&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic amyloidosis following ankylosing spondylitis associated with congestive heart failure. A case report. Author(s): Fujito T, Inoue T, Hoshi K, Hatano H, Kamishirado H, Takayanagi K, Hayashi T, Morooka S, Takabatake Y, Uehara Y. Source: Jpn Heart J. 1995 September; 36(5): 681-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8558773&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic and mucosal antibodies to Klebsiella in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn's disease. Author(s): O'Mahony S, Anderson N, Nuki G, Ferguson A. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 December; 51(12): 1296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1485810&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic osteopenia and mineralization defect in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Szejnfeld VL, Monier-Faugere MC, Bognar BJ, Ferraz MB, Malluche HH. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 April; 24(4): 683-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9101502&dopt=Abstract

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T cell response to human HSP60 and yersinia 19 kDa in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis: no evidence for a causal role of these antigens in the pathogenesis. Author(s): Zou J, Rudwaleit M, Thiel A, Lauster R, Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 May; 61(5): 473-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959779&dopt=Abstract

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T lymphocyte subpopulations in synovial fluid in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Chou CT, Lee CF. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1986 January; 85(1): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3486941&dopt=Abstract

Studies 197

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T lymphocytes in ankylosing spondylitis and the influence of sulphasalazine treatment. Author(s): Feltelius N, Hallgren R, Sjoberg O. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1987 December; 6(4): 545-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2896558&dopt=Abstract

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Tamale foot: deposit of acid mucopolysaccharides in the synovial sheaths of extensor tendons of the foot, resembling tendinitis, in a patient with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Fernandez-Diez J, Fraga A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 July; 27(7): 1788-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914870&dopt=Abstract

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TAP polymorphism is not associated with ankylosing spondylitis and complications with acute anterior uveitis in HLA-B27-positive Japanese. Author(s): Konno Y, Numaga J, Mochizuki M, Mitsui H, Hirata R, Maeda H. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1998 November; 52(5): 478-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9864038&dopt=Abstract

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TAP1 and TAP2 polymorphism in HLA-B27-positive subpopulations: no allelic differences in ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Author(s): Westman P, Partanen J, Leirisalo-Repo M, Koskimies S. Source: Hum Immunol. 1995 December; 44(4): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8770637&dopt=Abstract

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TAP1 and TAP2 polymorphism in Spanish patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fraile A, Collado MD, Mataran L, Martin J, Nieto A. Source: Exp Clin Immunogenet. 2000; 17(4): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096258&dopt=Abstract

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Taq I polymorphism of HLA class I genes in an ankylosing spondylitis family. Author(s): Lucotte G, Huetz F, Mariotti M, Cavelier B, Deshayes P, Amor B. Source: Exp Clin Immunogenet. 1987; 4(4): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2908513&dopt=Abstract

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Tarsal ankylosis in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Roth RD. Source: J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1986 September; 76(9): 514-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3761186&dopt=Abstract


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Tarsal tunnel syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kucukdeveci AA, Kutlay S, Seckin B, Arasil T. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 May; 34(5): 488-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788190&dopt=Abstract

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Temporomandibular joint osseous morphology in a consecutive sample of ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Major P, Gomez-Vargas A, Petrikowski G, HernandezChavez A, Gonzalez-Marin E, Russell AS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 February; 56(2): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9068282&dopt=Abstract

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Ten families of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fu X, Wang JC, Jia YM, Kang Q, An JB. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1989 September; 102(9): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2517085&dopt=Abstract

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Tenoxicam (Ro 12-0068) in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Romberg O. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1987; 9(2): 122-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3329103&dopt=Abstract

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Tenoxicam compared with diclofenac in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Schwarzer AC, Cohen M, Arnold MH, Kelly D, McNaught P, Brooks PM. Source: Curr Med Res Opin. 1990; 11(10): 648-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2178870&dopt=Abstract

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Testicular function in active ankylosing spondylitis. Therapeutic response to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Author(s): Tapia-Serrano R, Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Murrieta S, Bravo-Gatica C, Guerra R, Mintz G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 June; 18(6): 841-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1843848&dopt=Abstract

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Testosterone and testosterone free index in mild ankylosing spondylitis: relationship with bone mineral density and vertebral fractures. Author(s): Mitra D, Elvins DM, Collins AJ. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 November; 26(11): 2414-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10555903&dopt=Abstract

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Thalidomide in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Huang F, Wei JC, Breban M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S158-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463469&dopt=Abstract

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The “last joint” syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Veerapen K, Dieppe PA, Veerapen R, Griffith HB. Source: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 August 9; 293(6543): 368. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3089526&dopt=Abstract

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The -308.1 polymorphism in the promoter region of the tumor necrosis factor gene is associated with ankylosing spondylitis independent of HLA-B27. Author(s): McGarry F, Walker R, Sturrock R, Field M. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 May; 26(5): 1110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332976&dopt=Abstract

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The assessment of knowledge in ankylosing spondylitis patients by a selfadministered questionnaire. Author(s): Lubrano E, Helliwell P, Moreno P, Griffiths B, Emery P, Veale D. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 April; 37(4): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619896&dopt=Abstract

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The association between ankylosing spondylitis, acute anterior uveitis and HLA-B27: the results of a Swiss family study. Author(s): van der Linden SM, Rentsch HU, Gerber N, Cats A, Valkenburg HA. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261189&dopt=Abstract

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The association of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): De la Iglesia Martinez F, Grana Gil J, Gomez Veiga F, Rodriguez Garcia J, Gomez Rodriguez N, Atanes Sandoval A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1992 July; 19(7): 1147-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1512776&dopt=Abstract

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The association of retroperitoneal fibrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Solomon SD, Maurer KH. Source: J Rheumatol. 1985 August; 12(4): 818. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4057212&dopt=Abstract


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The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score (BAS-G). Author(s): Jones SD, Steiner A, Garrett SL, Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 January; 35(1): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624626&dopt=Abstract

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The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index (BASRI): a new, validated approach to disease assessment. Author(s): MacKay K, Mack C, Brophy S, Calin A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 December; 41(12): 2263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9870884&dopt=Abstract

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The calcaneus in ankylosing spondylitis. A radiographic study of 43 patients. Author(s): Lopez-Bote JP, Humbria-Mendiola A, Ossorio-Castellanos C, Padron-Perez M, Sabando-Suarez P. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1989; 18(3): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2772561&dopt=Abstract

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The cauda equina syndrome: a rare extra-articular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis--a case report. Author(s): Travis RC, Byrne P. Source: Australas Radiol. 1987 November; 31(4): 395-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3453053&dopt=Abstract

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The cervical spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Laiho K, Kauppi M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 September-October; 20(5): 738. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412218&dopt=Abstract

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The changing epidemiology of rheumatic diseases: should ankylosing spondylitis now be included? Author(s): Will RK, Amor B, Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1990 August; 29(4): 299-300. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2379047&dopt=Abstract

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The coexistence of Behcet's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Borman P, Bodur H, Ak G, Bostan EE, Barca N. Source: Rheumatol Int. 2000; 19(5): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984138&dopt=Abstract

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The coexistence of ochronosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Yagan R, Khan MA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 October; 18(10): 1639-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1765997&dopt=Abstract

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The coexistence of ochronosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Weinberger KA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1991 December; 18(12): 1948-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1795348&dopt=Abstract

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The course of established ankylosing spondylitis and the effects of sulphasalazine over 3 years. Author(s): Kirwan J, Edwards A, Huitfeldt B, Thompson P, Currey H. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1993 August; 32(8): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8102305&dopt=Abstract

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The Crohn's associated NOD2 3020InsC frameshift mutation does not confer susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): D'Amato M. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 November; 29(11): 2470-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415614&dopt=Abstract

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The demographic and clinical spectrum of Arab versus Asian patients with ankylosing spondylitis in the UAE. Author(s): al Attia HM, Sherif AM, Hossain MM, Ahmed YH. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1998; 17(5): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542780&dopt=Abstract

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The development and validation of a radiographic grading system for the hip in ankylosing spondylitis: the bath ankylosing spondylitis radiology hip index. Author(s): MacKay K, Brophy S, Mack C, Doran M, Cali A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 December; 27(12): 2866-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128678&dopt=Abstract

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The difficulties in establishing a birth order or maternal age effect in ankylosing spondylitis: comment on the article by Baudoin et al. Author(s): James WH. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 February; 46(2): 563-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840468&dopt=Abstract


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The dosage of infliximab in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: dollars and sense. Author(s): Russell AS, Orozco JH, Maksymowych WP. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463464&dopt=Abstract

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The Dunlop-Dottridge Lecture. Ankylosing spondylitis: defining disease status and the relationship between radiology, metrology, disease activity, function, and outcome. Author(s): Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 April; 22(4): 740-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7791174&dopt=Abstract

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The early clinical recognition of juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis and its differentiation from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Vazquez-Mellado J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1995 June; 38(6): 835-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7779128&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of 30 min cycle ergometry on ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Carbon RJ, Macey MG, McCarthy DA, Pereira FP, Perry JD, Wade AJ. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 February; 35(2): 167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612031&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a home based exercise intervention package on outcome in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Sweeney S, Taylor G, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 April; 29(4): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950019&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of acupuncture on ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Emery P, Lythgoe S. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1986 February; 25(1): 132-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3942842&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of exercise on ankylosing spondylitis--a preliminary study. Author(s): Russell P, Unsworth A, Haslock I. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1993 June; 32(6): 498-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508287&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of HLA-DR genes on susceptibility to and severity of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Kennedy LG, Darke C, Gibson K, Pile KD, Shatford JL, Taylor A, Calin A, Wordsworth BP. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 March; 41(3): 460-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9506574&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Ostensen M. Source: Am J Reprod Immunol. 1992 October-December; 28(3-4): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1285888&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of sleep and nocturnal movement on stiffness, pain, and psychomotor performance in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jamieson AH, Alford CA, Bird HA, Hindmarch I, Wright V. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 January-February; 13(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7774107&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of comprehensive home physiotherapy and supervision on patients with ankylosing spondylitis--a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Kraag G, Stokes B, Groh J, Helewa A, Goldsmith C. Source: J Rheumatol. 1990 February; 17(2): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181127&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of comprehensive home physiotherapy and supervision on patients with ankylosing spondylitis--an 8-month followup. Author(s): Kraag G, Stokes B, Groh J, Helewa A, Goldsmith CH. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 February; 21(2): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8182634&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy and tolerability of aceclofenac in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter controlled clinical trial. Aceclofenac Indomethacin Study Group. Author(s): Batlle-Gualda E, Figueroa M, Ivorra J, Raber A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 July; 23(7): 1200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823693&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gran JT, Husby G. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993 April; 22(5): 319-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511596&dopt=Abstract


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The epidemiology of spondylodiscitis in ankylosing spondylitis--a controlled study. Author(s): Kabasakal Y, Garrett SL, Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 July; 35(7): 660-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8670600&dopt=Abstract

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The extension of the ankylosing spondylitis “dagger sign” into the sacrum. Author(s): Olivieri I, Ciancio G, Scarano E, Padula A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2000 December; 27(12): 2944-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128695&dopt=Abstract

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The frequency of rheumatoid arthritis among relatives of probands with definite ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Haar D, Mathiesen FK. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1987; 16(4): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498211&dopt=Abstract

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The functional significance of sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis in Reiter's syndrome. Author(s): McGuigan LE, Hart HH, Gow PJ, Kidd BL, Grigor RR, Moore TE. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1985 October-December; 3(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4085161&dopt=Abstract

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The generation of superoxide anions by polymorphonuclear leucocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis in response to the stimulant f-met-leu-phe. Author(s): Miller C, Russell AS. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1986 April-June; 4(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3015467&dopt=Abstract

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The genetics of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Reveille JD. Source: Bull Rheum Dis. 2001; 50(2): 2-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339005&dopt=Abstract

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The genetics of cytokines in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Stone MA, Inman RD. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 June; 28(6): 1203-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409109&dopt=Abstract

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The heart in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): O'Neill TW, Bresnihan B. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 June; 51(6): 705-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1616349&dopt=Abstract

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The histopathology of ankylosing spondylitis: are there unifying hypotheses? Author(s): Poole AR. Source: Am J Med Sci. 1998 October; 316(4): 228-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9766483&dopt=Abstract

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The immunopathology of ankylosing spondylitis--a review. Author(s): McGuigan LE, Geczy AF, Edmonds JP. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1985 November; 15(2): 81-105. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2933811&dopt=Abstract

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The individual with ankylosing spondylitis: defining disease status and the impact of the illness. Author(s): Calin A. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 July; 34(7): 663-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670787&dopt=Abstract

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The intubating laryngeal mask airway in severe ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Joo H. Source: Can J Anaesth. 2002 April; 49(4): 439. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927491&dopt=Abstract

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The intubating laryngeal mask airway in severe ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lu PP, Brimacombe J, Ho AC, Shyr MH, Liu HP. Source: Can J Anaesth. 2001 November; 48(10): 1015-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698322&dopt=Abstract

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The lifetime cumulative incidence of acute anterior uveitis in a normal population and its relation to ankylosing spondylitis and histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27. Author(s): Linssen A, Rothova A, Valkenburg HA, Dekker-Saeys AJ, Luyendijk L, Kijlstra A, Feltkamp TE. Source: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 August; 32(9): 2568-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1869411&dopt=Abstract


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The LMP2 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to acute anterior uveitis in HLA-B27 positive juvenile and adult Mexican subjects with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Gorodezky C, Luong M, Wong C, BurgosVargas R, Morenot M, Sanchez-Corona J, Ramos-Remus C, Russell AS. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 August; 56(8): 488-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306872&dopt=Abstract

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The myocardium in ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical, echocardiographic, and histopathological study. Author(s): Brewerton DA, Gibson DG, Goddard DH, Jones TJ, Moore RB, Pease CT, Revell PA, Shapiro LM, Swettenham KV. Source: Lancet. 1987 May 2; 1(8540): 995-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2883391&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history and prognosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 July; 15(7): 1054-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262754&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of ankylosing spondylitis as defined by radiological progression. Author(s): Brophy S, Mackay K, Al-Saidi A, Taylor G, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 June; 29(6): 1236-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064842&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Little H. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 August; 15(8): 1179-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2972834&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of ankylosing spondylitis. Does it burn out? Author(s): Kennedy LG, Edmunds L, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1993 April; 20(4): 688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8496866&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of ankylosing spondylitis: is the disease really changing? Author(s): Fries JF, Singh G, Bloch DA, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 July; 16(7): 860-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2788741&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis: a 24-year retrospective case-control study. Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988 April; 27(2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365541&dopt=Abstract

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The naturally occurring polymorphism Asp116-->His116, differentiating the ankylosing spondylitis-associated HLA-B*2705 from the non-associated HLA-B*2709 subtype, influences peptide-specific CD8 T cell recognition. Author(s): Fiorillo MT, Greco G, Maragno M, Potolicchio I, Monizio A, Dupuis ML, Sorrentino R. Source: Eur J Immunol. 1998 August; 28(8): 2508-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710228&dopt=Abstract

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The other arthritides. Roentgenologic features of osteoarthritis, erosive osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's disease, multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, and progressive systemic sclerosis. Author(s): Gold RH, Bassett LW, Seeger LL. Source: Radiol Clin North Am. 1988 November; 26(6): 1195-212. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3051093&dopt=Abstract

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The outcome of 138 total hip replacements and 12 revisions in ankylosing spondylitis: high success rate after a mean followup of 7.5 years. Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J. Source: J Rheumatol. 1989 July; 16(7): 955-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2769666&dopt=Abstract

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The outcome of ankylosing spondylitis: a study of 100 patients. Author(s): Gran JT, Skomsvoll JF. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 July; 36(7): 766-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255111&dopt=Abstract

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The oxidative metabolism of circulating phagocytes in ankylosing spondylitis: determination by whole blood chemiluminescence. Author(s): Ho KJ, Chen PQ, Chang CY, Lu FJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 May; 59(5): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10784514&dopt=Abstract

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The pain of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Good AE. Source: Am J Med. 1986 March 24; 80(3A): 118-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3963016&dopt=Abstract


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The pathogenesis of extensive discovertebral destruction in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wu PC, Fang D, Ho EK, Leong JC. Source: Clin Orthop. 1988 May; (230): 154-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365888&dopt=Abstract

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The phagocyte oxidative metabolism function in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Wendling D, Didier JM, Vuitton DA. Source: Rheumatol Int. 1991; 11(4-5): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1664542&dopt=Abstract

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The pleuropulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Boushea DK, Sundstrom WR. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1989 May; 18(4): 277-81. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2658070&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis among Norwegian Samis (Lapps). Author(s): Johnsen K, Gran JT, Dale K, Husby G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1992 October; 19(10): 1591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1464873&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in males and females. Author(s): Piergiacomi G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1986 October; 13(5): 990. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3820212&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of vertebral fractures in mild ankylosing spondylitis and their relationship to bone mineral density. Author(s): Mitra D, Elvins DM, Speden DJ, Collins AJ. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 January; 39(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10662879&dopt=Abstract

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The rates of alcohol-related deaths from accidents and violence in subjects with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): James WH. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 January; 38(1): 91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334693&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between Klebsiella infection and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ebringer A. Source: Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1989 August; 3(2): 321-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2670258&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between pelvic, spinal and hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis--one disease process or several? Author(s): Calin A, Elswood J. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1988 October; 27(5): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3179629&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of clinical and laboratory measurements to radiological change in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Taylor HG, Wardle T, Beswick EJ, Dawes PT. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1991 October; 30(5): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1912998&dopt=Abstract

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The relative value of spinal and thoracic mobility measurements in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Viitanen JV, Kautiainen H, Suni J, Kokko ML, Lehtinen K. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1995; 24(2): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747150&dopt=Abstract

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The role of etanercept in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Davis JC Jr. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463459&dopt=Abstract

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The role of germline polymorphisms in the T-cell receptor in susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Brown MA, Rudwaleit M, Pile KD, Kennedy LG, Shatford J, Amos CI, Siminovitch K, Rubin L, Calin A, Wordsworth BP. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1998 April; 37(4): 454-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619899&dopt=Abstract

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The role of passive stretching in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bulstrode SJ, Barefoot J, Harrison RA, Clarke AK. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1987 February; 26(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3814966&dopt=Abstract

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The shoulder girdle in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Emery RJ, Ho EK, Leong JC. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991 December; 73(10): 1526-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1748701&dopt=Abstract


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The spectrum of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Harley JB, Scofield RH. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1995 July 15; 30(7): 37-43, 46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601896&dopt=Abstract

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The spinal complications of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hunter T. Source: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1989 December; 19(3): 172-82. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2513645&dopt=Abstract

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The Swedish version of the Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index. Reliability and validity. Author(s): Waldner A, Cronstedt H, Stenstrom CH. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1999; 111: 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10503554&dopt=Abstract

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The Swedish version of the Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index. Reliability and validity. Author(s): Cronstedt H, Waldner A, Stenstrom CH. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1999; 111: 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10503553&dopt=Abstract

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The use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and radiobinding assay to investigate the cross-reactivity of Klebsiella antigens and HLA B27 in ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy controls. Author(s): Baines M, Ebringer A, Avakian H, Samuel D, James DC. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1990; 19(5): 341-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1699267&dopt=Abstract

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The use of focus group interview in the evaluation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cury SE, Ferraz MB, dos Santos JQ, Miranda C, Redko C, Vilar MJ, Atra E. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1995 February; 34(2): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704461&dopt=Abstract

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The use of methylprednisolone pulse therapy in a severe case of HLA-B27 negative ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mercado U. Source: J Rheumatol. 1994 August; 21(8): 1582-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7983673&dopt=Abstract

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The X-chromosome and susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Hoyle E, Laval SH, Calin A, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2000 June; 43(6): 1353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857794&dopt=Abstract

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Theoretical models to explain the association of HLA-B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ebringer A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1990; 87: 151-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2259887&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic advances in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Toussirot E, Wendling D. Source: Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 January; 10(1): 21-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11116278&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic effects of individual physical therapy in ankylosing spondylitis related to duration of disease. Author(s): Hidding A, van der Linden S, de Witte L. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1993 September; 12(3): 334-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8258231&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy for ankylosing spondylitis: new treatment modalities. Author(s): Braun J, Breban M, Maksymowych WP. Source: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002 September; 16(4): 631-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406431&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthritides: established medical treatment, anti-TNF-alpha therapy and other novel approaches. Author(s): Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Arthritis Res. 2002; 4(5): 307-21. Epub 2002 August 06. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223105&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis with 224Ra-radium chloride: dosimetry and risk considerations. Author(s): Lassmann M, Nosske D, Reiners C. Source: Radiat Environ Biophys. 2002 September; 41(3): 173-8. Epub 2002 September 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373325&dopt=Abstract


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Third-degree heart block developing in an HLA-B27-positive individual with a family history of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sahi SP, Winfield CR. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 December; 44(12): 794-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2102255&dopt=Abstract

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Thoracic high resolution computed tomography in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and without respiratory symptoms. Author(s): El-Maghraoui A, Chaouir S, Bezza A, Tabache F, Abouzahir A, Ghafir D, Ohayon V, Archane MI. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 February; 62(2): 185-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525394&dopt=Abstract

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Thoracolumbar fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. High-risk injuries. Author(s): Trent G, Armstrong GW, O'Neil J. Source: Clin Orthop. 1988 February; 227: 61-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3276425&dopt=Abstract

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Thoracolumbar rotation in ankylosing spondylitis. A new noninvasive measurement method. Author(s): Viitanen JV. Source: Spine. 1993 June 1; 18(7): 880-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8316888&dopt=Abstract

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Thoughts concerning the early diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S6-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463439&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid disorders in female patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Lange U, Boss B, Teichmann J, Klett R, Stracke H, Bretzel RG, Neeck G. Source: Eur J Med Res. 1999 November 22; 4(11): 468-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10585302&dopt=Abstract

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TNF-238A promoter polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27 negative patients. Author(s): Gonzalez S, Torre-Alonso JC, Martinez-Borra J, Fernandez Sanchez JA, Lopez-Vazquez A, Rodriguez Perez A, Lopez-Larrea C. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 June; 28(6): 1288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409121&dopt=Abstract

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Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Khan MA. Source: J Rheumatol. 2002 June; 29(6): 1342; Author Reply 1342. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064860&dopt=Abstract

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Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Walker LG, Sledge CB. Source: Clin Orthop. 1991 January; (262): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1984917&dopt=Abstract

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Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis: an analysis of 181 hips. Author(s): Joshi AB, Markovic L, Hardinge K, Murphy JC. Source: J Arthroplasty. 2002 June; 17(4): 427-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066271&dopt=Abstract

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Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis: outcome in 340 patients. Author(s): Sweeney S, Gupta R, Taylor G, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 August; 28(8): 1862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508591&dopt=Abstract

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Total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with a more than two year follow-up. Author(s): Toni A, Baldini N, Sudanese A, Tigani D, Giunti A. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1987; 53(1): 63-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3604644&dopt=Abstract

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Total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: longterm followup. Author(s): Shih LY, Chen TH, Lo WH, Yang DJ. Source: J Rheumatol. 1995 September; 22(9): 1704-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8523349&dopt=Abstract

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Total hip replacement for patients who have ankylosing spondylitis. The importance of the formation of heterotopic bone and of the durability of fixation of cemented components. Author(s): Kilgus DJ, Namba RS, Gorek JE, Cracchiolo A 3rd, Amstutz HC. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 July; 72(6): 834-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2114407&dopt=Abstract


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Total knee arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Parvizi J, Duffy GP, Trousdale RT. Source: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 September; 83-A(9): 1312-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568191&dopt=Abstract

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Total respiratory resistance and reactance in ankylosing spondylitis and kyphoscoliosis. Author(s): van Noord JA, Cauberghs M, Van de Woestijne KP, Demedts M. Source: Eur Respir J. 1991 September; 4(8): 945-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1783085&dopt=Abstract

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Tracheobronchomegaly in association with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Padley S, Varma N, Flower CD. Source: Clin Radiol. 1991 February; 43(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2004514&dopt=Abstract

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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in ankylosing spondylitis: a doubleblind study. Author(s): Gemignani G, Olivieri I, Ruju G, Pasero G. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1991 June; 34(6): 788-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1828944&dopt=Abstract

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Transfer dysphagia in a patient with the rare combination of scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Witt P, Thomas E. Source: J Natl Med Assoc. 1987 September; 79(9): 993-4, 996. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3669094&dopt=Abstract

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Transgenic mice expressing a truncated Peromyscus leucopus TNF-alpha gene manifest an arthritis resembling ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Crew MD, Effros RB, Walford RL, Zeller E, Cheroutre H, Brahn E. Source: J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1998 April; 18(4): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568723&dopt=Abstract

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Transpedicular decancellation closed wedge vertebral osteotomy for treatment of fixed flexion deformity of spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Thiranont N, Netrawichien P. Source: Spine. 1993 December; 18(16): 2517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8303457&dopt=Abstract

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Transpedicular wedge osteotomy for correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis: experience with 78 patients. Author(s): Chen IH, Chien JT, Yu TC. Source: Spine. 2001 August 15; 26(16): E354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493864&dopt=Abstract

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Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of the aortic root and subvalvular structures in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Arnason JA, Patel AK, Rahko PS, Sundstrom WR. Source: J Rheumatol. 1996 January; 23(1): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838519&dopt=Abstract

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Transverse myelitis in a patient with long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Oh DH, Jun JB, Kim HT, Lee SW, Jung SS, Lee IH, Kim SY. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 March-April; 19(2): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326484&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic spinal cord injury as a complication to ankylosing spondylitis. An extended report. Author(s): Alaranta H, Luoto S, Konttinen YT. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 January-February; 20(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892713&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic spinal cord injury complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tico N, Ramon S, Garcia-Ortun F, Ramirez L, Castello T, Garcia-Fernandez L, Lience E. Source: Spinal Cord. 1998 May; 36(5): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9601116&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic spinal fracture in ankylosing spondylitis (a case report). Author(s): Sharma RR, Mathad NV. Source: J Postgrad Med. 1988 July; 34(3): 193-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3072414&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic tetraparesis: a rare neurologic complication in ankylosing spondylitis with ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine. A case report. Author(s): Ho EK, Leong JC. Source: Spine. 1987 May; 12(4): 403-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3112965&dopt=Abstract


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Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Author(s): Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, Zink A, Alten R, Golder W, Gromnica-Ihle E, Kellner H, Krause A, Schneider M, Sorensen H, Zeidler H, Thriene W, Sieper J. Source: Lancet. 2002 April 6; 359(9313): 1187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11955536&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with pamidronate. Author(s): Haibel H, Brandt J, Rudwaleit M, Soerensen H, Sieper J, Braun J. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 August; 42(8): 1018-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869678&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of ankylosing and non-ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Donnelly P. Source: Ir Med J. 1993 November-December; 86(6): 175-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8106217&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Author(s): Gorman JD, Sack KE, Davis JC Jr. Source: N Engl J Med. 2002 May 2; 346(18): 1349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986408&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. Author(s): van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Clegg DO, Dijkmans BA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 November-December; 20(6 Suppl 28): S67-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463451&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab. Author(s): Boeger CA, Wittwer H, Schattenkirchner M, Kellner H, Kellner W. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 December; 60(12): 1159-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760727&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of fracture and complication of cervical spine with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Exner G, Botel U, Kluger P, Richter M, Eggers C, Ruidisch M. Source: Spinal Cord. 1998 June; 36(6): 377-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648192&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of kyphotic deformity in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Gerscovich EO, Greenspan A, Montesano PX. Source: Orthopedics. 1994 April; 17(4): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8015988&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment resistant ankylosing spondylitis with peripheral joint involvement - a case for infliximab? Author(s): Hrycaj P, Lacki JK. Source: J Rheumatol. 2003 January; 30(1): 204-6; Author Reply 206. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508417&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment trials in ankylosing spondylitis: current and future considerations. Author(s): van der Heijde D, Braun J, McGonagle D, Siegel J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: Iii24-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381508&dopt=Abstract

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Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Fraile A, Nieto A, Beraun Y, Vinasco J, Mataran L, Martin J. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1998 April; 51(4 Pt 1): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583811&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tishler M, Yaron M. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1992 August; 31(8): 569-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1643461&dopt=Abstract

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Two distinctive HLA haplotypes harbor the B27 alleles negatively or positively associated with ankylosing spondylitis in Sardinia: implications for disease pathogenesis. Author(s): Fiorillo MT, Cauli A, Carcassi C, Bitti PP, Vacca A, Passiu G, Bettosini F, Mathieu A, Sorrentino R. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 May; 48(5): 1385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746911&dopt=Abstract

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Two osteoarcheological cases of ankylosing spondylitis, possibly in geneticallyrelated individuals. Author(s): Palff G, Molnar E, Berato J, Wicker E, Dutour O. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 February; 63(2): 148-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8689288&dopt=Abstract

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Two year followup of anterior and vertical atlantoaxial subluxation in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ramos-Remus C, Gomez-Vargas A, Hernandez-Chavez A, Gamez-Nava JI, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Russell AS. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 March; 24(3): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058657&dopt=Abstract


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Two-dimensional echo Doppler findings in juvenile and adult onset ankylosing spondylitis with long-term disease. Author(s): Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Garcia-Rubi D, Perez-Hinojosa S, Arellano J, Yanez P, Sanchez ML, Camargo-Coronel A, Zonana-Nacach A. Source: Angiology. 2001 August; 52(8): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11512693&dopt=Abstract

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Umbilical extrusion in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jajic I, Jajic Z. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1998; 27(5): 388. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9808408&dopt=Abstract

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Unexplained acute backache in longstanding ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dunn N, Preston B, Jones KL. Source: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985 December 7; 291(6509): 1632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2934108&dopt=Abstract

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Unsuspected cervical fractures: a common problem in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Salathe M, Johr M. Source: Anesthesiology. 1989 May; 70(5): 869-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2719323&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis in a black patient. Author(s): Whitman GJ, Khan MA. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1989 November-December; 56(8): 819-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2605779&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual paraspinal muscle lesions in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kakulas BA, Morrison I, Owen ET, Kitridou R. Source: Clin Exp Neurol. 1987; 23: 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3665175&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual radiographic features in a female patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Cunningham TJ, Cumber PM, Evison G, Maddison PJ. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 September; 45(9): 776-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3767466&dopt=Abstract

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Unusually severe traumatic uveitis associated with occult ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Seymour R, Ramsey MS. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1991 April; 26(3): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2054728&dopt=Abstract

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Up regulation of the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma by T cells in ankylosing spondylitis during treatment with etanercept. Author(s): Zou J, Rudwaleit M, Brandt J, Thiel A, Braun J, Sieper J. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 June; 62(6): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759295&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a numerical rating scale as an answer modality in ankylosing spondylitisspecific questionnaires. Author(s): Van Tubergen A, Debats I, Ryser L, Londono J, Burgos-Vargas R, Cardiel MH, Landewe R, Stucki G, Van Der Heijde D. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 June 15; 47(3): 242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115152&dopt=Abstract

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Use of immunohistologic and in situ hybridization techniques in the examination of sacroiliac joint biopsy specimens from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Braun J, Bollow M, Neure L, Seipelt E, Seyrekbasan F, Herbst H, Eggens U, Distler A, Sieper J. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1995 April; 38(4): 499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7718003&dopt=Abstract

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Use of simple analgesics in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Pal B. Source: Br J Rheumatol. 1987 June; 26(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2437989&dopt=Abstract

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Use of static lung mechanics to identify early pulmonary involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Wanchu A, Jindal SK. Source: J Postgrad Med. 2001 April-June; 47(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832596&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway in a case of ankylosing spondylitis for coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): D'Mello J, Pagedar R, Butani M, Kurkal P, Pandey K. Source: Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2002 April; 19(4): 298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074421&dopt=Abstract


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Uveitis of juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Burgos-Vargas R, Vazquez-Mellado J, Gomez-Gordillo M, Katona G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1988 June; 15(6): 1039. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3418632&dopt=Abstract

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Validity aspects of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in ankylosing spondylitis: a literature review. Author(s): Ruof J, Stucki G. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 966-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229429&dopt=Abstract

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Variable histopathology of discovertebral lesion (spondylodiscitis) of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Agarwal AK, Reidbord HE, Kraus DR, Eisenbeis CH Jr. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990 January-February; 8(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347137&dopt=Abstract

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Vascular complications associated with osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis: a report of two cases. Author(s): Weatherley C, Jaffray D, Terry A. Source: Spine. 1988 January; 13(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3381137&dopt=Abstract

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ankylosing spondylitis--a pilot study. Author(s): Goldberger C, Dulak J, Duftner C, Weidinger F, Falkenbach A, Schirmer M. Source: Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002; 152(9-10): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094393&dopt=Abstract

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Vertebral osteotomy for correction of kyphosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Thomasen E. Source: Clin Orthop. 1985 April; (194): 142-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3978906&dopt=Abstract

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Vertebro-basilar insufficiency associated with longstanding ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sharma R, Sharma A, Shah ND, Patkar SV, Goel A, Sharma N. Source: J Postgrad Med. 1987 July; 33(3): 146-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3430404&dopt=Abstract

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What counselling do patients with ankylosing spondylitis receive? Results of a questionnaire survey. Author(s): Pal B. Source: Clin Rheumatol. 1998; 17(4): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776113&dopt=Abstract

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Which domains should be included in a core set for endpoints in ankylosing spondylitis? Introduction to the ankylosing spondylitis module of OMERACT IV. Author(s): van der Heijde D, van der Linden S, Bellamy N, Calin A, Dougados M, Khan MA. Source: J Rheumatol. 1999 April; 26(4): 945-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229424&dopt=Abstract

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Which factors really influence the course of ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Falkenbach A. Source: Arthritis Care Res. 2000 February; 13(1): 66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11094928&dopt=Abstract

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Which is the active moiety of sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis? A randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Taggart A, Gardiner P, McEvoy F, Hopkins R, Bird H. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 1996 August; 39(8): 1400-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8702450&dopt=Abstract

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Which patients with ankylosing spondylitis derive most benefit from an inpatient management program? Author(s): Band DA, Jones SD, Kennedy LG, Garrett SL, Porter J, Gay L, Richardson J, Whitelock HC, Calin A. Source: J Rheumatol. 1997 December; 24(12): 2381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9415646&dopt=Abstract

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Whole body and regional bone mineral density in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Dos Santos FP, Constantin A, Laroche M, Destombes F, Bernard J, Mazieres B, Cantagrel A. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 March; 28(3): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296956&dopt=Abstract


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Whole-genome screening in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence of non-MHC geneticsusceptibility loci. Author(s): Laval SH, Timms A, Edwards S, Bradbury L, Brophy S, Milicic A, Rubin L, Siminovitch KA, Weeks DE, Calin A, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA. Source: Am J Hum Genet. 2001 April; 68(4): 918-26. Epub 2001 February 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231900&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawal from labour force due to work disability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Boonen A, Chorus A, Miedema H, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Schouten H, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 November; 60(11): 1033-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602474&dopt=Abstract

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Work disability among people with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Barlow JH, Wright CC, Williams B, Keat A. Source: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 October; 45(5): 424-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642641&dopt=Abstract

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Work status and its determinants among patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A systematic literature review. Author(s): Boonen A, de Vet H, van der Heijde D, van der Linden S. Source: J Rheumatol. 2001 May; 28(5): 1056-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361189&dopt=Abstract

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Work status and productivity costs due to ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of three European countries. Author(s): Boonen A, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Spoorenberg A, Schouten H, Rutten-van Molken M, Guillemin F, Dougados M, Mielants H, de Vlam K, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 May; 61(5): 429-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959767&dopt=Abstract

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Ximoprofen in ankylosing spondylitis. A double blind placebo controlled dose ranging study. Author(s): Dougados M, Nguyen M, Caporal R, Legeais J, Bouxin-Sauzet A, PellegriGuegnault B, Gomeni C. Source: Scand J Rheumatol. 1994; 23(5): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7973477&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ankylosing spondylitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ankylosing Spondylitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.


The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ankylosing spondylitis” (or a synonym): •

A 12-week double-blind study of the efficacy, safety and tolerance of pirazolac b.i.d. compared with indomethacin t.i.d. in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cagliari, Italy. Source: Carcassi, C La Nasa, G Perpignano, G Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1990; 16(1): 29-37 0378-6501

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A case of osteomalacia mimicking ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Suleyman Demirel University Medical School, Isparta, Turkey. Source: Akkus, S Tamer, M N Yorgancigil, H Rheumatol-Int. 2001 August; 20(6): 239-42 0172-8172

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A comparative study of nabumetone and indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Yeovil District Hospital, Higher Kingston, Somerset. Source: Palferman, T G Webley, M Eur-J-Rheumatol-Inflamm. 1991; 11(2): 23-9 01401610

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A double blind comparison of diclofenac and indomethacin in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Source: Khan, M A J-Rheumatol. 1987 February; 14(1): 118-23 0315-162X

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A prospective nationwide cross-sectional study of NSAID usage in 1331 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath, UK. Source: Calin, A Elswood, J J-Rheumatol. 1990 June; 17(6): 801-3 0315-162X

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Ankylosing spondylitis. Current drug treatment. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Central Hospital of Aust-Agder, Arendal, Norway. Source: Gran, J T Husby, G Drugs. 1992 October; 44(4): 585-603 0012-6667

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Anti-lactoferrin antibodies and other types of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Department of Health and Environment, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Locht, H Skogh, T Kihlstrom, E Clin-Exp-Immunol. 1999 September; 117(3): 56873 0009-9104

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Are there any antirheumatic drugs that modify the course of ankylosing spondylitis? Source: Laurent, R Baillieres-Clin-Rheumatol. 1991 August; 4(2): 387-400 0950-3579

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Clinical application of D-penicillamine in ankylosing spondylitis: a 9-month study. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Medical Academy, Bialystok, Poland. Source: Bernacka, K Tytman, K Sierakowski, S Med-Interne. 1989 Oct-December; 27(4): 295-301 0377-1202

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Comparative responsiveness of 3 functional indices in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rheumaklinik und Institut fur Physikalische Medizin, Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Ruof, J Sangha, O Stucki, G J-Rheumatol. 1999 September; 26(9): 1959-63 0315162X

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Conventional treatments for ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Rene Descartes University, Hopital Cochin, 27 rue du Faobourg Saint Jacques, F-75014 Paris, France. [email protected] Source: Dougados, M Dijkmans, B Khan, M Maksymowych, W van der Linden, S Brandt, J Ann-Rheum-Dis. 2002 December; 61 Suppl 3: iii40-50 0003-4967

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Current guidelines for the drug treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital J. Minjoz, Besancon, France. [email protected] Source: Toussirot, E Wendling, D Drugs. 1998 August; 56(2): 225-40 0012-6667

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Dental abscess in an anticoagulated patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Southampton General Hospital. Source: Cone, A Br-J-Hosp-Med. 1993 February 3-16; 49(3): 190 0007-1064

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Differential association of HLA-B*2705 and B*2709 to ankylosing spondylitis correlates with limited peptide subsets but not with altered cell surface stability. Author(s): Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Source: Ramos, M Paradela, A Vazquez, M Marina, A Vazquez, J Lopez de Castro, J A JBiol-Chem. 2002 August 9; 277(32): 28749-56 0021-9258

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Do sex hormones play a role in ankylosing spondylitis? Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria. Source: Masi, A T Rheum-Dis-Clin-North-Am. 1992 February; 18(1): 153-76 0889-857X

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Efficacy of diclofenac/misoprostol vs diclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Trafford General Hospital, Davyhulme, Manchester, England. Source: McKenna, F Drugs. 1993; 45 Suppl 124-30; discussion 36-7 0012-6667

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Gonadal and adrenal sex steroids in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Gooren, L J Giltay, E J van Schaardenburg, D Dijkmans, B A Rheum-Dis-ClinNorth-Am. 2000 November; 26(4): 969-87 0889-857X

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Immune-mediated sensorineural hearing loss in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Source: Yeo, S W Park, S N Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 2001 July; 125(1): 113-4 01945998

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Immunity to cartilage proteoglycans in BALB/c mice with progressive polyarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis induced by injection of human cartilage proteoglycan. Source: Mikecz, K Glant, T T Poole, A R Arthritis-Rheum. 1987 March; 30(3): 306-18 0004-3591

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Isolation of proteoglycan-specific T lymphocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Montreal, Canada. Source: Mikecz, K Glant, T T Baron, M Poole, A R Cell-Immunol. 1988 March; 112(1): 5563 0008-8749


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Methotrexate in severe ankylosing spondylitis: an open study. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, St. Radbound Academic Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Source: Creemers, M C Franssen, M J van de Putte, L B Gribnau, F W van Riel, P L JRheumatol. 1995 June; 22(6): 1104-7 0315-162X

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Molecular mimicry: the geographical distribution of immune responses to Klebsiella in ankylosing spondylitis and its relevance to therapy. Author(s): Division of Life Sciences, King's College, London, England. Source: Ebringer, A Ahmadi, K Fielder, M Rashid, T Tiwana, H Wilson, C Collado, A Tani, Y Clin-Rheumatol. 1996 January; 15 Suppl 157-61 0770-3198

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Ovarian function studies in active ankylosing spondylitis in women. Clinical response to estrogen therapy. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional IMSS, Mexico, D.F. Source: Jimenez Balderas, F J Tapia Serrano, R Madero Cervera, J I Murrieta, S Mintz, G J-Rheumatol. 1990 April; 17(4): 497-502 0315-162X

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Oxaprozin versus diclofenac sodium in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Rheumatology Unit, St Maria Hospital School, Lisbon, Portugal. Source: Santo, J E Queiroz, M V J-Int-Med-Res. 1988 Mar-April; 16(2): 150-6 0300-0605

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Patients with ankylosing spondylitis and healthy relatives do not show increased small intestinal permeability with the lactulose-mannitol test. Author(s): Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: Kuiper, S van Pelt, J Verheesen, P E Rentsch, H U Stockbrugger, R van der Linden, S M Clin-Exp-Rheumatol. 1993 Jul-August; 11(4): 413-6 0392-856X

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Regression of reactive systemic amyloidosis due to ankylosing spondylitis following the administration of colchicine. Author(s): Arthritis Service, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, CA 90242. Source: Escalante, A Ehresmann, G R Quismorio, F P Arthritis-Rheum. 1991 July; 34(7): 920-2 0004-3591

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Relationship between disease activity and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid hormone in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kerckhoff Clinic and Foundation, Department of Rheumatology, University of Giessen, Bad Nauheim, Germany. Source: Lange, U Jung, O Teichmann, J Neeck, G Osteoporos-Int. 2001 December; 12(12): 1031-5 0937-941X

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Renaissance of 224 Ra for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: clinical experiences. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany. [email protected] Source: Tiepolt, C Gruning, T Franke, W G Nucl-Med-Commun. 2002 January; 23(1): 616 0143-3636

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Samarium-153-EDTMP for palliation of ankylosing spondylitis, Paget's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Department of Radiotherapy, H.F. Verwoerd Hospital, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Source: Alberts, A S Brighton, S W Kempff, P Louw, W K Beek, A V Kritzinger, V Westerink, H P van Rensburg, A J J-Nucl-Med. 1995 August; 36(8): 1417-20 0161-5505

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in patients with ankylosing spondylitis before and after a three-week rehabilitation treatment at high altitude during winter and spring. Author(s): Research Institute Gastein, Bad Gastein. Source: Falkenbach, A Tripathi, R Sedlmeyer, A Staudinger, M Herold, M Wien-KlinWochenschr. 2001 April 30; 113(9): 328-32 0043-5325

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Serum osteocalcin and vitamin D metabolites in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Clinic Mayenbad, Bad-Waldsee, Germany. Source: Franck, H Keck, E Ann-Rheum-Dis. 1993 May; 52(5): 343-6 0003-4967

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Testicular function in active ankylosing spondylitis. Therapeutic response to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Author(s): Department of Urology, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico. Source: Tapia Serrano, R Jimenez Balderas, F J Murrieta, S Bravo Gatica, C Guerra, R Mintz, G J-Rheumatol. 1991 June; 18(6): 841-8 0315-162X

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The oxidative metabolism of circulating phagocytes in ankylosing spondylitis: determination by whole blood chemiluminescence. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China. Source: Ho, K J Chen, P Q Chang, C Y Lu, F J Ann-Rheum-Dis. 2000 May; 59(5): 338-41 0003-4967

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The use of a low starch diet in the treatment of patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Division of Life Sciences, King's College, London. Source: Ebringer, A Wilson, C Clin-Rheumatol. 1996 January; 15 Suppl 162-66 0770-3198

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Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Author(s): Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. Source: Gorman, Jennifer D Sack, Kenneth E Davis, John C Jr N-Engl-J-Med. 2002 May 2; 346(18): 1349-56 1533-4406

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ankylosing spondylitis--a pilot study. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck. Source: Goldberger, C Dulak, J Duftner, C Weidinger, F Falkenbach, A Schirmer, M Wien-Med-Wochenschr. 2002; 152(9-10): 223-5 0043-5341

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What counselling do patients with ankylosing spondylitis receive? Results of a questionnaire survey. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Withington Hospital, West Didsbury, UK. Source: Pal, B Clin-Rheumatol. 1998; 17(4): 306-8 0770-3198


Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to ankylosing spondylitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

Minerals Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ankylosing spondylitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ankylosing spondylitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ankylosing spondylitis: •

Ankylosing spondylitis in aborigines (guanches) of the Canary Islands. Author(s): Gonzalez T, Garcia C, Rodriguez C, Gonzalez-Anton R. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1990 August; 33(8): 1294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2202315&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis: a review and clinical update. Author(s): Sandman KB. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1982 December; 5(4): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7161581&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of disability with the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule II in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.


Author(s): van Tubergen A, Landewe R, Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Spoorenberg A, van der Heijde D, van der Tempel H, van der Linden S. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 February; 62(2): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525383&dopt=Abstract •

Atypical presentation of ankylosing spondylitis: a case study. Author(s): Pate D, Huslig EL. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1985 June; 8(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4009069&dopt=Abstract

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Autologous stem cell transplantation in a lymphoma patient with a long history of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Jantunen E, Myllykangas-Luosujarvi R, Kaipiainen-Seppanen O, Nousiainen T. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 May; 39(5): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852991&dopt=Abstract

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Ayurveda in ankylosing spondylitis and low back pain. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Oberguggenberger R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 March; 62(3): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594124&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac problems and ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bromley LM, Hirsch NP. Source: Anaesthesia. 1984 July; 39(7): 723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6465503&dopt=Abstract

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Cephalgia secondary to neuroma in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Andreoli GT, Sandman KB. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1982 September; 5(3): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7130866&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating immune complexes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Panayi GS, Slaney J, Williams BD. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1980 October; 39(5): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7436575&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in a German self-help organization. Author(s): Basler HD, Rehfisch HP.

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Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1991; 35(2-3): 345-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1710669&dopt=Abstract •

Combined spa-exercise therapy is effective in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): van Tubergen A, Landewe R, van der Heijde D, Hidding A, Wolter N, Asscher M, Falkenbach A, Genth E, The HG, van der Linden S. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 October; 45(5): 430-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642642&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of combined spa-exercise therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Van Tubergen A, Boonen A, Landewe R, Rutten-Van Molken M, Van Der Heijde D, Hidding A, Van Der Linden S. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 October 15; 47(5): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382292&dopt=Abstract

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Diaphragmatic contribution to ventilation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Josenhans WT, Wang CS, Josenhans G, Woodbury JF. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1971; 28(4): 331-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5138483&dopt=Abstract

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Educational support groups of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a preliminary report. Author(s): Gross M, Brandt KD. Source: Patient Couns Health Educ. 1981 1St Quart; 3(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10250814&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of spa therapy in Tiberias on patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Tishler M, Brostovski Y, Yaron M. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1995 January; 14(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7743740&dopt=Abstract

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Health locus of control, self-help and treatment adherence in relation to ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Barlow JH, Macey SJ, Struthers GR. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 1993 May; 20(2-3): 153-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8337192&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological variables and acute-phase reactants in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew's syndrome) and their relatives. Author(s): Vinje O, Moller P, Mellbye J.


Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1984 December; 3(4): 501-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6335423&dopt=Abstract •

Increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis--primary lesion or drug effect? Author(s): Morris AJ, Howden CW, Robertson C, Duncan A, Torley H, Sturrock RD, Russell RI. Source: Gut. 1991 December; 32(12): 1470-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1773950&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal permeability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and their healthy relatives. Author(s): Martinez-Gonzalez O, Cantero-Hinojosa J, Paule-Sastre P, Gomez-Magan JC, Salvatierra-Rios D. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 July; 33(7): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8019793&dopt=Abstract

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Problem elicitation to assess patient priorities in ankylosing spondylitis and fibromyalgia. Author(s): Bakker C, van der Linden S, van Santen-Hoeufft M, Bolwijn P, Hidding A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 July; 22(7): 1304-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562763&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial factors and self-help in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Author(s): Barlow JH, Macey SJ, Struthers G. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1992 June; 11(2): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1617897&dopt=Abstract

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Radix Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Gao ZG, Zang AC, Bai RX. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1986 April; 99(4): 317-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3098512&dopt=Abstract

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Superoxide anion scavenge effect of Quercus glauca Thunb. in whole blood of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sheu SY, Tsuang YH, Hsu FL, Lu FJ, Chiang HC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1997; 25(3-4): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358904&dopt=Abstract

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Tai Chi and ankylosing spondylitis--a personal experience. Author(s): Koh TC.


Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1982; 10(1-4): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7183208&dopt=Abstract •

The effect of acupuncture on ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Emery P, Lythgoe S. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1986 February; 25(1): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3942842&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance of pool therapy by ankylosing spondylitis patients with low vital capacities. Author(s): Harrison RA. Source: Physiotherapy. 1981 October; 67(10): 296. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7330100&dopt=Abstract

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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in ankylosing spondylitis: a doubleblind study. Author(s): Gemignani G, Olivieri I, Ruju G, Pasero G. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1991 June; 34(6): 788-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1828944&dopt=Abstract

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Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Preliminary report. Author(s): Guo JL, Yuan SX, Wang XC, Xu SX, LI DD. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 1981 July; 94(7): 405-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6796344&dopt=Abstract

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ankylosing spondylitis--a pilot study. Author(s): Goldberger C, Dulak J, Duftner C, Weidinger F, Falkenbach A, Schirmer M. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2002; 152(9-10): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094393&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm


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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to ankylosing spondylitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

General Overview Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Chinese Medicine Kanggu Zengsheng Wan Alternative names: Kanggu Zengsheng Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Kanggu%20Zengsheng%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

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Herbs and Supplements Diclofenac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com


Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ketoprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Willow Bark Alternative names: There are several species of willow includingSalix alba, Salix nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix purpurea, Salix babylonica, White Willow, European Willow, Black Willow, Pussy Willow, Crack Willow, Purple Willow, Weeping Willow, Liu-zhi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. SPONDYLITIS

CLINICAL

TRIALS

AND

ANKYLOSING

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning ankylosing spondylitis.

Recent Trials on Ankylosing Spondylitis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to ankylosing spondylitis.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Genetic Determinants of Ankylosing Spondylitis Severity Condition(s): Ankylosing Spondylitis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will explore how genes-units of heredity-may influence the severity of ankylosing spondylitis. It will examine whether some genes may cause people with ankylosing spondylitis to have more rapid fusion of the bones of the spine, more difficulty performing daily activities, or be more likely to need joint surgery. Patients who developed ankylosing spondylitis after age 16 and have had the disease for 20 years or more may be eligible for this study. The onset of disease is dated to the first appearance of symptoms of inflammatory low back pain or restricted spinal motion. Patients with a spondyloarthropathy other than AS may not enroll. Participants will complete a brief medical history and physical exam. They will fill out a 30-minute questionnaire that includes questions on demographics (such as age, ethnicity, marital status, etc.), medication history, work history, hip surgeries, and assessment of functional disability. Fifty milliliters (about 3-1/3 tablespoons) of blood will be drawn for gene testing, and X-rays will be taken of the pelvis, lower back, and neck, if recent Xrays (within 1 year) are not available. Women of childbearing age will have a urine pregnancy test before having X-rays.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.


Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056849 •

Genetic Determinants of Ankylosing Spondylitis Severity - Longitudinal Study Condition(s): Ankylosing Spondylitis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will explore how genes may influence the severity of ankylosing spondylitis, a form of arthritis that affects the spine. Patients have inflammation of the joints of the spine, which may cause the bones of the spine to fuse, resulting in difficulty performing daily activities. Patients who developed ankylosing spondylitis after age 16 and have had the disease for less than 20 years may be eligible for this study. The onset of disease is dated to the first appearance of symptoms of inflammatory low back pain or restricted spinal motion. Patients with a spondyloarthropathy other than AS may not participate. Candidates will be screened with a medical history and physical examination, blood test, and review of their medical records. They will also complete a questionnaire about their disease symptoms and medical history. Those enrolled in the study will return to the NIH Clinical Center at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 months after screening for examination of the joints, measurement of flexibility of the spine, and a blood test. They will also complete a symptoms assessment questionnaire. At the first study visit (2 months after screening), x-rays will be taken of the pelvis, lower back, and neck, if recent X-rays (within 1 year) are not available. These x-ray studies will be repeated on all patients at their last visit (26 months after screening). Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056719

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Blocking Tumor Necrosis Factor in Ankylosing Spondylitis Condition(s): Spondylitis, Ankylosing Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: The Division of Rheumatology at University of California San Francisco is conducting a research study on the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with a new therapy currently used for people with other forms of arthritis. The drug, called Enbrel (or etanercept), is a protein that is given twice weekly by injection underneath the skin. It blocks the action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a substance that may be involved in AS, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. We will randomly assign patients to receive either the drug or a placebo (inactive treatment) for 4 months. The results we will monitor include morning stiffness, spinal mobility, activities of daily life, and safety of the drug. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional

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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000433 •

Phase II Pilot Study of Olsalazine for Ankylosing Spondylitis Condition(s): Ankylosing Spondylitis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of Rochester Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Assess the safety and efficacy of olsalazine, a dimer of 5-aminosalicylic acid, in men with ankylosing spondylitis unresponsive to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physiotherapy. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004288

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Prevention of Arthritis-Related Work Disability Condition(s): Rheumatoid Arthritis; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Ankylosing Spondylitis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: People with rheumatic disorders (arthritis) often have trouble keeping their jobs. This study will look at whether vocational rehabilitation (VR) will improve the ability of employed people with arthritis to keep their jobs. Job retention VR services target key factors that increase the risk of job loss. They aim to modify jobs to reduce barriers caused by functional limitations and disease symptoms, future career planning, and establish a partnership with a VR counselor for ongoing help. We will conduct the study among patients with rheumatic disorders recruited in eastern Massachusetts. We will give 120 study participants job retention services provided by VR counselors. We will give another 120 participants literature about employmentrelated resources. We will compare the outcomes of the two groups to evaluate the usefulness of job retention services in preventing job loss in people with rheumatic disorders. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000416

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.


The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ankylosing spondylitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ankylosing spondylitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on ankylosing spondylitis: •

Exercise Beats Arthritis Source: Palo Alto, CA: Bull Publishing Company. 1998. 142 p. Contact: Available from Bull Publishing Company. P.O. Box 208, Palo Alto, CA 943020208. (650) 322-2855. Fax (650) 327-3300. Website: www.bullpub.com. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0923521453. Summary: This book provides people who have arthritis with an easy to follow program of exercises. The first chapter explains what arthritis is and identifies its signs and symptoms. This chapter also discusses rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, neck and low back pain, fibromyalgia syndrome, and osteoporosis and examines the role of exercise in managing these conditions. Chapter two explores the impact of various factors, such as diet, mental attitude, and stress on arthritis. Other topics include visiting a doctor if arthritis symptoms are present, using various


medications to treat the disease, receiving treatment from health professionals other than a primary care physician, considering surgery, using various techniques to relieve pain, and protecting joints. Chapter three provides general information about exercising and maintaining motivation. Other chapters present morning wake up exercises; a warm up sequence; exercises for the neck, arms, hands, back, hips, knees, and feet; a cool down exercise; water and aerobic exercises; and relaxation techniques. The final chapter provides guidelines on improving body movements. Numerous figures. •

Kidney in Collagen-Vascular Diseases Source: New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd. 1993. 258 p. Contact: Available from Raven Press. 1185 Avenue of the Americas, Dept. 5B, New York, NY 10036. (800) 777-2836 or (212) 930-9500. Fax (212) 869-3495. PRICE: $107.50 plus $4.95 shipping and handling (as of 1995). ISBN: 0781700213. Summary: This book brings together current thinking about the effects of various collagen-vascular diseases on the kidney and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures currently available. These diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic inflammatory, degenerative, and sclerosing processes in the connective tissues and the walls of blood vessels. Eleven chapters cover experimental animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); immunology and pathogenesis; lupus-like syndrome; SLE in humans; scleroderma (systemic sclerosis); rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis; mixed connective tissue disease; Sjogren's syndrome; systemic vasculitis; and other collagen diseases, including relapsing polychondritis, acute rheumatic fever, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Each chapter includes numerous references and a subject index concludes the volume.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “ankylosing spondylitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “ankylosing spondylitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “ankylosing spondylitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Ankylosing spondylitis; ISBN: 0443018308; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443018308/icongroupinterna

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Ankylosing Spondylitis (New Clinical Applications Rheumatology) by John J. Calabro, W. Carson Dick (Editor); ISBN: 0852009941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852009941/icongroupinterna

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Ankylosing spondylitis: discussions in patient management by Andrei Calin; ISBN: 0874888875; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874888875/icongroupinterna

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Ankylosing Spondylitis: The Facts (The Facts Series) by Muhammad Asim Khan, Christina Faull; ISBN: 0192632825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192632825/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

A monograph on adolescent spondylitis or ankylosing spondylitis; the early diagnosis and its treatment by wide-field X-ray irradiation, by S. Gilbert Scott... Author: Scott, Sebastian Gilbert,; Year: 1983; London, H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1942

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Ankylosing spondylitis: an annotated bibliography. Author: Arthritis Information Clearinghouse (U.S.); Year: 1965; Arlington, VA (P.O. Box 9782, Arlington 22209): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes; Digestive; Kidney Diseases, Arthritis Information Clearinghouse, 1983

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Ankylosing spondylitis; a practical guide to its diagnosis and treatment. Part I [by] F. Hernaman-Johnson; part II [by] W. Alexander Law. Author: Hernaman-Johnson, Francis,; Year: 1984; London, Butterworth, 1949

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Ankylosing spondylitis; clinical considerations, roentgenology, pathologic anatomy, treatment, by J. Forestier [and others] Tr. by A. U. Desjardins. Author: Forestier, Jacques.; Year: 1980; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1956]

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Ankylosing spondylitis; symptomatology and treatment, by A. Böni and G. Kaganas. Author: Böni, A. (Albert),; Year: 1974; [Basle, Geigy, 1957]

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Arthritis sourcebook: basic consumer health information about specific forms of arthritis and related disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, polymyalgia rheumatica, psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, along with information about medical, surgical, and alternative treatment options, and including strategies for coping with pain, fatigue, and stress Author: Cook, Allan R.; Year: 1983; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, c1999; ISBN: 0780802012 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802012/icongroupinterna

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Cardiac and aortic lesions in rheumatoid spondylitis. Author: Davidson, Paul,; Year: 1988; [Minneapolis] 1960

9 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.


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Heredity in joint diseases; the genetics of Heberden's nodes, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, gout, and osteoarthritis of the hip. Author: Stecher, Robert Morgan,; Year: 1978; Basle, Geigy, 1957

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Inflammatory involvement of the temporomandibular joint: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and a study of individuals with ankylosing spondylitis Author: Wenneberg, Bengt.; Year: 1959; Göteborg: [s.n.], 1983; ISBN: 9172226587

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Leukaemia and aplastic anaemia in patients irradiated for ankylosing spondylitis [by] W. M. Court-Brown and R. Doll. Author: Court-Brown, W. M. (William Michael); Year: 1978; London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1957

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Pelvo-spondylitis ossificans in the male (ankylosing spondylitis, morbus BechterewMarie-Strümpell) and genito-urinary infection. The aetiological significance of the latter and the nature of the disease based on a study of 117 male patients. Author: Romanus, Ragnar.; Year: 1978; Stockholm, 1953

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Pelvo-spondylitis ossificans: rheumatoid or ankylosing spondylitis; a roentgenological and clinical guide to its early diagnosis, especially anterior spondylitis, by Ragnar Romanus and Sven Ydén. [Tr. by Joan Whitehouse]. Author: Romanus, Ragnar.; Year: 1976; Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1955

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The morbid anatomy of ankylosing spondylitis. Author: Aufdermaur, Max.; Year: 1962; [Basle, Geigy, 1957]

Chapters on Ankylosing Spondylitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ankylosing spondylitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ankylosing spondylitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ankylosing spondylitis: •

Chapter 11-C: Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 250-255. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, course, outcome, and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This chronic inflammatory disease of the sacroiliac joints and spine usually affects young adults. The prevalence of AS generally reflects the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 in different populations. The disease is more common in men than in women. Although the etiology of AS is unclear, a strong multigenic inherited component is evident. Studies suggest that the HLA-B27 molecule plays a key role. Infectious mechanisms have also been suggested, but no clear evidence implicates specific infection. Although Klebsiella aeruginosa has been implicated on the basis of molecular mimicry with HLA-B27 and clinical studies, its significance is unclear. The presenting symptom of AS is usually

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inflammatory back pain that is insidious in onset, persists for more than 3 months, is worsened by inactivity, and improves with exercise. Sacroiliitis is the most common initial feature. Spinal discomfort and stiffness gradually ascend the spine over a period of years to produce progressive spinal pain and restriction. The main musculoskeletal lesions associated with AS are enthesitis and synovitis. Enthesitis is responsible for much of the pain, stiffness, and restriction at the sacroiliac and other spinal joints. Peripheral synovitis may precede, accompany, or follow the onset of spinal symptoms. It is usually oligoarticular, and often asymmetrical, and it may be episodic rather than persistent. Other characteristic, but inconsistent, features of AS include inflammatory eye lesions, myocardial changes, gut mucosal lesions, and genitourinary inflammation. A diagnosis of probable AS can be made on inflammatory back or buttock pain that is relieved by exercise or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, with restricted spinal movements. Other factors that increase the confidence that the diagnosis is correct include a history of iritis, psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel disease, or a family history of spondyloarthropathy. When the clinical suspicion of AS is high, the presence of the HLA-B27 antigen increases the likelihood of AS. The presence of bilateral sacroiliitis confirms the diagnosis. Most patients tend to have mild or moderate disease and thus maintain some mobility and independence throughout life. Various instruments using composite scores of patient symptoms and physical findings have been developed to measure disease activity of AS, and some consensus has been achieved over the establishment of a core data set. The basic prerequisite of effective treatment is establishing and communicating the diagnosis and its implications to the patient. Treatment is aimed at maintaining upright posture and spinal mobility, minimizing the impact of hip and peripheral manifestations, and reducing pain and stiffness. Exercise is the only therapeutic modality that has been shown to curtail progression of spinal stiffness and restriction. Pain and stiffness may be reduced by using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Local corticosteroid injections may relieve enthesitis at peripheral sites. Surgery may also improve the quality of life. 1 table and 20 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on ankylosing spondylitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Ankylosing Spondylitis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in ankylosing spondylitis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on ankylosing spondylitis (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •

Ank[y]losing spondylitis [videorecording] Source: Dept. of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1979; Format: videorecording; Atlanta: Emory Medical Television Network: [for loan and sale by A. W. Calhoun Medical Library], 1979

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Ankylosing spondylitis [slide] Source: Allen D. Meisel; Year: 1979; Format: Slide; [New York]: Medcom, c1979

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ankylosing spondylitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ankylosing spondylitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ankylosing spondylitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ankylosing spondylitis: •

U.S. FDA approves Enbrel for ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 25, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/07/25/professional/links/20030725rglt0 02.html


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FDA panel backs use of etanercept for ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 24, 2003

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FDA finds Enbrel effective for ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 23, 2003

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Response to etanercept for ankylosing spondylitis seen after two weeks Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 20, 2003

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Enbrel shows benefit at 2 weeks in treating ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 20, 2003

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Etanercept use for ankylosing spondylitis increases TNF production by T cells Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 10, 2003

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Infliximab for spondylitis reduces T cell secretion of interferon as well as TNF-alpha Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 07, 2003

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Amgen seeks FDA OK to market Enbrel for ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 22, 2003

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Delayed diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis common in US Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 23, 2002

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Thalidomide may be effective for treatment-resistant ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 05, 2002

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Ankylosing spondylitis responds to etanercept in some cases Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 02, 2002

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Hip replacement for ankylosing spondylitis yields good long-term results Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 2001

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FDA asks for input on guide for ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 18, 2001

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Celecoxib shows efficacy in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 21, 2001

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First-born children have a higher risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 12, 2001

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Anti-TNF-alpha may benefit patients with ankylosing spondylitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 27, 2000 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or


you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ankylosing spondylitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Ankylosing Spondylitis Find newsletters on ankylosing spondylitis using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “ankylosing spondylitis.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Pain and the Cervical Spine Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 50(10): 1-4. 2001. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter provides health professionals with information on the diagnosis and treatment of neck pain. The most important historical items in the initial approach to a neck pain problem are duration, trauma history, and musculoskeletal symptoms elsewhere. Physical examination maneuvers consist of range of motion and pain on motion in flexion extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. Plain radiographs of the cervical spine may indicate degenerative disease and subluxations resulting from inflammatory arthritis and the results of serious trauma. Computed tomography may be helpful when plain films are inadequate. Conservative therapies are used to treat uncomplicated joint diseases, soft tissue injuries, and poorly understood pain syndromes in the neck. Soft collars and contour pillows may be helpful. Physical therapy may also help, but interrupted traction is typically the most beneficial therapy. The article describes the features of special neck syndromes, including whiplash, degenerative disc and joint disease, inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and juvenile polyarthritis. 1 table and 25 references.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on ankylosing spondylitis: •

Genetics and Rheumatic Diseases: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 50(2): 1-4. 2001. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals and patients with information on the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The article explains the approaches that researchers can take to identify the nonHLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) genes involved in susceptibility to RA, focusing on the genome wide approach. The article also highlights genetic studies of RA and AS. Analysis of data collected by the European Consortium for RA Families suggests links to several genetic regions. Findings of research conducted by the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium have revealed the presence of at least six different genetic regions outside the major histocompatibility complex with evidence for linkage. Modeling of genetic data obtained from family studies of AS suggests that two to six independent genes, including HLA-B27, interact multiplicatively to determine the risk for AS. The article discusses the relevance of genetic research on RA and AS to clinical practice. 20 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Ankylosing Spondylitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ankylosing spondylitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ankylosing spondylitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.


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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 11


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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “ankylosing spondylitis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Special Report: Arthritis Source: Boston, MA: Harvard Medical School. 1999. 46 p. Contact: Available from Harvard Medical School. Health Publications Group, Department SR, P.O. Box 380, Boston, MA 02117-0380. PRICE: $16.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This report provides people who have arthritis with information on the features, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The report begins by explaining the difference between arthritis and rheumatism. This is followed by an overview of the joints and the immune system in rheumatic diseases. Topics include types of joints, joint design, the functioning of the immune system, the occurrence of inflammation in arthritis, and the role of genetics. The report then discusses OA, RA, and AS in terms of their evolution, symptoms, possible causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Other seronegative spondyloarthropathies, including Reiter's syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis, are described. A section of the report is devoted to the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases, focusing on obtaining a medical history; assessing pain and stiffness; conducting a physical examination by observing how the patient moves, examining the joints for abnormalities, and moving the joints through their range of motion to detect pain, resistance, unusual sounds, and instability; and performing studies such as blood tests, radiography, other imaging techniques, and arthrocentesis. Another section focuses on using physical therapy to treat people who have arthritis. Modalities discussed are heat and cold therapy, exercise, diathermy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. In addition, the report provides suggestions on living with arthritis. They focus on diet; rest during periods of acute inflammation; exercise; joint protection; and ways of coping with depression, stress, and sexual needs. The report also includes a glossary and a list of resources. 1 appendix and 8 figures.


The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 8939 118 25 3 0 9085

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 17 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 13 14


staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Ankylosing Spondylitis In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and ankylosing spondylitis. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).21 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for ankylosing spondylitis:

19 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.


•

Ankylosing Spondylitis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?106300 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell


anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”


Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database22 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database23 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 23 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission. 22

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ankylosing spondylitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ankylosing spondylitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ankylosing spondylitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ankylosing spondylitis”:


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Guides on ankylosing spondylitis Ankylosing Spondylitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ankylosingspondylitis.html

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Other Guides Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.html Ankylosing Spondylitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ankylosingspondylitis.html Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilerheumatoidarthritis.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to ankylosing spondylitis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/DiseaseCenter/ankylosing_spondylitis.asp Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00483 Spondylitis: Frequently Asked Questions Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/About/FAQ.aspx

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Diagnosis/Symptoms Diagnosis Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/about/as/diagnosis.aspx Symptoms Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/about/as/symptoms.aspx

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Treatment Ankylosing Spondylitis: Late-Stage Treatment Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00141

Patient Resources 271

Medications Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/about/as/medications.aspx Treatment Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/about/as/treatment.aspx •

Specific Conditions/Aspects Complications: How Is a Person Affected? Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/About/advanceillness.aspx Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy (uSpA) Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/about/whatisundiff.aspx

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Children Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/diseasecenter/juvenileankylosingspondylitis. asp Juvenile Spondyloarthropathy Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/about/whatisjuvenile.aspx

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Men About Spondylitis: Men's Health Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/About/section_men.aspx

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Organizations American College of Rheumatology http://www.rheumatology.org/ Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ Spondylitis Association of America (SAA) Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/

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Research Relief for Patients With Spinal Disorder Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ne/highlights/spotlight/2002/relief.htm


Research News Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/MedicalResearch/researchnews.aspx •

Women Spondylitis in Women Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.spondylitis.org/About/section_women.aspx

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ankylosing spondylitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Ankylosing Spondylitis Association. 200x. 15 p. Contact: Available from Ankylosing Spondylitis Association. P.O. Box 5872, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413. Summary: This brochure discusses juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS), a chronic arthritic condition affecting the spine, sacroiliac, and other joints in children under 17. Other symptoms include enthesitis and uveitis. Treatment includes patient and family education, physical and occupational therapy, and medications such as NSAIDs. Some medications may have side effects leading to an inability to concentrate which can affect school performance. Parents and teachers need to work together to help the child with JAS to maintain as normal a routine as possible in school. Fatigue may also interfere with the child's ability to do homework. Stretching exercises with illustrations are included.

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Ankylosing Spondylitis Source: Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 1997. 12 p. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. http://www.arthritis.org. PRICE: Single copy free from local Arthritis Foundation


chapter (call 800-283-7800 for closest local chapter); bulk orders may be purchased from address above. Summary: This brochure for people with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) uses a question and answer format to provide information on the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this form of arthritis. It describes the disease as it progresses from chronic pain and stiffness in the lower back and hips, which moves into the upper spine and the rib cage and neck, and ultimately, may end in fusion of the back bones, causing the whole spine to become rigid, and possibly loss of mobility in the hips, shoulders, knees, or ankles. Although the cause of AS is unknown, scientists have discovered that certain genes play an important role in its development. Diagnosis is based on information obtained from the medical history, a physical examination, and tests. Treatment options include medication, posture management, exercise, and surgery. The brochure offers suggestions on dealing with sexuality and work issues. It also provides information on the Arthritis Foundation, its brochures on arthritis and related conditions, and its services. 4 figures. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Ankylosing Spondylitis Fact Sheet Summary: This online fact sheet describes ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and discusses cause, health consequences, diagnosis, and treatment. Source: American College of Rheumatology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4805

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Ankylosing Spondylitis Information Page Summary: Basic consumer health information about ankylosing spondylitis, a musculoskeletal disease that involves primarily the spine and joints of the extremities. Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2426

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FAQ - About Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Summary: Online answers to consumers most commonly asked questions concerning this chronic, inflammatory condition that usually involves primarily the spine and joints of the extremities (such as shoulders, Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2155


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FDA Approves Enbrel to Treat Ankylosing Spondylitis Summary: The U.S. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7651

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Medications and Surgical Remedies for Ankylosing Spondylitis Summary: This fact sheet discusses medications and treatments information for ankylosing spondylitis including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/NSAIDs, sulfasalazine, antibiotics, experimental therapies, Source: Spondylitis Association of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4806 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ankylosing spondylitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ankylosing spondylitis. By consulting all of


associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ankylosing spondylitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ankylosing spondylitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ankylosing spondylitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ankylosing spondylitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for ankylosing spondylitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with ankylosing spondylitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).


The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to ankylosing spondylitis: Sulfasalazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Azulfidine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202537.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to ankylosing spondylitis by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “ankylosing spondylitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact

Researching Medications 279

information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for ankylosing spondylitis: •

Baclofen (trade name: Lioresal Itrathecal) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=571

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

281

APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.


libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 283

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/


•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 285

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/


•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

287

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on ankylosing spondylitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000420.htm RA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000431.htm Spondylitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000420.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Ankylosing Spondylitis Anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm Back pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm


Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Heel pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003181.htm Hip pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003179.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Joint swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003262.htm Limited range of motion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003173.htm Lordosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003278.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Low back pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Neck pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003025.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Ankylosing Spondylitis ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm ESR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm

Online Glossaries 289

Histocompatibility antigens Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003550.htm HLA-B27 antigen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003551.htm Pelvis X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003809.htm Rheumatoid factor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm Sedimentation rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Spine X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003806.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Background Topics for Ankylosing Spondylitis Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Peripheral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002273.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/


•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

291

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal fat: Fat (adipose tissue) that is centrally distributed between the thorax and pelvis and that induces greater health risk. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aborigines: Native inhabitants or indigenous individuals of a country. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acidity: L. aciditas) the quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerobic metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH]


Agammaglobulinaemia: Absence of all classes of immunoglobulins in the blood. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkaptonuria: An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and causing an accumulation of homogentisic acid in the urine. The condition is characterized by ochronosis in various tissues and arthritis. [NIH]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some

Dictionary 293

types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. lacking molecular oxygen. 2. growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis Factor: Substance causing proliferation of new blood vessels. It is found in tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as the retina, and in certain cancers. The factor is also released by hypoxic macrophages at the edges or outer surfaces of wounds and initiates revascularization in wound healing. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Ankle Joint: The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus. [NIH] Ankylosis: Fixation and immobility of a joint. [NIH] Anorexia: Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Anthropometric measurements: Measurements of human body height, weight, and size of component parts, including skinfold measurement. Used to study and compare the relative


proportions under normal and abnormal conditions. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aplastic anaemia: A form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes. [EU] Apnoea: Cessation of breathing. [EU] Apocrine Glands: Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper

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portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthritis, Rheumatoid: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH]


Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta 2-Microglobulin: An 11 kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH]

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Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS, CHOLESTEROL, and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Birth Order: The sequence in which children are born into the family. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone marrow biopsy: The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a


needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Bone Remodeling: The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcaneus: The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually

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composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]


Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]

Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU]

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Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen,


which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body,

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taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic


hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, ... New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH]

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Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatoglyphics: The study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus,


hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Discitis: Inflammation of an intervertebral disk or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others. [NIH] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. the act of separating or state of being separated. 2. the separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. in psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. a defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH]

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Dorsal: 1. pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is


concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Endotracheal intubation: Insertion of an airtube into the windpipe. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil:

A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its

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cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Ergometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH] Ergometry: Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during exertion. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Nodosum: An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]


Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exostoses: Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH]

Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ,

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usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fixation: 1. the act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. the condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. in psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. the use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. in chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. in ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. in film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous


tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Conversion: The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. Thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an Aa individual may be AAAa or aaaA instead of AAaa, i.e., the A allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa. [NIH]

Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germinal Center: The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-lymphocytes are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-lymphocytes, helperinducer) are stimulated to generate memory cells. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin

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secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]


Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haematuria: Blood in the urine. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. the genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. the genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that

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they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Hidradenitis: The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions. [NIH] Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident. Hormonal mechanisms are expected in its pathogenesis. [NIH] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. a normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. a secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperostosis: Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH]


Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyphema: Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about

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in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. an infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH]


Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Soluble substances elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated Tlymphocytes which induce DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH]

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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Iritis: Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris. [NIH]

Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischial: A pointed projection on the posterior margin of the ischium. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kilobase: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Klebsiella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection. [NIH]


Kyphosis: A deformity of the spine characterized by extensive flexion. [NIH] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngoscopy: Examination, therapy, or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipomatosis: A disorder consisting of the accumulation of abnormal localized, or tumorlike fat in the tissues. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or

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cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loading dose: A quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug [EU] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined


(LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]

Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]

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Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonucleasesensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence. [NIH]


Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness,

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malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]


Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). EC 1.18.6.1. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]

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Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observer Variation: The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material). [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH]

Ochronosis: Deposition of polymerized homogentisic acid as a brown-black pigment in the connective tissue. It occurs in alkaptonuria, but has also been observed in connection with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., phenol, trinitrophenol, benzene derivatives). [NIH] Ocular: 1. of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odontoid Process: The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the atlas above. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH]


Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spinal column, usually at the level of the cervical spine. It is often associated with anterior ankylosing hyperostosis. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteolysis: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium. [NIH]

Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH]

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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxytocic: 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labour). 2. an agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. [EU]

Pain Threshold: experienced. [NIH]

Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is

Palliative: 1. affording relief, but not cure. 2. an alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pamidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Pamidronate is used as treatment for abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. one of the parathyroid glands. 3. a sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parietal: 1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH]


Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. the act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. a hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal

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layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH]


Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the

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convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predictive factor: A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a certain disease or disorder. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some


cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. an enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudarthrosis: A new false joint arising at the site of an ununited fracture; may be caused by vibrating hand tools. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH]

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Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in


the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra, atomic number 88, and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the disintegration of uranium and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly brachytherapy. [NIH] Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rarefaction: The reduction of the density of a substance; the attenuation of a gas. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: 1. a cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH]

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Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal amyloidosis: A disease of unknown etiology characterized by the abnormal deposition of amyloid, a translucent homogenous glycoprotein, in various organs and tissues of the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Replacement Therapy: Procedures which temporarily or permanently remedy insufficient cleansing of body fluids by the kidneys. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrograde: 1. moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis. [NIH]


Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saccharomyces: A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order saccharomycetales. [NIH] Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus Saccharomyces, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement. [NIH] Saccharomycetales: An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats. [NIH] Sacroiliac Joint: The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the sacrum and ilium. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones,

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and parotid glands. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. the process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. allaying activity and excitement. 2. an agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH]


Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: female or male. [NIH]

The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as

Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sister Chromatid Exchange: An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister

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chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in Bloom syndrome. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft Tissue Injuries: Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand". [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum:

A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by


refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic

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hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of


pus. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. that branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. the combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Tarsal Bones: The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and first, second and third cuneiforms. The tarsus is a skeletal part of the foot. [NIH]

Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide

Dictionary 345

range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. a thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and


other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. the ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor alpha: Factor isolated in a variety of tissues including epithelium, and maternal decidua. It is closely related to epidermal growth factor and binds to the EGF receptor. TGF-alpha acts synergistically with TGF-beta in inducing phenotypic transformation, but its physiological role is unknown. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]

Transforming Growth Factors: Hormonally active polypeptides that can induce the transformed phenotype when added to normal, non-transformed cells. They have been found in culture fluids from retrovirally transformed cells and in tumor-derived cells as well as in non-neoplastic sources. Their transforming activities are due to the simultaneous action of two otherwise unrelated factors, transforming growth factor alpha and transforming

Dictionary 347

growth factor beta. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor-derived: Taken from an individual's own tumor tissue; may be used in the development of a vaccine that enhances the body's ability to build an immune response to the tumor. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]


Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. in respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. in psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum and interior of the cerebrum. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some

Dictionary 349

viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. a pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) a substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats. [NIH] Zygapophyseal Joint: The joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebra. [NIH]

350

INDEX A Abdominal, 291, 305, 317, 333, 334, 343, 354 Abdominal fat, 291 Abdominal Pain, 291, 354 Aborigines, 231, 291 Abscess, 225, 291, 311, 348 Acceptor, 291, 322, 332, 353 Acetylgalactosamine, 291, 313 Acetylglucosamine, 291, 313 Acidity, 291, 335 Adipose Tissue, 291 Adrenal Cortex, 291, 303, 337 Adrenal Glands, 291, 293 Adrenergic, 291, 292, 309 Adverse effect, 291, 346 Aerobic, 244, 291, 310, 332 Aerobic exercise, 244, 291 Aerobic metabolism, 291, 332 Aerobic respiration, 291, 332 Afferent, 291, 331 Agammaglobulinaemia, 292 Airway, 292 Albumin, 292, 350 Alkaline, 292, 298, 341, 351 Alkaloid, 292, 301, 340 Alkaptonuria, 292, 330 Alleles, 5, 292 Allografts, 292, 316 Alpha-1, 292 Alternative medicine, 253, 292 Alveoli, 292, 355 Amino acid, 292, 316, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 346, 350, 354 Amitriptyline, 292 Amyloidosis, 226, 236, 292 Anaemia, 293, 294 Anaerobic, 293, 308, 321, 328, 357 Anaesthesia, 232, 293, 318 Anal, 293, 309, 311, 315, 323 Analgesic, 293, 305, 328, 340 Analog, 293, 326 Anatomical, 293, 300, 318, 333, 345 Androgens, 291, 293, 304 Anemia, 266, 287, 293, 327, 351 Anesthesia, 292, 293, 306 Angiogenesis, 293 Angiogenesis Factor, 293 Animal model, 244, 293 Ankle, 293, 355 Ankle Joint, 293 Ankylosis, 5, 293 Anorexia, 293, 332

Anterior chamber, 293, 316, 320 Anthropometric measurements, 293 Antiallergic, 294, 304 Antibacterial, 294, 348 Antibiotic, 294, 334, 348 Anticholinergic, 292, 294 Anticoagulant, 294, 338 Antidepressant, 292, 294 Anti-inflammatory, 241, 274, 294, 299, 304, 305, 313, 318, 328, 335, 345 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 294, 299, 304 Antimetabolite, 294, 325 Antineoplastic, 294, 304, 325 Antipyretic, 294, 305, 328, 340 Antiserum, 294 Anus, 293, 294, 298, 302 Aorta, 294, 303, 317, 350, 356 Aortic Aneurysm, 294, 343 Aplastic anaemia, 246, 294 Apnoea, 294 Apocrine Glands, 294, 315 Aqueous, 295, 296, 305, 308, 316, 321, 322 Arterial, 295, 313, 322, 338 Arteries, 294, 295, 297, 303, 317, 325, 336 Arterioles, 295, 297 Arteriovenous, 295 Arteritis, 295, 336 Artery, 295, 297, 303, 308, 310, 333, 339, 349, 356 Arthritis, Rheumatoid, 254, 295 Arthropathy, 295 Arthroplasty, 5, 295 Articular, 4, 293, 295, 321, 332, 357 Ascites, 295, 331 Aseptic, 295, 306 Aspergillosis, 295 Aspiration, 295 Assay, 295, 317 Ataxia, 265, 295, 351 Attenuated, 295, 306, 355 Atypical, 232, 295 Autacoids, 295, 318 Autoantibodies, 295 Autoantigens, 295 Autoimmune disease, 295, 327, 328 Autonomic, 295, 328, 330, 334 Autosuggestion, 295, 317 Avulsion, 296 B Babesiosis, 296, 340 Back Pain, 247, 288, 296 Bacteremia, 296, 321

Index 351

Bacterial Infections, 296, 314, 342 Barbiturate, 296, 351 Basal cell carcinoma, 296 Basal Ganglia, 295, 296, 298 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 295, 296 Base, 296, 304, 305, 311, 321, 351 Base Sequence, 296, 304, 311 Benign, 296, 310, 329, 340, 344 Benzene, 296, 330 Beta 2-Microglobulin, 296 Bilateral, 247, 296, 309, 333 Bile, 297, 311, 316, 323, 343, 349 Bile duct, 297, 343 Biliary, 297, 298 Biochemical, 292, 294, 297, 313, 332, 346 Biological response modifier, 297, 319 Biomechanics, 297 Biopsy, 297 Biopsy specimen, 297 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 245, 253, 261, 264, 265, 266, 297 Birth Order, 297 Bladder, 297, 311, 318, 327, 338, 355 Blood pressure, 297, 313, 326, 347 Blood vessel, 244, 293, 297, 299, 300, 308, 314, 315, 321, 325, 347, 349, 351, 352, 355 Blot, 297, 317 Body Composition, 297 Body Fluids, 297, 307, 342, 347 Body Image, 297 Bone Density, 297 Bone Marrow, 294, 296, 297, 304, 327, 347, 349 Bone marrow biopsy, 297 Bone Remodeling, 298 Bone Resorption, 298 Bowel, 236, 293, 298, 306, 319, 320, 322, 334, 349, 354 Bowel Movement, 298, 306, 349 Brachytherapy, 298, 320, 321, 340, 341, 357 Brain Diseases, 298, 333 Branch, 285, 298, 307, 333, 347, 350, 352, 356 Brucellosis, 298 Buccal, 298, 323 Bulbar, 298 Burns, 298 Burns, Electric, 298 C Calcaneus, 298, 351 Calcification, 298, 331 Calcium, 298, 302, 325, 332, 333, 351 Calculi, 298, 314 Callus, 299 Capsular, 6, 299 Capsules, 299, 308

Carbohydrate, 299, 304, 313 Carbon Dioxide, 299, 304, 311, 312, 342 Carcinogenic, 296, 299, 319, 338, 349 Carcinogens, 299, 331 Carcinoma, 299 Cardiac, 232, 245, 299, 301, 309, 328, 349 Cardiopulmonary, 299 Cardiorespiratory, 291, 299 Cardiovascular, 299, 310, 346 Case series, 299, 301 Catheter, 299, 320 Catheterization, 299, 320 Cauda Equina, 299 Caudal, 299, 305, 317, 337 Causal, 299, 309, 346 Celecoxib, 253, 299 Cell Division, 265, 296, 299, 335, 345 Cell Respiration, 291, 300, 332, 342 Cell Transplantation, 300 Central Nervous System, 296, 298, 300, 313, 327, 331, 346 Cerebellar, 295, 300, 341 Cerebellum, 298, 300, 341, 356 Cerebral, 295, 296, 298, 300, 303, 309, 339 Cerebral Cortex, 295, 298, 300 Cerebrospinal, 300, 304, 323, 346 Cerebrospinal fluid, 300, 304, 323, 346 Cerebrum, 300, 354, 356 Cervix, 300, 311 Character, 300, 305 Chemotherapy, 300, 315 Chest wall, 300 Chin, 234, 235, 300, 325 Cholera, 300, 346 Cholesterol, 300, 322, 349 Cholinergic, 292, 300 Chromatin, 300, 348 Chromosomal, 5, 300, 336 Chromosome, 301, 322, 345, 346 Chronic renal, 301, 336 Chymopapain, 301, 306 Cicatricial, 301, 315 Cinchona, 301, 340 Cirrhosis, 301 Clear cell carcinoma, 301, 305 Clinical study, 301, 303 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 239, 242, 261, 301, 304, 307, 327, 341 Cloning, 297, 301 Cofactor, 301, 338 Cohort Studies, 301, 309 Colchicine, 226, 301 Colitis, 236, 301 Collagen, 244, 292, 295, 301, 310, 337, 344 Collagen disease, 244, 301, 344 Colloidal, 292, 302, 307


Colon, 265, 301, 302, 319, 321, 322, 354 Complement, 302, 324 Complementary and alternative medicine, 231, 237, 302 Complementary medicine, 231, 302 Complete remission, 302, 342 Computational Biology, 261, 264, 302 Computed tomography, 254, 297, 302, 303 Computerized axial tomography, 302, 303 Computerized tomography, 302, 303 Congenita, 303, 340 Congestion, 303, 309 Congestive heart failure, 303 Conjugated, 303, 304 Conjunctiva, 303, 345 Connective Tissue, 244, 297, 301, 303, 310, 313, 323, 325, 330, 343, 351 Connective Tissue Cells, 303 Consciousness, 293, 303, 306, 339 Contraindications, ii, 303 Contrast Sensitivity, 303, 331 Controlled clinical trial, 303 Convulsions, 296, 303, 307 Coordination, 300, 303, 327, 339 Cornea, 293, 303, 344, 349, 355 Coronary, 303, 325 Coronary Artery Bypass, 303 Coronary Thrombosis, 303, 325 Corticosteroid, 247, 303, 337 Cross-Sectional Studies, 304, 309 CSF, 296, 300, 304 Curative, 304, 352 Cutaneous, 304, 323 Cyanobacteria, 304, 329 Cyclic, 304, 338 Cyclosporine, 304 Cyst, 304 Cytochrome, 304, 342 Cytochrome b, 304, 342 Cytokine, 304, 352 Cytoplasm, 305, 309, 314, 327 Cytotoxic, 6, 305, 317, 340 Cytotoxicity, 305 D Databases, Bibliographic, 261, 305 Degenerative, 244, 254, 305, 331, 343 Density, 297, 305, 322, 331, 336, 341, 347 Dermatitis, 305 Dermatoglyphics, 305 DES, 305 Diabetes Mellitus, 305, 313, 315 Diagnosis, Differential, 246, 305 Diagnostic Imaging, 305 Diagnostic procedure, 253, 305 Diaphragm, 305, 336 Diastole, 305

Diastolic, 305 Diathermy, 262, 305 Diathesis, 305 Diclofenac, 224, 225, 226, 236, 305 Diclofenac Sodium, 226, 305 Diencephalon, 305, 317, 334 Diffusion, 306, 319 Digestion, 298, 306, 320, 323, 349 Digestive system, 242, 306 Dihydrotestosterone, 306, 341 Dilution, 306 Discitis, 306 Discrete, 298, 306, 351 Disease Progression, 306 Disease Susceptibility, 5, 306 Dislocation, 306, 348 Dissection, 306 Dissociation, 306, 320 Distal, 303, 306, 339 Diuretic, 306, 324, 347 Diverticula, 306 Diverticulum, 306 Dorsal, 307, 337 Dorsum, 307 Dosimetry, 307 Double-blind, 224, 235, 307 Drug Interactions, 278, 307 Drug Tolerance, 307, 353 Duct, 299, 307, 344, 349 Dysmenorrhea, 307, 328, 335 Dysphagia, 307 Dysplasia, 265, 307 Dyspnea, 307, 339 Dystrophy, 265, 307 E Ectopic, 307 Edema, 307, 330 Efficacy, 224, 225, 241, 253, 307 Effusion, 307, 350 Elastin, 301, 307 Elective, 307 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 307 Electrons, 296, 307, 320, 332, 340 Electrophoresis, 307 Electrophysiological, 307, 356 Embolus, 308, 318 Emulsion, 308, 311 Encephalitis, 308 Encephalitis, Viral, 308 Endemic, 300, 308, 348 Endoscope, 308, 321 Endothelial cell, 308 Endotoxin, 308, 354 Endotracheal intubation, 308 End-stage renal, 301, 308, 336 Enteric-coated, 308

Index 353

Enterobacteriaceae, 308 Environmental Exposure, 308, 331 Environmental Health, 260, 262, 308 Enzymatic, 292, 298, 302, 308 Enzyme, 292, 308, 318, 325, 329, 334, 339, 341, 343, 349, 353, 356 Eosinophil, 308 Eosinophilia, 309 Eosinophilic, 308, 309 Epidemic, 309, 348 Epidemiologic Studies, 4, 309 Epidemiological, 3, 309 Epidermal, 309, 324, 326, 353 Epidermis, 296, 309, 339 Epidural, 306, 309, 348 Epinephrine, 291, 309, 329, 330, 354 Episcleritis, 309, 344 Epitope, 309 Ergometer, 309 Ergometry, 309 Erythema, 309 Erythema Nodosum, 309 Erythrocytes, 293, 296, 297, 309 Esophagus, 306, 309, 349 Essential Tremor, 265, 310 Estrogen, 226, 310 Eukaryotic Cells, 310, 318, 354 Exercise Test, 310 Exercise Therapy, 233, 310 Exercise Tolerance, 310 Exostoses, 310 Extensor, 310 External-beam radiation, 310, 321, 340, 357 Extracellular, 303, 310, 332, 347, 351 Extracellular Matrix, 303, 310, 332 Extravasation, 310, 315 Extremity, 310, 322 F Faecal, 310 Family Planning, 261, 310 Fat, 291, 297, 304, 308, 310, 313, 322, 327, 343, 347, 350 Fatigue, 245, 272, 288, 310, 315 Feces, 310, 349 Femoral, 310 Femoral Artery, 310 Fibroblasts, 303, 310, 319 Fibrosis, 265, 310, 315, 339, 343, 344, 345 Fibula, 293, 311, 352 Filtration, 311, 324 Fistulas, 311, 315 Fixation, 293, 311 Flexion, 254, 311, 321 Flexor, 310, 311 Fovea, 311 Frameshift, 311

Frameshift Mutation, 311 Fundus, 311 Fungi, 295, 311, 325, 343, 355, 357 G Gallbladder, 291, 297, 306, 311 Gamma Rays, 312, 340 Gangrenous, 312, 346 Gas, 299, 306, 312, 316, 329, 341, 355 Gas exchange, 312, 355 Gastric, 312, 326 Gastric Acid, 312, 326 Gastrin, 312, 316 Gastrointestinal, 309, 312, 335, 346, 347, 350 Gastrointestinal tract, 312, 346, 347 Gene Conversion, 312 Genetic Markers, 5, 312 Genetics, 224, 246, 255, 262, 312 Genital, 301, 312 Genitourinary, 247, 312 Genotype, 292, 312, 335 Germ Cells, 312, 348 Germinal Center, 6, 312 Giant Cells, 312, 344 Gland, 291, 313, 315, 323, 324, 333, 335, 338, 345, 349, 352 Glomerular, 313, 324, 342 Glomeruli, 313 Glomerulonephritis, 313 Glucocorticoids, 291, 304, 313 Glucose, 265, 305, 313, 315, 319, 344, 347 Glucose Intolerance, 305, 313 Glycoprotein, 313, 342, 354 Glycosaminoglycans, 313 Glycosylation, 313 Goiter, 313 Gonad, 313 Gonadal, 225, 313, 349 Gout, 245, 246, 301, 313, 328 Governing Board, 314, 337 Grade, 314 Grading, 314 Grafting, 303, 314 Gram-negative, 304, 308, 314, 321, 328, 357 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 304, 314 Granulocytes, 314, 322, 356 Granulocytopenia, 294, 314 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 314, 342 Groin, 314, 315 H Haematoma, 314 Haematuria, 314 Half-Life, 314, 335 Handicap, 314 Haplotypes, 314 Health Status, 315 Heart failure, 315, 330, 339


Hematoma, 315 Hematuria, 315 Heme, 304, 315 Hemoglobin, 293, 309, 315, 351 Hemoglobinuria, 265, 315 Hemolytic, 315, 349, 351 Hemorrhage, 315, 339, 349 Hereditary, 313, 315, 343, 351 Heredity, 239, 246, 312, 315 Heterogeneity, 315 Hidradenitis, 315 Hidradenitis Suppurativa, 315 Histocompatibility, 289, 316 Homeostasis, 298, 316 Homologous, 292, 316, 345 Hormonal, 304, 315, 316 Humoral, 316 Humour, 316 Hydrogen, 291, 296, 299, 316, 322, 326, 329, 332, 334 Hydrogen Peroxide, 316, 322 Hydroxylysine, 301, 316 Hydroxyproline, 292, 301, 316 Hyperostosis, 316, 331 Hypersensitivity, 309, 316, 343 Hyperthermia, 305, 316 Hypertrophy, 310, 316 Hyperuricemia, 313, 316 Hyphema, 316 Hypnotic, 296, 316, 351 Hypothalamus, 298, 306, 317, 335, 347 Hypoxic, 293, 317, 348 I Iatrogenic, 317 Id, 228, 235, 270, 274, 284, 286, 317 Idiopathic, 315, 317, 344 Iliac Artery, 310, 317 Immune system, 262, 317, 323, 327, 328, 335, 356 Immunoassay, 317 Immunoblotting, 317 Immunodeficiency, 265, 317 Immunofluorescence, 317, 326 Immunoglobulin, 317, 326 Immunologic, 317, 340 Immunosuppressant, 317, 325 Immunosuppressive, 317, 345 Immunosuppressive Agents, 317, 345 Impairment, 295, 318, 325 Implant radiation, 318, 320, 321, 340, 357 Impotence, 318, 348 In situ, 318 In Situ Hybridization, 318 In vitro, 318, 346 In vivo, 318 Incontinence, 318, 328, 348

Indicative, 244, 318, 333, 355 Indomethacin, 224, 237, 318 Induction, 293, 305, 318 Infarction, 303, 318, 325, 336 Infiltration, 313, 319 Inflammatory bowel disease, 247, 319 Initiation, 319, 323 Inoperable, 319 Insulator, 319, 327 Insulin, 319 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 319 Insulin-like, 319 Interferon, 252, 319 Interferon-alpha, 319 Interleukin-1, 319 Interleukin-2, 319 Interleukin-6, 319 Internal Medicine, 4, 227, 319, 343 Internal radiation, 320, 321, 340, 357 Interstitial, 298, 320, 321, 342, 357 Intervertebral, 306, 320, 323 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 320, 323 Intestinal, 226, 234, 320, 321, 324 Intestine, 298, 320, 321, 349 Intoxication, 320, 356 Intracellular, 318, 320, 338 Intravenous, 320 Intubation, 299, 320 Involuntary, 296, 310, 320, 328 Ionization, 320 Ionizing, 308, 320, 340, 346 Ions, 291, 296, 306, 316, 320 Iontophoresis, 320 Iris, 293, 303, 320, 321, 339, 355 Iritis, 247, 321 Irradiation, 245, 321, 357 Ischemia, 321, 328 Ischial, 321 J Joint, 5, 226, 239, 246, 254, 262, 288, 293, 295, 311, 321, 323, 332, 336, 339, 343, 348, 350, 351, 357 Joint Capsule, 321, 350 K Kb, 260, 321 Kidney Disease, 242, 245, 260, 265, 321 Kilobase, 321 Kyphosis, 321 L Lactulose, 226, 321 Large Intestine, 306, 320, 321, 341, 347 Laryngeal, 321 Laryngoscopy, 321 Larynx, 321, 322 Latent, 322, 337 Lavage, 322

Index 355

Laxative, 321, 322, 347 Leg Ulcer, 322 Lens, 299, 303, 322 Lesion, 234, 303, 322, 348, 351, 354 Leucocyte, 292, 308, 322 Leukemia, 265, 322 Leukocytes, 297, 314, 318, 319, 322, 327, 354 Library Services, 284, 322 Ligament, 322, 331, 338, 348 Linkage, 5, 255, 312, 322 Lipid, 319, 322, 327 Lipid Peroxidation, 322 Lipomatosis, 322 Lipopolysaccharide, 314, 322 Lipoprotein, 314, 322 Liver, 291, 292, 293, 297, 301, 306, 308, 310, 311, 313, 323, 344 Loading dose, 323 Lobe, 323, 333 Localized, 292, 311, 314, 315, 318, 322, 323, 328, 330, 335, 345, 348 Longitudinal study, 323 Low Back Pain, 232, 239, 240, 243, 323 Lumbar, 296, 299, 306, 320, 323 Lumbar puncture, 306, 323 Lupus, 241, 244, 323, 351 Luxation, 306, 323 Lymph, 300, 308, 316, 323, 344 Lymph node, 300, 323, 344 Lymphocyte, 6, 294, 323, 324 Lymphoid, 312, 322, 323 Lymphoma, 232, 265, 323 Lytic, 323, 346 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 323 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 5, 255, 314, 324 Malabsorption, 265, 324 Malaise, 298, 324 Malformation, 324 Malignant, 265, 294, 324, 327, 329, 340 Malignant tumor, 324, 327 Malnutrition, 292, 324, 327 Mammary, 303, 324 Mammogram, 298, 324, 325 Manifest, 324 Mannitol, 226, 324 Marital Status, 239, 324 Mastitis, 324, 346 Medical Records, 240, 324 MEDLINE, 261, 264, 266, 324 Melanin, 320, 324, 335, 354 Melanocytes, 324, 325 Melanoma, 265, 325 Membrane, 296, 302, 303, 310, 314, 322, 325, 327, 328, 336, 340, 342, 343, 350

Memory, 312, 325 Mental, v, 4, 242, 243, 260, 263, 267, 300, 306, 325, 339 Mental Disorders, 242, 325, 339 Mesenchymal, 295, 325 Meta-Analysis, 325 Metabolic disorder, 313, 325 Methotrexate, 226, 325 Methylprednisolone, 325 MI, 245, 289, 325 Microbe, 325, 353 Microbiology, 295, 325 Microcalcifications, 298, 325 Microorganism, 301, 325, 333, 356 Milliliter, 297, 326 Mineralization, 326, 332 Mineralocorticoids, 291, 304, 326 Misoprostol, 225, 326 Mitochondrial Swelling, 326, 328 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, 244, 326 Mobility, 240, 247, 273, 326 Modification, 292, 326, 339 Molecule, 246, 294, 296, 302, 306, 309, 326, 332, 336, 340, 341 Monitor, 240, 326, 330 Monoclonal, 317, 321, 326, 340, 357 Monoclonal antibodies, 317, 326 Monocytes, 319, 322, 326, 352 Mononuclear, 326, 327, 354 Morphology, 327 Motility, 318, 327, 346 Motor Activity, 303, 327, 339 Mucins, 327, 344 Mucosa, 323, 327 Mucus, 327, 354 Multicenter study, 327 Multiple Myeloma, 327 Multiple sclerosis, 327, 331 Muscle Fibers, 327 Muscular Atrophy, 265, 327 Muscular Diseases, 327, 333 Muscular Dystrophies, 307, 327 Mutagenic, 327, 347 Mutagens, 311, 327 Mycoplasma, 328 Myelin, 327, 328, 345 Myelitis, 328 Myelography, 306, 328 Myeloma, 328 Myocardium, 325, 328 Myositis, 328 Myotonia, 328, 340 Myotonic Dystrophy, 265, 328 N Naive, 319, 328 Naproxen, 229, 328


NCI, 1, 242, 259, 328 Neck Pain, 254, 328 Necrosis, 318, 325, 328, 344 Need, 3, 4, 5, 239, 243, 246, 254, 262, 272, 275, 279, 291, 301, 328, 353 Neoplasia, 265, 329 Neoplasm, 329, 348 Neoplastic, 323, 329, 354 Nephropathy, 321, 329 Nerve, 235, 262, 291, 292, 293, 295, 299, 300, 327, 329, 331, 333, 334, 344, 345, 349, 352 Nervous System, 265, 291, 300, 329, 334 Neural, 291, 316, 329 Neuritis, 329, 331 Neurologic, 329 Neuroma, 232, 329 Neuromuscular, 329, 333 Neuropathy, 329 Neurotransmitter, 292, 329, 330, 347, 350 Neutrons, 321, 329, 340 Neutropenia, 329 Neutrophil, 224, 329 Nitrogen, 292, 293, 304, 311, 329, 354 Nitrogenase, 329 Norepinephrine, 291, 292, 329, 330 Nuclear, 226, 296, 307, 310, 312, 326, 328, 330, 354 Nuclei, 307, 324, 329, 330, 331 Nucleic acid, 296, 318, 327, 329, 330 Nucleus, 296, 300, 304, 305, 310, 312, 320, 327, 329, 330, 339, 351 O Observer Variation, 330 Occult, 330 Occupational Therapy, 272, 330 Ochronosis, 292, 330 Ocular, 330 Odds Ratio, 330, 342 Odontoid Process, 330 Oedema, 330 Oliguria, 324, 331 Oncogene, 265, 331 Opacity, 305, 331 Ophthalmology, 311, 331 Optic cup, 331, 334 Optic disc, 331 Optic Nerve, 331, 334, 342, 344 Optic Neuritis, 331 Orbital, 331 Osmolarity, 324, 331 Ossification, 331 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, 331 Osteoarthritis, 241, 243, 245, 246, 262, 331, 335

Osteoblasts, 332 Osteocalcin, 227, 332 Osteolysis, 332 Osteomalacia, 224, 332 Osteoporosis, 243, 298, 332 Osteotomy, 332 Otitis, 332 Otitis Media, 332 Oxidation, 291, 304, 322, 332 Oxidative metabolism, 227, 291, 332 Oxytocic, 326, 332 P Pain Threshold, 332 Palliative, 332, 352 Palsy, 332 Pamidronate, 333 Pancreas, 291, 306, 319, 333, 347 Pancreatic, 265, 333 Pancreatic cancer, 265, 333 Paralysis, 298, 333 Paraplegia, 333 Parathyroid, 226, 227, 333, 351 Parathyroid Glands, 333 Parathyroid hormone, 226, 227, 333 Parenchyma, 333 Parietal, 333, 334, 336 Parotid, 333, 344 Paroxysmal, 265, 333 Partial remission, 333, 342 Pathogen, 321, 333 Pathogenesis, 5, 6, 244, 315, 333 Pathologic, 245, 297, 298, 303, 316, 333, 342, 348 Patient Advocacy, 334 Patient Education, 233, 272, 282, 284, 289, 334 Pedicle, 334 Pelvic, 5, 334, 338 Pelvis, 239, 240, 289, 291, 317, 323, 334, 355 Penicillamine, 224, 334 Penicillin, 334 Pepsin, 326, 334 Peptide, 225, 292, 334, 336, 338, 339 Perforation, 334 Pericardium, 334, 351 Peripheral blood, 294, 319, 334 Peripheral Nervous System, 329, 332, 333, 334, 347, 350 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 333, 334 Peritoneal, 295, 331, 334 Peritoneal Cavity, 295, 331, 334 Peritoneum, 334, 343 PH, 297, 334 Phagocyte, 335 Phallic, 311, 335

Index 357

Pharmacologic, 293, 295, 314, 335, 353 Phenotype, 335, 354 Phenylalanine, 335, 354 Physical Examination, 240, 262, 273, 335 Physical Fitness, 310, 335 Physical Therapy, 262, 335 Physiologic, 305, 314, 335, 338, 341, 342 Pigment, 324, 325, 330, 335 Pilot study, 227, 235, 335 Piroxicam, 335 Pituitary Gland, 304, 335 Plants, 292, 299, 313, 327, 330, 335, 344, 353 Plasma, 292, 296, 313, 315, 326, 327, 328, 336, 345 Plasma cells, 327, 328, 336 Plasmid, 336 Plasminogen, 336, 349 Pleura, 336 Pleural, 331, 336 Pleural cavity, 331, 336 Pneumonia, 303, 321, 336 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 336 Polyarthritis, 225, 254, 336 Polycystic, 265, 336 Polyethylene, 336 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 245, 336 Polypeptide, 292, 301, 336, 347, 351 Postmenopausal, 332, 337 Postoperative, 335, 337 Potentiates, 319, 337 Potentiating, 292, 337 Practice Guidelines, 263, 337 Precursor, 308, 330, 335, 336, 337, 353, 354 Predictive factor, 337 Predisposition, 5, 337 Prednisolone, 325, 337 Prevalence, 246, 330, 337 Progesterone, 337, 349 Progression, 247, 293, 337 Progressive, 225, 247, 301, 307, 314, 327, 328, 331, 337, 339, 342, 343 Projection, 321, 330, 331, 337, 341 Proline, 301, 316, 337 Promoter, 306, 338 Prospective study, 323, 338 Prostaglandin, 326, 338 Prostaglandins A, 318, 338 Prostate, 265, 338 Protein C, 292, 322, 332, 338 Protein S, 245, 266, 297, 332, 338 Proteinuria, 327, 338 Proteoglycans, 225, 338 Proteolytic, 292, 302, 339 Proximal, 306, 336, 339 Pseudarthrosis, 339 Psychiatry, 311, 339, 355

Psychic, 325, 339, 345 Psychoactive, 339, 356 Psychomotor, 339 Psychomotor Performance, 339 Public Policy, 261, 339 Publishing, 6, 243, 339 Pulmonary, 297, 309, 310, 339, 355, 356 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 339 Pulposus, 320, 339 Pulse, 326, 339 Pupil, 303, 321, 331, 339 Purpura, 339 Purulent, 291, 339 Pustular, 339 Q Quality of Life, 247, 339 Quinine, 301, 340 R Radiation therapy, 310, 320, 321, 340, 357 Radio Waves, 305, 340 Radioactive, 314, 316, 318, 320, 321, 326, 330, 340, 341, 354, 357 Radiography, 262, 340 Radioimmunotherapy, 340, 341 Radiolabeled, 321, 340, 357 Radiological, 5, 340 Radiotherapy, 227, 298, 321, 340, 341, 357 Radium, 341 Radon, 341 Randomized, 233, 307, 341 Rarefaction, 295, 341 Receptor, 294, 341, 346, 353 Recombinant, 312, 341 Recombination, 312, 341 Rectum, 294, 298, 302, 306, 312, 318, 319, 321, 338, 341 Red Nucleus, 295, 341 Reductase, 325, 341 Refer, 1, 298, 302, 311, 328, 329, 330, 340, 341, 347, 353 Refraction, 341, 348 Refractory, 341 Regimen, 307, 341 Regurgitation, 341 Relative risk, 341 Relaxation Techniques, 244, 342 Reliability, 342 Remission, 342 Renal amyloidosis, 342 Renal failure, 296, 315, 342 Renal Replacement Therapy, 342 Resorption, 298, 342 Respiration, 233, 299, 326, 342 Respiratory Burst, 342 Respiratory Physiology, 342, 355 Restoration, 335, 342, 356


Retina, 293, 322, 331, 342, 343, 355 Retinoblastoma, 265, 342 Retrobulbar, 331, 343 Retrograde, 343 Retroperitoneal, 291, 343 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, 343 Retrospective, 5, 343 Rhinitis, 343, 346 Ribonuclease, 326, 343 Risk factor, 3, 309, 338, 341, 343 Rod, 308, 321, 343, 357 S Saccharomyces, 343, 357 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 343, 357 Saccharomycetales, 343 Sacroiliac Joint, 246, 343 Sagittal, 344 Saline, 326, 344 Saliva, 344 Salivary, 306, 333, 344 Salivary glands, 306, 344 Saphenous, 303, 344 Saponins, 344, 349 Sarcoidosis, 344 Schizoid, 344, 356 Schizophrenia, 307, 344, 356 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 344, 356 Sclera, 303, 309, 344, 355 Scleritis, 344 Scleroderma, 244, 326, 345 Sclerosis, 244, 265, 270, 301, 327, 345 Screening, 240, 301, 345 Secretion, 252, 304, 313, 316, 319, 326, 327, 345, 353 Secretory, 345 Sedative, 292, 296, 345 Sediment, 345 Sedimentation, 289, 336, 345 Segregation, 312, 341, 345 Seizures, 333, 345 Semen, 338, 345 Seminiferous tubule, 345, 348 Senile, 332, 345 Sensibility, 293, 345 Sensory loss, 328, 345, 348, 351 Septic, 295, 345 Septicaemia, 346 Sequencing, 346 Serologic, 317, 346 Serology, 346 Serotonin, 292, 329, 346, 354 Serotypes, 346 Sex Characteristics, 293, 346, 351 Sex Determination, 265, 346 Sex Ratio, 346 Shock, 346, 354

Shunt, 346 Side effect, 272, 277, 279, 291, 316, 335, 346, 353 Signs and Symptoms, 243, 336, 342, 346 Sister Chromatid Exchange, 346 Skeletal, 293, 327, 347, 351 Skeleton, 298, 321, 338, 347, 352 Skull, 347, 351 Small intestine, 316, 320, 347 Social Environment, 339, 347 Sodium, 229, 305, 313, 326, 328, 340, 347, 350 Soft tissue, 254, 297, 347 Soft Tissue Injuries, 254, 347 Solid tumor, 293, 347 Somatostatin, 347 Sorbitol, 324, 347 Sound wave, 305, 347 Specialist, 275, 347 Species, 6, 237, 292, 300, 301, 308, 309, 326, 343, 348, 350, 354, 356, 357 Spectrum, 340, 348, 357 Sperm, 293, 301, 345, 348 Spermatozoa, 345, 348 Spinal Cord Compression, 348 Spinal Cord Diseases, 333, 348 Spinal Cord Injuries, 348 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 328, 348 Spinal Fractures, 348 Spleen, 293, 344, 348 Sporadic, 343, 348 Sprains and Strains, 323, 348 Stem cell transplantation, 232, 349 Stem Cells, 349 Stenosis, 349 Sterile, 295, 333, 349 Steroid, 344, 349 Stimulus, 349, 352 Stomach, 291, 306, 309, 311, 312, 316, 322, 334, 347, 348, 349 Stool, 302, 318, 321, 349 Streptococci, 349 Streptokinase, 349 Stress, 243, 245, 262, 337, 343, 349 Stricture, 349 Stroke, 242, 260, 349 Stroma, 320, 333, 349 Subacute, 318, 349 Subclavian, 349, 356 Subclavian Artery, 349, 356 Subclinical, 318, 345, 350 Subcutaneous, 307, 312, 330, 350 Subspecies, 348, 350 Substance P, 345, 350 Superoxide, 234, 342, 350 Support group, 233, 350

Index 359

Suppression, 304, 350 Suppurative, 312, 315, 350 Sweat, 294, 315, 350 Symphysis, 300, 338, 350 Symptomatic, 350 Symptomatology, 245, 350 Synovial, 6, 295, 321, 350 Synovial Fluid, 350 Synovial Membrane, 6, 295, 321, 350 Synovitis, 247, 350 Systemic disease, 295, 351 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 244, 301, 326, 351 T Talus, 293, 351, 352 Tardive, 351 Tarsal Bones, 298, 351 Telangiectasia, 265, 351 Temporal, 336, 351 Tendinitis, 236, 351 Tendon, 351 Testosterone, 341, 351 Tetany, 333, 351 Thalamic, 295, 351 Thalamic Diseases, 295, 351 Thalassemia, 351 Thalidomide, 252, 351 Therapeutics, 231, 232, 278, 352 Thigh, 310, 314, 352 Thoracic, 233, 296, 305, 336, 350, 352, 356 Thorax, 291, 323, 352 Threshold, 352 Thrombocytopenia, 294, 352 Thrombolytic, 336, 349, 352 Thrombolytic Therapy, 349, 352 Thrombosis, 338, 349, 352 Thrombus, 303, 318, 352 Thyroid, 313, 333, 352, 354 Thyroid Gland, 313, 333, 352 Thyroiditis, 352 Tibia, 293, 311, 352 Tinnitus, 332, 352 Tolerance, 224, 235, 313, 353 Tomography, 353 Torsion, 318, 353 Toxic, v, 296, 301, 305, 308, 329, 353 Toxicity, 307, 353 Toxicology, 262, 353 Toxin, 308, 353 Trace element, 353 Traction, 254, 353 Transcutaneous, 235, 262, 353 Transfection, 297, 353 Transferases, 313, 353 Transforming Growth Factor alpha, 353, 354 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 353, 354

Transforming Growth Factors, 354 Transplantation, 301, 324, 354 Trauma, 254, 296, 328, 351, 353, 354 Tryptophan, 301, 346, 354 Tuberculosis, 323, 354 Tuberous Sclerosis, 265, 354 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 227, 240, 352, 354 Tumor-derived, 354 Tyrosine, 354 U Ubiquitin, 354 Ulcer, 326, 354, 355 Ulcerative colitis, 319, 354 Unconscious, 317, 354 Uranium, 341, 354 Ureters, 343, 355 Urethra, 338, 355 Uric, 314, 316, 355 Urinary, 246, 298, 312, 318, 321, 331, 355 Urinary tract, 321, 355 Urine, 239, 292, 296, 297, 306, 314, 315, 318, 331, 338, 355 Uterus, 300, 311, 332, 337, 355 Uvea, 355 Uveitis, 272, 355 V Vaccines, 355, 356 Vagina, 300, 305, 355 Varicose, 322, 355 Varicose Ulcer, 322, 355 Vascular, 227, 235, 244, 318, 330, 348, 352, 355 Vasculitis, 244, 336, 355 Vein, 295, 303, 320, 330, 333, 344, 349, 355 Venous, 295, 322, 330, 338, 355 Ventilation, 233, 355 Ventricle, 317, 339, 355, 356 Ventricular, 356 Ventricular Function, 356 Venules, 297, 356 Vertebrae, 320, 348, 356 Vertebral, 348, 356 Vertebral Artery, 356 Vertigo, 332, 356 Veterinary Medicine, 261, 356 Virulence, 295, 353, 356 Virus, 313, 319, 356 Viscera, 347, 356 Visual Acuity, 303, 344, 356 Vitro, 356 W White blood cell, 294, 314, 322, 323, 327, 328, 329, 336, 356 Windpipe, 308, 352, 356 Withdrawal, 356 Wound Healing, 293, 356


X Xenograft, 293, 357 X-ray therapy, 321, 357 Y Yeasts, 311, 335, 343, 357

Yersinia, 357 Z Zygapophyseal Joint, 357

Index 361


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