Anabolic Steroids - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ANABOLIC STEROIDS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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ANABOLIC STEROIDS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Anabolic Steroids: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83699-X 1. Anabolic Steroids-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on anabolic steroids. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS ................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Anabolic Steroids .......................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS ...................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Anabolic Steroids ......................................................................... 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS ................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 General References ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS .................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Dissertations on Anabolic Steroids.............................................................................................. 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS ............................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Anabolic Steroids ....................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS ................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 75 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 76 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 77 Chapters on Anabolic Steroids ..................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 83 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 85 Academic Periodicals covering Anabolic Steroids ....................................................................... 86 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 89 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 91 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 94 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 100 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 103 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 103 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 103

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 109 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 109 ANABOLIC STEROIDS DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 111 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with anabolic steroids is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about anabolic steroids, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to anabolic steroids, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on anabolic steroids. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to anabolic steroids, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on anabolic steroids. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on anabolic steroids.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and anabolic steroids, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Use of Anabolic Steroids in HIV Disease Source: STEP Perspective; Vol. 5, No. 2. Contact: Seattle Treatment Education Project, 1123 E John St, Seattle, WA, 98102, (206) 329-4857, http://www.thebody.com/step/steppage.html. Summary: This journal article discusses the use of anabolic steroids in the treatment of HIV disease. It defines steroids and explains biologic and synthetic compounds and their functions. It mentions ongoing studies of steroid use to combat fatigue and weakness and suggests that until more results are available, physicians are likely to be wary of prescribing steroid therapy.

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Federally Funded Research on Anabolic Steroids The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to anabolic steroids. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to anabolic steroids. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore anabolic steroids. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for anabolic steroids: •

Project Title: ADOLESCENT ANABOLIC STEROIDS, VASOPRESSIN AND AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Melloni, Richard H,.; Assistant Professor; Psychology; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recently much public attention has been drawn to the issue of youth violence, particularly that associated with drug abuse. It is well documented that anabolic steroid use in adolescent teenagers is associated with a higher incidence of aggression and violence. However, the basic biobehavioral processes underlying the development and maintenance of the aggressive phenotype following adolescent anabolic steroid exposure remain unknown. Recently, we have used peripubertal Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as an "adolescent" animal model to show that anabolic steroid exposure during this period facilitates the development of an aggressive behavioral phenotype when tested as young adults. In addition, aggressive, anabolic steroid-treated adult animals present with altered brain chemistry; specifically, arginine vasopressin and serotonin afferent innervation to the anterior hypothalamic brain region implicated in the regulation of offensive aggression. The research outlined in this proposal is a continuation of our work on adolescent anabolic steroids and the behavioral neurobiology of aggression. These studies examine the biobehavioral effects of adolescent anabolic steroid exposure on aggression permanence and the anatomy and function of the anterior hypothalamic arginine vasopressin and serotonin neural network controlling this behavior in hamsters. It is hypothesized that adolescent anabolic steroids disrupt the signaling equilibrium between anterior hypothalamic arginine vasopressin and serotonin, facilitating the development and maintenance of the aggressive phenotype. It is possible that this disruption occurs at the level of the signal molecules themselves, and/or at the level of their receptors. To test this, we are asking two questions: (1) how has adolescent anabolic steroid exposure affected the arginine vasopressin and serotonin neural systems and (2) are the changes in behavior and neurobiology permanent? Completion of the proposed research should provide new

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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insight into the basic biobehavioral processes regulating adolescent anabolic steroidinduced aggression. This knowledge could provide a scientific basis for the rational treatment of aggressive, anabolic steroid abusers and a better understanding of the behavioral and biological changes that may predispose young individuals to behave in a self-destructive or violent manner later in life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANABOLIC STEROIDS AND CEREBELLAR GABAA RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yang, Paul; Physiology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-OCT-2001 Summary: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are an increasingly popular substance of abuse among adolescents, as well as elite athletes. The actions of AAS in the central nervous system are poorly understood, however, recent studies in rodents indicate that AAS induce rapid and reversible modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor-mediated currents in neurons of forebrain regions of both prepubertal and adult animals. Moreover, the ability of AAS to modulate currents in the forebrain is region- specific and depends on receptor subunit composition. The expression of GABAA receptors comprising different subunit isoforms is heterogeneous throughout the brain and regulated both in a region-specific and developmental manner. Therefore, understanding differential AAS modulation of GABAA receptors composed of different subunits establishes the essential groundwork for understanding the actions of AAS in the central nervous system. The cerebellum is an ideal system for allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors because the cell-specific patterns of expression of different subunits and the functional modulation of GABAA receptormediated currents by other modulators have been well characterized, especially in Purkinje and granule cells. In addition, the cerebellum is the essential structure in mediating motor memory and motor coordination, both of which may be affected during AAS. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques of neurons in acutely isolated brain slices, the ability of specific AAS to induce different patterns of modulation upon inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in Purkinje cells and granule cells of postnatal rats will be determined. Second, to correlate, at the single cell level, significant differences in the ability of AAS to modulate GABAergic IPSCs with cellspecific patterns of subunit gene expression, single cell RT-PCR will be used to detect the ratio of subunit families expressed. Finally, using ultrafast perfusion patch-clamp technique on recombinant GABAA receptors expressed in transfected cells, the subunit dependence of AAS IPSC modulation will be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANABOLIC STEROIDS AND EXERCISE IN HEMODIALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Johansen, Kirsten L.; Northern California Institute Res & Educ San Francisco, Ca 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The federally-funded End Stage Renal Disease program was initiated in 1972 with the goal of extending the lives of individuals with kidney disease and allowing them to return to the work force. Though dialysis has prolonged the lives of patients with ESRD, it has not produced the expected degree of occupational and physical rehabilitation. A recent study showed that more than one third of hemodialysis patients had a Karnofsky score below 70, meaning that they were unable to perform the normal

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activities of daily living without assistance. Investigation into the causes of this striking debility has been limited, but muscle atrophy and concomitant weakness probably contribute. Reduced lean body mass (LBM) and muscle weakness have been demonstrated in this population. Since muscle strength correlates with performance measures such as gait speed in elderly subjects, the reduction in LBM in dialysis patients may affect functional status, and treatments designed to increase muscle size and strength could be of benefit to such individuals. Both anabolic steroid treatment and resistance exercise training (RE) increase strength and muscle mass in healthy subjects. RE also resulted in improved functional status in frail elderly subjects. While there have been no reports of the effects of RE in patients on dialysis, we recently showed that nandrolone decanoate (ND), a 19-nortestosterone derivative, increased LBM and improved walking and stair-climbing time in patients on dialysis. Furthermore, ND was safe in this population and resulted in only occasional mild side effects. In the current application, we propose to perform two studies concurrently. In one, to elucidate the mechanisms of the muscle defects of dialysis patients, healthy control subjects and patients on dialysis will undergo measurement of physical activity levels, and of muscle size, strength, and oxidative capacity. In the second, we will determine whether RE and/or anabolic steroids can increase muscle size and improve muscle strength and physical performance in patients on hemodialysis. In a 12-week study, 80 hemodialysis patients will be randomly assigned to one of 4 groups as follows: ND, weekly ND injections; EX, resistance exercise training plus placebo injections; ND-EX, ND injections plus RE; and PL, placebo injections only. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANALYSIS OF TEAM-BASED SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mackinnon, David P.; Professor; Psychology; Arizona State University P.O. Box 873503 Tempe, Az 852873503 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract) The purpose of this continuation proposal is to continue to complete and publish the evaluation of a prospective, randomized, study of the effects of the school-based anabolic steroid and other drug use prevention program, entitled ATLAS (Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids). ATLAS is a social-influences based primary prevention program aimed at modifying those factors that increase the desire of young athletes to use anabolic steroids. In addition, nutrition and strength training alternatives to anabolic steroids are provided. The program uses peer leaders and coaches in a team-centered approach to exert positive peer pressure and role modeling. After one year, positive effects on selfreported steroid use, intentions to use steroids, nutrition behaviors, and many mediators of program effects were observed. 31 Portland, Oregon-area high school football teams were randomized to receive the ATLAS program (15 high schools) or a standard pamphlet on steroid use. Starting in the summer of 1994 with cohort 1, a total of four cohorts of all football players at these 31 high schools were measured for four years-- the last data collection was November, 1997. Over 4000 subjects are in this multiple wave longitudinal data set that includes questionnaire and anthropometric (e.g., height, weight, body fat, strength) measures. The data for the project were collected, cleaned and merged five months after funding for the grant expired. No new data collection is planned for this continuation proposal. We will apply recently developed statistical methods and software in the evaluation of program effects, mediation analysis to determine how the ATLAS program worked, moderator analysis to identify subgroups where the program is most or least effective, and etiological analysis to identify the

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precursors to steroid and other drug use. Advanced statistical methods including growth curve models, mixture models, multiple mediator models, hierarchical linear models, missing data models, and models for categorical data will be applied across multiple waves and across each of the four cohorts. The overall purpose of the grant is to use advanced as well as more common statistical methods to extract the maximum important information from these data and publish the results. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF OXANDROLONE ON EXERCISE AND LV FUNCTION IN CHF Principal Investigator & Institution: Ansari, Maria N.; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001 Summary: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Exercise intolerance is a major limiting symptom in CHF and is due, in part to abnormalities of skeletal muscle. Reduced exercise capacity and degree of cachexia are associated with a poor prognosis. Anabolic steroids have increased lean body mass and improved muscle function in a number of wasting syndromes, but have not been studied in CHF. Specific Aims: To test the hypotheses that oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid with minimal androgenic effects, will: 1) increased skeletal muscles size and function and improve exercise capacity; 2) increase left ventricular (LV) mass and improve cardiac function in CHF patients. Methods: This will be a randomized, doubled-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of 48 patients with ejection fractions (EF) 7.5% of the previous weight over 6 months). Patients will be randomized to oxandrolone 10mg po bid or placebo in a 2:1 ratio. The following measurements will be made at baseline and after 4 months of treatment: 1) lean body mass by dual-energy-xrayabsorptiometery; 2) strength and endurance of the quadriceps muscle by isokinetic dynamometry; 3) exercise capacity by respiratory gas exchange; 4) LV mass and EF by cardiac MRI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL ACTIONS OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Ann S.; Psychological & Brain Scis; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-DEC-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted From The Applicant's Abstract): The long-term objective of this project is to elucidate the neural and behavioral actions of anabolic-androgenic steroid(s) (AAS). Although the majority of published research focuses on males, it has been shown that women and adolescent girls take AAS to improve athletic performance and to achieve a muscular physique. We have demonstrated that individual AAS have discrete and quantifiable effects on the estrous cycle and sexual receptivity in adult rats. The goal of the present proposal is to extend our analysis of AAS effects to include motivation for sexual behavior and to delineate the physiological mechanisms by which AAS affect the nervous system in female rats. First, we will broaden our analysis of AAS effects on female sexual behavior and physiology and address the following questions: (a) does prepubertal AAS administration alter the onset of puberty and produce short- or longterm changes in estrous cyclicity or fertility, (b) do AAS given in combination act synergistically or antagonistically to alter the estrous cycle or sexual behavior, and (c) do AAS alter sexual behaviors that underlie motivation that may be comparable to libido in

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humans? Second, we will test the role of three brain areas (ventromedial hypothalamus, preoptic area, and lateral septum) rich in androgen and estrogen receptors, in the inhibition of sexual behavior by AAS. Specifically, (a) does direct application of AAS to these brain regions produce effects on behavior that mimic systemic administration, and (b) does the ability of AAS to modulate sexual behaviors at these central sites depend on signaling through steroid (androgen or estrogen) receptors? Third, we will test the possibility that AAS may alter sexual behaviors by acting at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAa) receptors, because transmission mediated by the GABAergic system is known to modulate sexual behavior. Expressly, does the central administration of AAS modulate sexual behaviors via effects on neuroendocrine processes underlying the AAS modulation of female sexual behavior. Characterizing AAS effects on the central nervous and endocrine systems in laboratory animals will provide valuable scientific evidence that will improve our understanding not only of the physiological and behavioral responses to high dose AAS abuse in women, but also to other naturally occurring disorders that are accompanied by androgen excess, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for anabolic steroids in the PubMed Central database: •

The Safety and Efficacy of Anabolic Steroid Precursors: What is the Scientific Evidence? by Powers ME.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164360

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with anabolic steroids, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for anabolic steroids (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

17-Epimerization of 17 alpha-methyl anabolic steroids in humans: metabolism and synthesis of 17 alpha-hydroxy-17 beta-methyl steroids. Author(s): Schanzer W, Opfermann G, Donike M. Source: Steroids. 1992 November; 57(11): 537-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1448813&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical and experimental study of the effects of some anabolic steroids on hepatic structure and function. Author(s): Perezagua-Clamagirand C, Portugal-Alvarez J, Velasco-Martin A. Source: Arch Farmacol Toxicol. 1975 March; 1(1): 77-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=782380&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study of anabolic steroids in elderly patients with hip fractures. Author(s): Sloan JP, Wing P, Dian L, Meneilly GS. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1992 November; 40(11): 1105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1401694&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective study of the effect of anabolic steroids on the dyshaematopoietic syndrome (preleukaemic syndrome). Author(s): Hupperets P, De Witte T, Haanen C. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1983; 26(7): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6633751&dopt=Abstract

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A review of anabolic steroids: uses and effects. Author(s): LaBree M. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1991 December; 31(4): 61826. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1806744&dopt=Abstract

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A study of the effect of anabolic steroids on nitrogen balance. Author(s): Amaku EO. Source: West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res. 1977 June; 4(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=602174&dopt=Abstract

10 Anabolic Steroids

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Abuse liability of anabolic steroids and their possible role in the abuse of alcohol, morphine, and other substances. Author(s): Cicero TJ, O'Connor LH. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1990; 102: 1-28. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079968&dopt=Abstract

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Abuse of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Parkhie MR. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991 July 1; 199(1): 11-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1885321&dopt=Abstract

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Acquired aplastic anaemia in children treated with corticosteroids and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Gustafsson G, Kreuger A, Sjolin S. Source: Scand J Haematol. 1981 March; 26(3): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233086&dopt=Abstract

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Action of anabolic steroids on the metabolism of mentally retarded boys. Author(s): Reiss M, Wakoh T, Hillman JC, Pearse JJ, Reiss JM, Daley N. Source: Am J Ment Defic. 1966 January; 70(4): 520-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5909434&dopt=Abstract

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Acute metabolic effects of exercise in bodybuilders using anabolic steroids. Author(s): McKillop G, Ballantyne FC, Borland W, Ballantyne D. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 September; 23(3): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2620236&dopt=Abstract

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Acute myocardial infarction associated with anabolic steroids in a young HIVinfected patient. Author(s): Varriale P, Mirzai-tehrane M, Sedighi A. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 July; 19(7): 881-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417038&dopt=Abstract

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Acute myocardial infarction in a 22-year-old world class weight lifter using anabolic steroids. Author(s): McNutt RA, Ferenchick GS, Kirlin PC, Hamlin NJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 July 1; 62(1): 164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3381740&dopt=Abstract

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Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to training and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kadi F. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000 January; 646: 1-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717767&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. Author(s): Kibble MW, Ross MB. Source: Clin Pharm. 1987 September; 6(9): 686-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3315401&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Goldberg L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 July 17; 276(3): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667574&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Hickson RC, Ball KL, Falduto MT. Source: Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1989 July-August; 4(4): 254-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2671596&dopt=Abstract

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AIDS in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Sklarek HM, Mantovani RP, Erens E, Heisler D, Niederman MS, Fein AM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 December 27; 311(26): 1701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6504112&dopt=Abstract

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Altered gonadal steroidogenesis in critical illness: is treatment with anabolic steroids indicated? Author(s): Spratt DI. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2001 December; 15(4): 479-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800519&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroid-induced echocardiographic characteristics of professional football players? Author(s): Scharhag J, Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 August 6; 42(3): 588; Author Reply 588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12906994&dopt=Abstract


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Anabolic steroids and acute schizophrenic episode. Author(s): Annitto WJ, Layman WA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1980 April; 41(4): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7364737&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and anaesthesia. Author(s): Sellers WF, Culwick MD, Whiting RF. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1991 November; 19(4): 616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1750664&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and anticoagulants. Author(s): Howard CW, Hanson SG, Wahed MA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 June 25; 1(6077): 1659-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=871708&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and athletes. Author(s): Zlotsky NA. Source: Conn Med. 1989 April; 53(4): 241. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743764&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and athletics. Author(s): Wright JE. Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 1980; 8: 149-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7016547&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and behavior: a preclinical research prospectus. Author(s): Svare BB. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1990; 102: 224-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079975&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and blood cell production. Author(s): Hinterberger W, Vierhapper H. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256451&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and bone marrow toxicity during therapy with methotrexate. Author(s): Rawbone RG, Bagshawe KD. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1972 October; 26(5): 395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4343678&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and colonic cancer. Author(s): Edis AJ, Levitt M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 April 1; 142(7): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3982338&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and ergogenic aids. Author(s): Hough DO. Source: American Family Physician. 1990 April; 41(4): 1157-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181832&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and female reproductive organs. Author(s): Diloksambandh V. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1978 December; 61 Suppl 3: 31-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=570586&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and fibrinolysis. Author(s): Lowe GD. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256452&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and growth hormone in the Texas Panhandle. Author(s): Salva PS, Bacon GE. Source: Tex Med. 1989 May; 85(5): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2734704&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and growth hormone. Author(s): Haupt HA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 May-June; 21(3): 468-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8346765&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and infarction. Author(s): Bowman S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 March 17; 300(6726): 750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2322733&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and malnutrition in chronic renal failure. Author(s): Soliman G, Oreopoulos DG. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1994; 14(4): 362-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827186&dopt=Abstract


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Anabolic steroids and muscle strength. Author(s): Plymate SR, Friedl KE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 February 1; 116(3): 270. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1558564&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Walton. Source: Neurology. 1992 July; 42(7): 1435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1620370&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and Norwegian weightlifters. Author(s): Solberg S. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1982 September; 16(3): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7139228&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and osteoporosis. Author(s): Dequeker J, Geusens P. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1985; 271: 45-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3865481&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and psoriasis exacerbation. Author(s): Lear JT, English JS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 April; 134(4): 809. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733400&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and semen parameters in bodybuilders. Author(s): Knuth UA, Maniera H, Nieschlag E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1989 December; 52(6): 1041-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2512180&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and sporting performance. Author(s): Johnson NJ, Donohoe TP. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1988 June; 13(3): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3209622&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and sports. Author(s): Salva PS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 September 25; 258(12): 1608. Erratum In: Jama 1987 December 11; 258(22): 3259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3625965&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and the mind. Author(s): Byrne AJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 February 17; 166(4): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066559&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and the mind. Author(s): Corrigan B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 August 19; 165(4): 222-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8773655&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and the Ohio State Medical Board. Author(s): Murray RD. Source: Ohio Med. 1990 September; 86(9): 631-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2234768&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Shizgal HM. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256450&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and training. Author(s): Hickson RC, Kurowski TG. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1986 July; 5(3): 461-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3521896&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and vascular responses. Author(s): Green DJ, Cable NT, Rankin JM, Fox C, Taylor RR. Source: Lancet. 1993 October 2; 342(8875): 863. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8104286&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids and violent crime--an epidemiological study at a jail in Stockholm, Sweden. Author(s): Isacsson G, Garle M, Ljung EB, Asgard U, Bergman U. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1998 July-August; 39(4): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9675504&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids are fool's gold. Author(s): Ryan AJ. Source: Fed Proc. 1981 October; 40(12): 2682-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6269903&dopt=Abstract


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Anabolic steroids as a countermeasure against bone demineralization during space flight. Author(s): Stepaniak PC, Furst JJ, Woodard D. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1986 February; 57(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3954707&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in aplastic anaemia. Author(s): Kochupillai V, Sharma S, Sundaram KR. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1984 August; 80: 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6511009&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in aplastic anemia. Author(s): Gardner FH. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1985; 271: 87-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3865484&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in athelics: crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters. Author(s): Freed DL, Banks AJ, Longson D, Burley DM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 May 31; 2(5969): 471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=125133&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in athletics (or the rise of the mediocrity). Author(s): Payne AH. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1975 July; 9(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1182415&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in athletics. Author(s): Holden SC, Calvo RD, Sterling JC. Source: Tex Med. 1990 March; 86(3): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2333633&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in athletics. Author(s): Mellion MB. Source: American Family Physician. 1984 July; 30(1): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6464945&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in athletics. Author(s): Freed D, Banks AJ, Longson D. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 September 23; 3(829): 761. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4263294&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in athletics: how well do they work and how dangerous are they? Author(s): Lamb DR. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984 January-February; 12(1): 31-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6367501&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in childhood malnutrition. Author(s): Gupta S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1967 February 1; 48(3): 111-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6040109&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Author(s): Adami S, Rossini M. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256456&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Author(s): Good TA, Bessman SP. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1966 March; 111(3): 272-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5904466&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in girls with Turner's syndrome. Author(s): Joss EE. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1988; 343: 38-42. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3057807&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in hereditary angiooedema. Author(s): Gould DJ, Cunliffe WJ, Smiddy FG. Source: Lancet. 1978 April 8; 1(8067): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=76772&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in meat and rema premature telarche. Author(s): Saenz de Rodriguez CA, Toro-Sola MA. Source: Lancet. 1982 June 5; 1(8284): 1300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6123033&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in muscular, neurologic and hematologic disorders. Author(s): Faludi G, Dykyj R, Chayes ZW, Nodine JH. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1968 April; 23(4): 346-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4231282&dopt=Abstract


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Anabolic steroids in nutritional marasmus. Author(s): Bhattacharyya AK, Mandal JN. Source: Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med. 1965 April; 13(2): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5827192&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in polytrauma patients. Influence on renal nitrogen and amino acid losses: a double-blind study. Author(s): Hausmann DF, Nutz V, Rommelsheim K, Caspari R, Mosebach KO. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1990 March-April; 14(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2112616&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Author(s): Need AG, Durbridge TC, Nordin BE. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256455&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in severe chronic renal failure. Author(s): Malhotra KK, Suresh KR, Bansal RC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1984 October; 32(10): 878-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6394584&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in sport. Author(s): Moriarty HJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1997 February 14; 110(1037): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066570&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in sport. Author(s): VanHelder WP, Kofman E, Tremblay MS. Source: Can J Sport Sci. 1991 December; 16(4): 248-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1663826&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in the athlete. Author(s): Strauss RH, Yesalis CE. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1991; 42: 449-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035986&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in the management of chronic wasting diseases. Author(s): Wewalka FG. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1968 April; 23(4): 339-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4231281&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in the management of muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Charash L. Source: Pediatrics. 1965 September; 36(3): 402-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5829332&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in the training and treatment of athletes. Author(s): Limbird TJ. Source: Compr Ther. 1985 January; 11(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3967479&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Author(s): Poppe E, Nissen-Meyer R. Source: J Oslo City Hosp. 1966 July; 16(7): 149-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5941058&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids in the treatment of malnourished CAPD patients: a retrospective study. Author(s): Dombros NV, Digenis GE, Soliman G, Oreopoulos DG. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1994; 14(4): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827183&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids induce region- and subunit-specific rapid modulation of GABA(A) receptor-mediated currents in the rat forebrain. Author(s): Jorge-Rivera JC, McIntyre KL, Henderson LP. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2000 June; 83(6): 3299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10848550&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids, athletic drug testing, and the Olympic Games. Author(s): Bowers LD, Segura J. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1996 July; 42(7): 999-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8674213&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids, brain and behaviour. Author(s): Daly RC. Source: Ir Med J. 2001 April; 94(4): 102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440042&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kuhn CM. Source: Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 2002; 57: 411-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017555&dopt=Abstract


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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Brower KJ. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1993 March; 16(1): 97-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8456050&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Noakes T. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1992 September; 82(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1519128&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Dawson GR. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 May; 20(2): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1595881&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Daigle RD. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1990 January-March; 22(1): 77-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2182807&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Yelverton GA. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1989 January-February; 15(1): 63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2922218&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Strauss RH. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1984 July; 3(3): 743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443757&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Mottram DR, George AJ. Source: Bailliere's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2000 March; 14(1): 55-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932810&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Creutzberg EC, Schols AM. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1999 May; 2(3): 24353. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456254&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Das PK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1968 January 16; 50(2): 79-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5665603&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids. Author(s): Gordon JN. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1987 July; 76(7): 498. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3625057&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Author(s): Kutscher EC, Lund BC, Perry PJ. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2002; 32(5): 285-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929356&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. Author(s): Haupt HA, Rovere GD. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984 November-December; 12(6): 46984. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6391216&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: a review of their effects on the muscles, of their possible mechanisms of action and of their use in athletics. Author(s): Celotti F, Negri Cesi P. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1992 October; 43(5): 469-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1390296&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: an ethnographic approach. Author(s): Goldstein PJ. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1990; 102: 74-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079978&dopt=Abstract


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Anabolic steroids: another form of drug abuse. Author(s): Milhorn HT Jr. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1991 August; 32(8): 293-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1942023&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: implications for the nurse practitioner. Author(s): Duncan DJ, Shaw EB. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1985 December; 10(12): 8, 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4080279&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: interest among parents and nonathletes. Author(s): Salva PS, Bacon GE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1991 May; 84(5): 552-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035071&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: performance enhancers? Author(s): Levandowski R, McInerney VK, Scott DI. Source: N J Med. 1991 September; 88(9): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1745424&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: the power and the glory? Author(s): Ferner RE, Rawlins MD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 October 8; 297(6653): 877-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3140964&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids: their use and abuse. Author(s): Brooks RV. Source: Nurs Mirror Midwives J. 1976 December 9; 143(24): 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1050715&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--a contemporary perspective. Author(s): Uzych L. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1996 June; 86(6): 700-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8764439&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--a contemporary perspective. Author(s): St Clair Gibson A. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1994 August; 84(8 Pt 1): 468-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825077&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--a contemporary view. Author(s): Millar AP. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1995 December; 85(12): 1303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8600595&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--a review of the clinical toxicology and diagnostic screening. Author(s): Narducci WA, Wagner JC, Hendrickson TP, Jeffrey TP. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1990; 28(3): 287-310. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2231829&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--action on cellular level. Author(s): Bartsch W. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256447&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--misuse is abuse. Author(s): Greco RJ. Source: Am Pharm. 1988 October; Ns28(10): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3195467&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--round 4. Author(s): Leach RE. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 May-June; 21(3): 337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8346743&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--the drugs that give and take away manhood. A case with an unusual physical sign. Author(s): Stanley A, Ward M. Source: Med Sci Law. 1994 January; 34(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8159080&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic steroids--their uses and side effects. Author(s): Mowar SN. Source: Indian Med J. 1966 September; 60(9): 165-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5929001&dopt=Abstract

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Anabolic treatment with GH, IGF-I, or anabolic steroids in patients with HIVassociated wasting. Author(s): Mulligan K, Schambelan M. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2002 September; 85(1): 151-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163220&dopt=Abstract


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Analysis of anabolic steroids in body fluids by capillary gas chromatography with a two-channel detection system and a computer. Author(s): Uralets VP, Semenova VA, Yakushin MA, Semenov VA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1983 November 25; 279: 695-707. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6689492&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of anabolic steroids using GC/MS with selected ion monitoring. Author(s): Chung BC, Choo HY, Kim TW, Eom KD, Kwon OS, Suh J, Yang J, Park J. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1990 March-April; 14(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2325383&dopt=Abstract

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Androgenic anabolic steroids and arterial structure and function in male bodybuilders. Author(s): Sader MA, Griffiths KA, McCredie RJ, Handelsman DJ, Celermajer DS. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 January; 37(1): 224-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153743&dopt=Abstract

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Androgenic--anabolic steroids and body dysmorphia in young men. Author(s): Wroblewska AM. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1997 March; 42(3): 225-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130179&dopt=Abstract

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Anticatabolic applications of newer anabolic steroids. Author(s): Albanese AA. Source: Med Times. 1968 September; 96(9): 871-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5672954&dopt=Abstract

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Aplastic anaemia treated with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Gale RP. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1979 November; 43(3): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=497127&dopt=Abstract

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Are athletes wrong about anabolic steroids? Author(s): Hervey GR. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1975 July; 9(2): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1182413&dopt=Abstract

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Association of anabolic steroids and avascular necrosis of femoral heads. Author(s): Frankle MA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992 July-August; 20(4): 488. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1415900&dopt=Abstract

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Association of anabolic steroids and avascular necrosis of femoral heads. Author(s): Pettine KA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 January-February; 19(1): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2008940&dopt=Abstract

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Associations between academic performance of division 1 college athletes and their perceptions of the effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Perko MA, Cowdery J, Wang MQ, Yesalis CS. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1995 February; 80(1): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7624207&dopt=Abstract

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Atherogenic effects of anabolic steroids on serum lipid levels. A literature review. Author(s): Glazer G. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 October; 151(10): 1925-33. Review. Erratum In: Arch Intern Med 1992 March; 152(3): 535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1929679&dopt=Abstract

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Atrial fibrillation and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Sullivan ML, Martinez CM, Gallagher EJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 September-October; 17(5): 851-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10499702&dopt=Abstract

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Augmented release of hepatic triglycerides with anabolic steroids in patients with fatty liver. Author(s): Mendenhall CL. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1974 February; 19(2): 122-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4811166&dopt=Abstract

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Automated sample preparation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of urinary androgenic anabolic steroids. Author(s): Haber E, Munoz-Guerra JA, Soriano C, Carreras D, Rodriguez C, Rodriguez FA. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 5; 755(1-2): 17-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393702&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral distal biceps tendon avulsions with use of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Visuri T, Lindholm H. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994 August; 26(8): 941-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968426&dopt=Abstract


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Bilateral rupture of the quadriceps tendon associated with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Liow RY, Tavares S. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 June; 29(2): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551764&dopt=Abstract

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Biological activities of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Szporny L, Meszaros C, Domok L. Source: Ther Hung. 1967; 15(2): 48-52. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4865290&dopt=Abstract

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Body cell mass during long-term treatment with cortisone and anabolic steroids in asthmatic subjects. Author(s): Lindholm B. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1967 June; 55(2): 222-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6071704&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition during long-term administration of cortisone and anabolic steroids in an asthmatic subject. Author(s): Isaksson B, Lindholm B, Sjogren B. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1967 February; 16(2): 162-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5335264&dopt=Abstract

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Building your body to survive: the use of anabolic steroids for HIV therapy. Author(s): Vergel N. Source: Posit Aware. 1998 March-April; 9(2): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11365225&dopt=Abstract

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Capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Cartoni GP, Ciardi M, Giarrusso A, Rosati F. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1983 November 25; 279: 515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6672033&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac dysfunction in athletes receiving anabolic steroids. Author(s): Lorimer DA, Hart LL. Source: Dicp. 1990 November; 24(11): 1060-1. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2275229&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Herschman Z. Source: Anesthesiology. 1990 April; 72(4): 772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2321797&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular complications and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Dickerman RD, McConathy WJ, Schaller F, Zachariah NY. Source: European Heart Journal. 1996 December; 17(12): 1912. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960437&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids in weight-trained subjects. Author(s): Palatini P, Giada F, Garavelli G, Sinisi F, Mario L, Michieletto M, Baldo-Enzi G. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 December; 36(12): 1132-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9013370&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular toxicity of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Rockhold RW. Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1993; 33: 497-520. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8494349&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in neuromuscular performance and muscle fiber characteristics of elite power athletes self-administering androgenic and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Alen M, Hakkinen K, Komi PV. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1984 December; 122(4): 535-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6524396&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic renal insufficiency treated with anabolic steroids: effects on acid-base balance, protein metabolism and hematopoiesis. Author(s): Snyder D, Brest AN. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1966 January; 14(1): 21-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5901929&dopt=Abstract

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Clenbuterol and anabolic steroids: a previously unreported cause of myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteriograms. Author(s): Goldstein DR, Dobbs T, Krull B, Plumb VJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 August; 91(8): 780-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9715231&dopt=Abstract

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Clenbuterol: a substitute for anabolic steroids? Author(s): Prather ID, Brown DE, North P, Wilson JR. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1995 August; 27(8): 1118-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7476054&dopt=Abstract


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Clinical course in 28 unselected patients with aplastic anaemia treated with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Van Hengstum M, Steenbergen J, Haanen C. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1979 March; 41(3): 323-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=427037&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical investigations on long-term activation of fibrinolysis by anabolic steroids. Author(s): Bielawiec M, Bodzenta A, Lukjan H, Kiersnowska-Rogowska B, Kloczko J, Mysliwiec M, Dabrowski S, Tyminski W, Czestochowska E. Source: Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch. 1986; 113(1-2): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2427405&dopt=Abstract

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Coagulation abnormalities associated with the use of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Ansell JE, Tiarks C, Fairchild VK. Source: American Heart Journal. 1993 February; 125(2 Pt 1): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8427129&dopt=Abstract

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Compared interest between hair analysis and urinalysis in doping controls. Results for amphetamines, corticosteroids and anabolic steroids in racing cyclists. Author(s): Gaillard Y, Vayssette F, Pepin G. Source: Forensic Science International. 2000 January 10; 107(1-3): 361-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689587&dopt=Abstract

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Deleterious effects of anabolic steroids on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and liver function in amateur body builders. Author(s): Lenders JW, Demacker PN, Vos JA, Jansen PL, Hoitsma AJ, van 't Laar A, Thien T. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 February; 9(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3366514&dopt=Abstract

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Desire for weight gain and potential risks of adolescent males using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Wang MQ, Yesalis CE, Fitzhugh EC, Buckley WE. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1994 February; 78(1): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8177669&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and determination of anabolic steroids in nutritional supplements. Author(s): De Cock KJ, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P, Desmet N, Roels K, De Backer P. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 July; 25(5-6): 843-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377067&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of anabolic steroids by radioimmunoassay. Author(s): Brooks RV, Firth RG, Sumner NA. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1975 July; 9(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1182416&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of anabolic steroids in head hair. Author(s): Deng XS, Kurosu A, Pounder DJ. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1999 March; 44(2): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10097359&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of androgenic anabolic steroids in urine. Author(s): Hatton CK, Catlin DH. Source: Clin Lab Med. 1987 September; 7(3): 655-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3308301&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of anabolic steroids by gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry with heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatization. Author(s): Choi MH, Chung BC, Lee W, Lee UC, Kim Y. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 1999; 13(5): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10209875&dopt=Abstract

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Direct determination of anabolic steroids in human urine by on-line solid-phase extraction/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): Barron D, Barbosa J, Pascual JA, Segura J. Source: Journal of Mass Spectrometry : Jms. 1996 March; 31(3): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8799280&dopt=Abstract

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Doping control of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Chan SC. Source: J Forensic Sci Soc. 1991 April-June; 31(2): 217-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1940836&dopt=Abstract

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Echocardiography in fraternal twin bodybuilders with one abusing anabolic steroids. Author(s): Dickerman RD, McConathy WJ, Schaller F, Zachariah NY. Source: Cardiology. 1997 January-February; 88(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960625&dopt=Abstract


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Effect of anabolic steroids on HIV-related wasting myopathy. Author(s): Berger JR, Pall L, Winfield D. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 August; 86(8): 865-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8351543&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of anabolic steroids on plasma antithrombin III. alpha2 macroglobulin and alpha1 antitrypsin levels. Author(s): Walker ID, Davidson JF, Young P, Conkie JA. Source: Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1975 September 30; 34(1): 106-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=52896&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of anabolic steroids on plasma glycoproteins. Author(s): Sachs BA, Wolfman L. Source: Nature. 1967 October 21; 216(112): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6057954&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of anabolic steroids on reflex components. Author(s): Ariel G, Saville W. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1972 June; 32(6): 795-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4556119&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium supplements on the bone mineral loss from immobilisation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Teotia SP, Teotia M, Singh RK, Teotia NP, Gupta MC, Malhotra V. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1977 November 1; 69(9): 185-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=306398&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on semen parameters and hormone levels in bodybuilders. Author(s): Torres-Calleja J, De Celis R, Gonzalez-Unzaga M, Pedron-Nuevo N. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 November; 74(5): 1055-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11056262&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on sperm quality and serum hormone levels in adult male bodybuilders. Author(s): Torres-Calleja J, Gonzalez-Unzaga M, DeCelis-Carrillo R, Calzada-Sanchez L, Pedron N. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 March 2; 68(15): 1769-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270623&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on the sebaceous gland in power athletes. Author(s): Kiraly CL, Alen M, Rahkila P, Horsmanheimo M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1987; 67(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2436412&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of extended use of single anabolic steroids on urinary steroid excretion and metabolism. Author(s): Harrison LM, Martin D, Gotlin RW, Fennessey PV. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1989 April 7; 489(1): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2745643&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of testosterone and anabolic steroids on the size of sebaceous glands in power athletes. Author(s): Kiraly CL, Collan Y, Alen M. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1987 December; 9(6): 515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3445928&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of anabolic steroids in chronic renal failure. I. Short-term effects. Author(s): Sigler MH, Issekutz B Jr. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1967 October; 120(4): 408-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6058096&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of anabolic steroids in the long-term treatment of ischaemic leg ulcers. Author(s): Haeger K. Source: Zentralbl Phlebol. 1968 August 15; 7(3): 248-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5686232&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of anabolic steroids on haptoglobin, orosomucoid, plasminogen, fibrinogen, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, beta-glucuronidase and total serum proteins. Author(s): Barbosa J, Seal US, Doe RP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1971 September; 33(3): 388-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4105857&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of anabolic steroids on hormone-binding proteins, serum cortisol and serum nonprotein-bound cortisol. Author(s): Barbosa J, Seal US, Doe RP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1971 February; 32(2): 232-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4992507&dopt=Abstract


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Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes. Author(s): Kadi F, Eriksson A, Holmner S, Thornell LE. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 November; 31(11): 1528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589853&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of anabolic steroids, testosterone, and HGH on blood lipids and echocardiographic parameters in body builders. Author(s): Zuliani U, Bernardini B, Catapano A, Campana M, Cerioli G, Spattini M. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 February; 10(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2495256&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of glucocorticoids and anabolic steroids on cells derived from human skeletal and articular tissues in vitro. Author(s): Gallagher JA, Beresford JN, McGuire MK, Ebsworth NM, Meats JE, Gowen M, Elford P, Wright D, Poser J, Coulton LA, et al. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1984; 171: 279-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6720460&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of glucocorticosteroids on cultured human skin fibroblasts. V. Influence of anabolic steroids on the inhibitory effects of clobetasol-17-propionate on cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Author(s): Ponec M, de Haas C, Kempenaar JA, Bachra BN. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1979 August; 266(1): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=507931&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of large doses of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Harkness RA, Kilshaw BH, Hobson BM. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1975 July; 9(2): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1182412&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of triiodothyronine, growth hormone and anabolic steroids on nitrogen excretion and oxygen consumption of obese patients. Author(s): Bray GA, Raben MS, Londono J, Gallagher TF Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1971 August; 33(2): 293300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4935638&dopt=Abstract

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Endocrine aspects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Wu FC. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1997 July; 43(7): 1289-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216476&dopt=Abstract

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Endocrine effects in female weight lifters who self-administer testosterone and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Malarkey WB, Strauss RH, Leizman DJ, Liggett M, Demers LM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 November; 165(5 Pt 1): 1385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1835565&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of aminotransferase elevations in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids: hepatitis or rhabdomyolysis? Author(s): Pertusi R, Dickerman RD, McConathy WJ. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2001 July; 101(7): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476029&dopt=Abstract

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Evolution of serum lipids in two male bodybuilders using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Lajarin F, Zaragoza R, Tovar I, Martinez-Hernandez P. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1996 June; 42(6 Pt 1): 970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8665691&dopt=Abstract

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Examining athletes' attitudes toward using anabolic steroids and their knowledge of the possible effects. Author(s): Anshel MH, Russell KG. Source: Journal of Drug Education. 1997; 27(2): 121-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270210&dopt=Abstract

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Fast screening of anabolic steroids and other banned doping substances in human urine by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Marcos J, Pascual JA, de la Torre X, Segura J. Source: Journal of Mass Spectrometry : Jms. 2002 October; 37(10): 1059-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375280&dopt=Abstract

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Favorable effect of anabolic steroids in a case of pure red cell anemia. Author(s): Cordova MS, Sanchez-Medal L. Source: Acta Cient Venez. 1968; 19(5): 200-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5712939&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoride and anabolic steroids in the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Author(s): Marcocci C, Bevilacqua M. Source: Frontiers of Hormone Research. 2002; 30: 165-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892264&dopt=Abstract


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Gas chromatographic and capillary column gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric determination of synthetic anabolic steroids. I. Methandienone and its metabolites. Author(s): Durbeck HW, Buker I, Scheulen B, Telin B. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1978 December 21; 167: 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=757586&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric determination of anabolic steroids and their esters in hair. Application in doping control and meat quality control. Author(s): Gaillard Y, Vayssette F, Balland A, Pepin G. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 December 10; 735(2): 189-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670734&dopt=Abstract

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GC and capillary column GC/MS determination of synthetic anabolic steroids. II. 4chloro-methandienone (oral turinabol) and its metabolites. Author(s): Durbeck HW, Buker I, Scheulen B, Telin B. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 1983 September; 21(9): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6630400&dopt=Abstract

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Glucosuric effect of anabolic steroids in juvenile diabetics. Author(s): Laron Z. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1965 December; 20(6): 635-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5869818&dopt=Abstract

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Growth hormone in combination with anabolic steroids in patients with Turner syndrome: effect on bone maturation and final height. Author(s): Haeusler G, Schmitt K, Blumel P, Plochl E, Waldhor T, Frisch H. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 December; 85(12): 1408-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9001649&dopt=Abstract

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Growth hormone induced increase in serum IGFBP-3 level is reversed by anabolic steroids in substance abusing power athletes. Author(s): Karila T, Koistinen H, Seppala M, Koistinen R, Seppala T. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 October; 49(4): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876343&dopt=Abstract

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Hair analysis of seven bodybuilders for anabolic steroids, ephedrine, and clenbuterol. Author(s): Dumestre-Toulet V, Cirimele V, Ludes B, Gromb S, Kintz P. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2002 January; 47(1): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064656&dopt=Abstract

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Hematological effect of corticosteroids and anabolic steroids on aplastic anemia patients. Author(s): Yamagishi M, Kariyone S, Wakisaka G. Source: Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 1973 February; 36(1): 9-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4738995&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic neoplasms associated with contraceptive and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Ishak KG. Source: Recent Results Cancer Res. 1979; 66: 73-128. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=219453&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic tumours induced by anabolic steroids in an athlete. Author(s): Creagh TM, Rubin A, Evans DJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 April; 41(4): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2835401&dopt=Abstract

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High-performance liquid chromatographic optimization study for the separation of natural and synthetic anabolic steroids. Application to urine and pharmaceutical samples. Author(s): Gonzalo-Lumbreras R, Izquierdo-Hornillos R. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 May 26; 742(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892579&dopt=Abstract

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High-risk behaviors among high school students in Massachusetts who use anabolic steroids. Author(s): Middleman AB, Faulkner AH, Woods ER, Emans SJ, DuRant RH. Source: Pediatrics. 1995 August; 96(2 Pt 1): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7630682&dopt=Abstract

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HIV infection associated with injections of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Scott MJ, Scott MJ Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 July 14; 262(2): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2739012&dopt=Abstract

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HIV risk behaviours among gay men who use anabolic steroids. Author(s): Bolding G, Sherr L, Maguire M, Elford J. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1999 December; 94(12): 1829-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717961&dopt=Abstract


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Hormones: androgens, antiandrogens, anabolic steroids, estrogens--unapproved uses or indications. Author(s): Gunes AT, Fetil E. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2000 January-February; 18(1): 55-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701086&dopt=Abstract

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How can we prevent and control the use and misuse of anabolic steroids in international sports? Author(s): Oseid S. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1977 December; 11(4): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=606319&dopt=Abstract

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If youngsters overdose with anabolic steroids, what's the cost anatomically and otherwise? Author(s): Cowart VS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 April 7; 261(13): 1856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2926916&dopt=Abstract

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Increased left ventricular mass in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. Author(s): McKillop G, Todd IC, Ballantyne D. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1986 December; 20(4): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2949795&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of premature menstruation with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Bolch OH Jr, Warren JC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 September 1; 117(1): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4722368&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of anabolic steroids on body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile and liver functions in body builders. Author(s): Kuipers H, Wijnen JA, Hartgens F, Willems SM. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 August; 12(4): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1917227&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of anabolic steroids on nitrogen balance in chronic peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Lindner A, Tenckhoff H. Source: Nephron. 1972; 9(2): 77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4634562&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of anabolic steroids on potassium metabolism in patients with liver diseases. Author(s): Horky J, Blahnikova L, Segova E, Zvolankova K. Source: Rev Czech Med. 1967; 13(3): 168-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6076481&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin resistance and diminished glucose tolerance in powerlifters ingesting anabolic steroids. Author(s): Cohen JC, Hickman R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1987 May; 64(5): 960-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3549761&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kopera H. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256458&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a role for androgenic anabolic steroids in medical practice? Author(s): Dobs AS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 April 14; 281(14): 1326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208149&dopt=Abstract

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Issues in detecting abuse of xenobiotic anabolic steroids and testosterone by analysis of athletes' urine. Author(s): Catlin DH, Hatton CK, Starcevic SH. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1997 July; 43(7): 1280-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216475&dopt=Abstract

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Large hepatic hematoma and intraabdominal hemorrhage associated with abuse of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Schumacher J, Muller G, Klotz KF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 April 8; 340(14): 1123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206841&dopt=Abstract

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Left ventricular function is not impaired in weight-lifters who use anabolic steroids. Author(s): Thompson PD, Sadaniantz A, Cullinane EM, Bodziony KS, Catlin DH, TorekBoth G, Douglas PS. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1992 February; 19(2): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531057&dopt=Abstract


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Left ventricular size and function in body builders using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Salke RC, Rowland TW, Burke EJ. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1985 December; 17(6): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4079743&dopt=Abstract

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Left ventricular size and function in elite bodybuilders using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Dickerman RD, Schaller F, Zachariah NY, McConathy WJ. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1997 April; 7(2): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113423&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Anabolic steroids in athletics. Author(s): Khosla T. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 July 19; 3(5976): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1139271&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid and apoprotein modifications in body builders during and after selfadministration of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Baldo-Enzi G, Giada F, Zuliani G, Baroni L, Vitale E, Enzi G, Magnanini P, Fellin R. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1990 February; 39(2): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2105436&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid profile of body builders with and without self-administration of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Frohlich J, Kullmer T, Urhausen A, Bergmann R, Kindermann W. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1989; 59(1-2): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2583156&dopt=Abstract

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Lipodystrophy despite anabolic steroids. Author(s): O'Mahony C, Price LM, Nelson M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 October; 9(10): 619. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819116&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid chromatographic and spectral analysis of the 17-hydroxy anabolic steroids. Author(s): Noggle FT Jr, Clark CR, DeRuiter J. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 1990 April; 28(4): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079544&dopt=Abstract

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Little help from article on anabolic steroids. Author(s): Levine R. Source: Pediatrics. 1991 January; 87(1): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1984609&dopt=Abstract

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Liver carcinoma in an athlete taking anabolic steroids. Author(s): Goldman B. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1985 February; 85(2): 56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2984149&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Madea B, Grellner W. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800747&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of anabolic steroids on renal functions in the aged subject. Author(s): Dontas AS, Papanicolaou NT, Papanayiotou P, Malamos BK. Source: J Gerontol. 1967 July; 22(3): 268-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6028495&dopt=Abstract

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Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Author(s): Babigian A, Silverman RT. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 January; 107(1): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176630&dopt=Abstract

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Management of the oral and maxillofacial surgery patient on anabolic steroids. Author(s): Smith BK, Haug RH, Shepard L, Indresano AT. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1991 June; 49(6): 627-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2037919&dopt=Abstract

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Marked fall in high-density lipoprotein following isotretinoin therapy: report of a case in a weight lifter on anabolic steroids. Author(s): Hoag GN, Connolly VP, Domke HL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 June; 16(6): 1264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3474246&dopt=Abstract


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Masseteric hypertrophy associated with administration of anabolic steroids and unilateral mastication: a case report. Author(s): Skoura C, Mourouzis C, Saranteas T, Chatzigianni E, Tesseromatis C. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2001 November; 92(5): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709687&dopt=Abstract

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Mediating mechanisms in a program to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids and improve exercise self-efficacy and dietary behavior. Author(s): MacKinnon DP, Goldberg L, Clarke GN, Elliot DL, Cheong J, Lapin A, Moe EL, Krull JL. Source: Prevention Science : the Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research. 2001 March; 2(1): 15-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519372&dopt=Abstract

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Medical complications of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Feller AA, Mylonakis E, Rich JD. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2002 November; 85(11): 338-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462865&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): van Wayjen RG. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 368-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256449&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Wynn V. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1975 July; 9(2): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1182411&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of anabolic steroids by recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of metabolites. Author(s): Rendic S, Nolteernsting E, Schanzer W. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 November 26; 735(1): 73-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10630892&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of anabolic steroids in humans: synthesis of 6 beta-hydroxy metabolites of 4-chloro-1,2-dehydro-17 alpha-methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, and metandienone. Author(s): Schanzer W, Horning S, Donike M. Source: Steroids. 1995 April; 60(4): 353-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8539789&dopt=Abstract

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Miscellaneous uses of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kopera H. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7504853&dopt=Abstract

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Mode of action and use of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Gribbin HR, Matts SG. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1976 January; 30(1): 3-5 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1247488&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial infarction and cerebral haemorrhage in a young body builder taking anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kennedy MC, Corrigan AB, Pilbeam ST. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1993 December; 23(6): 713. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8141703&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial infarction in association with misuse of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kennedy C. Source: Ulster Med J. 1993 October; 62(2): 174-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8303802&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial infarction with extensive intracoronary thrombus induced by anabolic steroids. Author(s): Fisher M, Appleby M, Rittoo D, Cotter L. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1996 June; 50(4): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8759570&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychiatric effects of anabolic steroids in male normal volunteers. Author(s): Su TP, Pagliaro M, Schmidt PJ, Pickar D, Wolkowitz O, Rubinow DR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 June 2; 269(21): 2760-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8492402&dopt=Abstract

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Newer methodology in the clinical investigation of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Albanese AA. Source: J New Drugs. 1965 July-August; 5(4): 208-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5325538&dopt=Abstract


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Nutritional and metabolic effects of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids. Author(s): Albanese AA. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1969 February; 24(2): 123-40. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4239346&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional and metabolic effects of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids. Author(s): Albanese AA. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1969 January; 24(1): 42-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4237215&dopt=Abstract

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One- and two-dimensional echocardiography in bodybuilders using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Urhausen A, Holpes R, Kindermann W. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1989; 58(6): 633-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2731533&dopt=Abstract

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Optimization of short-column gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry conditions for the determination of underivatized anabolic steroids. Author(s): Rossi SA, Johnson JV, Yost RA. Source: Biol Mass Spectrom. 1992 September; 21(9): 420-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1420379&dopt=Abstract

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Over-the-counter anabolic steroids 4-androsten-3,17-dione; 4-androsten-3beta,17betadiol; and 19-nor-4-androsten-3,17-dione: excretion studies in men. Author(s): Uralets VP, Gillette PA. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1999 September; 23(5): 357-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10488924&dopt=Abstract

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Over-the-counter delta5 anabolic steroids 5-androsen-3,17-dione; 5-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol; dehydroepiandrosterone; and 19-nor-5-androsten-3,17-dione: excretion studies in men. Author(s): Uralets VP, Gillette PA. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2000 April; 24(3): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10774538&dopt=Abstract

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Pathologic remodeling of the myocardium in a weightlifter taking anabolic steroids. Author(s): Campbell SE, Farb A, Weber KT. Source: Blood Pressure. 1993 September; 2(3): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8205315&dopt=Abstract

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Peliosis hepatis. Possible etiologic role of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Naeim F, Copper PH, Semion AA. Source: Arch Pathol. 1973 April; 95(4): 284-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4348726&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral arterial thrombosis in two young men using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Falkenberg M, Karlsson J, Ortenwall P. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 1997 February; 13(2): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9091161&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of anabolic steroids. Author(s): van der Vies J. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256448&dopt=Abstract

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Physical health and fitness of an elite bodybuilder during 1 year of selfadministration of testosterone and anabolic steroids: a case study. Author(s): Alen M, Hakkinen K. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985 February; 6(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3921472&dopt=Abstract

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Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A placebo-controlled randomized trial. Author(s): Schols AM, Soeters PB, Mostert R, Pluymers RJ, Wouters EF. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1995 October; 152(4 Pt 1): 1268-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551381&dopt=Abstract

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Physiological responses to resistance-exercise in athletes self-administering anabolic steroids. Author(s): Rozenek R, Rahe CH, Kohl HH, Marple DN, Wilson GD, Stone MH. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1990 December; 30(4): 35460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1964189&dopt=Abstract

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Positive effects of anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium on muscle mass, bone mineral density and clinical function after a hip fracture. A randomised study of 63 women. Author(s): Hedstrom M, Sjoberg K, Brosjo E, Astrom K, Sjoberg H, Dalen N. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 May; 84(4): 497-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12043767&dopt=Abstract


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Potential roles of androgens and the anabolic steroids in the treatment of cancer - a review. Author(s): Rigberg SV, Brodsky I. Source: J Med. 1975; 6(3-4): 271-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1104734&dopt=Abstract

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Practical aspects of screening of anabolic steroids in doping control with particular accent to nortestosterone radioimmunoassay using mixed antisera. Author(s): Hampl R, Starka L. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1979 July; 11(1C): 933-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=573825&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary observation of the effect of anabolic steroids in psoriasis. Author(s): Choudhury SN. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1965 July; 10(4): 137. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5831539&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic treatment of hereditary angioneurotic edema with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Endoh M, Nomoto Y, Tomino Y, Sakai H, Arimori S. Source: Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1980 January; 5(1): 59-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7385264&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric disturbances in users of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Cooper CJ, Noakes TD. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1994 August; 84(8 Pt 1): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7825091&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids after burn injuries. Author(s): Morton R, Gleason O, Yates W. Source: Psychosomatics. 2000 January-February; 41(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665271&dopt=Abstract

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QT interval and QT dispersion in endurance athletes and in power athletes using large doses of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Stolt A, Karila T, Viitasalo M, Mantysaari M, Kujala UM, Karjalainen J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 August 1; 84(3): 364-6, A9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496458&dopt=Abstract

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Radioimmunoassay of 17-alpha-alkylated anabolic steroids. Author(s): Hampl R, Picha J, Chundela B, Starka L. Source: J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1978 May; 16(5): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=670893&dopt=Abstract

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Radioimmunoassay of anabolic steroids: an evaluation of three antisera for the detection of anabolic steroids in biological fluids. Author(s): Dugal R, Dupuis C, Bertrand MJ. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1977 December; 11(4): 162-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=606317&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid radioimmunoassay for anabolic steroids in urine. Author(s): Rogozkin VA, Morozov VI, Tchaikovsky VS. Source: Schweiz Z Sportmed. 1979; 27(4): 169-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=547418&dopt=Abstract

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Recent developments in the toxicology of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Graham S, Kennedy M. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 1990 November-December; 5(6): 458-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2285499&dopt=Abstract

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Resistance trained athletes using or not using anabolic steroids compared to runners: effects on cardiorespiratory variables, body composition, and plasma lipids. Author(s): Yeater R, Reed C, Ullrich I, Morise A, Borsch M. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996 March; 30(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8665108&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible azoospermia: anabolic steroids may profoundly affect human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive men undergoing assisted reproduction. Author(s): Pena JE, Thornton MH Jr, Sauer MV. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May; 101(5 Pt 2): 1073-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738106&dopt=Abstract

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Serious cardiovascular side effects of large doses of anabolic steroids in weight lifters. Author(s): Nieminen MS, Ramo MP, Viitasalo M, Heikkila P, Karjalainen J, Mantysaari M, Heikkila J. Source: European Heart Journal. 1996 October; 17(10): 1576-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8909917&dopt=Abstract


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Serum lipids in power athletes self-administering testosterone and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Alen M, Rahkila P, Marniemi J. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985 June; 6(3): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4030188&dopt=Abstract

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Serum osteocalcin in the treatment of senile osteoporosis with anabolic steroids. Further evidences for a new marker of bone formation. Author(s): Cantatore FP, Carrozzo M, D'Amore M, Pipitone V. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1986 December; 5(4): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3493111&dopt=Abstract

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Short-column gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of underivatized anabolic steroids in urine. Author(s): Rossi SA, Johnson JV, Yost RA. Source: Biol Mass Spectrom. 1994 March; 23(3): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8148403&dopt=Abstract

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Side effects of anabolic steroids and contraindications. Author(s): Kopera H. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 1993; 143(14-15): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256457&dopt=Abstract

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Simple, efficient and simultaneous determination of anabolic steroids in human urine. Author(s): Khurshid SJ, Riaz M, Ahmed S. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1992 September; 42(9): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433807&dopt=Abstract

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Solvent and solid-phase extraction of natural and synthetic anabolic steroids in human urine. Author(s): Gonzalo-Lumbreras R, Pimentel-Trapero D, Izqierdo-Hornillos R. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 April 25; 754(2): 419-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339285&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament after anabolic steroids. Author(s): Freeman BJ, Rooker GD. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 December; 29(4): 274-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8808545&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon after anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kramhoft M, Solgaard S. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1986 February; 11(1): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3958557&dopt=Abstract

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Starvation and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Krizek V, Stepanek P, Sadilek L. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1969 July; 18(7): 585-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5788261&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and effects of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Camerino B, Sciaky R. Source: Pharmacol Ther [b]. 1975; 1(2): 233-75. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=817322&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of anabolic steroids. 3. The effect of oxandrolone on height and skeletal maturation in mongoloid children. Author(s): Ray CG, Kirschvink JF, Waxman SH, Kelley VC. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1965 December; 110(6): 618-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4284784&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of anabolic steroids. VI. Effect of prolonged administration of oxandrolone on growth in children and adolescents with gonadal dysgenesis. Author(s): Moore DC, Tattoni DS, Ruvalcaba RH, Limbeck GA, Kelley VC. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 March; 90(3): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=190369&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of anabolic steroids. VIII. Adult stature of males with Down syndrome treated with oxandrolone during childhood. Author(s): Ruvalcaba RH, Limbeck GA, Tattoni DS, Moore DC, Kelley VC. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 March; 88(3): 504-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=128622&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of anabolic steroids: v. effect of prolonged oxandrolone administration on growth in children and adolescents with uncomplicated short stature. Author(s): Moore DC, Tattoni DS, Limbeck GA, Ruvelcaba RH, Lindner DS, Gareis FJ, Al-Agba S, Kelley VC. Source: Pediatrics. 1976 September; 58(3): 412-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=183178&dopt=Abstract


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Studies on anabolic steroids. 10. Synthesis and identification of acidic urinary metabolites of oxymetholone in a human. Author(s): Bi H, Masse R, Just G. Source: Steroids. 1992 September; 57(9): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1455463&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids. I. Integrated methodological approach to the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of anabolic steroid metabolites in urine. Author(s): Masse R, Ayotte C, Dugal R. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1989 April 7; 489(1): 23-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2663904&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids. II--Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric characterization of oxandrolone urinary metabolites in man. Author(s): Masse R, Bi HG, Ayotte C, Dugal R. Source: Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom. 1989 June; 18(6): 429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2765703&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids. III. Detection and characterization of stanozolol urinary metabolites in humans by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Masse R, Ayotte C, Bi HG, Dugal R. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1989 December 29; 497: 17-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2625454&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids. IV. The effects of oxandrolone on height and skeletal maturation in uncomplicated growth retardation. Author(s): Limbeck GA, Ruvalcaba RH, Mahoney CP, Kelley VC. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1971 September-October; 12(5): 798805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4936144&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids. The mass spectra of 17 alpha-methyl-17 beta-hydroxy1,4-androstadien-3-one (Dianabol) and its metabolites. Author(s): Durbeck HW, Buker I. Source: Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1980 October; 7(10): 437-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7213942&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids. V. Sequential reduction of methandienone and structurally related steroid A-ring substituents in humans: gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of the corresponding urinary metabolites. Author(s): Masse R, Bi HG, Ayotte C, Du P, Gelinas H, Dugal R. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 January 2; 562(1-2): 323-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2026703&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids--11. 18-hydroxylated metabolites of mesterolone, methenolone and stenbolone: new steroids isolated from human urine. Author(s): Masse R, Goudreault D. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1992 May; 42(3-4): 399-410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1606051&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids--12. Epimerization and degradation of anabolic 17 betasulfate-17 alpha-methyl steroids in human: qualitative and quantitative GC/MS analysis. Author(s): Bi H, Masse R. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1992 June; 42(5): 533-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1616883&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids--4. Identification of new urinary metabolites of methenolone acetate (Primobolan) in human by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): Goudreault D, Masse R. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1990 September; 37(1): 137-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2242348&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids--6. Identification of urinary metabolites of stenbolone acetate (17 beta-acetoxy-2-methyl-5 alpha-androst-1-en-3-one) in human by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): Goudreault D, Masse R. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1991 May; 38(5): 639-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039756&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on anabolic steroids--8. GC/MS characterization of unusual seco acidic metabolites of oxymetholone in human urine. Author(s): Bi H, Du P, Masse R. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1992 April; 42(2): 229-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1567786&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on steroid receptors in human and rabbit skeletal muscle - clues to the understanding of the mechanism of action of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Gustafsson JA, Saartok T, Dahlberg E, Snochowski M, Haggmark T, Eriksson E. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1984; 142: 261-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6709658&dopt=Abstract


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Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: the identification of some 16-oxygenated metabolites of 19-nortestosterone. Author(s): Houghton E, Dumasia MC. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1980 May; 10(5): 381-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7191179&dopt=Abstract

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Sudden cardiac death in a 20-year-old bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Dickerman RD, Schaller F, Prather I, McConathy WJ. Source: Cardiology. 1995; 86(2): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7728810&dopt=Abstract

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Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in a patient with aplastic anemia treated with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kaito K, Kobayashi M, Otsubo H, Ogasawara Y, Sekita T, Shimada T, Hosoya T. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 1998 August; 68(2): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9803681&dopt=Abstract

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Tamoxifen for gynecomastia induced by anabolic steroids? Author(s): Spano F, Ryan WG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 September 27; 311(13): 861-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6472395&dopt=Abstract

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Tandem mass spectrometry in drug-abuse testing, exemplified for anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kinter M, Shipe JR, Savory J. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1988 October; 34(10): 2178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3168258&dopt=Abstract

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Testing for anabolic steroids in hair from two bodybuilders. Author(s): Kintz P, Cirimele V, Sachs H, Jeanneau T, Ludes B. Source: Forensic Science International. 1999 May 17; 101(3): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404632&dopt=Abstract

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Testosterone and anabolic steroids and acne fulminans. Author(s): Heydenreich G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 April; 125(4): 571-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2522757&dopt=Abstract

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Testosterone and other anabolic steroids as cardiovascular drugs. Author(s): Shapiro J, Christiana J, Frishman WH. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1999 May; 6(3): 167-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423660&dopt=Abstract

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The adverse effects of anabolic steroids on serum lipids. Author(s): Labib M, Haddon A. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1996 May; 33 ( Pt 3): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8791993&dopt=Abstract

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The anabolic steroids. Author(s): Wynn V. Source: The Practitioner. 1968 April; 200(198): 509-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5660539&dopt=Abstract

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The cardiac toxicity of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Sullivan ML, Martinez CM, Gennis P, Gallagher EJ. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1998 July-August; 41(1): 1-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717856&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve. Author(s): Forbes GB. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1985 June; 34(6): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3999979&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of anabolic steroids on physical fitness. Author(s): Win-May M, Mya-Tu M. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1975 September; 15(3): 26671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1195722&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of testosterone and anabolic steroids on the skin surface lipids and the population of Propionibacteria acnes in young postpubertal men. Author(s): Kiraly CL, Alen M, Korvola J, Horsmanheimo M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2449007&dopt=Abstract


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The effects of anabolic steroids and strength training on the human immune response. Author(s): Calabrese LH, Kleiner SM, Barna BP, Skibinski CI, Kirkendall DT, Lahita RG, Lombardo JA. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1989 August; 21(4): 386-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2674590&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of anabolic steroids on driving performance as assessed by the Iowa Driver Simulator. Author(s): Ellingrod VL, Perry PJ, Yates WR, MacIndoe JH, Watson G, Arndt S, Holman TL. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1997 November; 23(4): 62336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9366978&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of anabolic steroids on growth, body composition, and metabolism in boys with chronic renal failure on regular hemodialysis. Author(s): Jones RW, El Bishti MM, Bloom SR, Burke J, Carter JE, Counahan R, Dalton RN, Morris MC, Chantler C. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 October; 97(4): 559-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7420218&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of anabolic steroids on myocardial structure and cardiovascular fitness. Author(s): Sachtleben TR, Berg KE, Elias BA, Cheatham JP, Felix GL, Hofschire PJ. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1993 November; 25(11): 1240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8289610&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of muscle-building exercise on forearm bone mineral content and osteoblast activity in drug-free and anabolic steroids self-administering young men. Author(s): Fiore CE, Cottini E, Fargetta C, Di Salvo G, Foti R, Raspagliesi M. Source: Bone Miner. 1991 April; 13(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2065220&dopt=Abstract

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The hiccup reflex arc and persistent hiccups with high-dose anabolic steroids: is the brainstem the steroid-responsive locus? Author(s): Dickerman RD, Jaikumar S. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2001 January-February; 24(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11290884&dopt=Abstract

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The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Kopera H. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1985; 271: 11-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3907240&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of differentiating between anabolic steroids and glucocorticoids. Author(s): Edbauer MJ, Levine AM, Stapleton FB. Source: N Y State J Med. 1992 August; 92(8): 365. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1513519&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of 6 months of oral anabolic steroids on body mass and respiratory muscles in undernourished COPD patients. Author(s): Ferreira IM, Verreschi IT, Nery LE, Goldstein RS, Zamel N, Brooks D, Jardim JR. Source: Chest. 1998 July; 114(1): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674442&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones in adolescents with attention to oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Lane JR, Connor JD. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1994 December; 15(8): 630-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7696282&dopt=Abstract

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The less virilising anabolic steroids. Author(s): Gupta SR, Rastogi SK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1966 February 1; 46(3): 140-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5907637&dopt=Abstract

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The popliteal-artery entrapment syndrome in a patient using anabolic steroids. Author(s): Lepori M, Perren A, Gallino A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 April 18; 346(16): 1254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961162&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of the use of androgenic anabolic steroids by adolescents in a county of Sweden. Author(s): Nilsson S, Baigi A, Marklund B, Fridlund B. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2001 June; 11(2): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420810&dopt=Abstract


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The problems of oral contraceptives in dope control of anabolic steroids. Author(s): de Boer D, de Jong E, Maes RA, van Rossum JM. Source: Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom. 1988 August; 17(2): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3191251&dopt=Abstract

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The prophylactic treatment of hemophilia B Leyden with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Briet E, Wijnands MC, Veltkamp JJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 August; 103(2): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4014904&dopt=Abstract

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The role of androgens and anabolic steroids in the treatment of cancer. Author(s): Brodsky I. Source: Semin Drug Treat. 1973 Summer; 3(1): 15-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4740371&dopt=Abstract

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The use and abuse of anabolic steroids in Olympic-caliber athletes. Author(s): Bergman R, Leach RE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1985 September; (198): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028547&dopt=Abstract

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The use of anabolic steroids by athletes to increase body weight and strength. Author(s): Tahmindjis AJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1976 June 26; 1(26): 991-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=979776&dopt=Abstract

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The use of anabolic steroids in high school students. Author(s): Terney R, McLain LG. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1990 January; 144(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2294728&dopt=Abstract

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The use of anabolic steroids in the treatment of liver diseases. Author(s): Horky J. Source: Tijdschr Gastroenterol. 1967; 10(2): 109-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6044770&dopt=Abstract

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The use of anabolic steroids in top Swedish athletes. Author(s): Ljungqvist A. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1975 July; 9(2): 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1182414&dopt=Abstract

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The use of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Lee PD. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1990 September; 144(9): 954-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2396622&dopt=Abstract

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The use of carbon skeleton chromatography for the detection of steroid drug metabolites: the metabolism of anabolic steroids in man. Author(s): Adhikary PM, Harkness RA. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1971; 67(4): 721-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5109144&dopt=Abstract

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Toxic confusional state and choreiform movements after treatment with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Tilzey A, Heptonstall J, Hamblin T. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 August 1; 283(6287): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6788325&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of aplastic anemia with anabolic steroids and corticosteroids. Author(s): Furuhjelm U, Eklund J. Source: Ann Paediatr Fenn. 1966; 12(2): 89-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5914311&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in the misuse of androgenic anabolic steroids among boys 16-17 years old in a primary health care area in Sweden. Author(s): Nilsson S, Baigi A, Marklund B, Fridlund B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2001 September; 19(3): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697561&dopt=Abstract

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Turner's syndrome, anorexia nervosa, and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Nicholls D, Stanhope R. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 July; 79(1): 94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771263&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of acute myocardial infarction associated with aplastic anemia during treatment with anabolic steroids. Author(s): Toyama M, Watanabe S, Kobayashi T, Iida K, Koseki S, Yamaguchi I, Sugishita Y. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1994 May; 35(3): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7933553&dopt=Abstract


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Use of anabolic steroids among adolescents. Author(s): Thompson PD, Zmuda JM, Catlin DH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 September 16; 329(12): 888-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8355760&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anabolic steroids and associated health risks among gay men attending London gyms. Author(s): Bolding G, Sherr L, Elford J. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 February; 97(2): 195-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860391&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anabolic steroids by athletes. Author(s): Perlmutter G, Lowenthal DT. Source: American Family Physician. 1985 October; 32(4): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2413753&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anabolic steroids by athletes. Author(s): Johnson DA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 March 16; 251(11): 1430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6700034&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anabolic steroids by athletes. Do the risks outweigh the benefits? Author(s): Bierly JR. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1987 September 1; 82(3): 67-8, 71-2, 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3628128&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anabolic steroids has been reported by 9% of men attending gymnasiums. Author(s): Korkia P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 October 19; 313(7063): 1009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892444&dopt=Abstract

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Use of anabolic steroids in children. Author(s): van de Pijpekamp GH. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1964 October-December; 4(4): Suppl: 185-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5895999&dopt=Abstract

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Use of androgenic anabolic steroids by athletes. Author(s): Frankle MA, Cicero GJ, Payne J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 July 27; 252(4): 482. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6737635&dopt=Abstract

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Was superman a junky? The fallacy of anabolic steroids. Author(s): Johnson NP. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1990 January; 86(1): 46-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2308281&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawal from anabolic steroids. Author(s): Brower KJ. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 6: 338-43. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174765&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawal from anabolic steroids. Author(s): Brower KJ. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 5: 291-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704736&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and anabolic steroids.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Anabolic Steroids The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.


The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “anabolic steroids” (or a synonym): •

GC-MS determination of anabolic steroids after multi-immunoaffinity purification. Author(s): CER, Laboratoire d' Hormonologie, Rue du Carmel 1, 6900 Marloie (Belgium) Source: Dubois, M. Taillieu, X. Colemonts, Y. Lansival, B. Graeve, J. de Delahaut, P. Analyst (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 123(12) page 2611-2616. anabolics steroids animal growth promoters cattle urine faeces drugs residues gas chromatography mass spectrometry

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Identification of metabolites of the anabolic steroid methandienone formed by bovine hepatocytes in vitro. Source: Hooijerink, D. Schilt, R. Hoogenboom, R. Huveneers Oorsprong, M. Analyst (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 123(12) page 2637-2641. anabolics steroids animal growth promoters in vitro culture liver cattle drugs metabolism gas chromatography mass spectrometry

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Validation of multi-residue methods for the detection of anabolic steroids by GC-MS in muscle tissues and urine samples from cattle. Author(s): Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ghent, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent (Belgium) Source: Daeseleire, E. Vandeputte, R. Peteghem, C. van Analyst (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 123(12) page 2595-2598. anabolics steroids animal growth promoters drugs residues gas chromatography mass spectrometry legislation quality controls

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Anabolic steroid abuse. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison. Source: Landry, G L Primos, W A Adv-Pediatr. 1990; 37185-205 0065-3101

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Anabolic steroids and growth hormone in the Texas Panhandle. Source: Salva, P S Bacon, G E Tex-Med. 1989 May; 85(5): 43-4 0040-4470

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Anabolic treatment with GH, IGF-I, or anabolic steroids in patients with HIVassociated wasting. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, San Francisco General Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. [email protected] Source: Mulligan, K Schambelan, M Int-J-Cardiol. 2002 September; 85(1): 151-9 01675273

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Androgenic/Anabolic steroid-induced toxic hepatitis. Author(s): Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia. [email protected] Source: Stimac, D Milic, S Dintinjana, R D Kovac, D Ristic, S J-Clin-Gastroenterol. 2002 October; 35(4): 350-2 0192-0790

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Atrial fibrillation and anabolic steroids. Author(s): Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA. Source: Sullivan, M L Martinez, C M Gallagher, E J J-Emerg-Med. 1999 Sep-October; 17(5): 851-7 0736-4679

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Calf primary hepatocyte culture as a tool for anabolic steroid metabolism studies. Source: Clouet, A.S. Bizec, B. le Boerlen, F. Monteau, F. Andre, F. Analyst (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 123(12) page 2489-2492. anabolics steroids in vitro culture liver cattle drugs metabolism

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Determination of anabolic steroids by HPLC with UV-vis-particle beam mass spectrometry. Author(s): USFDA, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA. Source: Mesmer, M Z Satzger, R D J-Chromatogr-Sci. 1997 January; 35(1): 38-42 00219665

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Effect of anabolic steroids, alone or in combination with antibiotics, on bull performance, carcass traits and meat quality characteristics. Author(s): National Institute for Animal Nutrition, Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium. Source: Boucque, C V Fiems, L O Casteels, M Cottyn, B G Buysse, F X Arch-Tierernahr. 1988 April; 38(4): 317-26 0003-942X

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Growth response and final height in Turner syndrome after combination therapy of growth hormone and anabolic steroid. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 160, Sec. 3, Chung-Kang Road, Taichung, Taiwan. [email protected] Source: Shu, S G Acta-Paediatr-Taiwan. 2000 Nov-December; 41(6): 322-6

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Hormones: androgens, antiandrogens, anabolic steroids, estrogens--unapproved uses or indications. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. Source: Gunes, A T Fetil, E Clin-Dermatol. 2000 Jan-February; 18(1): 55-61 0738-081X

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Identification and verification of the anabolic steroid boldenone in equine blood and urine by HPLC/ELISA. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Munich, Germany. Source: Hagedorn, H W Schulz, R Jaeschke, G Biomed-Chromatogr. 1994 Mar-April; 8(2): 63-8 0269-3879

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In vitro liver models are important tools to monitor the abuse of anabolic steroids in cattle. Author(s): Dr. L. Willems-Instituut, Department of Drug- and Residue Analysis, B-3590 Diepenbeek (Belgium) Source: Puymbroeck, M. van Kuilman, M.E.M. Maas, R.F.M. Witkamp, R.F. Leyssens, L. Vanderzande, D. Gelan, J. Raus, J. Analyst (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 123(12) page 2453-2456. anabolics steroids drugs residues metabolism liver in vitro culture

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Mediating mechanisms in a program to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids and improve exercise self-efficacy and dietary behavior. Author(s): Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 871104, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104, USA. [email protected] Source: MacKinnon, D P Goldberg, L Clarke, G N Elliot, D L Cheong, J Lapin, A Moe, E L Krull, J L Prev-Sci. 2001 March; 2(1): 15-28 1389-4986

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Metabolites in feces can be important markers for the abuse of anabolic steroids in cattle. Author(s): Dr. L. Willems-Instituut, Department of Drug and Residue Analysis, B-3590 Diepenbeek (Belgium)


Source: Puymbroeck, M. van Leyssens, L. Vanderzande, D. Gelan, J. Raus, J. Analyst (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 123(12) page 2449-2452. anabolics steroids urine faeces drugs metabolism residues cattle •

Positive effects of anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium on muscle mass, bone mineral density and clinical function after a hip fracture. A randomised study of 63 women. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics, Karolinska Institute and Danderyd Hospital, Sweden. Source: Hedstrom, M Sjoberg, K Brosjo, E Astrom, K Sjoberg, H Dalen, N J-Bone-JointSurg-Br. 2002 May; 84(4): 497-503 0301-620X

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Production and stability testing of incurred reference materials for the anabolic steroid trenbolone in bovine urine. Author(s): National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), European Union Community Reference Laboratory, P.O. Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven (Netherlands) Source: Sterk, S. Tricht, F. van Le, B. Ginkel, L. van Stephany, R. Analyst (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 123(12) page 2563-2566. trenbolone urine drugs residues chromatography quality controls european union

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The role of anabolic steroids on baseline and stress heart rate in cynomolgus monkeys. Author(s): Department of Health and Sport Science, Wake Forest University, WinstonSalem, NC 27109. Source: Rejeski, W J Brubaker, P H Herb, R A Kaplan, J R Manuck, S B Health-Psychol. 1988; 7(4): 299-307 0278-6133

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The use of an anabolic steroid (nandrolone decanoate) to improve nutritional status after esophageal resection for carcinoma. Author(s): Department of Thoracic Surgery, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, UK. [email protected] Source: Darnton, S J Zgainski, B Grenier, I Allister, K Hiller, L McManus, K G Steyn, R S Dis-Esophagus. 1999; 12(4): 283-8 1120-8694

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Withdrawal from anabolic steroids. Author(s): University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Source: Brower, K J Curr-Ther-Endocrinol-Metab. 1994; 5291-6 0831-652X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to anabolic steroids; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphocreatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to anabolic steroids. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to anabolic steroids and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to anabolic steroids: •

Determination of anabolic steroids by HPLC with UV-vis-particle beam mass spectrometry. Author(s): Mesmer MZ, Satzger RD. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 1997 January; 35(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8989871&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of an anabolic steroid (Metenolon) on contractile performance of the chronically stimulated latissimus dorsi in sheep. Author(s): Fritzsche D, Krakor R, Asmussen G, Lange S, Kaufmann A, Zapf P, Mehlhorn G, Berkei J, Widera R. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 1994; 8(4): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8031566&dopt=Abstract


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Effects of an anabolic steroid and vitamin B complex upon myopathy induced by corticosteroids. Author(s): Sakai Y, Kobayashi K, Iwata N. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1978 December 1; 52(3-4): 353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=729644&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of anabolic steroids on nitrogen metabolism and growth of steers fed corn silage and corn-based diets supplemented with urea or combinations of soybean meal and feathermeal. Author(s): Cecava MJ, Hancock DL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994 February; 72(2): 515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8157539&dopt=Abstract

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Extreme hyperbilirubinemia associated with the use of anabolic steroids, health/nutritional supplements, and ethanol: response to ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Author(s): Singh C, Bishop P, Willson R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 April; 91(4): 783-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8677950&dopt=Abstract

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Stability of the relationships between anabolic steroid use and multiple substance use among adolescents. Author(s): Durant RH, Ashworth CS, Newman C, Rickert VI. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1994 March; 15(2): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8018683&dopt=Abstract

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Use of multiple drugs among adolescents who use anabolic steroids. Author(s): DuRant RH, Rickert VI, Ashworth CS, Newman C, Slavens G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 April 1; 328(13): 922-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8446139&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to anabolic steroids; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hiv and Aids Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements Androstenedione Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnenolone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Stanozolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to anabolic steroids. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “anabolic steroids” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on anabolic steroids, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Anabolic Steroids ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to anabolic steroids. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Characteristics, Attitudes and Normative Factors of Anabolic Steroid Use among College-aged Males and Females: an Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action by Berning, Joseph Michael; Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092528

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Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Selected Physiological Measures Taken on Albino Rats by Cheek, Don Lynn, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1972, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7210201

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Prevalence of Illicit Anabolic Steroid Use among Rural-agrarian College Age Students by Scott, Robert Frank, Jr., Phd from Sam Houston State University, 1993, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9333586


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Some Effects of Anabolic Steroids during Weight Training by Munson, Alex Robert, Edd from University of Southern California, 1970, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7011379

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The Effects of an Anabolic Steroid (oxandrolone) on Reproductive Development in the Male and Female Rat by Grokett, Bernard H., Phd from University of Southern California, 1992 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f585588

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The Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Volitional Exercise, Nutritional Intake, and Body Weight in Exercising and Non-exercising Rats by Swiergosz, Thomas John, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1998, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9916208

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “anabolic steroids” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on anabolic steroids, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Anabolic Steroids By performing a patent search focusing on anabolic steroids, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.


The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on anabolic steroids: •

Circular dichroism and spectrophotometric absorption detection methods Inventor(s): Purdie; Neil (Stillwater, OK) Assignee(s): Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. (Tucson, AZ) Patent Number: 5,246,864 Date filed: January 9, 1991 Abstract: Spectrophotometric methods, including the use of convention spectroscopic absorption or circular dichroism, for clinical chemistry detection methods. More specifically, with the use of such spectrophotometric methods in the measurement of cholesterol levels and direct measurement of cholesterol subfractions in clinical samples, and in the measurement of lipoprotein levels in a clinical test sample, as well as in the detection of anabolic steroids and other steroid products. The invention is also concerned with providing certain CD and conventional spectrophotometric apparatus useful in each of the aforesaid chemical methods. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the use of circular dichroism and absorption detection in clinical chemistry detection methods. More specifically, with their use in the measurement of cholesterol levels an direct measurement of cholesterol subfractions in clinical samples, as well as in the detection of anabolic steroids and other steroid products, and in the measurement of lipoprotein levels in a serum test sample. The invention is also concerned with providing certain CD and absorption apparatuses useful in each of the aforesaid chemical methods. Spectrophotometric absorption refers to the measurement of the absorption or transmission of incident light through solutions of test compounds. Typically, compounds of interest have characteristic absorption spectra, transmitting or absorbing specific wavelengths of light, which can be used to determine the presence of these compounds in test samples. Instruments designed for spectrophotometric absorption have a light source, for which the emitted wavelength is known and may be adjusted, and one or more detectors sensitive to desired wavelengths of transmitted light. Spectrophotometric absorption can be used to determine the amounts of a given compound that are present in a test sample. Circular dichroism is a special type of absorption method in which the molecular composition of the compound results in differential absorption of incident light not only at a specific wavelength but also of a particular polarization state. Circular dichroism is a chiroptical method which allows one to differentiate between different enantiomers, that is, optical isomers having one or more asymmetric carbon atom (chiral) centers. When utilizing CD, generally a sample is illuminated by two circularly polarized beams of light traveling in unison. Both beams pass through the sample simultaneously and are absorbed. If the sample is optically active, the beams are absorbed to a different extent. The differences in absorption of the beams can then be displayed as a function of the wavelength of the incident light beam as a CD spectrum. No difference in absorption is observed for optically inactive absorbers so that these compounds are not detected by a CD detecting system. The use of CD as a chiroptical method has been fully described in scientific literature (1). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05246864__

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Controlled release systems and low dose androgens Inventor(s): Labrie; Fernand (Quebec, CA), Lepage; Martin (Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): Endorecherche Inc. (Quebec, CA) Patent Number: 5,861,387 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Methods of treatment and prevention of estrogen-related diseases, and of fertility control, include low dose (e.g. less than 50 nanomolar serum concentration) administration of certain anabolic steroids, progestins and other substantially nonmasculinizing androgenic compounds. Sustained release formulations substantially free of organic solvent, and sustained release formulations for maintaining low serum levels of androgen are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for treating or preventing breast and endometrial cancer, bone loss, and for treating endometriosis in susceptible warmblooded animals including humans involving administration of a compound possessing androgenic activity, and to kits containing active ingredients to be used in the therapy. Novel sustained release formulations and methods for their production and use are disclosed. Some preferred embodiments to novel formulations of injectable forms of medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate which yield predetermined circulating levels of active ingredients for prolonged periods of time. Biodegradable microparticles are provided which release, for example, medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate, at a near constant and slow rate when injected to warm-blooded animals including the human for the prevention and treatment of diseases as well as fertility control. Novel methods for removing undesirable residual solvent from sustained release particles are also provided. Various investigators have been studying hormonal therapy for breast and endometrial cancer as well as for the prevention and treatment of bone loss and for treatment of endometriosis. The main approaches for the treatment of already developed breast cancer are related to the inhibition of estrogen action and/or formation. The role of estrogens in promoting the growth of estrogensensitive breast cancer is well recognized (Lippman, Semin. Oncol. 10 (suppl. 4): 11-19, 1983; Sledge and McGuire, Cancer Res. 38: 61-75, 1984; Wittliff, Cancer 53: 630-643, 1984; Poulin and Labrie, Cancer Res. 46: 4933-4937, 1986). Estrogens are also known to promote the proliferation of normal endometrium. Chronic exposure to estrogens unopposed by progesterone can lead to the development of endometrial hyperplasia which predisposes to endometrial carcinoma (Lucas, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 29: 507528,1974). The incidence of endometrial cancer increases after menopause, especially in women receiving estrogen therapy without simultaneous treatment with progestins (Smith et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 293: 1164-1167, 1975; Mack et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 294:12621267, 1976). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05861387__

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with anabolic steroids, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following


steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on anabolic steroids. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning anabolic steroids. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to anabolic steroids. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on anabolic steroids include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on anabolic steroids: •

Adolescent substance abuse and addictions Source: Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1993. 477 pp. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Telephone: (215) 546-4995. $63.00 for yearly subscription to three issues in the series. Summary: This book presents current review articles on the medical aspects of adolescent substance abuse and addiction. The topics include risk factors and behaviors; ethnic and cultural factors; office assessment by primary care physician; alcohol, nicotine, illicit drugs, anabolic steroids; drug testing; treatment issues; the influence of the media; influence of drug use on sexual activity; trauma and clinical issues; and psychiatric and developmental issues.


Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “anabolic steroids” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “anabolic steroids” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “anabolic steroids” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Altered States: The Use and Abuse of Anabolic Steroids by James E. Wright, Virginia S. Cowart (Contributor) (1995); ISBN: 1570280134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570280134/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Advantage, The Essentials Of Anabolic Steroid Use by Max Sizemore, Max Sizemore (1996); ISBN: 0966400402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966400402/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroid Abuse; ISBN: 0160284228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160284228/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroid Abuse by Geraline C. Lin (Editor), Lynda Erinoff (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0788129694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788129694/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroid Use Among High School Students (1990); ISBN: 9991288589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991288589/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroids and Sports by James E. Wright (1982); ISBN: 0960930604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960930604/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic steroids and sports : a comprehensive, up-to-date summary and discussion of the scientific findings about the controversial drugs widely used to increase muscle size and strength by James Edward Wright; ISBN: 089626002X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089626002X/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroids and Sports and Drug Testing: 1991-1997: An Annotated Bibliography by Ellen R. Paterson (Compiler) (1998); ISBN: 0878754997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878754997/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroids and Sports: A Selective Bibliography with Annotations by Ellen R. Paterson (Compiler) (1991); ISBN: 0878753893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878753893/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete by William N. Taylor; ISBN: 0786411287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786411287/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise by Charles Yesalis (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0880117869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880117869/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroids: Altered States by James E. Wright, Virginia S. Cowart; ISBN: 1884125034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884125034/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic Steroids: And Other Performance Enhancing Drugs by Pat Lenehan (2003); ISBN: 041528029X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041528029X/icongroupinterna

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Anabolics 2000 : Anabolic Steroid Reference Manual by William Llewellyn; ISBN: 0967930405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967930405/icongroupinterna

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Analytical Profiles of Anabolic Steroids; ISBN: 9991083723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991083723/icongroupinterna

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Built to Survive: A Comprehensive Guide to the Medical Use of Anabolic Steroids, Nutrition and Exercise for HIV (+) men and women by Michael Mooney, Nelson R. Vergel; ISBN: 0966223101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966223101/icongroupinterna

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Macho Medicine: A History of the Anabolic Steroid Epidemic by William N. Taylor (1991); ISBN: 0899506135; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899506135/icongroupinterna

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Sports and Anabolic Steroids Index of Modern Information by Hugo H. Bronson, Hugo H. Bronsen (1988); ISBN: 0881649252; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881649252/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Anabolic Steroid Dependence: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597832617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597832617/icongroupinterna

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The Practical Use of Anabolic Steroids With Athletes by Robert Kerr (1982); ISBN: 9996739139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996739139/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

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Anabolic steroid abuse Author: Lin, Geraline C.; Year: 1984; Rockville, MD (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse; Washington, D.C.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1990

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.


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Anabolic steroids: altered states Author: Wright, James Edward,; Year: 1984; Carmel, Ind.: Benchmark Press, c1990; ISBN: 0093615755

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Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise Author: Yesalis, Charles.; Year: 1983; Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, c1993; ISBN: 0873224019 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873224019/icongroupinterna

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Anabolic steroids. Author: Krüskemper, Hans Ludwig.; Year: 1963; New York, London, Academic Press, 1968

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Effects of self-administered, high-dose testosterone and anabolic steroids on serum hormones, lipids, enzymes and on spermatogenesis in power athletes Author: Alén, Markku.; Year: 1991; Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1985; ISBN: 9516793444

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Influence of glucocorticoids, low protein diet and anabolic steroids on the healing of incision wounds in guinea pigs: biochemical studies on intercellular substances Author: Sørensen, Bente Margrethe.; Year: 2003; Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1966

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Use of isotope dilution-mass spectrometry for quality control of steroid hormone analyses and for assay of anabolic steroids Author: Lantto, Olle.; Year: 1962; Stockholm: [s.n.], 1981

Chapters on Anabolic Steroids In order to find chapters that specifically relate to anabolic steroids, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and anabolic steroids using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on anabolic steroids: •

Chemical Dependence Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 488-505. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: Chemical dependence (substance or drug abuse) is a growing problem worldwide. Abuse of a drug is defined as self-administration in a manner that deviates from the cultural norm and is harmful. Addiction is defined as the continued use of a specific psychoactive substance despite physical, psychological, or social harm. This chapter on chemical dependence is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. Topics include aspects of chemical dependence, the consumption of alcohol, fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol withdrawal, nicotine and tobacco, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids (narcotics), amphetamines, cocaine, psychedelic drugs (cannabis, LSD, PCP, ketamine), anesthetic abuse, and anabolic steroids. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. One appendix lists street names and other terms for drugs of abuse. 4 tables. 38 references.

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Patients on Various Drug Therapies Source: in Devlin, J.T. and Schneider, S.H., eds. Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2002. p.587-599. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400191. Summary: Patients with diabetes frequently take medications or other chemical agents in addition to insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Many commonly used drugs may cause significant alterations in the metabolic and nonmetabolic responses to exercise, sometimes affecting exercise performance. This chapter covering patients on various drug therapies is from a book that provides a practical, comprehensive guide to diabetes and exercise for health care professionals involved in patient care. More commonly used drugs with potential significance in patients with diabetes include diuretics, beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, glucocorticoids, anabolic steroids, lipid lowering agents, salicylates, and nonsteroidal analgesics. Patients with chronic complications, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), autonomic neuropathy (nerve disease), peripheral vascular disease, and nephropathy (kidney disease), are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of pharmacological agents. Prudent choice of drugs in individual situations can minimize adverse effects in regularly exercising patients with diabetes. 2 tables. 38 references.

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Strength Training and Nutritional Supplements Source: in Devlin, J.T. and Schneider, S.H., eds. Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2002. p.625-638. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400191. Summary: Physicians and other health care professionals should be familiar with concepts associated with prescribing resistance exercise for athletes and should be able to advise patient athletes on training practices that may interfere with glycemic (blood glucose) control or place these patients at unnecessary risk. This chapter on strength training and nutritional supplements is from a book that provides a practical, comprehensive guide to diabetes and exercise for health care professionals involved in patient care. The authors note that there is no evidence that training with heavy or maximal loads is unsafe for fit diabetic patients without long term complications. Sufficient protein intake should always be considered within the context of total energy intake. Resistance trained individuals who consume adequate amounts of protein as part of a balanced diet do not generally require additional sources of protein. It is likely that taking creatine and carbohydrates together may require an adjustment in insulin therapy that should take into account the carbohydrate amount, the creatine dose, and the training activity. Athletes with diabetes should avoid taking anabolic steroids and large amounts of steroid precursors. Use of nutritional supplements should always be discussed by the athlete with a physician or other qualified member of the diabetes health care team. 27 references.


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Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 1005-1024. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals presents an overview of osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Epidemiological data on osteoporosis are provided. Types of osteoporosis are described, including postmenopausal, age-related, idiopathic, juvenile, and endocrine- and drug-induced osteoporosis. The clinical features of osteoporosis are highlighted. Its pathogenesis is explained. The use of risk factor assessment, bone mass measurement, bone biopsy, and biochemical markers in the diagnosis of osteoporosis is discussed. The role of calcium and calcitonin supplementation, exercise, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the prevention of osteoporosis is examined. Approaches to treating established osteoporosis are considered, including the use of HRT, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, testosterone and anabolic steroids, vitamin D and metabolites, sodium fluoride, and parathyroid hormone. In addition, the clinical and laboratory features and causes of osteomalacia and rickets are presented. 114 references, 12 figures, and 6 tables.

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Approach to the Patient with Drug or Alcohol Dependency Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 1107-1119. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on the approach to patients with drug or alcohol dependency is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. The authors of this chapter are concerned with the neurobiology and clinical presentations of traditional drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens, and cannabis, as well as tobacco, laxatives, diuretics, and anabolic steroids. Topics covered include drugs of abuse and brain reward systems, principles of treatment, individual drugs of abuse, bulimia and substance abuse, diagnosis of patients with suspected substance abuse, and management of acute drug overdose or toxicity. 1 figure. 8 tables. 162 references.

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Chapter 200: Hair Disorders Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have hair disorders with information on the causes and treatment of excessive hairiness, baldness, and ingrown beard hairs. Excessive hairiness may occur in women and children as a result of a disorder of the pituitary or adrenal glands that causes overproduction of masculinizing steroids. Excessive hairiness is also common after menopause and among

Books

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people who use anabolic steroids or corticosteroids and have porphyria cutanea tarda. Temporary treatments include shaving, plucking, or waxing the hair or using depilatories. Electrolysis is the only safe permanent form of hair removal. Baldness occurs more often in men than in women. Male pattern baldness is the most common type of hair loss affecting men. Female pattern baldness, which is less common than male pattern baldness, causes the hair to thin in the front, on the sides, or on the crown. Toxic baldness may follow a severe illness with a high fever or may occur as a result of using certain drugs. Alopecia areata is a condition is which hair is lost suddenly in a particular area. Hair pulling occurs most frequently in children, but it may persist throughout life. Scarring alopecia is hair loss that occurs at areas scarred from burns, severe injury, or x ray therapy. A biopsy may be needed to diagnose the type of baldness affecting a person. Most types have no cure. Treatment options include hair transplantation, medications to regrow hair, and corticosteroid injections. Ingrown beard hairs cause inflammation. The best treatment is to grow the beard. A depilatory made of thioglycolate or tretinoin can also be used.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANABOLIC STEROIDS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover anabolic steroids.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on anabolic steroids is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to anabolic steroids. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for anabolic steroids: •

Anabolic steroid use may lead to opioid abuse Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 25, 2003


•

For some, anabolic steroids may lead to hard drugs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 24, 2003

•

Anabolic steroid may restore muscle in the very ill Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 05, 2002

•

Body dysmorphic disorder in men can take guise of anabolic steroid abuse Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 02, 2001

•

Androgenic anabolic steroid use not linked to arterial abnormalities in men Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 05, 2001

•

Dialysis and HIV-positive patients benefit from anabolic steroid treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 14, 1999

•

Anabolic steroids benefit older, malnourished men with COPD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 14, 1998

•

Children Using Anabolic Steroids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 04, 1998

•

Anabolic Steroid Use Related To Abnormal Personality Traits Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 1996

•

Anabolic Steroid Use Linked to Male Infertility Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 12, 1996

•

Anabolic Steroid Abusers At Risk For Stroke And Coronary Thrombosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to anabolic steroids, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on anabolic steroids: •

Anatomy of an Itch Source: Quarterly: The Journal of the National Pemphigus Foundation. 27: 10. Winter 2001. Contact: Available from National Pemphigus Foundation. P.O. Box 9606, Berkeley, CA 94709-0606. (510) 527-4970. Fax: (510) 527-8497. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.pemphigus.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides tips for alleviating itching for patients with pemphigus. Antihistamines may help control itching, as well as wearing cotton clothing,


staying indoors when it is hot outside, reducing stress, and using moisturizers and soap substitutes. A number of drugs such as anabolic steroids, B complex vitamins, estrogen, and testosterone should be avoided. Alcohol can also cause itching by changing the amount of blood flowing to the skin. For many people itching precedes the appearance of skin lesions.

Academic Periodicals covering Anabolic Steroids Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to anabolic steroids. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering anabolic steroids that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.


•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.


•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “anabolic steroids” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Anabolic Steroids Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This fact sheet compiles case studies on the effects of anabolic steroids to combat weight loss in HIV-positive persons. An HIV-positive physician details his personal plan of success which combines diet, supplements, moderate exercise, and steroids he obtains from Germany. He discusses non-steroid supplements which he considers of no benefit. Researchers may be reluctant to study steroids due to the lack of profitability and the negative stigma attached to misuse. The benefits of steroid use are described, including increase in muscle weight, in energy, in immune system function, and in sense of well-being. Long-term side effects like coronary artery disease and nonviral hepatitis appear less important since malnutrition is a common cause of death in AIDS patients. The alternative therapies discussed warrant further research, particularly due to their apparent success, their low cost, and their potential cost savings by prevention of secondary infections.

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. 13 14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 9774 123 126 46 0 10069

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

15

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

17

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 19

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.


Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on anabolic steroids can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to anabolic steroids. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to anabolic steroids. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “anabolic steroids”:


•

Other guides Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.html Anabolic Steroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anabolicsteroids.html Club Drugs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clubdrugs.html Muscular Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html Prescription Drug Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html Sports Fitness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsfitness.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to anabolic steroids, the following was listed: •

General/Overview Anabolic Steroids http://www.acsm.org/pdf/STEROIDS.pdf Hormone Abuse Source: Hormone Foundation http://www.hormone.org/learn/abuse_1.html Steroids Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/steroids/index.html

•

Treatment Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/PODAT/PODATindex.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Banned Substances Enhance Athletic Performance, but at a Price Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SM00038 Mind Over Matter - The Brain's Response to Steroids Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/MOM/ST/MOMST1.html Natural Steroids: Are They Safer? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00226

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Physical and Psychological Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/nongovpubs/steffects/ Steroids -- Dangerous Side Effects Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZT6QV5M7C &sub_cat=405 •

Children Steroids Quest Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.sarasquest.org/Quest/Steroids/Stertest1.html

•

From the National Institutes of Health Anabolic Steroid Abuse Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/AnabolicSteroids.html Anabolic Steroids: Community Drug Alert Bulletin Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/SteroidAlert/SteroidAlert.html

•

Latest News FDA Moves on Designer Steroid THG Source: 10/28/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14449 .html FDA Statement on THG (Tetrahydrogestrinone ) Source: 10/28/2003, Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00967.html Steroids Help Diseased Lungs Breathe Easier Source: 11/03/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14541 .html

•

Law and Policy Steroids Source: Drug Enforcement Administration http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/steroids_factsheet.html

•

Organizations Drug Enforcement Administration http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/


National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://www.health.org/ National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/ Office of National Drug Control Policy http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/ •

Research Study Provides Additional Evidence That High Steroid Doses Elicit Psychiatric Symptoms in Some Men Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol15N4/Study.html

•

Statistics High School and Youth Trends Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofax/HSYouthtrends.html

•

Teenagers Are Steroids Worth the Risk? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/sports/steroids.html Steroids: Play Safe, Play Fair Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/family/steroids.htm Teens and Steroids: Drug Use Rising Despite Dangers Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00076 Tips for Teens About Steroids Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://www.health.org/govpubs/phd726/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on anabolic steroids. CHID offers summaries that

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describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Do You Know. Steroids Contact: Addiction Research Foundation, 33 Russell St, Toronto, (416) 595-6000. Summary: This brochure presents basic information about anabolic steroids, a chemically manufactured version of the male sex hormone, testosterone. It looks at the following issues: possible medical uses for anabolic steroids, topics related to sports, how steroids affect persons, and steroid dangers. It points out those who inject steroids also run the risk of infection from dirty needles, and of hepatitis or Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection if they share needles with others. Also, steroids affect the immune system in a similar way to HIV.

•

If You Use Steroids, These [Barbells] Aren't the Only Thing Stacked Against You Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1993. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). P.O. Box 75838, Chicago, IL 60675-5838. (800) 626-6726. Fax (for credit card or institutional purchase orders) (800) 823-8025. Web site: www.aaos.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This pamphlet warns the general public about the dangers of using anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance or appearance. Anabolic steroids may cause acne or hair loss, permanently stunt growth, make tendons tear or rupture, and render the user uncontrollably aggressive and combative. Men using anabolic steroids may experience testicular shrinkage, and women using them can develop facial hair, a deeper voice, and irregular menstrual periods. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Anabolic Steroid Abuse Summary: This web site was launched as part of a public/private national multimedia public education initiative designed to alert the public to the dangers of anabolic steroids use. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5157

•

Anabolic Steroids: A Threat to Mind and Body Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3788


The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to anabolic steroids. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to anabolic steroids. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with anabolic steroids. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about anabolic steroids. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “anabolic steroids” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “anabolic steroids”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “anabolic steroids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “anabolic steroids” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

103

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.


libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/


•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/


•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

109

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

111

ANABOLIC STEROIDS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU]


Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU]

Dictionary 113

Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Angioneurotic Edema: Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue


cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Aplastic anaemia: A form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes. [EU] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]

Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. [EU]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of

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urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH]


Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the breast. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;

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called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called


the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clobetasol: Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than fluocinonide. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and

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photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the


standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees,

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and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH]


Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several

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systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Ejection fraction: A measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and


stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU]

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Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Neck Fractures: Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are hip fractures. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A disorder occurring in children born to alcoholic women who continue to drink heavily during pregnancy. Common abnormalities are growth deficiency (prenatal and postnatal), altered morphogenesis, mental deficiency, and characteristic facies - small eyes and flattened nasal bridge. Fine motor dysfunction and tremulousness are observed in the newborn. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas


fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczemas. [NIH] Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male hypogonadism, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Frail Elderly: Older adults or aged individuals who are lacking in general strength and are unusually susceptible to disease or to other infirmity. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or

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participate in blood production. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH]


Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hip Fractures: Fractures of the femur head, the femur neck, the trochanters, or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region. For the fractures of the femur neck the specific term femoral neck fractures is available. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin

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help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusions: The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]


Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH]

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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense


(pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH]

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Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Megestrol: 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer. [NIH] Megestrol Acetate: A drug that belongs to the group of hormones called progestins, used as hormone therapy to block estrogen and to suppress the effects of estrogen and androgens. [NIH]

Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesterolone: 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action. [NIH] Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in


renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with

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other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few -


morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU]

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Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH]


Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH]

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Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government


agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. [NIH]

Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a

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protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions


using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although

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infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH]


Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or

Dictionary 145

cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Space Flight: Travel beyond the earth's atmosphere. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stanozolol: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH]


Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subtrochanteric: Below a trochanter. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetics: Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU]

Dictionary 147

Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxic Hepatitis: Hepatitis with inflammatory changes around small bile ducts causing


obstructive jaundice; the disease may be due to intoxication by certain chemical substances, e. g. manganese. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trenbolone: 17-beta-Hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one. An anabolic steroid used mainly as a growth substance in animals. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in

Dictionary 149

the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH]


Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

151

INDEX A Abdominal, 111, 122, 136, 137, 138, 142 Acantholysis, 111, 137 Acne, 50, 99, 111, 131, 148 Acne Vulgaris, 111, 131, 148 Activities of Daily Living, 6, 111 Adjustment, 79, 111 Adrenal Cortex, 111, 120, 121, 140 Adrenal Glands, 80, 111 Adrenergic, 79, 111, 123, 124, 146 Adverse Effect, 51, 79, 111, 131, 144 Afferent, 4, 111 Affinity, 111, 145 Agonist, 111, 123, 124, 135 Algorithms, 112, 115 Alimentary, 112, 131, 137 Alkaline, 112, 116, 147 Alkaloid, 112, 119, 134, 135 Alopecia, 81, 112 Alpha-1, 31, 112 Alternative medicine, 85, 112 Amenorrhea, 112, 113 Amino Acids, 112, 137, 139, 141, 148 Ammonia, 112, 148 Amphetamine, 112 Anaemia, 112, 114 Anaerobic, 112, 144 Anaesthesia, 12, 20, 112, 130 Analgesic, 112, 134, 136 Anaplasia, 112, 134 Androgenic, 5, 7, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 37, 53, 55, 56, 60, 73, 84, 112, 133, 136 Androgens, 36, 44, 54, 61, 73, 111, 113, 120, 133 Anemia, 33, 113 Anesthesia, 113, 131 Anesthetics, 113, 115, 124 Angioneurotic, 44, 113 Angioneurotic Edema, 44, 113 Animal model, 4, 113 Anorexia, 55, 113, 136 Anorexia Nervosa, 55, 113 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 46, 113 Antiallergic, 113, 121 Antiandrogens, 36, 61, 113 Antibacterial, 113, 145 Antibiotic, 113, 145 Antibody, 111, 113, 119, 127, 130, 132, 141

Anticonvulsants, 113, 115 Antigen, 111, 113, 119, 129, 130, 132, 141 Anti-inflammatory, 114, 121, 127, 143 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 114, 121 Antineoplastic, 114, 121, 133 Antipyretic, 114 Aplastic anaemia, 10, 16, 24, 28, 114 Aplastic anemia, 16, 35, 50, 55, 114 Apolipoproteins, 114, 132 Aqueous, 114, 115 Arginine, 4, 114 Arterial, 24, 43, 84, 114, 118, 129, 131, 141, 146 Arteries, 114, 115, 116, 120, 132, 133, 134 Arterioles, 114, 116 Articular, 32, 114 Assay, 78, 114, 141 Atrophy, 6, 111, 114 Attenuated, 114, 122, 149 Autonomic, 79, 114, 135 Autonomic Neuropathy, 79, 114 Azoospermia, 45, 114 B Bacteria, 113, 114, 122, 123, 125, 133, 145, 149 Bactericidal, 114, 124 Bacteriuria, 114, 148 Barbiturates, 78, 115, 143 Base, 27, 115, 122, 131 Benign, 115, 134 Benzene, 115 Benzodiazepines, 78, 115 Bile, 115, 118, 126, 131, 132, 146, 147, 149 Bile Acids, 115, 146 Bile Ducts, 115, 126, 147 Bilirubin, 115, 126, 129 Biochemical, 78, 80, 115, 144 Biopsy, 80, 81, 115 Biotechnology, 8, 77, 85, 91, 115 Bladder, 114, 115, 130, 148, 149 Blister, 115, 137 Blood Coagulation, 115, 116 Blood Glucose, 79, 115, 128, 129, 131 Blood Platelets, 115, 144, 147 Blood pressure, 28, 36, 79, 115, 117, 129, 134, 137, 145 Blood vessel, 115, 116, 117, 118, 127, 131, 137, 145, 146, 147, 149


Body Composition, 36, 45, 52, 116 Body Fluids, 24, 116, 126, 135, 145 Bone Marrow, 12, 114, 115, 116, 130, 132, 140, 146 Brain Stem, 116, 117 Branch, 107, 116, 123, 137, 145 Breakdown, 116, 122, 126 Breast Neoplasms, 116, 126 Bronchitis, 116, 118 Bronchodilator, 116, 118 Bulimia, 80, 116 Burns, 81, 116 Burns, Electric, 116 C Cachexia, 7, 116 Calcium, 30, 43, 62, 79, 80, 116, 119, 136, 137, 147 Calcium channel blocker, 79, 116 Calcium Channel Blockers, 79, 116 Cannabis, 78, 80, 116 Capillary, 24, 26, 34, 116, 149 Carbohydrate, 79, 117, 120, 127 Carbon Dioxide, 117, 126, 138, 142 Carcinogenic, 115, 117, 146 Carcinoma, 39, 62, 73, 117 Cardiac, 7, 26, 50, 51, 117, 124, 134, 146 Cardiorespiratory, 45, 117 Cardiovascular, 27, 39, 45, 51, 52, 79, 112, 114, 117, 144 Cardiovascular disease, 79, 117 Cardiovascular System, 114, 117 Carrier Proteins, 117, 142 Case report, 40, 117 Caudal, 117, 122, 129, 139 Cause of Death, 92, 117 Cell Division, 114, 117, 138 Cell membrane, 116, 117, 138 Cell proliferation, 32, 117 Central Nervous System, 5, 112, 115, 117, 119, 124, 126, 134, 144 Cerebellum, 5, 117 Cerebral, 41, 116, 117, 118, 124, 147 Cerebrovascular, 116, 117 Cerebrum, 117 Chenodeoxycholic Acid, 118, 149 Choleretic, 118, 149 Cholesterol, 67, 72, 115, 118, 120, 126, 132, 146 Cholesterol Esters, 118, 132 Cholinergic, 118, 135 Chromaffin System, 118, 123

Chronic, 7, 13, 18, 27, 31, 36, 43, 52, 73, 79, 111, 116, 118, 124, 130, 131, 137, 139, 141, 146 Chronic Disease, 116, 118 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 43, 118 Chronic renal, 13, 18, 27, 31, 52, 118, 139 Chylomicrons, 118, 132 Circulatory system, 118, 123 Clamp, 5, 118 Clenbuterol, 27, 34, 118 Clinical trial, 4, 91, 118, 142 Clobetasol, 32, 118 Cloning, 115, 118 Coagulation, 28, 115, 118, 128, 147 Coca, 119 Cocaine, 78, 119 Cofactor, 119, 141 Collagen, 32, 119, 126, 140 Combination Therapy, 61, 119 Complement, 119 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 68, 119 Complementary medicine, 65, 119 Computational Biology, 91, 120 Conception, 120 Concomitant, 6, 120 Conjugated, 118, 120, 121 Connective Tissue, 116, 119, 120, 126, 142 Consciousness, 112, 120, 122 Consumption, 78, 120, 135, 136 Contamination, 120, 128 Contraceptive, 35, 120, 133 Contractility, 120, 123 Contraindications, ii, 46, 120 Coordination, 5, 117, 120 Coronary, 27, 84, 92, 117, 120, 133, 134 Coronary heart disease, 117, 120 Coronary Thrombosis, 84, 120, 133, 134 Corpus, 120, 140, 144, 147 Corpus Luteum, 120, 140 Corticosteroid, 17, 81, 118, 120, 146 Cortisol, 31, 121 Cortisone, 26, 121 Cost Savings, 92, 121 Cranial, 117, 121 Creatine, 63, 79, 121 Creatinine, 121 Critical Illness, 11, 121 Curative, 121, 143 Cytochrome, 40, 121

Index 153

D Data Collection, 6, 121 Databases, Bibliographic, 91, 121 Deamination, 121, 148 Degenerative, 121, 128 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 42, 67, 121, 122 Delusions, 121, 127 Dendrites, 121, 135 Density, 39, 43, 62, 122, 132, 135 Dental Caries, 122, 145 DHEA, 67, 121, 122 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 85, 122 Dialyzer, 122, 128 Diaphragm, 122, 128, 142 Diastolic, 122, 129 Diencephalon, 122, 129, 147 Diffusion, 122 Digestion, 112, 115, 122, 132, 146 Digestive tract, 114, 122, 145 Dilution, 78, 122 Direct, iii, 8, 29, 72, 122, 123, 142 Disinfectant, 122, 124 Dissociation, 111, 122, 131 Distal, 25, 122, 141 Domesticated, 122, 127 Dopamine, 112, 119, 122 Doping, 28, 29, 33, 34, 44, 123 Drive, ii, vi, 59, 123, 131 Dysgenesis, 47, 123 Dystrophy, 14, 19, 96, 123 E Echocardiography, 29, 42, 123 Edema, 113, 123, 149 Efficacy, 8, 40, 61, 123 Ejaculation, 123, 144 Ejection fraction, 7, 123 Elastin, 119, 123 Electrolyte, 120, 123, 126, 133, 135, 139, 145 Electrons, 115, 123, 131, 136 Electrophysiological, 123, 149 Embolus, 123, 130 Emphysema, 118, 123 Endocrine System, 8, 123, 135 Endometrial, 73, 123 Endometriosis, 73, 123 Endometrium, 73, 123, 124, 133 End-stage renal, 118, 124, 139 Energy Intake, 79, 124 Enhancers, 22, 124 Environmental Health, 90, 92, 124 Enzymatic, 116, 119, 122, 124, 126

Enzyme, 79, 124, 125, 138, 140, 141, 147, 150 Ephedrine, 34, 124 Epidemiological, 15, 80, 124 Epidermis, 111, 115, 124, 137, 141 Epigastric, 124, 136 Epinephrine, 111, 123, 124, 135 Erythema, 113, 124, 149 Erythrocytes, 112, 113, 116, 124, 142 Esophageal, 62, 124 Esophagus, 62, 122, 124, 146 Estrogen, 8, 73, 86, 124, 133 Estrogen receptor, 8, 124 Ethanol, 66, 124, 125 Excitation, 124 Exocrine, 125, 136 Exogenous, 53, 125 Extensor, 47, 125, 141 Extracellular, 120, 125, 126, 136, 145, 147 Extracellular Matrix, 120, 125, 126, 136 Extraction, 29, 46, 125 Extravasation, 125, 128 Extremity, 125, 131 F Facial, 99, 125 Family Planning, 91, 125 Fat, 6, 116, 120, 123, 125, 132, 142, 143, 145 Fatigue, 3, 125, 128 Fatty Liver, 25, 125 Feces, 61, 125 Femoral, 24, 25, 125, 128 Femoral Neck Fractures, 125, 128 Femur, 113, 125, 128 Fermentation, 125, 144 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 78, 125 Fibrillation, 25, 60, 125 Fibrin, 115, 125, 126, 138, 147 Fibrinogen, 31, 125, 139, 147 Fibrinolysis, 13, 28, 126 Fibroblasts, 32, 126 Fibrosis, 17, 126 Fibula, 126, 139 Flatus, 126 Flexor, 125, 126 Fluid Therapy, 126, 135 Fluocinonide, 118, 126 Fluoxymesterone, 40, 126 Forearm, 52, 115, 126 Fossa, 117, 126 Frail Elderly, 6, 126 G Gait, 6, 126


Gallstones, 118, 126, 149 Ganglia, 126, 135 Gas, 7, 24, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 40, 42, 46, 48, 49, 60, 112, 117, 122, 126, 129, 135 Gas exchange, 7, 126 Gastrin, 126, 128 Gastrointestinal, 80, 124, 126, 144 Gastrointestinal tract, 124, 126, 144 Gene, 5, 77, 115, 126, 148 Gene Expression, 5, 126, 148 Genital, 114, 126 Genotype, 126, 138 Gland, 111, 118, 121, 126, 136, 137, 138, 143, 146, 147 Glottis, 127, 128 Glucocorticoid, 33, 126, 127 Glucose, 37, 115, 127, 128, 130, 143 Glucose tolerance, 37, 127 Glucose Tolerance Test, 127 Glycoprotein, 125, 127 Gonad, 127 Gonadal, 11, 47, 127, 146 Governing Board, 127, 140 Granule, 5, 127 Granulocytopenia, 114, 127 Growth, 7, 13, 32, 34, 47, 48, 52, 60, 61, 66, 73, 99, 112, 113, 117, 125, 127, 129, 134, 138, 147, 148 Guinea Pigs, 78, 127 H Haematoma, 127 Haemorrhage, 41, 127 Hallucinogens, 80, 127 Haptens, 111, 127, 142 Heart attack, 117, 127 Heart failure, 7, 124, 128 Hematoma, 37, 128 Hematopoiesis, 27, 128 Heme, 115, 121, 128, 139, 149 Hemodialysis, 5, 52, 122, 128 Hemoglobin, 113, 124, 128, 139 Hemorrhage, 37, 128, 141, 146 Hemostasis, 128, 144 Hepatic, 9, 25, 35, 37, 127, 128, 139 Hepatitis, 33, 92, 99, 128, 147 Hepatitis A, 92, 128 Hepatocyte, 61, 128 Hepatovirus, 128 Hereditary, 17, 44, 128 Heredity, 111, 126, 128 Hiccup, 52, 128 Hip Fractures, 9, 125, 128

Hormonal, 73, 114, 121, 128, 133 Hormonal therapy, 73, 128 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 80, 129 Hormone therapy, 128, 129, 133 Hydrogen, 115, 117, 129, 134, 136 Hydrophobic, 129, 132 Hydroxylysine, 119, 129 Hydroxyproline, 119, 129 Hyperbilirubinemia, 66, 129, 131 Hyperplasia, 73, 129 Hypersensitivity, 129, 143 Hypertension, 79, 116, 117, 129 Hypertrophy, 40, 129 Hypoglycemic, 79, 129 Hypoglycemic Agents, 79, 129 Hypogonadism, 126, 129 Hypothalamic, 4, 129 Hypothalamus, 8, 122, 129, 138, 140, 147 I Id, 63, 66, 96, 98, 100, 106, 108, 129 Idiopathic, 80, 129 Illusions, 127, 129, 143 Immune response, 52, 113, 121, 127, 129, 130, 149 Immune system, 92, 99, 129, 130, 132 Immunization, 130, 140 Immunodeficiency, 45, 99, 130 Immunogenic, 130, 142 Immunosuppressive, 127, 130 In vitro, 32, 60, 61, 130 In vivo, 130 Incision, 78, 130 Incontinence, 124, 130 Indicative, 76, 130, 137, 149 Induction, 36, 113, 130, 131 Infancy, 130, 143 Infarction, 13, 130 Infection, 35, 99, 114, 130, 132, 135, 143, 146, 149 Inflammation, 81, 111, 114, 116, 126, 128, 130, 142, 143, 146 Ingestion, 127, 130, 147 Inhalation, 128, 130 Innervation, 4, 130 Inorganic, 130, 145 Insight, 5, 130 Insulin, 37, 79, 127, 130, 131 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 130, 131 Intercostal, 131, 142 Intermittent, 126, 131, 138, 139 Intestinal, 118, 127, 131

Index 155

Intestines, 111, 122, 125, 126, 131 Intoxication, 131, 148, 150 Intracellular, 116, 130, 131, 139, 140, 142 Intramuscular, 131, 137 Intravenous, 131, 137 Involuntary, 125, 131, 134, 142, 145 Ionization, 29, 42, 131 Ions, 115, 122, 123, 129, 131 Ischemia, 114, 131 Isotretinoin, 39, 131 J Jaundice, 129, 131, 148 Joint, 43, 62, 114, 126, 131 K Kb, 90, 131 Ketamine, 78, 131 Kidney Disease, 5, 79, 90, 131 L Leg Ulcer, 31, 131 Leucocyte, 112, 131 Leukocytes, 116, 131 Libido, 7, 113, 131 Library Services, 106, 132 Ligament, 113, 132 Linear Models, 7, 132 Lipid, 25, 36, 38, 79, 114, 130, 132 Lipoprotein, 39, 72, 132 Liver, 28, 36, 37, 39, 54, 60, 61, 111, 115, 125, 127, 128, 132, 139, 148 Localized, 122, 127, 128, 130, 132, 138, 148, 149 Low-density lipoprotein, 132 Lymphatic, 130, 132 Lymphocyte, 114, 132 M Malnutrition, 13, 17, 92, 114, 116, 132 Mastication, 40, 132 Meat, 17, 34, 61, 132 Medial, 132, 136, 143 Mediator, 7, 132, 144 Medical Records, 132, 142 Medicament, 132 MEDLINE, 91, 132 Medroxyprogesterone, 73, 132, 133 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 73, 133 Megestrol, 73, 133 Megestrol Acetate, 73, 133 Membrane, 117, 119, 122, 123, 125, 133, 138, 143, 144 Memory, 5, 113, 133 Meninges, 117, 133 Menopause, 73, 80, 133, 139

Menstrual Cycle, 133, 140 Menstruation, 36, 112, 133 Mental deficiency, 125, 133 Mental Disorders, 133, 140, 141 Mental Health, iv, 4, 77, 90, 93, 98, 133, 140 Mesterolone, 49, 133 Metastasis, 133, 134 Methenolone, 49, 133 Methyltestosterone, 40, 133 MI, 109, 133 Microbe, 133, 148 Microorganism, 119, 133, 150 Mineralization, 133, 136 Mineralocorticoids, 111, 120, 133 Mitochondrial Swelling, 134 Modeling, 6, 134 Molecular, 21, 49, 72, 91, 93, 112, 115, 120, 125, 134, 138, 139, 142 Molecule, 114, 115, 119, 122, 124, 134, 136, 142 Monitor, 61, 121, 134, 135 Morphine, 10, 134, 136 Morphogenesis, 125, 134 Motility, 134, 144 Muscle Relaxation, 134 Muscular Dystrophies, 123, 134 Myocardial infarction, 10, 27, 41, 55, 120, 133, 134 Myocardium, 42, 133, 134 Myopathy, 30, 66, 134 N Narcolepsy, 124, 134 Narcotic, 134 Necrosis, 24, 25, 130, 133, 134, 142 Need, 3, 18, 75, 78, 85, 92, 101, 118, 134, 147 Neoplasms, 35, 114, 134, 148 Nephropathy, 79, 131, 134 Nerve, 79, 111, 113, 121, 130, 132, 134, 135, 139, 146, 148 Nervous System, 5, 7, 111, 112, 117, 132, 134, 135, 146 Neural, 4, 7, 111, 135 Neuroendocrine, 8, 135 Neurologic, 17, 135 Neuromuscular, 27, 135 Neurons, 5, 119, 121, 126, 135, 146 Neuropathy, 113, 114, 135 Neurosecretory Systems, 123, 135 Nicotine, 75, 78, 135


Nitrogen, 9, 18, 32, 36, 66, 112, 113, 135, 148 Norepinephrine, 111, 123, 124, 135 Nuclear, 123, 134, 135 Nucleic acid, 135 Nutritional Status, 62, 135 Nutritional Support, 43, 135 O On-line, 29, 109, 135 Opacity, 122, 135 Opium, 134, 135 Optic Chiasm, 129, 136, 140 Oral Health, 78, 136 Ossification, 136, 143 Osteoblasts, 136 Osteocalcin, 46, 136 Osteomalacia, 80, 136 Osteoporosis, 14, 17, 18, 33, 46, 80, 136 Overdose, 36, 80, 136 Ovulation, 133, 136 Ovum, 120, 136, 140 Oxandrolone, 7, 47, 48, 70, 136 Oxidation, 121, 136 Oxygen Consumption, 32, 136, 142 P Palliative, 133, 136 Pancreas, 17, 111, 130, 136 Parathyroid, 80, 136, 137, 143, 147 Parathyroid Glands, 136, 137, 143 Parathyroid hormone, 80, 137 Parenteral, 15, 18, 124, 137 Parenteral Nutrition, 15, 137 Particle, 61, 65, 137 Patch, 5, 137 Pathogenesis, 80, 137 Pathologic, 42, 115, 120, 129, 137, 141 Patient Education, 98, 104, 106, 109, 137 Pelvic, 124, 137 Pemphigus, 85, 111, 137 Peptide, 137, 139, 140, 141 Perception, 127, 137, 143 Perfusion, 5, 137 Peripheral blood, 114, 137 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 79, 137 Peritoneal, 36, 137, 138 Peritoneal Cavity, 137, 138 Peritoneal Dialysis, 36, 138 Peritoneum, 137, 138, 142 Petechiae, 127, 138 Pharmacologic, 113, 138, 148 Phenotype, 4, 138 Phospholipids, 125, 132, 138

Phosphorus, 116, 137, 138 Photosensitivity, 138, 139 Physical Fitness, 9, 43, 51, 138 Physiologic, 43, 111, 133, 138, 140, 142 Physiology, 5, 7, 30, 38, 42, 123, 138 Pilot study, 7, 9, 138 Pituitary Gland, 120, 138 Placenta, 138, 140 Plants, 112, 117, 119, 127, 135, 138, 143, 148 Plasma, 30, 45, 117, 118, 125, 127, 128, 134, 138, 139, 144 Plasmin, 138, 139 Plasminogen, 31, 138, 139 Plasminogen Activators, 138, 139 Platelets, 139, 147 Polycystic, 8, 139 Polypeptide, 119, 125, 138, 139 Popliteal, 53, 139 Porphyria, 81, 139 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 81, 139 Porphyria, Hepatic, 139 Porphyrins, 139 Posterior, 117, 136, 139 Postmenopausal, 18, 80, 136, 139 Postnatal, 5, 125, 139 Postsynaptic, 5, 139, 146 Potassium, 37, 134, 139 Practice Guidelines, 93, 139 Preclinical, 12, 140 Precursor, 123, 124, 135, 139, 140, 148, 149 Prenatal, 125, 140 Preoptic Area, 8, 140 Prevalence, 53, 69, 140 Primary Prevention, 6, 140 Progesterone, 73, 133, 140, 146 Progression, 113, 140 Progressive, 118, 127, 134, 140 Proline, 119, 129, 140 Promyelocytic leukemia, 140, 148 Prostaglandin, 140 Protease, 119, 140 Protective Agents, 116, 141 Protein C, 114, 132, 136, 141, 148 Protein S, 77, 115, 136, 141 Proteins, 31, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 148, 149 Proteolytic, 112, 119, 126, 138, 139, 141 Proximal, 122, 141, 144 Psoriasis, 14, 44, 118, 141, 148 Psychiatric, 20, 44, 75, 98, 133, 141 Psychiatry, 12, 15, 141

Index 157

Psychic, 131, 141 Puberty, 7, 126, 141 Public Policy, 91, 141 Publishing, 8, 141 Pulmonary, 115, 120, 141, 149 Pulmonary Artery, 115, 141, 149 Pulse, 134, 141 Purpura, 113, 127, 141 R Race, 123, 141 Radioactive, 129, 131, 135, 141 Radioimmunoassay, 29, 44, 45, 141 Randomized, 6, 7, 43, 123, 142 Receptivity, 7, 142 Receptor, 5, 19, 114, 123, 142, 144 Receptors, Serotonin, 142, 144 Recombinant, 5, 40, 142 Rectum, 122, 126, 130, 142 Red blood cells, 124, 139, 142, 143 Refer, 1, 119, 142, 144 Reflex, 30, 52, 142 Refraction, 142, 145 Regimen, 123, 142 Resection, 62, 142 Respiration, 117, 134, 142 Respiratory Muscles, 53, 142 Retroperitoneal, 111, 142 Retrospective, 9, 19, 142 Retrospective study, 9, 19, 142 Rhabdomyolysis, 33, 142 Rheumatism, 142 Rheumatoid, 30, 142 Rheumatoid arthritis, 30, 142 Rhinitis, 124, 143 Rickets, 80, 143 Risk factor, 75, 80, 143 Rod, 118, 143 S Sagittal, 50, 143 Salicylate, 143 Salicylic, 143 Salicylic Acids, 143 Saponins, 143, 146 Schizoid, 143, 150 Schizophrenia, 143, 150 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 143, 150 Screening, 23, 33, 44, 118, 143, 148 Sebaceous, 31, 143 Sebaceous gland, 31, 143 Sebum, 111, 143 Secretion, 111, 121, 131, 134, 143, 144 Sedative, 80, 143

Sedatives, Barbiturate, 115, 143 Sediment, 144, 148 Self Care, 111, 144 Semen, 14, 30, 114, 123, 144 Senile, 46, 136, 144 Sensibility, 112, 144 Septal, 144 Septum, 8, 144 Septum Pellucidum, 144 Serotonin, 4, 142, 144, 148 Serum, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 46, 51, 72, 73, 78, 119, 132, 134, 136, 142, 144 Serum Albumin, 142, 144 Sex Characteristics, 113, 141, 144, 147 Shock, 144, 148 Side effect, 6, 23, 45, 46, 92, 111, 144, 147 Sil, 144 Silage, 66, 144 Skeletal, 7, 11, 32, 47, 48, 49, 113, 118, 134, 142, 144, 145 Skeleton, 55, 125, 131, 140, 144 Small intestine, 115, 118, 129, 131, 145 Smooth muscle, 116, 134, 145 Sodium, 80, 134, 145 Sodium Fluoride, 80, 145 Soft tissue, 116, 144, 145 Solvent, 46, 73, 115, 124, 145 Space Flight, 16, 145 Spasm, 128, 145, 147 Specialist, 100, 145 Species, 122, 124, 127, 141, 145, 148, 149, 150 Spectrum, 72, 145 Sperm, 30, 113, 145 Spermatogenesis, 78, 145 Spermatozoa, 114, 144, 145 Spinal cord, 116, 117, 118, 133, 135, 142, 145 Sporadic, 139, 145 Stanozolol, 48, 67, 145 Steatosis, 125, 145 Steel, 118, 145 Sterile, 136, 146 Steroid therapy, 3, 146 Stimulants, 80, 146 Stimulus, 120, 123, 124, 130, 142, 146, 147 Stomach, 111, 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 131, 137, 145, 146 Stress, 62, 86, 121, 143, 146, 149 Stroke, 84, 90, 117, 146 Stromal, 124, 146 Subacute, 130, 146


Subclinical, 130, 146 Subcutaneous, 123, 137, 146 Subtrochanteric, 128, 146 Supplementation, 80, 146 Suppression, 118, 121, 146 Sympathomimetics, 146 Synaptic, 135, 146 Synaptic Transmission, 135, 146 Systemic, 8, 115, 124, 130, 146 Systolic, 129, 146 T Teratogenic, 131, 147, 148 Testicular, 99, 147 Testis, 147 Testosterone, 31, 32, 33, 37, 43, 46, 50, 51, 78, 80, 86, 99, 112, 147 Tetany, 136, 147 Thigh, 125, 147 Third Ventricle, 129, 147 Threshold, 129, 147 Thrombin, 125, 141, 147 Thrombocytopenia, 114, 147 Thrombolytic, 139, 147 Thrombosis, 43, 50, 141, 146, 147 Thrombus, 41, 120, 130, 147 Thyroid, 136, 137, 147 Thyroid Gland, 136, 137, 147 Tolerance, 127, 147 Topical, 118, 124, 126, 131, 147, 148 Torsion, 130, 147 Toxic, iv, 55, 60, 81, 115, 135, 147, 148 Toxic Hepatitis, 60, 147 Toxicity, 12, 27, 51, 80, 148 Toxicology, 23, 24, 27, 42, 45, 61, 92, 148 Toxins, 113, 130, 148 Traction, 118, 148 Transfection, 115, 148 Transmitter, 123, 132, 135, 148 Transplantation, 81, 118, 130, 148 Trauma, 75, 134, 148 Trenbolone, 62, 148 Tretinoin, 81, 148

Tryptophan, 119, 144, 148 Tuberculosis, 120, 143, 148 U Ulcer, 131, 148, 149 Unconscious, 113, 129, 148 Urea, 66, 148 Urethra, 148, 149 Urinalysis, 28, 148 Urinary, 25, 31, 48, 49, 114, 124, 130, 148 Urine, 29, 33, 35, 37, 45, 46, 48, 49, 60, 61, 62, 114, 115, 121, 130, 148 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 139, 149 Ursodeoxycholic Acid, 66, 149 Urticaria, 113, 149 Uterus, 120, 123, 124, 133, 140, 149 V Vaccines, 149 Vagina, 133, 149 Varicose, 131, 149 Vascular, 15, 43, 113, 116, 130, 138, 139, 147, 149 Venous, 131, 141, 149 Venous Insufficiency, 131, 149 Ventricle, 141, 146, 147, 149 Ventricular, 7, 36, 37, 38, 123, 149 Ventricular Dysfunction, 123, 149 Ventricular Function, 37, 149 Venules, 116, 149 Veterinary Medicine, 91, 149 Virulence, 114, 148, 149 Virus, 45, 99, 124, 149 Viscera, 113, 149 Visceral, 114, 138, 150 Vitro, 150 W Weight Gain, 28, 150 Withdrawal, 57, 62, 78, 150 X Xenograft, 113, 150 Y Yeasts, 138, 150

Index 159


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