Air Pollution - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AIR POLLUTION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AME...

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AIR

POLLUTION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Air Pollution: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83683-3 1. Air Pollution-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on air pollution. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Air Pollution ................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 60 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 61 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AIR POLLUTION ............................................................................ 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 Finding Nutrition Studies on Air Pollution.............................................................................. 149 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 151 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 152 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AIR POLLUTION ...................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 153 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 154 General References ..................................................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION ........................................................................ 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Dissertations on Air Pollution................................................................................................... 157 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 167 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AIR POLLUTION................................................................... 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 Recent Trials on Air Pollution................................................................................................... 169 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 170 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AIR POLLUTION ................................................................................... 173 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 173 Patents on Air Pollution ............................................................................................................ 173 Patent Applications on Air Pollution ........................................................................................ 213 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 232 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AIR POLLUTION ...................................................................................... 233 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 233 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 233 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 234 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 246 Chapters on Air Pollution.......................................................................................................... 247 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AIR POLLUTION......................................................... 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 249 Academic Periodicals covering Air Pollution ............................................................................ 254 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 255 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 255 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 255 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 256 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 259 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 259 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 259 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 261 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 264 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 265 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 265

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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 265 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 272 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 275 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 275 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 275 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 275 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 275 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 281 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 281 AIR POLLUTION DICTIONARY .............................................................................................. 283 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 343

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with air pollution is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about air pollution, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to air pollution, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on air pollution. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to air pollution, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on air pollution. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on air pollution.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and air pollution, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Effects of Air Pollution on the Upper Aerodigestive Tract Source: Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 114(2): 201-204. February 1996. Summary: This article discusses the effects of air pollution on the upper aerodigestive tract. The author notes that because of the delicate balance of the mucous membranes with respect to mucociliary activity, local and recruited immune responses, and rapid uptake of chemicals, the ingestion or inhalation of pollutants in the air can be harmful to these internal body barriers. Topics covered include outdoor air pollutants; indoor air pollution, including occupational exposure to pollutants, tobacco smoke, particulate matter in homes and buildings, dust mites and molds, other biologic contaminants, and radon; and hearing loss caused by noise exposure. The article also briefly mentions localized air pollution in the health care field.

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Air Pollution and Exercise Source: Diabetes Forecast. 43(11): 35-36. November 1990. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Summary: This article discusses the issue of air pollution and outdoor exercise, a particular concern for those persons who have blood vessel complications related to diabetes, such as heart disease, kidney disease, or peripheral vascular disease. The author discusses why exercise increases the risks from air pollution and considers the three major air pollutants known to impair a person's ability to exercise: ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The author concludes that the benefits of exercise outweigh the potential drawbacks of exercising outdoors.

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System Interactions of Air Pollutants Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 106(6): 733-735. 1992. Summary: This journal article, intended for health professionals, examines the impact of the interaction of combinations of air pollutants on human health, as opposed to a single man-made or naturally occurring pollutant. The literature on effects of pollutants on the upper and lower respiratory tracts is reviewed and the need for further research is stressed. Bibliographic references are included.

Federally Funded Research on Air Pollution The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to air pollution. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to air pollution. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore air pollution. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for air pollution: •

Project Title: A PORTABLE UNIT TO REMOVE TUBERCLE BACILLI FROM ROOM AIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Kreisberg, Nathan M.; Aerosol Dynamics, Inc. 2329 4Th St Berkeley, Ca 94710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2003

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: The end product of this research will be a fully tested prototype of a portable air cleaner that targets airborne microorganisms that convey infectious disease, e.g. tubercle bacilli. This air cleaner will remove airborne particles that exceed 1 mum in size and collect them on a surface where they can be irradiated with a built-in germicidal ultraviolet radiation lamp. The air cleaner utilizes a micro-trap impaction technique, demonstrated to be effective in Phase I, to collect particles. In Phase II, the design will be optimized through numeric and scaled-up to a flow rate of 5 m3/min to process enough air for a typical room. After initial small-scale tests, single-pass penetration tests at 2.5 m3/min will be conducted with inert aerosols and microorganisms, including bacteria, mold spores and bacteria phage. Single-pass tests will include controlled UV exposures of collected microorganisms to evaluate the efficacy of UV sterilization. Testing the viability of collected microorganisms without UV exposure will determine if the microtrap would be suitable as an alternative bioaerosol sampling technology. Full-scale testing of a prototype at 5 m3/min, with integrated UV lamp and air mover, will be performed in a room- sized chamber according to standard air-cleaner test protocols to measure a clean air delivery rate. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION The air cleaner unit to be built will be small and portable such that it could be used in public settings where permanent UVGI or filtration systems are impractical. Example applications include homeless shelters or drug treatment centers where transmission of TB is of concern. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: A REAL-TIME SYSTEM FOR VOLATILE TOXIN MEASUREMENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnes, Rhett J.; Technical Director; Opotek, Inc. 2233 Faraday Ave, Ste E Carlsbad, Ca 92008 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the proposed research is to couple a compact tunable ultraviolet (UV) laser system with a compact jet-REMPI time-of-flight mass spectrometer in order to provide a fieldable system for real-time concentration measurements of vapors from volatile hazardous species over contaminated sites. By allowing rapid vapor phase measurements in a matter of seconds, this technique provides real-time continuous monitoring of hazardous waste site remediation progress, and facilitates rapid mapping of waste distribution within a site, without the need for lengthy excavation and analysis of multiple soil samples. In addition, the time-varying exposure of neighboring communities to hazardous air pollutants out-gassing from the site can be monitored as out-gassing rates within the site change due to environmental conditions and waste plume migration. The jet-REMPI technique has already proven a powerful technique for measuring a variety of hazardous air pollutants with excellent sensitivity and chemical specificity in the laboratory. By coupling molecular mass measurement with optical spectroscopy, the technique can provide accurate measurements even in complex mixtures of multiple pollutants such as those found in real-world sites. The Phase I targets of his project will take this promising technology from the laboratory and yield a device that can make meaningful field measurements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AIR POLLUTION & RESPIRATORY DISEASE TRAINEESHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Aaron M.; Family Medicine & Cmty Health; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is responsible for 19% of all deaths worldwide among children less than five years old. Environmental factors such as air pollution have been hypothesized to increase the risk of incidence for ARI in young children. Malnutrition is also known to suppress the immune system that renders a child more susceptible to ARI. This five-year traineeship aims to link environmental pollutants, while controlling for host nutritional factors, to an overall increase in the incidence of respiratory diseases in Ecuadorian children. Air pollution in Quito, Ecuador will be closely monitored by the City of Quito and using mobile handheld monitors to allow a time-series and geographical analysis of respiratory disease in a cohort of children already enrolled in an NIH-funded study. These data will be used to statistically analyze adverse respiratory health outcomes in variably malnourished Ecuadorian children as it relates to air pollution. In addition, molecular and microbiologic analysis will establish a spectrum of pathogens that cause disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AIR POLLUTION AND ASTHMA IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA Principal Investigator & Institution: Asrabadi, Badiollah R.; Applied Mathematics; Nicholls State University University Station Thibodaux, La 70310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Nicholls State University (NSU), a four-year state regional institution in a cooperative effort with Leonard J. Chabert Medical Center (LJCMC), an educational and medical service provider in Southeast Louisiana, proposes this project for a comprehensive study to identify asthma-triggering air pollutants in Southeast Louisiana. In a recent study based on a two-year (1 998-1999) data collected on hospital admissions and emergency department visits in Louisiana Congressional District 3, it was found that number of asthma attacks had significantly increased during the months of October, November, and December. This proposal is a request for funds to support a three-year (2001-2003) research project to investigate the cause of asthma outbreak. These three months are the sugarcane harvest season and sugarcane farmers burn 100 percent of postharvest sugarcane leaf litter in open air. Although through this project, if funded, we will consider all asthma causing pollutants, our concentration will be on the air pollutants resulting from sugarcane leaf burning. The primary objectives of this project are to: 1) Monitor air quality including carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, and Particulate Matter (PM10) in several sugarcane burning and non-burning parishes. 2) Collect environmental data such as pollen counts, and variation in weather in several sugarcane burning and non-burning parishes. 3) Monitor and collect data on asthma hospitalizations and emergency department visits in five medical centers in Southeast Louisiana (see Figure 1). 4) Investigate and document the effect of sugarcane burning and other particulate air pollution on asthma. 5) Develop alternative strategies is dropped from the proposal. During the 120 days (September 15 through January 15) of each project year data will be gathered on the air quality at ten sites and the number of asthma hospitalizations and emergency department visits from five medical centers. Appropriate statistical methods will be applied to identify asthma triggering pollutants Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AIR POLLUTION, RACE, SES & ASTHMA HOSPITALIZATION RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Den Eeden, Stephen K.; Senior Investigator; Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 1800 Harrison St, 16Th Fl Oakland, Ca 94612

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): We propose to conduct estimate how this association is modified by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position, severity, age, and gender. Our hypothesis is that subgroups and/or disadvantaged populations will be more vulnerable to the effects of ambient air pollution. The study setting is Kaiser Permanente (KP) in Northern and Southern California, a large managed care organization with a base population of over 5.2 million people. Cases will be defined as members of KP who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of asthma (ICD-9 493) between 1997 and 2000 (n=11,800). Race/ethnicity, age and gender will be obtained from Kaiser Permanente databases, while socioeconomic data will be obtained by geocoding and linking to US census information. Severity will be derived from utilization databases in KP. Ambient air pollution and meteorologic data will be ascertained from ambient monitoring stations. Exposure and meteorologic factors will be mapped to the geographic areas and exposure assigned to each individual based on his or her residential address. Exposure related to the event for each individual will be compared to exposures on reference days using conditional logistic regression to estimate the risk of an asthma hospitalization associated with exposure to ambient air pollution. After adjusted for potential confounders, such as meteorology, and interactions with race/ethnicity, age, gender, disease severity, and socioeconomic position will be examined. This will be the first such epidemiologic study to look at most of these factors on a population-wide basis. This study will address a previously understudied question and if the results demonstrate that minorities and/or people living in lower SES areas are at higher risk for acute health effects from ambient air pollution, there will be research and policy implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AMBIENT PARTICLES AND CARDIAC VULNERABILITY IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Speizer, Frank E.; Edward H Kass Professor; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Based on recent population-based studies of both morbidity and mortality, efforts have been directed toward understanding potential mechanisms whereby effects of exposure to ambient air pollutants could result in cardiovascular events. Our laboratory investigations have provided clues about potential autonomic nervous system responses that are modulated by the underlying pathophysiologic state of animals undergoing exposure to concentrated air particles. Testing these potential mechanisms in human populations requires a multidisciplinary approach joining epidemiologists, physiologists, cardiologists, ambient air monitoring specialists, and statisticians to develop protocols and carry Out investigations that will 1) characterize the physiologic state of at-risk groups; 2) mOnitOr exposure in sufficient detail to characterize and quantify the putative environmental agents; 3) make detailed and appropriately sustained measures of cardiac function that are relevant to assessing the autonomic response of the heart; and 4) correlate these potential findings with those found in animals exposed to concentrated air particles. Projects proposed will provide data on a spectrum of at-risk subjects that include patients with mild to moderately severe coronary artery disease, documented conduction defects, and elderly subjects with and without documented underlying cardiac disease. In subsequent years, we propose to expand the investigations to include other at-risk groups. Alternatively,

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some of these same groups of at-risk subjects can be studied in other regions of the country where the ambient particulate mix may be at higher levels or have different constituents. The projects are supported by: an Administrative and Statistical Core (Core 1) that will oversee the planning and analysis of the data; the Air Monitoring Core (Core 2) that will provide detailed characterizations and quantification of the participants' exposure; and the Cardiac Monitoring Core (Core 3) that will provide the electrocardiographic assessments. With the documentation of impacts of specific components of air pollutants on specific at-risk groups, these studies will provide additional insight into the understanding of the mechanisms whereby ambient pollution is associated with excess morbidity and mortality and may provide clues as to how to develop preventive strategies to reduce this excess. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASTHMA COALITION ON COMMUNITY, ENVIRONMENT AND STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Piltch, Cynthia; Ctr for Community Health Educ Res & Srv Education Research and Service Boston, Ma 02120 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our proposed Center for Reducing Asthma Disparities involves partnership between researchers at Harvard University (Charming Laboratory, BWH and HSPH) and a network of Boston-area Community Health Centers (CHCs) affiliated with the non-profit community-based organization CCHERS (Center for Community Health Education, Research and Service). Broad specific aims are (see Section D for more detailed aims):I. Conduct a community needs assessment to assess differences in perceptions about asthma etiology, disparities, and effective treatment between community representatives, CHC patients, and CHC providers. 2. Determine the role of socio/environmental exposures (psychosocial stress, indoor allergens, cigarette smoking and diesel-related air pollutants) on asthma onset through study of a prenatally enrolled birth cohort. 3.Determine the role of genetics in modifying the risk of the social/physical environment by concurrent assessment of the following genetic factors thought to influence immune development and airway inflammation in early life: stress (corticosteroid regulatory genes, adrenergic system regulatory genes), diesel exhaust and smoking (biotransformation genes), indoor allergens (cytokine pathway genes). 4. Use a quasiexperimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the research, training, and outreach components of our project in leading to significant changes in the ability of particular stakeholders to design and implement sound asthma intervention strategies. 5. Development of training programs at Harvard that provide masters and predoctoral students as well as postdoctoral fellows with experience and expertise in Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) focused on reducing asthma disparities. 6. Develop training and information dissemination materials for health center staff and community members (especially caregivers of children with asthma). CCHERS will take the lead in implementing Specific Aims 1, 4 and 6, while the Harvard group will take the lead on Aims 2, 3 and 5. In addition to building needed infrastructure to support partnership-based research and interventions aimed at reducing health disparities, this proposal has the potential to make significant contributions to the scientific literature with respect to health disparities and asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ASTHMA SEVERITY IN CHILDREN AND ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Leaderer, Brian P.; Susan Dwight Bliss Professor; Epidemiology and Public Health; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-1992; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Recent but limited epidemiologic data suggest that the current national ambient standard for particle matter may not be adequate to protect public health and that particle acidic sulfate aerosol may be associated with adverse respiratory effects. An Ambient Air Quality Standard for acidic aerosol is being considered. we will examine these two air pollutants, which are of major interest to outdoor air quality, in an indoor environment where multiple and potentially interacting exposures to complex mixtures can be quantified with more reliability than is done in outdoor studies. We have identified unvented kerosene space heaters as a major source of residential particle mass, sulfate and vapor and particle acid. A pilot study has indicated that kerosene heater users are at higher risk for respiratory symptoms and as such constitute a unique population in which to determine the nature of an association between particle mass, sulfate mass and vapor and particle acid exposures and respiratory health effects. This study tests the hypothesis that exposures to elevated concentrations of particle mass (including fine particle mass), and acidic sulfate aerosol air contaminants, resulting from kerosene heater use are associated with an increased risk of acute or chronic upper and lower respiratory symptoms in infants age 3-15 months (a sensitive population), including cough, phlegm, wheeze, runny/stuffy nose, etc. Also tested is the hypothesis that the exposed mothers of the infants are at an increased risk of respiratory symptoms and reversible decrements in peak expiratory flow. These associations will be evaluated for an exposure response relation while adjusting for other known or potential risk factors (NO., HN02, SES, health status, etc.). The study population, selected from live deliveries occurring at four Connecticut hospitals, will exclude homes where passive smoking exposure occurs. Study subjects will be recruited into three exposure categories: a) no unvented combustion sources (N=450 infants and their mothers); b) gas ranges only (N=225 infants and their mothers); and, c) kerosene heaters only (N=225 infants and their mothers). Data will be gathered for one year on a bi-weekly basis, covering a full heating and cooling season, including reports of respiratory symptoms in both the infants and mothers and concurrent use of the heater and gas stove. Diurnal peak flow differences for the mothers for a 4 week period during the heating and nonheating seasons will be recorded. A nested exposure assessment protocol will be used and potential confounding factors will be controlled. Continuous versus categorical responses in the exposure groups will be compared using longitudinal analysis. This design will allow for a distinction between exposure effects and seasonal variation effects. The results would provide data needed to address the recently raised public health issues of whether the particle ambient standard protects public health and whether a national ambient acid standard is needed. It will also identify any increased risk for the large population of kerosene heater users. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF WOODSMOKE EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Simpson, Christopher D.; Environmental Health; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Exposure of humans to high levels of woodsmoke is associated with adverse health effects including asthma, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease. In the US alone, more than 100,000 people annually are exposed to elevated woodsmoke levels from wildfires, prescribed burns and agricultural field burning. 70,000-80,000 people involved in wild land fire fighting also receive substantial occupational exposure to woodsmoke. Investigating the relationship between woodsmoke exposure and adverse health effects is hindered by inadequate methods of exposure assessment, which lead to exposure misclassification, and the setting of community-impact-driven guidelines for managed fires suffers from a lack of exposureresponse data. The primary objective of this proposal is to develop biological markers of human exposure to woodsmoke. Preliminary work has shown that levels of a number of substituted methoxylated phenolic compounds are increased in urine following woodsmoke exposure. It is our hypothesis that the dose-dependent increase in urinary methoxyphenols observed following ingestion or inhalation of woodsmoke combustion products can be related in a quantitative manner to environmental woodsmoke, and thereby provide a biomarker basis for assessment of woodsmoke exposure in occupationally and environmentally exposed populations. To test this hypothesis, we plan to conduct human exposures to woodsmoke from an open fire. Exposures will be characterized using time-integrated personal sampling and area monitors. The following parameters will be measured: particle mass, particle-associated methoxyphenols and vapor-phase methoxyphenols. In addition, time resolved exposures will be assessed using data logging nephelometers at fixed locations and personal nephelometers. Urinary methoxyphenols will be determined before and after woodsmoke exposure, by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In addition, we plan to measure methoxyphenol levels in urine samples collected from wildfire fighters who have elevated occupational exposure to woodsmoke. A validated biomarker of woodsmoke exposure will facilitate exposure assessment for studies investigating adverse effects of woodsmoke exposure in humans, and could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce woodsmoke exposure in domestic and occupational settings. This proposed study addresses NORA research priorities related to asthma and COPD, exposure assessment methods and control technology/personal protective equipment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CENTER FOR CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Eggleston, Peyton A.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-NOV-1998; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: The long term goals of this Center are to examine how exposures to environmental pollutants and allergens may relate to airway inflammation and respiratory morbidity in children with asthma living in the inner city of Baltimore, and to search for new ways to reduce asthma morbidity by reducing exposure to these agents. To accomplish these goals, the Center includes both basic and applied research programs in combination with a community based prevention research project. The first project examines the genetic basis for susceptibility to the reactive oxidant pollutant, ozone. The second project examines the mechanisms by which particulate matter may exacerbate an allergen driven response of the airways. The third project is a communitybased epidemiologic study of 300 children aged 6-12 and their homes to identify relevant exposures and to relate them to the severity of asthma morbidity. The community based prevention research project will conduct a randomized controlled

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trial in 100 children of the effectiveness of current intervention methods for reducing pollutant and allergen exposures and their adverse health effects. These Projects will be supported by Core Facilities for Data Management and Exposure Assessment. A Community Advisory Committee has contributed to both the community-based environmental epidemiology project and the prevention research project planning, and has agreed to meet periodically with center researchers to discuss the centers findings and progress. These projects will be supported by Core Facilities for Data Management and Exposure Assessment. A Community Advisory Committee has contributed to both the community-based environmental epidemiology project and the prevention research project planning, and has agreed to meet periodically with center researchers to discuss the centers findings and progress. A five member External Advisory Committee has been recruited. Information gained by this coordinated interdisciplinary team will allow rational plans to be made for future studies to examine susceptible asthmatic children and plan even more effective interventions in future studies with collaboration families in the East Baltimore Community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN NORTHERN MANHATTAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Santella, Regina M.; Professor; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant) The NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan brings together basic scientists, physicians, epidemiologists, biostatisticians and citizens in a partnership focusing on a central theme that stresses understanding and preventing environmental components of disease. Much of the work of the 28 Center investigators is focused in three main areas: air pollution, oxidative stress and geneenvironment interactions. Collectively, these investigators have approximately 45 million dollars (direct costs) in research grants. While much of the research is focused on a disadvantaged community that receives a disproportionately high exposure to hazardous substances in the New York City environment, other projects study health effects of environmental exposures around the world, including Taiwan, Bangladesh, China and Poland. Research is facilitated by five service cores including: (1) Exposure Assessment, (2) Biomarkers, (3) Trace Metals, (4) Biostatistics/ Epidemiology/Data Management and (5) Administrative. In this submission, the Biomarkers Core is now an independent, expanded Core with new activities. Activities are focused around three Research Cores including: (1) Cancer, (2) Neurotoxicology/Neurodegenerative Diseases, and (3) Respiratory Disorders. A successful pilot project program is used to bring in new investigators and ideas. The Center recently established an Associate Membership category to also help in this process. The COEP is an active collaboration between Center investigators and WE ACT. Their activities include community forums, national conferences, mentoring of high school students and various educational activities. An Executive Committee, comprised of Research Core leaders, helps the Director administer the program. An External Advisory Committee consisting of outside experts in the research areas covered and an Internal Advisory Committee consisting of eminent scientists with administrative skills provide additional guidance. Strong institutional commitment further strengthens the Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OLFACTION

CHEMICAL

SENSORY

IRRITATION:

CONTRAST

WITH

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cometto-Muniz, J E.; Associate Research Scientist; Surgery; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The project aims at comparing the functional properties of the human senses of smell and the chemical sensory irritation (i.e., chemesthesis) with regard to the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) singly and in mixtures, VOCs have been implicated in the production of adverse sensory effects- particularly irritation of the nose, eyes, and throat-in indoor( e.g., sick building syndrome) and occupational environments. The sensory response of interest will include: odor, nasal pungency, nasal localization, and eye irritation. Nasal pungency entails sensations like prickling, piquancy, tingling, irritation, burning, freshness, stinging, and the like. Nasal localization, or lateralization, entails the ability to pinpoint which nostril received a chemical stimulus when air is simultaneously delivered to the other nostril. Nasal pungency, nasal localization, and eye irritation rest on activation of the trigeminal nerve. Detection of nasal pungency will be tested in subjects lacking olfaction to avoid odor biases. VOCs will be selected from within and across homologous series where carbon chain length provides a convenient "unit of change" of underlying physiochemical properties. For each individual VOC, we will determine the airborne concentration range that spans the sensory response from chance detection to virtually perfect detection, thus obtaining detectability functions. With this information, we will prepare and test mixtures for which individual detectability of the components will have been measured. We will begin by studying binary mixtures and, then, proceed to ternary, quaternary, and higher order mixtures. Systematic selection of VOCs according to gradual changes in physiochemical and measurements of detectability functions will permit to uncover the physiochemical and sensory determinants of the detection of chemical mixtures, compared to the detection of single components, in olfaction and chemesthesis. Knowledge of these determinants is vital for understanding and preventing adverse sensory reactions from air pollution. In addition, use of an improved chemical-delivery system will provide data directly applicable to environmentally realistic (i.e., whole-body) exposures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CIGARETTE TAXES AND PRENATAL SMOKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Joyce, Theodore; Professor; None; Bernard M. Baruch College 17 Lexington Ave New York, Ny 10010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Prenatal smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes in the United States. Upwards of 20 percent of all low birth weight births are attributable to smoking and the external costs associated with maternal smoking are estimated at between 11.1 and 18.9 billion. In the only published study to date. economists demonstrated that a 10 percent increase in cigarette prices due to an increase in cigarette excise taxes was associated with a 5 percent decline in smoking by pregnant women, an elasticity of-0.5. In 1999, California increased the excise tax on cigarettes by $0.50; New York raised the excise tax by $0.55 in March of this year. The impact of such large taxes increases on prenatal smoking and thus, infant health, is potentially significant. In this study we use data from the Centers for Disease Control's

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Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) to evaluate the effect of cigarette excise taxes on pre-pregnancy, prenatal and postpartum smoking. PRAMS is a random, stratified monthly survey of 100-200 recent mothers selected from birth certificates. By the time the 1999 survey is complete, PRAMS will contain information on over 170,000 births delivered between 1988 and 1999 in 16 states. The primary advantage of PRAMS is the detailed information on smoking before, during and after pregnancy. These data allow us to test a simple model that predicts that smoking is more sensitive to cigarette taxes in the period prior to pregnancy relative to the period during pregnancy. Our model implies that previous work may have underestimated the impact of cigarette taxes on smoking by pregnant women. Another advantage of information about smoking at various points around pregnancy is that we can analyze the determinants of quitting during pregnancy and re-starting after birth. Thus, we can test whether changes in the money price of cigarettes induced by a rise in the cigarette excise tax affects the probability of quitting during pregnancy, an analysis not previously attempted. A third advantage is that the screen for smoking on PRAMS is more sensitive that the screen on birth certificates. Thus, we lessen the potential bias associated with underreporting of smoking during pregnancy. Finally, PRAMS also has more detailed information on the mother than is available on birth certificates, which enables us to more effectively model the demand for smoking by pregnant women than has been previously possible in multi-state analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLEAN AIR FOR BARRIO CHILDREN'S HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Takvorian, Diane; Environmental Health Coalition 1717 Kettner Blvd, Ste 100 San Diego, Ca 92101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) The predominantly Latino communities of Barrio Logan, Logan Heights, and Sherman Heights in San Diego are among the poorest in the County and home to the County's largest concentration of hazardous materials. Environmental Health Coalition (EHC), Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, and the Logan Heights Family Health Center will implement the Clean Air for Barrio Children's Health Project to create a long term relationship with these communities based on respect of the experiences of the community. The major goals of the project are to: * Empower community residents to resolve toxic pollution problems in their neighborhoods; * Educate the community, with a particular emphasis on youth, concerning the relationships between asthma and air pollution, on proper asthma management, and on available health care services; * Create a profile on air pollution and respiratory illness, including asthma, in the community; * Reduce pollution sources within and adjacent to the communities; and * Improve health care provider skills in assessing and preventing environmental exposures. The Project activities to achieve the project's goals are summarized below. * Environmental Health Research: Identify and fill data gaps on air quality and asthma and other respiratory illness in the target area. * Community Education: Educate the community at large, students at the local junior high, and the health care providers, about the relationship between air pollution, respiratory illness, and environmental justice. * Community Empowerment: Organize the community to advocate for a local air toxics monitoring station; to demand enforcement of existing environmental laws; and to create a community-driven pollution prevention strategy for area industry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMMUNITY ASSIST OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA Principal Investigator & Institution: Estrada, Ramon M.; Program Director; Child and Family Resources, Inc. 1040 N Alvernon Way Tucson, Az 85711 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provide by applicant) The long term objectives of the community-directed Community Assist of Southern Arizona (CASA) are to reduce the communities' exposures to environmental pollutants, link members of communities who are affected by adverse environmental conditions with healthcare providers, provide relevant and culturally sensitive information about environmental pollutants, promote a communitywide interest in the project, and act as a liaison between researchers and agencies and communities to help disseminate research results in an easy to understand format. The specific aim of this project is to expand the Child Health Champion Campaign (CHCC) in four ways: 1) to include all border regions of southern Arizona where Child & Family Resources, Inc. has an office (Nogales, Douglas, southern metropolitan Tucson, and Yuma; 2) to include additional information on mitigation measures and to assist with families' mitigation; 3) to expand the program to include additional environmental health areas of concern to the communities, in particular childhood lead poisoning; and 4) to further act as liaison between the community and researchers and government agencies. The two measurable goals of CASA are reduction in the number of visits to school nurses caused by respiratory illnesses and reduction in the number of childhood lead and arsenic poisoning cases reported by doctors and laboratories. The objectives which define the design and methods of the project are to finish laboratory analysis of items of concern for heavy metals; to develop survey instruments appropriate for each community; to conduct a minimum of 200 home visits in each community; complete mitigation in at least 75% of those homes requiring and desiring mitigation; to conduct six workshops for parents and children in each community; to develop at least one school program in each community; to present at least one radio broadcast in each community; of those identified with health problems, to assist at least 75% to obtain medical care; to conduct at least one workshop for farmacias and yerberias on the heavy metal content of home remedies; and to complete the evaluation of the project and the input of researchers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMMUNITY OPERATIONS

HEALTH

EFFECTS

OF

INDUSTRIAL

HOG

Principal Investigator & Institution: Wing, Steven B.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent expansion of large scale confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) is generating a wide variety of health concerns in the USA and other nations. Air and ground water pollution from swine CAFOs are of particular concern in North Carolina, where industrial hog production has expanded rapidly since the 1980s. Airborne emissions are composed of hundreds of agents including hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, volatile organic compounds, and dusts or particulate matter that contains biological materials including proteins and endotoxins. Nitrates, pathogens, and antibiotic residues have been documented in ground water near swine CAFOs. The investigators propose a series of community-based participatory studies that will (1) quantify community exposures to hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, dusts,

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and endotoxins; (2) evaluate relationships between air emissions and perceptions of odor and irritation; (3) measure exposures to airborne emissions from livestock operations to strengthen the design of an already-funded health symptom survey; and (4) prospectively quantify relationships between ambient exposures and respiratory symptoms, lung function, and other health status measures among persons residing near swine CAFOs in North Carolina. They will also (5) conduct surveillance for nitrates and antibiotic residues in well water of study participants. Bacterial flora of any participants who report a history of drinking water contaminated by veterinary antibiotic residues will be tested for antibiotic resistance. Due to widespread distrust of biomedical research in poor and people of color communities where NC swine CAFOs are concentrated, community-based participatory research approaches are required for addressing these health issues. The proposed studies build on five years of communitydriven research conducted by Concerned Citizens of Tillery and the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, as well as on extensive research on chemical odorants and their effects, and on water quality, conducted by other project collaborators. This project will provide new scientific data on exposures and human health effects of swine CAFOs and increase the capacity of communities in eastern NC to improve public health conditions in an underdeveloped region of the United States. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNITY OUTREACH & EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Matsumura, Fumio; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Description (provided by applicant): The COEP basic objectives are: (1) to educate the public in understanding environmental health sciences; (2) to identify and assist community-based efforts to address environmental health problems; (3) to inform the public of significant findings made by Center and other scientists in environmental health; (4) to serve as a community resource; (5) to build a COEP network to achieve the above goals; and (6) to design and implement an effective evaluation plan for the COEP. These goals represent an important mission for the Center and University, which is located in an intensively farmed area where pesticides are heavily used. The targeted audience of the COEP is the California Central Valley, from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys to Bakersfield. Large populations of farm workers live and work in the area, as do a mix of urban, suburban, and rural populations. Air quality is some of the worst in the nation, and land and water resources are threatened with overuse and contamination. The COEP has identified clear plans for future work, including (1) more aggressive outreach to the non-university community, including a needs-assessment; (2) development of an External Advisory Board specifically for the COEP; (3) development of collaborative research projects with community groups; (4) expansion of their web site; (5) creation of an exhibit/poster for each Core for public events; and (6) an increase media presence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--BIOSTATISTICS AND DATA MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Gauderman, William J.; Associate Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007

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Summary: (adapted from application): This Program Project will generate a very large amount of data coming from a variety of sources. It will be essential to the success of the Projects that these data be handled in a consistent manner and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The Biostatistics and Data Management Core will fill this role, providing comprehensive data-related support to all 4 research Projects. The types of support that will be provided include: (1) designing forms and questionnaires for new data collection; (2) processing incoming data generated by the other 3 Cores; (3) data checking, including checks for logistical inconsistencies and potential outliers; (4) creating data bases that combine data form various sources; (5) assisting in the development of hypotheses; (6) analyzing data, including testing and estimating air pollution and genetic effects; (7) preparing manuscripts for publication; and (8) maintaining a central computing resource that may be accessed by all investigators for file sharing and running software programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--CANCER RESEARCH FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hei, Tom K.; Professor; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The overall goals of the Core are to: 1) carry out interdisciplinary, basic mechanistic studies on environmental carcinogens; 2) develop new biomarkers of exposure and effect; and 3) carry out collaborative epidemiologic studies to understand the role of environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility on cancer risk. The Core is responsible for fostering a collaborative environment and bringing investigators together to discuss ongoing research as well as to develop new research initiatives. Much research is focused around the three major themes that bridge across the research cores: air pollutants including PAH, oxidative stress and gene-environment interactions. The Core meets these goals by organizing meetings at which investigators present ongoing research as well as air new ideas for potential new projects. These meetings are especially important for more junior members who can take advantage of the collective experience of more senior investigators. Many core members also meet on a weekly basis at the Friday Molecular Epidemiology seminar series organized as part of an NCI-funded training grant (PI Dr. Neugut). In addition, those core members collaborating on the Superfund Project meet on a monthly basis alternating between the MSPH and LDEO. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND EDUCATION PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Trush, Michael A.; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The goals of the Community Outreach and Education Program (COEP) at the Center in Urban environmental Health are to develop and conduct educational programs for community residents and specific target groups, to facilitate community based research that identifies environmental agents affecting health and addresses local community needs, and to facilitate intervention trials to alter behavior. To accomplish these goals the COEP has recently added a research technician and a community coordinator to an existing staff that includes a Director, Co-Director and Project Manager. The COEP focuses on three major health issues, including cancer, lead

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poisoning and pulmonary disease. These 0utreach goals are well-coordinated with and reflective of Center research themes. The major accomplishments include: 1) the development of a Resource Center for parents concerned about lead exposure in their children; 2) a cohesive educational program that includes a sustained teacher training institute, a course for doctoral and masters students on environmental outreach and a partnership with Maryland Public television to produce videos; and, 3) a series of assessments of indoor air quality in federal office buildings and schools. In many cases the projects were developed in response to concerns and requests from community groups, particularly those involving air quality evaluation. The COEP has a substantial level of interaction with community based organizations and has developed partnerships to facilitate research, gather information and data and to provide educational resources and programs. A notable collaboration with the South Baltimore Community Environmental Partnership was initiated in 1997. The COEP has become increasingly involved with the Partnership. The Center has contributed to the partnership by inviting speakers to an environmental symposium and providing funds to maintain the neighborhood office that serves as a meeting place for partnership activities. Seven communitybased prevention and education Centers are being established in minority communities and educational topics are being developed. The application also details participation of the COEP in community events such as health fairs and an Urban Earth Day, that raise awareness of environmental health issues and provide an opportunity to distribute pamphlets and informative materials. A significant accomplishment of the COEP was the hosting of a town meeting entitled: 'Baltimore Speaks Out About Environment and Health', in 1999. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Reynolds, Stephen J.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The Environmental Assessment Facility consists of five components designed to collaborate and cooperate to optimize resources: (1) the Occupational Hygiene Laboratory which provides expertise and equipment for exposure assessment in occupational settings, (2) the Engineering Research Facility which provides expertise and facilities for measurement of environmental agents in air, water and soil, (3) the University Hygienic Laboratory which contributes expertise and resources for analysis of both occupational and environmental samples, (4) the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research which contributes resources specifically for air pollution monitoring, and (5) the Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contaminants which contributes expertise in the management on water quality in Iowa. This Facility provides measurements and assessment of exposure which are critical to evaluation of relationships between exposure and disease in a variety of environments. The goal of this Facility is to provide cost-effective consolidation of resources, extensive multidisciplinary interactions, and state-of-the-art exposure assessment services to enhance research in all cores and other facilities of the EHSRC. The specific aims of the Environmental Assessment Facility are to (1) enhance resources and expertise for exposure assessment involving chemical, microbiological, and physical agents in all media, (2) provide support for EHSRC research cores and pilot studies, (3) facilitate multidisciplinary research, (4) develop new and improved methods for exposure assessment, (5) serve as a resource to the state and region through outreach activities,

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and (6) contribute to the training of future agricultural and rural environmental health researchers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--ENVIRONMENTAL LUNG DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mitzner, Wayne A.; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Description (provided by applicant): The overall objectives of this Research Core are to develop and promote new understandings of the effects of urban air pollution on the human body. This goal will be implemented by pilot research projects, interactive research seminars, and pre/postdoctoral student training. Specific research activities in Research Core 4 fall within the first four of the general Research Core elements listed above, but within each broad element, there are individual specific aims. These include: 1) Determination of the movement of soluble and insoluble particles after deposition in the lung; 2) Determination of the molecular genetic and inflammatory environment of exposed respiratory tissues and cells; 3) Evaluation of the pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with the effects of these inhalants on pulmonary tissues and cellular responses; and 4) Interpretation of these relations in terms of health risks from human exposures; a major focus within elements 2 and 3 in the past has been a better understanding of the mechanism of hyperreactive airways and obstructive airway diseases, with special emphasis on asthma. How environmental pollutants affect the epithelium and airway smooth muscles has direct relevance to the response of asthmatics breathing in polluted air. In the inner cities such air pollution can lead to a condition known as urban asthma. This research, along with that in the first Core element, will form the scientific basis for new and increasing outreach focus involving the human exposure assessment research in Research Core 1. The Johns Hopkins Center for Childhood Asthma in the Urban Environment, headed by Dr. Eggleston, also may provide opportunity for new mechanistic understandings related to this human pathology. Risks for emphysema and lung cancer are also high in inner cities, and new projects in the Core with collaboration with Research Core 3 will begin to look at underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. Finally an increasingly important direction that will be expanded is the interaction of air pollution with viral infections. Two new faculty members (Jacoby and Imani) to the Core with immunologic expertise will lead this effort. A long range Research Core aim is to be able to investigate this spectrum of questions related to a variety of urban airborne pollutants, from the quantitative analysis of the exposure magnitude to a quantitative understanding of basic pathophysiologic responses of cells and tissues to these exposures. At the present time this global approach within the Research Core is fairly well developed for ozone, particulate matter, and viral infections, with studies spanning the spectrum from molecular genetics to human exposures. It is important to emphasize that the members of this Core are physiologists, pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists, and pulmonary physicians who investigate basic mechanisms underlying environmental insults to the lung. As noted above, the investigators feel that this multi-disciplinary background is a major strength of this Research Core, providing the NIEHS Center with a unique perspective on environmental studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lasley, Bill; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Description (provided by applicant): The Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Research Core is responsible for activities in five sub-specialty areas. These activities range from the development of new laboratory analytical methods to population-based studies of human health. The research activities in this Core take a multi-disciplinary approach to solving problems that have direct relevance to human reproductive health. They involve one or more Facility Core members and usually at least one Facility Core for support. Experimental designs used by Core members include clinical investigations, in vivo studies with animal models, and in vitro mechanistic studies. Historically, this Core has been active in both epidemiological and molecular aspects of reproductive toxicology. For the former aspect, the goal is to develop and apply reliable biomarkers/analytical methods for population-based studies. For the latter aspect, the goal is to understand the mechanism, by which xenobiotics adversely affect the most vulnerable processes of both male and female reproduction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEMOLITION AND ASTHMA IN CHICAGO PUBLIC HOUSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Dorevitch, Samuel; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Candidate: The candidate is a physician with a background in emergency medicine, currently training in occupational and environmental medicine. In the short term the candidate will obtain mentored experience conducting field research and will develop expertise in environmental asthma. Additionally the candidate will become proficient in biostatistics and environmental science methodologies through formal course-work and through field experience. In the long term the candidate intends to become an independent researcher in environmental epidemiology and to collaborate with medical and public health colleagues to improve the health of the public by preventing harmful environmental exposures, and also to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of asthma. Environment: The proposed training and research will be done at the University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health. The mentor and co- mentor of the proposed project have substantial expertise in air pollution monitoring, bio-aerosol sampling and analysis, inner-city asthma, asthma panel studies, time series analysis, and time-space cluster analysis. All of these fields of knowledge are important in environmental asthma research. The Center for Environmental Epidemiology is a forum for developing a broad understanding of leading-edge research and controversies. The faculty, laboratories and computing facilities of the School of Public Health will be available to the candidate. The School of Public Health, the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences actively support the development of the candidate as an independent researcher in environmental epidemiology. Research Project: Inner city residents living in public housing are at increased risk for asthma morbidity and mortality. Cities in the United States are demolishing public housing developments. This may increase local concentrations of airborne particulate matter. The impact of this on asthma severity has not been studied. The proposed project is a panel study that will evaluate the impact of housing demolition on asthma severity of

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nearby public housing residents. The exposure will be characterized by environmental sampling. Health effects studied will be asthma symptoms, peak expiratory flow rate, and exhaled nitric oxide, an indicator of pulmonary inflammation. In order to determine the health effects of the particulate matter exposure, potential confounders and effect modifiers such as ambient air pollutants, pollen counts, and meteorological factors will be considered in a time-series analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DERMAL EXPOSURE TO 1,6-HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nylander-French, Leena A.; Assistant Professor; Environmental Sciences & Engr; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to develop and apply methods for measurement of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) exposure of spray painters who are at risk for sensitization and development of occupational asthma. The importance of the problem and the availability of a well-defined "at-risk" study population warrant the comprehensive nature of this proposed research. To achieve this goal, we will recruit 50 spray painters from one U.S. Marine/Navy base. Personal breathing-zone exposure will be measured with the Iso-Check TM sampler. Blood and urine samples will be analyzed for the metabolite 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) as a marker for whole body exposure and systemic absorption. Dermal deposition and penetration into the stratum corneum will be measured using a non-invasive tape-stripping method. An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for detection of HDI-adducted keratin will be developed in order to measure HDI absorption and the potential systemic bioavailability via the skin. Development of the capacity to measure adducts of HDI in the skin will allow us to define the kinetics and dosimetry of exposure(s). We will correlate the measured dermal concentration by the developed methods (ELISA and/or HDI extracted from the keratinized skin) with concentrations in other sentinel media (HDA in urine or plasma). Together, these data will allow us to correlate dermal exposure to systemic exposure and to determine the significance of exposure through the skin. Correlation between the biologically available dose and the dose measured in the biological specimens is critical to developing an understanding of the role of HDI exposure through the skin. Finally, we will be able to determine how factors related to job classification and work tasks affect recent dermal exposure to HDI in occupationally exposed workers using mixed-effects linear-regression models and to develop a model for spray painting exposure to predict dermal deposition rates and to evaluate these predictions in laboratory and field settings. By combining a industrial hygiene survey with measurements of exposure through all potential routes, with measurements of biologically available dose and sophisticated exposure modeling, the methods developed and results obtained by this study will be valuable for understanding of the role of dermal exposure as a vehicle for systemic exposure and for developing strategies to measure and minimize dermal exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIESEL PARTICLE EXPOSURE AND LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Garshick, Eric; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006

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Summary: Diesel exhaust particles are highly respirable with mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds adsorbed on their surface. Based on results from laboratory studies in rats and limited evidence in humans, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified diesel exhaust as a probable human carcinogen in 1989. However, the interpretation of past epidemiologic studies has been limited due to lack of direct measures of diesel exposure and insufficient years of follow-up. We have identified a unique national cohort of 55,750 long-term trucking company workers employed in 1985. We propose to conduct an extensive exposure assessment and assess the association of exposure to diesel exhaust with lung cancer mortality through 2000. The US trucking fleet has included diesel vehicles since the early 1950s. Therefore, there are trucking company workers with long duration of exposure and at least 20 years since first exposure. We will use the results from the exposure assessment, along with external databases of pollution and truck registrations, to develop a prediction model for diesel exhaust exposure and form categorical groupings of exposure levels. The model will include factors that are readily available in company personnel records such as job title and terminal characteristics so that exposure levels can be linked to the individual employees. We will assess ever-exposure, cumulative and duration of exposure. We will use the results from a questionnaire mailed to all current workers to control for potential confounding by smoking. In this retrospective follow-up, we will have 80 percent power to detect a relative risk of 1.25. This large cohort provides a unique opportunity to detect (or refute) suggested carcinogenic effects of diesel exhaust based on animal toxicology and limited epidemiologic studies. Furthermore, since the range of exposure in these workers includes levels similar to the general population, the findings will be relevant to understanding general population risk of lung cancer from diesel emissions and other fine particulate air pollution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DOSE RESPONSE MODELING IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC COHORT STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Eisen, Ellen A.; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: This proposal addresses the problem of nonlinear dose response estimation in environmental and occupational cohort studies by exploring two more flexible regression strategies: Generalized Additive Models (non-parametric regression) and a nonlinear dose metric. Typically, dose response models assume that the relationship is linear on some scale. Many disease mechanisms, however, such as sensitization or carcinogenesis, may produce nonlinearities in the dose-response curve. Moreover, linear models may be inappropriate in occupational cohort studies where the healthy worker effect can lead to an apparent plateau or even downturn in risk among the more highly exposed. General additive models will be used to describe the shapes of the doseresponse curve between cumulative exposures and selected outcomes in three cohort mortality studies with well established exposure response associations. The three data sets available for dose-response modeling are: 46,400 autoworkers exposed to metalworking fluids, 5,414 Vermont granite workers exposed to silica in quartz form and 2,342 diatomaceous earth miners exposed to crystalline silica in cristobalite form. Disease outcomes of interest will include cancers of the stomach, esophagus, pancreas, and liver in the metalworking fluid cohort, and cancer of the lung in the two silica cohorts. Nonmalignant respiratory disease mortality will be examined in all cohorts. In addition, we will apply a flexible dose model for metalworking fluids and crystalline

22 Air Pollution

silica that includes simple cumulative exposure as a special case. Unlike standard analyses that are limited to linear relations with cumulative exposure, this model, proposed by Seixas, is sufficiently flexible to enable investigation of nonlinear dose-rate effects and variable disease induction/latency intervals. Secondary objectives include the direct comparisons of the carcinogenicity of the four types of metalworking fluids (mineral oil, solubles, synthetic, and semi- synthetics) and of quartz and cristobalite polymorphs of crystalline silica. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANTS ON ANNUAL MORTALITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Thurston, George D.; Associate Professor; Environmental Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The recent NAS PM Research Priorities report highlighted the need to "investigate through toxicological and epidemiological studies the interactions between particulate matter and gaseous copollutants introducing harmful short-term and long-term exposures and resolving adverse health effects." Two prospective cohort studies (Harvard 6-cities and American Cancer Society) showed significant excess annual total, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer mortality in proportion to annual average fine particle mass concentration (PM2.5) and/or sulfate aerosol concentration. The specific aims of this research are to test the hypotheses that: 1) gaseous pollutants play a role in the excess annual cardiopulmonary mortality that has been associated with PM2.5 and sulfate; 2) lung cancer mortality rates are enhanced by particulate air pollution; and 3) the mortality that has been associated with PM results in substantial life shortening. The overall objective of this research is to answer these questions by a major expansion of the previously published ACS cohort mortality-air pollution investigation including a twofold increase in the number of death records that will be used in the analyses. The technical approaches to be applied for this research are extensions of those used in the previously published ACS study. The multiple pollutant regression analyses will be based on the Cox proportional hazards model. For ambient pollutant concentration data sets, we will use the EPA's AIRS database, the fine particle database from EPA's Inhalable Particulate (IP) network, nationwide historical weather and visibility records, and in-house data for artifact-free PM2.5 sulfate in 66 U.S. communities in 1990. The results expected are more comprehensive and detailed analyses of the mortality experience of the ACS prospective cohort population in relation to ambient concentrations of air pollutants in the communities in which they reside. In addition to the PM2.5 analyses in relation to annual mortality rates, we will produce proportional hazards analyses using PM2.5, sulfate, 03, CO, SO2, and NO2 in order to determine the independent and/or combined effects of the major components of the ambient pollution mixture. By expanding the scope of pollutants and the consideration of other modeling approaches to better account for the influences of personal risk factors, we expect to clarify the roles of specific pollutant factors and to more precisely determine rates for specific annual mortality causes, the influence of individual risk factors among the population segments, and the extent of life-span reduction attributable to exposure to air pollutants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF CHRONIC OZONE EXPOSURE ON LUNG FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Tager, Ira B.; Professor; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) A large part of the U.S. population is exposed to ambient ozone (O3) concentrations that are associated with acute respiratory health effects; however, little is known about the effects on human respiratory health of long-term exposure to such ambient concentrations. Chronic exposure of non-human primates to high concentrations of O3 are associated with pathologic changes in the centriacinar region of the lung that are similar to changes observed in young cigarette smokers. Based on pilot studies completed by the investigators, the current study tests the hypothesis that, humans, there is an exposureresponse relationship between the amount of chronic exposure to ambient O3 and measures of lung function that reflect changes in the centriacinar region of the human lung (FEF25-75); and this relationship is not seen with measures of more proximal airway function (FEV1). First-year UC Berkeley students, ages 18-21 yrs, who are lifelong residents of the Los Angles Basin (n=200, high O3) and the San Francisco Bay Area (n=100, low O3) will be studied. Lifetime exposure to ambient O3 will be estimated with methods developed by the investigators that combine questionnaire and ambient O3 data. Lung function will be assessed with maximum expiratory flow-volume curves. Students will be studied after 4-6 months of low ambient O3 exposure and immediately after 2-3 months of exposure to summertime O3. Forty students (20 from each area) who are at the upper and lower tails of the FEF25-75 distribution will undergo 2 controlled O3 exposures (seasonal as above) followed by BAL/biopsy to evaluate relationships between measures of inflammation, injury/repair and oxidant induce damage/repair and FEF25-75. Regression will be used to evaluate relationships between lifetime O3 exposure and lung function, adjusted for past and family respiratory history, allergy history, home characteristics, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and particle air pollution and NO2. This is the first detailed epidemiologic study of the effects of chronic exposure to an air pollutant based on individual estimates of lifetime exposure and controlled exposure data. The study tests a specific toxicologic model in humans that has relevance for chronic respiratory disease and explores mechanisms of effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF COOKING SMOKE ON HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Mishra, Vinod K.; East-West Center 1601 East-West Rd Honolulu, Hi 96848 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Available studies suggest that indoor air pollution from cooking and space heating causes substantial ill health in developing countries where a majority of households rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such as wood, crop residues, and dung cakes, but research on this subject is limited and many uncertainties remain. The objective of the proposed research is to assess the effects of exposure to cooking smoke on a number of health outcomes including tuberculosis, asthma, acute respiratory infections, anemia, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The primary data source for the project is India's 1998-99 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), comprising more than 90,000 households throughout the country. This survey, which two members of the proposed research team helped design, contains detailed information on cooking fuels, fuel mix, tobacco smoking, and a number of relevant

24 Air Pollution

health outcomes, as well as information on many individual and household characteristics that may potentially confound the relationships between cooking smoke, tobacco smoke, and health. The research will also utilize data from India's 1992-93 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1), which also covered about 90,000 households throughout India; but the use of NFHS-1 data will be limited because it did not collect data on asthma, anemia, and some other key variables including tobacco smoking. Data from these surveys are unique in that they include questions on both cooking fuel type and a number of health outcomes, as well as data on tobacco smoking, from a large national sample, making it possible to explore the relationships between cooking smoke, tobacco smoke, and these health outcomes. The principal method of analysis will be logistic regression, with presence or absence of a particular health condition (e.g., active tuberculosis) as the response variable. The principal predictor variable will be exposure to cooking smoke, measured indirectly by type of cooking fuel used by the household (biomass fuels, cleaner fuels, mix of biomass and cleaner fuels). The regressions will include a number of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental control variables, including both active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC AIR POLLUTION ON RESPIRATORY HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Tam, Elizabeth K.; Professor; Medicine; University of Hawaii at Manoa 2500 Campus Rd Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed investigations engage residents of the Big Island of Hawaii in research that explores the effects of volcanic air pollution ("vog") on their respiratory health. Scientists and community researchers will work together to explore the hypothesis that children who have been exposed to volcanic pollution during most of their lives suffer significantly more respiratory symptoms, decreased lung function, or diminished lung growth than children who reside in areas of low vog. The overall goal will be met by fulfilling the following specific aims: (1) develop a community research infrastructure that promotes collaboration between research institutions, community leaders and participants and that builds capacity in the community to address environmental research questions; (2) compile and analyze available air monitoring data, historical volcanic activity and weather patterns to estimate the concentrations of vog to which children have been exposed since 1990; (3) monitor concentrations of particulate matter, acid aerosols, and SO2 in residential areas that are predicted to differ in vog concentration; (4) characterize and compare in a crosssectional study the respiratory symptoms and function of children in these areas; and (5) compare the rates of lung growth in these children in a 3-year follow-up study. The overall goal of active and informed community participation will be sought in the conduct of all investigations. Thus, achieving each aim yields more than scientific content; it also builds a set of skills that can be applied to other hypotheses. Aims 2 and 3 introduce exposure assessment and statistical comparison. Aim 4 introduces issues of conducting research in human subjects. Aim 5 provides an iterative phase to consolidate skills and generate new hypotheses. In selecting these specific aims, then, the investigators have also outlined broad strokes of a hands-on research curriculum for the community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENDOTOXIN AND BRONCHIAL INFLAMMATION IN ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Peden, David B.; Professor of Pediatrics and Center Direc; Pediatrics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: Endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) is a potent inflammatory stimulant which is fund in ambient air in occupation settings. Asthma in the workplace is an increasingly significant problem. Asthma is characterize by airway inflammation and increased reactivity to both allergic and nonallergic stimuli. LPS is known to induced airway inflammation in normal subjects and to enhance airway reactivity in asthmatics. Additionally, both alveolar macrophages and mononuclear cells from asthmatics secrete higher amounts of cytokines (IL-1 IL-8, GM-CSF) than those from normal. Thus, it is likely that LPS enhanced allergen-induced inflammation and that allergic asthmatics are more sensitive to the effects of LPS. Preliminary data from our group show that exposure to low levels (250 ng/m3) of LPS at risk for 4 hours enhances both immediate responsiveness to inhaled allergen and allergen-induced eosinophils as observed in induced sputum. In the nasal airways of allergic, a single dose of 1,000 ng of LPS enhances PMN influx associated with allergen challenge. This latter finding also correlates well with baseline IL-8 and ECP levels, suggesting that constitutive airway inflammation enhances response to these stimuli. The aims of this is to compare the effect of LPS (5,000 ng) on airway inflammation and methacholine response and lung function in normals and asthmatics; the effect of LPS (500 NG) on allergen-induced reactivity and inflammatory cell influx following LPS exposure (5,000 ng) in asthmatics, likely as a result of decreasing baseline inflammation. To examine potential cellular mediation of the effect of LPS in asthma, cytokine secretion of mononuclear cells to LPS of subjects responding to LPS (or those in whom LPS enhance response to allergen) will be compared to those who did not respond. Comparison of in vitro monocyte and in vivo airway responses of asthmatics who are responsive and non-responsive will be compared to baseline sputum and nasal lavage fluid IL-8 and ECP to determine if either in vitro monocyte responses or IL-8 and ECP in readily obtained airway fluids may serve as biomarkers LPS responsiveness and might be used as a marker for a LPSresponse phenotype in humans for future mechanistic and intervention studies. Finally, practical data on the effect of LPS in asthmatics (at levels found in typical work settings) and the ability of standard anti-inflammatory therapy to protect asthmatic workers unavoidable exposed to LPS will be obtained. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF ASTHMA INCIDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcconnell, Rob S.; Associate Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, and asthma prevalence and incidence have been increasing over the past several decades. This population-based cohort study of risk factors for asthma in schoolaged children offers an opportunity to address this important, poorly understood chronic childhood disease. The results from the CHS provide leads for reducing the burden of asthma. In high ozone communities, physician diagnosis of asthma in the CHS was associated with time spent outside and with playing team sports, factors

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which increase exposure and ventilation rates. Obesity was associated with new onset asthma; pets accounted for a substantial proportion of the attributable risk; and interaction was observed between a prototype air pollutant, cigarette smoke, and GSTP1, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of oxidants present in air pollution. To expand on these findings, the investigators propose to establish a new cohort of 6,000 kindergarten, first, and second grade children, enriched with children who play team soccer. The diagnosis of incident asthma cases in each of the 12 communities will be confirmed by a standardized clinical examination. Information on physical activity will be obtained from team sport participation and pedometry. The extensive air pollution monitoring system in each of the 12 communities will be enhanced by measurement of N02, 03, PM2.5 and CO at homes, schools and areas where children exercise. Individual exposures will be assigned using spatial mapping techniques and micro-environmental models. A case-control study of new asthmatics will provide an opportunity to: (1) replicate associations between asthma and genes involved in the response to reactive oxygen species; (2) clarify the temporal association between asthma onset and exposure to pets and other indoor allergens; and (3) evaluate interactions between air pollution and indoor allergens, and between exposure to ambient air pollution and polymorphisms in genes involved in the response to reactive oxygen species. This proposal presents innovative approaches to defining the asthma phenotype in large epidemiologic studies, physical activity assessment, exposure assessment, and genetic epidemiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ARRHYTHMOGENESIS IN WHI Principal Investigator & Institution: Whitsel, Eric A.; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Air pollution and cardiovascular disease mortality are clearly linked, yet population-based studies of air pollution and arrhythmogenesis have not been conducted in women. Moreover, extant studies have not evaluated whether acute, pro-arrhythmic effects of exposure to ambient air pollutants are modified by three potentially important markers of the environmental, socioeconomic and clinical context within which such exposures ostensibly increase cardiovascular risk in women: chronic exposure status, neighborhood of residence, and disease-specific susceptibility factors for sudden death. We will investigate these issues in an ethnically diverse population of 68,133 post-menopausal women aged 59-70 years from the 40 clinical centers and their satellites participating in the baseline examination of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial (WHI, 1993-1998). We will estimate exposure to criteria pollutants (PM10; NO2; SO2; CO; 03) in ambient air at geocoded participant addresses using validated, spatial models that rely on pollutant concentrations recorded at adjacent fixed-site monitors in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Aerometric Information Retrieval System. Spatially interpolated exposures will take the form of average pollutant concentrations on the day of, and for the 1, 2 & 3 days and 1, 2 & 3 years preceding the baseline examination and year three follow-up. We will reliably evaluate autonomic function, atrioventricular conduction, ventricular depolarization, ventricular repolarization and ectopy from resting, standard 12-lead ECGs recorded at the WHI examinations. After removing seasonal variations and long-term trends, and in addition, adjusting for demographic and meteorological covariates, we will explore the putative association between air pollutants and ECG measures. Then we will determine

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whether the associations are modified by chronic exposure status, socioeconomic characteristics of geographic regions in which participants live, and clinical risk factors for sudden cardiac death using Bayesian, hierarchical models. Lastly, we will assess sensitivity of our findings to adjustment for exposure measurement error arising from spatial interpolation of personal exposures from ambient concentrations of air pollutants. Our ancillary study will thereby evaluate the biologically relevant proarrhythmic mechanisms and contextual features linking ambient air pollution to cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in a large, ethnically and geographically diverse group of postmenopausal women. In doing so, it will improve understanding of associations between airborne pollutants and cardiovascular disease mortality, facilitate assessment of current U.S. air quality standards, and yield insight into the relatively gradual decline of sudden cardiac death rates among U.S. women over the last decade. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEFICIENCY

ENVIRONMENTAL

FACTORS

IN

ALPHA

1-ANTITRYPSIN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Newman, Lee S.; Professor; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Occupational dust, fume, and gas exposures have been associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Genetic and familial factors also contribute to the risk of COPD. Individuals with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (alpha11ATD) comprise one of these genetically susceptible populations. The major environmental risk factor for COPD and for alpha1AT deficient individuals who are homozygous (PI*Z) is personal tobacco use. However, preliminary studies suggest that occupational respiratory exposures may also contribute to the severity of this disease. We hypothesize that exposure to occupational and environmental respiratory irritants (dust, fumes, smoke, and gas) increases the risk of both chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction in genetically susceptible individuals with PI* Z alpha1AT deficiency. This hypothesis will be tested through the following specific aims: 1) To evaluate the association between specific types of occupational and environmental respiratory exposures and the presence and severity of specific pulmonary symptoms and airflow obstruction. 2) To assess the potential interaction or confounding effects between different types of respiratory irritant exposures and/or personal and environmental tobacco smoke in predicting risk of respiratory symptoms. 3) To assess the potential interaction between personal or environmental tobacco smoke and respiratory infections in predicting risk of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. 4) To validate the model developed as a predictive model by repeated re-sampling of the original data set, i.e. bootstrapping, that could help health professionals counsel and educate PI*Z patients concerning their risks from environmental and occupational exposures. A cross-sectional design will be used in an expanded cohort of >300 patients with alpha1At deficiency PI*Z. The goal of this proposal is to better understand the burden of obstructive lung disease due to occupational exposures in PI*Z individuals. Such research offers an opportunity to investigate environmental and genetic interactions in which the gene trait that confers susceptibility is known but in which the environmental triggers are not. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Correa-Villasenor, Adolfo; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-NOV-2000; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: Asthma morbidity is high among inner city children. The factors responsible for this public health problem remain unclear but are probably related to genetics, psychosocial factors, and exposures to allergens and air pollutants, including environmental tobacco smoke, particles, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. The proposed epidemiologic project aims to elucidate the relationship between exposures to allergens and air pollutants and asthma morbidity among inner city children with asthma. The specific aims are: (1) to characterize exposure to allergens and air pollutants among inner city children with asthma; (2) to determine the prevalence of respiratory morbidity among inner city children with asthma; and (3) to assess whether exposure to higher levels of both air pollutants and allergens results in more asthma morbidity than expected based on the effects from independent exposures to air pollutants and allergen. This community-based epidemiologic project will enroll children who currently have symptomatic asthma in an asthma education program in 25 elementary schools and invite them participate in a study of the relationship of asthma to air pollution. Participants (expected n= 300) will be recruited over a 3 year period. Children and their families will undergo a clinic visit with interviews on demographics, psychosocial, past and current asthma health status, exposure to passive smoking, and time-activity patterns. Children will receive allergy skin tests, and provide spirogram, urine for cotinine and serum for total IgE. Children's homes will be visited to ascertain the physical condition, and measure allergens in settled dust, airborne PM/2.5 and PM/10, ozone, NO2 and cotinine. Data on ambient measurements of pollutants will be obtained from the State of Maryland (ozone and NO2 and a USA EPA monitoring station (particles) in the study community. A sample of study children (n=200) will be interviewed six months after baseline to assess asthma status. Analysis will examine whether asthma morbidity is associated with exposure to allergens, pollutants or a combination, and whether apparent seasonal variations in asthma morbidity are associated with seasonal variations in allergens and pollutants. The goal of this effort is to identify environmental factors associated with asthma morbidity that may help in the development of cost-effective community-based interventions in urban environments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXPOSURE INSIGHTS USING GIS IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Reynolds, Peggy; Epidemiologist and Senior Investigator; Impact Assessment, Inc. 2166 Avenida De La Playa, Ste F La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed geographic information system-based study of the causes of childhood leukemia is not only designed to advance the state-ofthe-art in epidemiologic methods, but also to lead to greater understanding of the etiologic role of environmental pollutants. The study employs an innovative application of GIS analytic capability to address some of the fundamental shortcomings of traditional epidemiology. It will build on one of the first large-scale GIS studies of patterns of childhood cancer, and one of the most extensive case-control studies of childhood leukemia undertaken in the US. As such, it represents an important direction in the evolution of GIS as an analysis tool. A key objective is to solve the problem of characterizing the spectrum of exposure opportunity to individuals, especially for the

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range of chemical agents potentially encountered in residential settings from environmental sources. The proposed study is organized around the hypothesis that perinatal or early life exposures to environmental chemicals are associated with increased risk of developing childhood leukemia. Primary exposure sources of concern for this project include agricultural pesticides, motor vehicle emissions, and other sources of air toxicants. The project will create individualized geographically-based estimates of exposure constructed from residential and school history data collected in the first five years of an ongoing UC Berkeley/California Department of Health Services case-control study, calibrated by measured air monitoring data and validated by means of laboratory analyses of household dust and air samples. These exposure estimates will be applied to the full case-control study (an estimated total of 660 cases and 1052 controls accessioned by year-2 of this project) to assess risk relationships, with adjustment for important covariables. The study offers sufficient power to detect even modest changes in environmental risk factors associated with the chemical agents of concern. The proposed project presents an unusual opportunity to extend the capabilities of GIS tools to assist epidemiologists in attributing population exposures, to validate generated exposure attributes, and to integrate these estimates with individual measures for a more comprehensive assessment of the role of environmental risk factors in the etiology of these little understood diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENES, AIR POLLUTION, OXIDANT STRESS, AND CHILDREN'S RESPIRATORY HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilliland, Frank D.; Associate Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Ambient air pollutants and tobacco smoke produce adverse respiratory health effects in children. Pro-oxidants and oxidants that produce oxidative stress mediate adverse effects of air pollution. Multiple genes determine intensity and biologic effects of oxidative stress following exposure to air pollution. The investigators hypothesize that genetic variants that increase oxidative stress or decrease antioxidant defenses increase adverse outcomes. Gene-environment and gene-gene interactions within and between oxidative stress pathways, as well as gene interactions with dietary intake, may be important determinants of adverse respiratory outcomes. To evaluate these hypotheses, the investigators will conduct a candidate gene association study in a cohort of 6,000 children in the CHS, a 10-year longitudinal study in 12 Southern California communities. To further evaluate interactions between genes, air pollution, diet and gene-gene interactions, they propose to conduct a population-based prospective family cohort study including 3,000 trios of children in the CHS and their parents. They will establish the family cohort by collecting questionnaire data and buccal cell specimens for genomic DNA from parents of CHS participants. Genomic DNA will be analyzed for genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A1, AhR, NQO1, GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTT1, GSTP1, EPHX1), reactive oxygen species metabolism (MN-SOD, EC-SOD, GPX1, GPX3, catalase), oxidative damage detoxification (GPX1, GPX3, GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTT1, GSTP1), inflammatory oxidant production (MPO, TNFa), and antioxidant defenses (HMOX-1). The exposures of interest are ambient air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The respiratory health outcomes of interest are lung function growth and level, respiratory symptoms, asthma, and respiratory infections. Associations of respiratory health outcomes with air pollution and polymorphisms in these genes will be assessed separately, jointly and in

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conjunction with other factors related to oxidant stress. The family study will provide an expanded opportunity to control for confounding by admixture and investigate genegene interactions within and between pathways. The family study will provide a well characterized population-based resource to confirm the effects of newly identified candidate genes. Understanding the role of genetic variation in the context of diet and exposure to air pollutants may provide information to identify and protect susceptible groups of children. The CHS and the new family cohort study will have future utility to test hypotheses growing out of the Human Genome Project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GLUTATHIONE AND CF LUNG DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mckone, Edward; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is a five-year training plan designed to prepare the Principal Investigator for a career as an independent patient-oriented researcher with an interest in the genetic epidemiology of lung disease. Through the completion of these projects as well as the pursuit of course work in clinical and genetic epidemiology, the candidate will develop the necessary skills to design and implement family-based genetic association studies, including gene-gene and gene-environment interaction. The proposal is a collaboration between the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Departments of Public Health Genetics and Environmental Health and includes experts in cystic fibrosis, genetic epidemiology, environmental health and toxicology. The primary scientific goal of this research is to analyze the genetic determinants of lung disease variability in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Aim 1 will be a retrospective cohort study, using the National CF database, to quantify the effect of CF genotype on CF clinical manifestations, including lung function and mortality. Aim 2 will be a prospective study to examine for linkage and association between severe CF lung disease and a candidate gene that influences glutathione synthesis. DNA will be collected from CF patients and their biological parents. Transmission disequilibrium testing (TDT) will be performed on the trios looking for unequal segregation of glutayl-cysteine-ligase catalytic subunit (GLCLC) polymorphisms from parents to CF patients with severe lung disease. Aim 3 will examine for an association between severe CF lung disease and polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase M1 and TNF-alpha also using a TDT. As these polymorphisms may influence glutathione synthesis and function, gene-gene interaction with GLCLC polymorphisms will be examined using a case-only study design and logistic regression. Finally, in aim 4, through the use of validated questionnaires and methods of residence location, environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and air pollutants will be measured to test for gene-environment interaction. These projects have strong clinical and public health implications both in terms of predicting high-susceptibility patients that may develop severe lung disease as well as increasing our understanding of the mechanisms of CF lung function decline. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHILDREN

GENETICS/AIR

POLLUTION/RESPIRATORY

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EFFECTS

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, John M.; Professor and Director; Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Program Project proposal is submitted to request funding for 4 research Projects and 4 supporting Cores building on the Children?s Health Study, an ongoing cohort study of some 6,000 children from 12 communities in Southern California which has yielded a wealth of data on the chronic effects of air pollution, but the results leave open questions that need further attention. The 4 Projects address the question of whether the observed changes in pulmonary function persist to adulthood, involve studying asthma incidence with the goal of identifying environmental and host factors, examine the genetic variation in oxidative stress pathways that modulate response to air pollution, and develop new biostatistical methods. Core 1 provides field logistics and technical support for the data collection, Core 2 provides biostatistical and data management support, Core 3 obtains data needed for exposure assessment, and Core 4 provides the genotyping and sample storage capability. Combining the 4 Projects into one Program Project promotes the interdisciplinary activity required to tackle complex projects while creating efficiencies that take advantage of existing resources and cores. The major hypotheses are: (1) Oxidative stress is the main biological pathway by which air pollution leads to adverse respiratory effects. Specific pollutants that give rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) will have the greatest effects and these effects will be modified by genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, inflammatory oxidant production, antioxidant production, ROS metabolism, and detoxification of oxidation products. Dietary antioxidant intake and other lifestyle factors such as physical activity will also modify these effects. (2) Pollutants contributing to these long-term effects are combustion-related and the biggest contributor is derived from motor vehicle emissions, and that the contributions from diesel emissions and freshly emitted automobile emissions can be distinguished by measurements of relevant markers such as fine elemental carbon (EC) particles and carbon monoxide (CO) and by spatial modeling of traffic density. (3) The respiratory effects of air pollution are multifaceted and interrelated. Thus, air pollution has effects on pulmonary function, on chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, and on the frequency of respiratory illnesses. (4) The effects of air pollution on lung function and respiratory disease are irreversible and lead to permanent deficits continuing into adulthood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GEOGRAPHIC MODELING OF TRAFFIC AND ASTHMA RATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gordian, Mary E.; Inst/Circumpolar Hlth Studies; University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Dr Anchorage, Ak 99504 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: This study will examine the factors associated with the incidence of asthma in young school children in Anchorage, Alaska. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the relative weight of individual risk factors and the weight of environmental proximity to traffic as a risk factor associated with the incidence of asthma in children. The study is based on kindergarten and first grade children (1600+ students) in twelve neighborhood schools. The schools have been selected because they have a catchment area of

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contiguous neighborhoods with residents of varied socioeconomic status. These schools include some of the poorest residents in the city as well as a large number of middle to high-income residents. As part of the study plan, the catchment area of the schools will be mapped and traffic parameters on the roadways within the neighborhoods will be measured using pneumatic devices. Local demographic and economic factors for each neighborhood are available from the city planning office. Traffic parameters will be entered in a geographic mapping system. Summary parameters for each school will then be calculated. The primary assessment will involve a survey of the parents of the kindergarten and first-grade students in the same neighborhood schools to assess the asthma symptoms of the children, family risk factors, in-home factors related to individual risk of asthma, socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic identity. The survey will also indicate the length of time the child spends in this neighborhood on a daily basis as well as the number of years that the child has lived at this address. Each address will be mapped and the traffic parameters calculated within a buffer zone of each child's home. The primary definition of asthma will be based on weighted survey responses including a medical diagnosis of asthma, using asthma medication, or asthma symptoms without symptoms of upper respiratory infection. Multi-level regression analysis will used to analyse the survey data and individual traffic exposure. Using this approach will increase the power of the study to examine the relationship between proximity to traffic and the incidence of asthma in young children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GEOGRAPHIC VARIABILITY IN ED USE FOR PEDIATRIC ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hirshon, Jon M.; Surgery; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Jon Mark Hirshon, M.D., M.P.H., Board Certified in both Emergency Medicine and Preventive Medicine, seeks a Doctorate in Epidemiology in order to acquire advanced skills in linking, manipulating and analyzing large databases. The candidate's long-term goal is to develop emergency departments as significant sites for public health surveillance and hypothesis-driven research. The objective of this application is to analyze State of Maryland data to determine whether there is geographic variability in emergency department utilization for asthma within the State of Maryland. He then plans to develop a multiple variable model that incorporates socio-demographic variables and environmental factors to evaluate what risk modifiers impact the use of EDs for asthma. Since the need to seek emergent medical care is a sentinel event for individuals with asthma, a better understanding of variables associated with ED utilization will focus further population based research related to asthma exacerbations. The specific research aims are: 1) quantify rates of asthma-related ED visits by region; 2) quantify the degree to which the amount of utilization variability is an artifact of differences in hospital coding practices; 3) develop a model that incorporates environmental factors, such as criteria air pollutants per county, and socio-demographic variables, such as new housing construction, to evaluate the causes affecting the risk of using the ED for asthma. The linking of multiple statewide data sources to evaluate geographic variability in the need to seek emergent medical care for asthma has not been done. Maryland is a wonderful location to study population-based data due to: 1) the multiple statewide health care, environmental and socio-demographic databases; 2) the geographic and population variability mirroring the range of diversity seen within the United States; and 3) its relatively small size. This research will allow us to obtain a better understanding of the ED utilization differences

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seen within Maryland, while further evaluating these differences for specific environmental and socio-demographic modifiers. Considering its rich research resources, University of Maryland is an ideal environment to conduct this study. The research has potential nationwide applicability and could lead to innovative strategies to meet the Healthy People 2010 objective 24-3 focused on decreasing ED utilization for asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF NSBRI Principal Investigator & Institution: Redlich, Carrie A.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The primary goal of this revised RO1 application is to determine the health and socioeconomic consequences of nonspecific building-related illness (NSBRI) (or sick building syndome) in workers diagnosed with this prevalent disorder. More than half of the U.S. workforce is now employed in indoor nonindustrial environments. Various symptoms and illnesses have increasingly been reported in such nonindustrial indoor environments. NSBRI refers to a common nonspecific disorder which is usually associated with a particular building. Although objective physiologic abnormalities are generally not noted, NSBRI can be extremely unpleasant and an important cause of disability and lost work time. Despite this, NSBRI has received scant scientific attention from a clinical and economic perspective. Little progress has been made in establishing: 1) diagnostic criteria, 2) the natural history or clinical course of NSBRI, 3) the social and economic consequences of this common and important occupational health problem, or 4) the predictors of adverse outcomes. Our Specific Aims are: Aim 1 A) Identify and classify NSBRI cases using several different case definitions of NSBRI. Aim 1 B) Determine associations between the different case definitions and the various outcome variables. Aim 2 A) Characterize the natural history of NSBRI following diagnosis. Aim 2 B) Determine which host factors (i.e. age, marital status, initial symptoms) and workplace factors (i.e. job stress, work environment) are associated with disease progression and severity. Aim 3 A) Determine the effect of NSBRI on socioeconomic outcomes (i.e. work-disability, employment status, financial status). Aim 3 B) Determine which host factors and workplace factors are associated with more adverse socioeconomic outcomes. The overall study design will be a retrospective longitudinal follow-up study of 75 patients diagnosed with NSBRI at the YOEMP Clinic from 1994 to 1999. A similar group of 75 musculoskeletal patients matched on age, gender and year of diagnosis will be used as scontrols for the socioeconomic analysis. Phone interviews will assess symptoms, general health, functional status, disability, stress, and socioeconomic status since diagnosis of NSBRI. This study should identify diagnostic criteria, increase our understanding of the natural history and socioeconomic consequences of NSBRI, as well as identify risk factors associated with worse outcomes. This information is critical for the development of interventions to prevent and/or ameliorate the adverse consequences of NSBRI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION IN AN ELDERLY POPULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sullivan, Jeffrey H.; Environmental Health; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The long term goal of the candidate is to develop a patient oriented research program in Pulmonary Medicine and Environmental Health at the University of Washington that determines mechanisms of pulmonary and cardiovascular effect from environmental pollutants. The candidate will perform two studies to determine the effects of PM2.5 on cardiac function. The first study is a casecrossover study which will determine the association of sudden cardiac arrest to PM2.5 and co-pollutant levels. The second is a panel study in elderly individuals that will expand on the understanding of mechanism of cardiac effect by determining whether inflammatory cytokine and thrombotic responses to particulate matter (PM), CO or N02 occur in susceptible sub-populations. It hypothesizes that these air pollutants induce an inflammatory cascade within the lung that results in measurable elevations in local and systemic inflammatory mediators that induce a decompensation of cardiac function, especially in susceptible groups. These proposed studies of inflammatory markers will be coupled to measures of intra-individual changes in thrombotic proteins (D-dimer and fibrinogen) with varying levels of air pollution exposure in this cohort of elderly participants with and without lung and heart disease. The proposed study builds on an established project within the UW EPA PM Research Center repeatedly measuring personal PM exposures and health effects, in 108 elderly individuals with and without cardiac or respiratory diseases during a high and low pollution season. By assessing intra-individual differences, this project will: 1) Determine whether PM exposure-effect relationships can be detected for exhaled nitric oxide and for serum TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha receptors, IL-6 and IL-6 receptor, endothelin-1 and C-reactive protein (CRP) and whether these effects are associated with sub-clinical morbidity including a reduction in heart rate variability. 2) Determine whether elevated PM 2.5 is associated with increased susceptibility to thrombosis by measuring intra-individual variation of D-dimer and fibrinogen levels. Elucidating molecular mechanisms of susceptibility to air pollution induced morbidity will aid in designing public health policy to prevent morbidity and mortality from air pollution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEART ATTACKS AND TRAFFIC POLLUTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, Joel D.; Director of Research & Development; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant ): Since the late 1980's, numerous studies have found particulate air pollutant concentrations to be responsible for excess mortality. More recent studies have clarified that most of these deaths are sudden deaths. We have recently shown that particles from traffic are more specifically associated with acute cardiovascular effects. We have also shown the pre-existing diabetes was an important modifier of the particle effect. All of these studies have looked at immediate effects. Two prospective cohort studies have indicated that long-term exposure to particles is also associated with noticeable reductions in life expectancies. To replicate the association between chronic exposure and deaths, and examine the specific role of traffic particles we will conduct a case-control study of myocardial infarctions, using data from the Worcester Heart Attack Study. We will use a GIS system to code the latitude and longitude of home and work locations of cases and controls, and fit models relating concentrations of elemental carbon (a tracer for traffic particles) to population density, distance from roadways, and traffic counts in the Worcester MSA. From this, we will

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assign exposures to each subject. Controls will be sampled from town census books, which are conducted annually in Massachusetts. Controls will be matched by age, sex, and 10 year age group. Socio-economic data will be merged from the block group of the subjects, and questionnaire data will assess smoking history, alcohol consumption, aspirin and other medication use, educational level, height, weight, age, race, exercise, and air conditioner use. We will also ask about the presence of medical conditions, such as diabetes, that may be modifiers of the effect of pollution. Nonlinearities in covariates will be assessed and controlled for using penalized splines, in conditional logistic regressions. A preliminary analysis will use retrospective data, and not obtain questionnaire data. Effect modification by diabetes, prior MI, COPD, smoking, and angina will be tested using interaction terms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEMEOXYGENASE1--REGULATION AND FUNCTION AFTER HYPEROXIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Patty J.; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Oxidative injury, mediated by the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including carcinogenesis, aging and inflammation. The lung is a major target for exogenous oxidants, such as smoke and air pollution, as well as for the endogenous ROS generated by inflammatory cells. In addition, patients succumbing to respiratory failure (e.g. adult respiratory distress syndrome) require supplemental oxygen therapy which further increases the oxidant burden of the lung. Aerobic organisms have developed antioxidant defenses to defend against oxidative stress. One such defense strategy is the up-regulation of various stress-response gene such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a ubiquitous mammalian enzyme. There has been recent evidence implicating HO-1 as a cytoprotective gene product given its marked induction with oxidant stress and its ability to decrease the pro-oxidant state of the cell, by degrading heme. The by-products of HO-1 activity, bilirubin and ferritin, also have anti-oxidant properties by scavenging radicals and sequestering highly-reactive free iron, respectively. We have observed HO1 to be highly induced in vivo and in vitro after hyperoxia (95% 0/2). Furthermore, we found HO-1 induction in hyperoxic RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to be transcriptionally regulated and dependent on cooperation between the proximal promoter and a distal enhancer site. Functionally, studies with lung epithelial cells show HO-1 protects against hyperoxic death and preliminary survival studies with transgenic mice show HO-1 offers protection against hyperoxia in vivo as well. We hypothesize hyperoxia upregulates HO-1 as a protective mechanism. We will examine the transcriptional regulation and functional significance of HO-1 in hyperoxia by addressing the following specific aims: 1) Determine the transcriptional regulation of HO-1 gene expression in response to hyperoxia. 2) Identify the upstream signal transduction pathway(s) involved in the activation of the HO-1 gene after hyperoxia. 3) Determine the functional role of HO-1 after hyperoxia in vitro following hyperoxia. 4) Determine the functional role of HO-1 after hyperoxia in vivo using HO- 1 transgenic and knock-out mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HUMAN LUNG CELL RESPONSES TO PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Veranth, John M.; Chemical/Fuels Engineering; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-FEB-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) This resubmitted proposal for a Mentored Quantitative Research Career Development Award will provide John Veranth with funding to combine his combustion and aerosol engineering background with cell biochemistry research under the supervision of Dr. Garold Yost as the sponsor and Dr. Ann Aust as the co-sponsor. The research is motivated by the goal of applying mass transfer and heterogeneous (solid-liquid) reaction analysis techniques from chemical engineering to the study of the interactions of low-solubility inorganic air pollution particles with lung cells. The candidate's research emphasis will be on quantitative analysis of intracellular iron dose as a function of measurable particle characteristics and the correlation of this dose with cytokine signaling responses. Results from computational simulations will be compared with experimental data obtained in cultured cell lines, in fresh lung macrophages, and from whole animal inhalation studies. The study is motivated by the biological hypothesis that ambient particles can deliver an inappropriate dose of redox active transition metals to lung tissues where the metals catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species, initiating a cascade of cytokine signaling responses. Further, these cytokine signals are proposed as a mechanistic link between air pollution and certain adverse effects in sensitive individuals. The specific aims are: aim 1: Develop, using current literature data, a computational model that predicts the intracellular dose of iron or other transition metals in target cells and airway tissues based on measurable particle characteristics. Specific aim 2: Determine the effect of temperature, oxidation, and moisture history on the ability of inorganic particles to release redox-active metals under physiological conditions. Specific aim 3: Elucidate the kinetics of key mechanistic steps of particle-induced proinflammatory responses in appropriate lung cells by measuring intracellular iron concentration and selected signaling responses. Specific aim 4: Use data obtained from cell culture and whole animal inhalation studies to refine and improve the computational model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INDIVIDUAL FACTORS IN NASAL IRRITANT SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Shusterman, Dennis J.; Associate Clinical Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): A variety of symptoms linked to indoor air pollution, including eye, nose, and throat irritation (as well as reflex nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sinus headache) are either mediated (or triggered) by trigeminal chemoreception. The premise that humans exhibit significant inter-individual variation in nasal trigeminal irritant sensitivity is one that has been suggested on both clinical and epidemiologic grounds, but experimentally has been incompletely investigated. The purpose of this series of experiments is to systematically explore the influence of personal factors -including age, gender, and allergic rhinitis status- on nasal irritant sensitivity, using stratified samples of non-asthmatic subjects aged 18-69 years. Operationally, "nasal irritant sensitivity" will include both perceptual acuity (the ability of an individual to detect an irritant gas or vapor) and physiologic reactivity (the

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tendency of individuals to experience reflex-mediated physiologic changes when exposed to irritants). For perceptual acuity, two distinct experimental systems will be employed: detection thresholds using odorless irritant (CO2), and localization thresholds for an odorous volatile organic compound (VOC). Nasal physiologic reactivity will be studies by examining changes in nasal airway resistance (NAR) after both chemical irritant (low-level chlorine) and pharmacologic (aerosolized histamine) provocation. Finally, biochemical markers of mast cell degranulation (tryphase) and neuro-immune modulation (nerve growth factor) will be assayed in nasal lavage fluid pre- and post chemical provocation in a subset of subjects. Issues of test-retest stability and cross agent generalizability of sensory tests will be examined, as will the degree of correlation between individual perceptual acuity and physiologic reactivity. The overall goals include: 1) to better understand heterogeneity of upper airway symptom reporting in polluted environments; 2) to evaluate the relationship between functional subcomponents of "nasal irritant sensitivity"; 3) to further standardize psychophysical and provocation testing protocols for possible use in clinical and/or epidemiologic settings; and 4) to explore the pathophysiology of the nasal response to irritants, including selected interactions between the sensory and immune systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND CHILD ARI: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Kirk R.; Environmental Health Sciences; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) The aims are to: 1) conduct the first randomized intervention trial in air pollution history, thus increasing confidence in air pollution risk estimates, which are currently based on observational studies; 2) estimate personal particulate (PM) exposures for children across a wide range of exposures associated with an improved stove (intervention) and the traditional open fire (control) thus potentially assisting efforts to understand the shape of the exposure-response curve of PM impact in young children. After a 7-year search and 14 pilot studies, an excellent site has been characterized in highland Guatemala where PM exposures are dominated by open wood-burning cookstoves producing daily 24-hours PM 2.5 exposure levels of 1000 ug/m3 and higher, i.e., some 60 times more than current United States standards. Such conditions are common in less-developed countries (LDCs), where some twothirds of households rely on biomass fuels (wood, dung, crop residues). Pilot work has identified a socially and economically acceptable intervention, a chimney stove that is capable of reducing mean exposures by 6- 10x. The primary health outcome to be measured, acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), is the chief cause of morbidity in children under 5 worldwide and the chief cause of death among LDC children. It thus accounts for nearly 10% of the entire burden of global disease, making it the single largest category of ill-health. The need to examine this relationship in more detail is highlighted by some dozen case-control or cohort studies in the United States and LDCs that have found significant odds ratios for ALRI in young children living in households using wood or other biomass fuels, suggesting that reducing this exposure to pollution may be a powerful preventive intervention. 500 children, allocated randomly to control and intervention groups, will be visited weekly from birth to 18 months to detect a 25% difference in ALRI incidence (power=0.8; alpha=5%). Diagnosis will be done using international protocols and physician verification. Child personal exposures and household microenvironments will be monitored twice each season (four times per

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year), and more intensely in a subsample. Because pilot studies consistently show passive CO diffusion tubes to be reliable indicators of PM arising from use of wood fuel, they will be used as the primary exposure monitors for the children. Total individual PM exposure will be modeled for each child using the information from the personal CO monitors, from microenvironmental PM and CO measurements in a subsample of households, and activity pattern information for each child. Previous pilot studies at the site have shown that exposures in the intervention and control groups will extend from PM levels similar to those found outdoors in United States cities, where most previous epidemiology has focused, to levels more than an order of magnitude higher. Active smoking risks provide evidence that the curve must become less steep at exposures much higher than ambient air pollution, but it is not known how the curve is shaped in the wide gap between, within which lie the exposures experienced by this study population. An important secondary objective therefore is to describe the relationship between exposure and ALRI incidence across this range. Neither the primary nor secondary aim is likely to be achieved in the United States or other developed country today, because the needed conditions have ceased to exist, i.e., exposures are not dominated by household sources suited to randomized intervention and also lie in a relatively limited range because they are heavily influenced by widespread outdoor sources. Thus, in addition to being directed toward a serious health problem in a large vulnerable population worldwide, this research can assist the worldwide inquiry into PM health effects by moving air pollution epidemiology closer to the strongest stage of the (Bradford) Hill criteria for establishing causality, the "gold standard" of randomized intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHALATION DOSIMETRY/EXPOSURE INDEX OF FIBER AEROSOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheng, Yung-Sung; Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Res Environmental Research Inst Albuquerque, Nm 87185 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Exposures to airborne asbestos and man-made vitreous fibers (MMVFS) increase the incidence of lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma. Fibers that deposit in the bronchial and alveolar regions, subsequently translocating to the parenchyma, are thought to be responsible for the development of these diseases. Physico-chernical properties of fibers, including length, diameter, and durability in the lung, are major factors in the etiology of these lung diseases. Because inhalation is the main route of exposure, the deposition pattern in the respiratory tract as a function of fiber dimensions is new information critical to understanding respiratory dosimetry and defining the index of exposure for health protection purposes. Controlled studies of fiber deposition in human volunteers are not available because of ethical concerns. However, total and regional depositions of inhaled fibers have been estimated from postmortem measurement, mathematical modeling, and animal toxicity studies. Increasingly, mathematical deposition models have been used to assess the dosimetry of inhaled MMVFS. However, current lung dosimetric models for fibers in the human respiratory tract are based on theoretical equations, which have not been verified with experimental data. This proposal has three objectives: (1) to develop experimental information on the deposition of fibrous aerosols as a function of fiber diameter and length in realistic human respiratory tract replicas, (2) to verify and improve the prediction of fiber dose estimate in human lungs using both empirical data as well as a computational fluid dynamic technique, and (3) to define,.a size-selective exposure index based on fiber penetration data. Because lung diseases caused by

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inhaled fibers occur in the bronchial, alveolar, and parachymal regions, a thoracic fraction defined as the fraction of particles penetrating the larynx and reaching the lung must be established and will be defined from experimental data obtained in this study. This research will generate essential information on the dosimetry of inhaled fibers in the human lung, data for an improved mathematical lung deposition model, and a definition of the thoracic fraction of fibers for exposure assessment. Sampling devices based on this size-selection definition can be developed in the future for improved assessment of worker exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHALED PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS AND EARLY LUNG EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Beckett, William S.; Professor; Environmental Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disabling condition produced by chronic bronchitis (airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion) and emphysema (loss of alveolar surface area). Epidemiologic studies of the workplace have consistently shown an excess of COPD associated with dusty work environments, yet only a few substances (coal, silica, cadmium) causing COPD in the workplace have been characterized based on chemical composition and respirable particle size. These findings suggest that the much broader range of workplace dusts may in certain conditions contribute to COPD based on characteristics other than chemical composition alone. Pulmonary inflammation plays a role in early events leading to COPD. Particles less than 10 micron aerodynamic diameter are considered to be able to penetrate the upper airways and reach the respiratory tract, and are thus designated as being in the respirable range. Ambient fine particles ( T I Y iota(s)] where Y iota(s) represents the measured biomarker at time s (or a function of its history), and on the time-dependent accuracy of the biomarker as defined by characteristics of the marker distribution conditional on event time, P[Y iota(s) > c ] T iota = t]. This aim will develop semi-parametric statistical methods to estimate covariate specific longitudinal predictive values and longitudinal accuracy as characterized by measures of sensitivity and specificity. 2. Longitudinal categorical data and likelihood inference. Longitudinal studies now routinely collect patient health information at a large number of time points. Examples include observational studies of the health effects of air pollution, and pharmacodynamic studies of allergy symptoms. In each of these examples daily categorical outcome data is recorded for several months during which ambient exposure (pollution, pollen) also varies. This aim will develop flexible likelihood-based estimation methods for categorical longitudinal data. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE IMPACT OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATES ON INFANT HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Chay, Kenneth; Associate Professor; Inst of Business & Econ Res; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-MAR-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The objective of this project is to apply quasi-experimental statistical techniques to provide new evidence on the relationship between airborne particulate matter and infant health, as well as document the health benefits of the Clean Air Act Amendments. This research will exploit three quasi-experimental designs. The first quasi-experiment uses sharp, differential air quality changes across counties attributable to geographic variation in the effects of the 1981- 82 recession to estimate the relationship between infant mortality and total suspended particulates (TSPs) air pollution. The second quasi- experiment exploits county-level differences in regulatory stringency (i.e., nonattainment status) introduced by the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments. It examines whether the regulation-induced reductions in TSPs concentrations in highly regulated counties affected infant mortality rates in the early 1970s. Since the assignment of regulatory intensity is a highly nonlinear function of initial TSPs concentrations, the exercise implements a quasi-experimental regressiondiscontinuity design. The third quasi-experiment will use data from counties that are monitored for both TSPs and PM10 concentrations in order to determine whether large or small particles are the source of the health effects documented in the first two quasiexperiments. This part of the project also relies on differences in county-level regulatory intensity due to the Clean Air Act Amendments to provide variation in particulates concentrations. The project will utilize the most comprehensive data available on infant health, airborne particulate matter, and environmental regulations. The infant health data comes from the National Mortality Detail Files, National Natality Detail Files, Linked Birth and Infant Death Public-use Data Files, and the Fetal Death Data Publicuse Data Files. The airborne particulate matter data was obtained through the EPA and contains annual monitor-level information from the universe of TSPs and PM10 monitors. The regulatory data will come from the annual Code of Federal Regulations that list the counties that are designated nonattainment for TSPs and PM10. This project

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should add to the stocks of knowledge on the relationship between particulate matter and human health and the benefits of air pollution regulations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE NORTHERN MANHATTAN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE PARTNERSHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Shepard, Peggy M.; Executive Director; West Harlem Environmental Action, Inc. 271 W 125Th St, Ste 211 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRAFFIC-RELATED PARTICLE EXPOSURES AMONG NYC YOUTHS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kinney, Patrick L.; Associate Professor; Div/Environmental Hlth Scis; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The impact of vehicle exhaust (especially diesel) on respiratory health is a major concern of community residents of Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx, New York City. While the existence of adverse impacts appears obvious both to residents and health scientists, surprisingly little data are available to firmly establish this linkage. A principal scientific barrier to further insights is the uncertainty surrounding human exposure to diesel and other vehicle exhaust at the community and individual levels. The proposed study will address these uncertainties by 1) measuring ambient concentrations of black carbon (BC), PM2.5, and trace elements at four high schools in the NYC metropolitan area, three of which represent a range of diesel impacts in Harlem and the South Bronx, and one of which is located in an upwind, suburban community, testing the hypothesis that BC concentrations will show a gradient across schools as a function of local diesel traffic density; 2) assess baseline respiratory health status among 300 students at each school, and follow a subset of 40 students for daily symptoms, testing the hypothesis that daily symptoms are associated with daily BC concentrations; 3) in a subset of 20 students at each school, characterize personal exposures to BC, PM2.5, and traffic-related metals, and determine the relative importance of exposures occurring at home, at school, and while commuting in total personal BC exposures; 4) assist participating schools to implement a community air pollution measurement curriculum using materials currently being developed and tested jointly by West Harlem Environmental Action and NIEHS; 5) working with community interns, carry out special studies to collect traffic counts and airborne particle samples associated with high-volume roadways, bus depots, and alternative commuting patterns. This community-driven study should expand our understanding of the relationships between urban traffic sources and personal exposures to vehiclerelated particles among young people living and going to school in urban core neighborhoods of Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VENTILATION CONTAMINANTS

CONTROL

TO

REDUCE

AIRBORNE

Principal Investigator & Institution: O'shaughnessy, Patrick T.; Prev Med & Environmental Hlth; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: Studies have shown conclusively that airborne contaminant levels in swine confinements are typically of a sufficient level to pose a health hazard to workers in that occupation. In addition to a particulate component that can reach levels of 26 mg/m3, gases present in confinements in high amounts include methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. Recognized respiratory diseases of swine farmers include upper airway inflammation, an asthma-like syndrome, and chronic airflow limitations. Ventilation systems associated with swine confinements are largely designed to provide a comfortable climate for the pigs. However, because confinements are operated on a for-profit basis, costs associated with operating the ventilation system are typically kept to a minimum by minimizing fan usage which results in maintaining high airborne contaminant levels. This research proposal involves the application of feedback control theory to design an automated confinement ventilation system that will operate the system in such a way as to simultaneously minimize the competing needs to minimize both costs and contaminant levels. Prior to the design and testing of such a control method, an analysis of the time-varying nature of two contaminants (total dust concentration and ammonia levels) and two climate factors (temperature and humidity) will be performed over the course of year in a swine confinement. This work will result in information needed to ascertain the accuracy of real-time sensors used to measure these four "output" variables as well as to indicate the noise qualities of the measurement signal. Sequential measurements of this type during a change in fan speed will also be used to determine, and mathematically model, the dynamic relationship between a change in output variable and a change in fan speed. From a knowledge of the noise qualities and dynamic behavior of the output variables, the design and simulation of several possible feedback control methods will be performed using software specifically developed for this purpose. A final aspect of the proposed research will involve a series of tests of the best candidate control methods with the use of a fullscale ventilation-testing facility. Future work would then involve the development and testing of the best control method in an actual facility; the development of other engineering control methods to minimize the production and migration of airborne contaminants in a confinement; and a verification of the control method's utility by measuring the change in contaminant levels and the lung function of workers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VULNERABILITY OF THE FETUS/INFANT TO PAH, PM2.5 AND ETS. Principal Investigator & Institution: Perera, Frederica P.; Assistant Professor; Div/Environmental Hlth Scis; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): There is growing concern about adverse developmental effects in infants and young children from prenatal exposure to environmental air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), particulate matter (PM2.5), and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The proposed study combines expertise in molecular epidemiology and biomarkers, state-of- the-art pollutant monitoring techniques' and a strong theoretical framework to guide assessment of the impacts of these pollutants on fetal and child growth and development The specific aims are: 1. To test the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) adversely affects fetal growth and early childhood growth and development, after controlling for non-PAH components of PM2.5 ETS, nutritional status (essential fatty acids and antioxidants) and other potential

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confounders; 2. To explore whether non-PAH components of PM2.5, and ETS have an independent effect on birth outcomes and childhood growth and development, after controlling for PAH, and to explore possible interactions between PAH, PM2.5 and ETS; and 3. To estimate the relative contribution of ambient PAH pollution vs. ETS and other indoor PAH sources to a) personal PAH exposure and PAH-DNA adducts and b) impairment of fetal growth and early child development. To achieve these aims, the international team of researchers will carry out a prospective cohort study of 400 nonsmoking pregnant women living in Krakow, Poland, and will follow their newborns for 12 months postnatally. Fetal growth will be assessed at birth by weight, length head circumference, and size for gestational age. Childhood growth and developmental outcomes will be measured using the Fagan Test and the Bayley Scales. Strengths of the research include the combination of personal inhalation monitoring of PAH and PM2 5 with biomarkers (umbilical cord blood levels of PAH-DNA adults, cotinine, essential fatty acids antioxidants and lead) to estimate in utero exposure to the pollutants of interest and potential confounders. The Polish cohort provides a valuable model for study since emissions from coal burning and traffic are relatively high. However, the results will be broadly applicable since exposures to PAH, ETS and PM25 during pregnancy are common in virtually all industrialized regions of the world It is anticipated that this research will provide relevant data to policymakers concerned with protecting the health of young children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY TRAINING COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Mirer, Franklin E.; Director; International Union, Uaw of Amer Afl-Cio America, Afl-Cio Detroit, Mi 48214 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1992; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The International Union, UAW seeks EPA-HWWT funding for a 5-year project to train 1,353 participants in the first year, and 7,201 participants over the life of the project, using 15 different curricula at worksites and union-sponsored functions for a first year direct cost of 971,169 dollars and a total direct cost of 5,329,630 dollars. The proposed project continues and expands a ten-year effort of the UAW and the University of Michigan to train employees in job assignments requiring response to chemical emergencies or handling of hazardous wastes, and to evaluate the impact of that training on improving worker safety and health. The primary target sector will be 3,000 smaller UAW-represented establishments with about 375,000 members, emphasizing the automobile, metalworking and transportation equipment sectors of the UAW. This high-risk industrial sector reports production of about 180,000 tons of toxic waste per year, and has been further implicated by recent studies showing occupational cancer and respiratory disease in many of the main production processes. The project will also target public sector UAW members in waste water treatment and transportation assignments, and minority and underserved community residents who work in or live near hazardous waste sites or industrial facilities. The ultimate goal of the project is to reduce adverse health effects and injuries among the target populations by promoting hazard recognition, improved facility emergency response programs and work practices, prevention of uncontrolled chemical releases, and community and worker input into emergency response planning. A second goal is to develop and deliver emergency response curricula using innovative training methods, peer trainers, and participatory techniques, and demonstrate the impact of these on safety and health so as to promote the implementation of such model programs beyond the target trainee

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population. New curricula include: 8-hr. Pollution Prevention, 40-hr. Haz Mat Technician, 16-hr. Hazardous Materials Review Committee training, 6-12 hr. Basic Competency Training for Joint Health and Safety Committees, 8-hr. Haz Mat Refresher, and an Advanced Training Technologies module. Other specific aims are to: expand the role of worker trainers in the areas of curriculum development, program evaluation, and train-the-trainer planning and delivery; conduct worksite needs assessments and sitespecific training in target facilities; conduct HAZWOPER-related awareness training for worksite leadership; enhance training skills of peer trainers; evaluate and document training effectiveness; conduct train-the-the- trainer programs at worksites; and assure high-quality training. Additional new initiatives include a second worksite impact study using participatory action research techniques, a multi-grantee trainer and curriculum development project, and a community outreach project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for air pollution in the PubMed Central database: •

Economic evaluation of the benefits of reducing acute cardiorespiratory morbidity associated with air pollution. by Stieb DM, De Civita P, Johnson FR, Manary MP, Anis AH, Beveridge RC, Judek S.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149396

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Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 2. Outdoor air pollution. by Abelsohn A, Stieb D, Sanborn MD, Weir E.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=102358

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Maternal exposure to low-level air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a populationbased study. by Maroziene L, Grazuleviciene R.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149395

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National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution. by Smith KR.; 2000 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27217

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Relation between income, air pollution and mortality: a cohort study. by Finkelstein MM, Jerrett M, DeLuca P, Finkelstein N, Verma DK, Chapman K, Sears MR.; 2003 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=183288

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with air pollution, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for air pollution (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

Acute effect of air pollution on respiratory complaints, exhaled NO and biomarkers in nasal lavages of allergic children during the pollen season. Author(s): Steerenberg PA, Bischoff EW, de Klerk A, Verlaan AP, Jongbloets LM, van Loveren H, Opperhuizen A, Zomer G, Heisterkamp SH, Hady M, Spieksma FT, Fischer PH, Dormans JA, van Amsterdam JG. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 June; 131(2): 127-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811021&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and acute respiratory diseases in children: regression analysis of morbidity data. Author(s): Biesiada M, Zejda JE, Skiba M. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2000; 13(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10967841&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and blood markers of cardiovascular risk. Author(s): Schwartz J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427390&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and child mortality: a time-series study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Conceicao GM, Miraglia SG, Kishi HS, Saldiva PH, Singer JM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427383&dopt=Abstract

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Air pollution and daily mortality in seven major cities of Korea, 1991-1997. Author(s): Lee JT, Kim H, Hong YC, Kwon HJ, Schwartz J, Christiani DC. Source: Environmental Research. 2000 November; 84(3): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097798&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and daily mortality in three U.S. counties. Author(s): Moolgavkar SH. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 August; 108(8): 777-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964799&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and daily mortality in two U.S. counties: season-specific analyses and exposure-response relationships. Author(s): Moolgavkar SH. Source: Inhalation Toxicology. 2003 August; 15(9): 877-907. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872178&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and death. Author(s): Morgan WK. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 October; 93(10): 550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11064698&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and emergency hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Valencia, Spain. Author(s): Ballester F, Tenias JM, Perez-Hoyos S. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 January; 55(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112952&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and health effects in northern Nevada. Author(s): Chen L, Omaye ST. Source: Rev Environ Health. 2001 April-June; 16(2): 133-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11512629&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and health. Author(s): Chan-Yeung MN. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2000 December; 6(4): 390-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177161&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in three metropolitan areas in the United States. Author(s): Moolgavkar SH. Source: Inhalation Toxicology. 2000; 12 Suppl 4: 75-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881887&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Rome, Italy. Author(s): Fusco D, Forastiere F, Michelozzi P, Spadea T, Ostro B, Arca M, Perucci CA. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 June; 17(6): 1143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491157&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and its health impacts: the changing panorama. Author(s): du Plessis LA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 April 7; 178(7): 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670291&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and mortality in The Netherlands: are the elderly more at risk? Author(s): Fischer P, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Verhoeff A, van Wijnen J. Source: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May; 40: 34S-38S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762572&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and respiratory symptoms: results from three panel studies in Bangkok, Thailand. Author(s): Vichit-Vadakan N, Ostro BD, Chestnut LG, Mills DM, Aekplakorn W, Wangwongwatana S, Panich N. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427387&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution and the elderly: oxidant/antioxidant issues worth consideration. Author(s): Kelly FJ, Dunster C, Mudway I. Source: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May; 40: 70S-75S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762578&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution as an underappreciated cause of asthma symptoms. Author(s): Thurston GD, Bates DV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 October 8; 290(14): 1915-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14532321&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution can trigger a myocardial infarction. Author(s): Frankish H. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 16; 357(9272): 1952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425425&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution effects in the elderly: introduction. Author(s): Decramer M, Loddenkemper R, Boe J, Roca J, Zelter M; European Respiratory Society. Source: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May; 40: 1S-2S. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762566&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimating. Part I. Integrated air quality monitoring system. Author(s): Clench-Aas J, Bartonova A, Bohler T, Gronskei KE, Sivertsen B, Larssen S. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 August; 1(4): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529128&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part II. Model evaluation and population exposure. Author(s): Walker SE, Slordal LH, Guerreiro C, Gram F, Gronskei KE. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 August; 1(4): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529129&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part III. Development of new types of air quality indicators. Author(s): Guerreiro C, Clench-Aas J, Bartonova A. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 August; 1(4): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529130&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part IV. Urban exposure in children. Author(s): Clench-Aas J, Bartonova A, Gronskei KE, Walker SE. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 August; 1(4): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529131&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part V. Traffic exposure in adults. Author(s): Bartonova A, Clench-Aas J, Gram F, Gronskei KE, Guerreiro C, Larssen S, Tonnesen DA, Walker SE. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 August; 1(4): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529132&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part VI. Ambient exposure of adults in an industrialised region. Author(s): Clench-Aas J, Bartonova A, Gronskei KE, Hagen LO, Braathen OA, Walker SE. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 August; 1(4): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529133&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution in Calcutta elicits adverse pulmonary reaction in children. Author(s): Lahiri T, Roy S, Basu C, Ganguly S, Ray MR, Lahiri P. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2000 July; 112: 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006657&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution in relation to manifestations of chronic pulmonary disease: a nested case-control study in Athens, Greece. Author(s): Karakatsani A, Andreadaki S, Katsouyanni K, Dimitroulis I, Trichopoulos D, Benetou V, Trichopoulou A. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(1): 45-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705623&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution modeling for an industrial complex and model performance evaluation. Author(s): Sivacoumar R, Bhanarkar AD, Goyal SK, Gadkari SK, Aggarwal AL. Source: Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2001; 111(3): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202752&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution modeling: a tool for management of regional air quality. Author(s): Gupta H, Rao BP, Pandit VI, Hasan MZ. Source: Indian J Environ Health. 2002 January; 44(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12968718&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution particles mediated oxidative DNA base damage in a cell free system and in human airway epithelial cells in relation to particulate metal content and bioreactivity. Author(s): Prahalad AK, Inmon J, Dailey LA, Madden MC, Ghio AJ, Gallagher JE. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2001 July; 14(7): 879-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453735&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution, aeroallergens and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits in Saint John, Canada. Author(s): Stieb DM, Beveridge RC, Brook JR, Smith-Doiron M, Burnett RT, Dales RE, Beaulieu S, Judek S, Mamedov A. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2000 September-October; 10(5): 461-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051536&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution, blood pressure, and their long-term associations with mortality. Author(s): Lipfert FW, Perry HM Jr, Miller JP, Baty JD, Wyzga RE, Carmody SE. Source: Inhalation Toxicology. 2003 April 25; 15(5): 493-512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682860&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution, weather stress, and blood pressure. Author(s): Linn WS, Gong H Jr. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 September; 91(9): 1345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527746&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution: a new respiratory risk for cities in low-income countries. Author(s): Nejjari C, Filleul L, Zidouni N, Laid Y, Atek M, El Meziane A, Tessier JF. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2003 March; 7(3): 22331. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661835&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-oxidants and air pollution in relation to indicators of asthma and COPD: a review of the current evidence. Author(s): Grievink L, Smit HA, Brunekreef B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 October; 30(10): 1344-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10998008&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctors. I live in a city with high air pollution. Is this a risk factor for heart disease? Author(s): Francis GS, Bhatt DL. Source: Heart Advis. 2003 February; 6(2): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625272&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the health benefits of urban air pollution reductions associated with climate change mitigation (2000-2020): Santiago, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, and New York City. Author(s): Cifuentes L, Borja-Aburto VH, Gouveia N, Thurston G, Davis DL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 419-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427391&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of deaths attributable to air pollution: should we use risk estimates based on time series or on cohort studies? Author(s): Kunzli N, Medina S, Kaiser R, Quenel P, Horak F Jr, Studnicka M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 June 1; 153(11): 1050-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11390322&dopt=Abstract

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Association between air pollution and ischemic cardiovascular emergency room visits. Author(s): Lin CA, Amador Pereira LA, de Souza Conceicao GM, Kishi HS, Milani R Jr, Ferreira Braga AL, Nascimento Saldiva PH. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 May; 92(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706756&dopt=Abstract

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Association of environmental tobacco smoke at work and forced expiratory lung function among never smoking asthmatics and non-asthmatics. The SAPALDIATeam. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults. Author(s): Kunzli N, Schwartz J, Stutz EZ, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P. Source: Sozial- Und Praventivmedizin. 2000; 45(5): 208-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081239&dopt=Abstract

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Association of heart rate variability with occupational and environmental exposure to particulate air pollution. Author(s): Magari SR, Hauser R, Schwartz J, Williams PL, Smith TJ, Christiani DC. Source: Circulation. 2001 August 28; 104(9): 986-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524390&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma, rhinitis and air pollution: is traffic to blame? Author(s): Brunekreef B, Sunyer J. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 June; 21(6): 913-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797480&dopt=Abstract

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Atmospheric science. trans-Pacific air pollution. Author(s): Wilkening KE, Barrie LA, Engle M. Source: Science. 2000 October 6; 290(5489): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183151&dopt=Abstract

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Atopic diseases among adults in the two geographically related arctic areas Nikel, Russia and Sor-Varanger, Norway: possible effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution. Author(s): Dotterud LK, Odland JO, Falk ES. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 March; 14(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972095&dopt=Abstract

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Base lines for measuring adverse effects of air pollution: some evidence for weather effects on mortality. Author(s): Driscoll DM. Source: Environmental Research. 1971 August; 4(3): 233-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5097510&dopt=Abstract

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Biological effects of air pollution in Sao Paulo and Cubatao. Author(s): Bohm GM, Saldiva PH, Pasqualucci CA, Massad E, Martins Mde E, Zin WA, Cardoso WV, Criado PM, Komatsuzaki M, Sakae RS, et al. Source: Environmental Research. 1989 August; 49(2): 208-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2753007&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers for exposure to ambient air pollution--comparison of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels with other exposure markers and markers for oxidative stress. Author(s): Autrup H, Daneshvar B, Dragsted LO, Gamborg M, Hansen M, Loft S, Okkels H, Nielsen F, Nielsen PS, Raffn E, Wallin H, Knudsen LE. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 March; 107(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10064554&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers in nasal lavage as a tool for the assessment of health effects of photochemical air pollution. A feasibility study with volunteers. Author(s): Steerenberg PA, Fischer PH, Meyling GF, Willighagen J, Geerse E, van de Vliet H, Ameling C, Boink AB, Dormans JA, van Bree L, et al. Source: Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 1995 September; 47(4): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8855116&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution (the AULIS project): bulky DNA adducts in subjects with moderate to low exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other parameters. Author(s): Georgiadis P, Topinka J, Stoikidou M, Kaila S, Gioka M, Katsouyanni K, Sram R, Autrup H, Kyrtopoulos SA; AULIS Network. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 September; 22(9): 1447-57. Erratum In: Carcinogenesis 2001 October; 22(10): 1733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532867&dopt=Abstract

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Biomarkers of genotoxicity of urban air pollution. Overview and descriptive data from a molecular epidemiology study on populations exposed to moderate-to-low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: the AULIS project. Author(s): Kyrtopoulos SA, Georgiadis P, Autrup H, Demopoulos NA, Farmer P, Haugen A, Katsouyanni K, Lambert B, Ovrebo S, Sram R, Stephanou G, Topinka J, Stefanou G, Demopoulos N. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 September 20; 496(1-2): 207-28. Erratum In: Mutat Res 2002 February 15; 514(1-2): 258-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11551497&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial asthma and air pollution at workplaces. Author(s): Flodin U, Ziegler J, Jonsson P, Axelson O. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1996 December; 22(6): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9000313&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial hyperreactivity and arterial carboxyhemoglobin as detectors of air pollution in Milan: a study on normal subjects. Author(s): Clini V, Pozzi G, Ferrara A. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1985; 47(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3975488&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial responsiveness in an area of air pollution resulting from wire reclamation. Author(s): Wang JY, Hsiue TR, Chen HI. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1992 April; 67(4): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580677&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial responsiveness, eosinophilia, and short term exposure to air pollution. Author(s): Soyseth V, Kongerud J, Broen P, Lilleng P, Boe J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995 November; 73(5): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8554358&dopt=Abstract

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Building related illnesses and indoor air pollution. Author(s): Sabir M, Shashikiran U, Kochar SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 April; 47(4): 426-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778530&dopt=Abstract

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Bushfires, air pollution and asthma. Author(s): Lewis PR, Corbett SJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 June 3; 176(11): 517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064980&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer incidence, morbidity and geothermal air pollution in Rotorua, New Zealand. Author(s): Bates MN, Garrett N, Graham B, Read D. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 February; 27(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9563687&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer risk of air pollution: epidemiological evidence. Author(s): Hemminki K, Pershagen G. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1994 October; 102 Suppl 4: 187-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7529702&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon and hemosiderin-laden macrophages in sputum of traffic policeman exposed to air pollution. Author(s): Giovagnoli MR, Alderisio M, Cenci M, Nofroni I, Vecchione A. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 July-August; 54(4): 284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433188&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiopulmonary mortality and air pollution. Author(s): Peters A, Pope CA 3rd. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 19; 360(9341): 1184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401239&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular effects associated with air pollution: potential mechanisms and methods of testing. Author(s): Utell MJ, Frampton MW, Zareba W, Devlin RB, Cascio WE. Source: Inhalation Toxicology. 2002 December; 14(12): 1231-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454788&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular effects of air pollution: what to measure in ECG? Author(s): Zareba W, Nomura A, Couderc JP. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 August; 109 Suppl 4: 533-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544159&dopt=Abstract

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Case-crossover design in air pollution epidemiology. Author(s): Jaakkola JJ. Source: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May; 40: 81S-85S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762580&dopt=Abstract

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Causality and temporality in the study of short-term effects of air pollution on health. Author(s): Campbell MJ, Tobias A. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 April; 29(2): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817124&dopt=Abstract

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Causes of regional differences in air pollution effects are being studied further. Author(s): Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 June 27; 316(7149): 1982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641953&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in forced expiratory flow due to air pollution from fireworks. Preliminary report. Author(s): Smith RM, Dinh VD. Source: Environmental Research. 1975 June; 9(3): 321-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1157806&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristic modifications of the peripheral airways in patients with bronchial asthma in areas with air pollution. Author(s): Tanaka M. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 2000 June; 5(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10894111&dopt=Abstract

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Child health level in Moscow as related to ambient air pollution. Author(s): Revich BA. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1994 May 30; 148(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8016639&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood morbidity and air pollution in the Teplice program. Author(s): Dostal M, Hertz-Picciotto I, James R, Keller J, Dejmek J, Selevan S, Kotesovec F, Nozicka J, Gomez-Caminero A, Wegienka G, Sram R. Source: Cas Lek Cesk. 2001 October 25; 140(21): 658-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11766454&dopt=Abstract

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Children's respiratory hospitalizations and air pollution. Author(s): Thomson M, Philion J. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1991 May-June; 82(3): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1884316&dopt=Abstract

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Children's respiratory morbidity prevalence in relation to air pollution in four Chinese cities. Author(s): Zhang JJ, Hu W, Wei F, Wu G, Korn LR, Chapman RS. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 September; 110(9): 961-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204833&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosomal aberrations in humans induced by urban air pollution: influence of DNA repair and polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 and Nacetyltransferase 2. Author(s): Knudsen LE, Norppa H, Gamborg MO, Nielsen PS, Okkels H, Soll-Johanning H, Raffn E, Jarventaus H, Autrup H. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1999 April; 8(4 Pt 1): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207633&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosomal damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of traffic policemen and taxi drivers exposed to urban air pollution. Author(s): Burgaz S, Demircigil GC, Karahalil B, Karakaya AE. Source: Chemosphere. 2002 April; 47(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996136&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and low-level air pollution in Helsinki, 1987-1989. Author(s): Ponka A, Virtanen M. Source: Environmental Research. 1994 May; 65(2): 207-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187737&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic effects of air pollution. Author(s): Ayres JG. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 March; 59(3): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886945&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution and small airway remodeling. Author(s): Churg A, Brauer M, del Carmen Avila-Casado M, Fortoul TI, Wright JL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 May; 111(5): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727599&dopt=Abstract

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Clearing the air: the links between occupational and environmental air pollution control. Author(s): Blanc PD, Nadel JA. Source: Public Health Rev. 1994; 22(3-4): 251-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7708938&dopt=Abstract

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Climate change, air pollution and your health. Author(s): Edwards P; Canadian Public Health Association. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2001 May-June; 92(3): Suppl 1-24 Following 200. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521669&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical diagnosis of current asthma: predictive value of respiratory symptoms in the SAPALDIA study. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. Author(s): Sistek D, Tschopp JM, Schindler C, Brutsche M, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Perruchoud AP, Leuenberger P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 February; 17(2): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334122&dopt=Abstract

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Clinically “small” effects of air pollution on FVC have a large public health impact. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults (SAPALDIA) - team. Author(s): Kunzli N, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Brandli O, Tschopp JM, Schindler C, Leuenberger P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 January; 15(1): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678634&dopt=Abstract

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Coarse(PM(2.5-10)), fine(PM(2.5)), and ultrafine air pollution particles induce/increase immune costimulatory receptors on human blood-derived monocytes but not on alveolar macrophages. Author(s): Becker S, Soukup J. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 May 9; 66(9): 84759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746131&dopt=Abstract

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Cohort study of the relationship between air pollution and short term health effects as determined by peak expiratory flow measurements. Author(s): Bjerknes-Haugen G, Clench-Aas J, Samuelsen SO, Bartonova A, Bakketeig LS. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 1995 February; 3(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7787819&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary on the HEI reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. Author(s): Lipfert F. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1705-14; Discussion 1715-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959838&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary on the HEI reanalysis of two cohort studies of particulate air pollution and mortality. Author(s): Wyzga R. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1701-4; Discussion 1715-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959837&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing estimates of the effects of air pollution on human mortality obtained using different regression methodologies. Author(s): Baxter LA, Finch SJ, Lipfert FW, Yu Q. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1997 June; 17(3): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9232012&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing meta-analysis and ecological-longitudinal analysis in time-series studies. A case study of the effects of air pollution on mortality in three Spanish cities. Author(s): Saez M, Figueiras A, Ballester F, Perez-Hoyos S, Ocana R, Tobias A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 June; 55(6): 423-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351001&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between two districts of the effects of an air pollution intervention on bronchial responsiveness in primary school children in Hong Kong. Author(s): Wong CM, Lam TH, Peters J, Hedley AJ, Ong SG, Tam AY, Liu J, Spiegelhalter DJ. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1998 September; 52(9): 571-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10320858&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of responses to an asthma symptom questionnaire (ISAAC core questions) completed by adolescents and their parents. SCARPOL-Team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with respect to Air Pollution. Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C, Gassner M, Grize L, Minder CE, Varonier HS, Vuille JC, Wuthrich B, Sennhauser FH. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1998 March; 25(3): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9556007&dopt=Abstract

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Complex mixtures and indoor air pollution: overview of epidemiologic methods. Author(s): Weiss NS. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 December; 101 Suppl 4: 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8206026&dopt=Abstract

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Confounding in air pollution epidemiology: when does two-stage regression identify the problem? Author(s): Marcus AH, Kegler SR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 December; 109(12): 1193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748025&dopt=Abstract

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Congestion, air pollution, and road fatalities in urban areas. Author(s): Shefer D. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1994 August; 26(4): 501-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7522455&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of LPG-derived emissions to air pollution in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara City. Author(s): Schifter I, Magdaleno M, Diaz L, Melgarejo LA, Barrera A, Kruger B, Arriaga JL, Lopez-Salinas E. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 October; 50(10): 1857-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288314&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of respiratory disease to nonrespiratory mortality associations with air pollution. Author(s): De Leon SF, Thurston GD, Ito K. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 April 15; 167(8): 1117-23. Epub 2003 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684250&dopt=Abstract

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Controlling air pollution: the plan to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in Canada. Author(s): Yassi A, Friesen B. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1990 January-February; 81(1): 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2311052&dopt=Abstract

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Daily concentrations of air pollution and plasma fibrinogen in London. Author(s): Pekkanen J, Brunner EJ, Anderson HR, Tiittanen P, Atkinson RW. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 December; 57(12): 818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11077010&dopt=Abstract

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Daily mortality and air pollution in northern Bohemia: different effects for men and women. Author(s): Kotesovec F, Skorkovsky J, Brynda J, Peters A, Heinrich J. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2000 May; 8(2): 120-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857052&dopt=Abstract

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Daily mortality in relation to weather and air pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Author(s): Hales S, Salmond C, Town GI, Kjellstrom T, Woodward A. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2000 February; 24(1): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10777987&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of air pollution on birth weight among children born between 1995 and 1997 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Author(s): Yang CY, Tseng YT, Chang CC. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 May 9; 66(9): 80716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746128&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of air pollution on blood pressure: a population-based approach. Author(s): Ibald-Mulli A, Stieber J, Wichmann HE, Koenig W, Peters A. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 April; 91(4): 571-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291368&dopt=Abstract

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First steps toward understanding the pathophysiologic link between air pollution and cardiac mortality. Author(s): Stone PH, Godleski JJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 1999 November; 138(5 Pt 1): 804-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10539808&dopt=Abstract

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Flexible modeling of exposure-response relationship between long-term average levels of particulate air pollution and mortality in the American Cancer Society study. Author(s): Abrahamowicz M, Schopflocher T, Leffondre K, du Berger R, Krewski D. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1625-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959833&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying subgroups of the general population that may be susceptible to shortterm increases in particulate air pollution: a time-series study in Montreal, Quebec. Author(s): Goldberg MS, Bailar JC 3rd, Burnett RT, Brook JR, Tamblyn R, Bonvalot Y, Ernst P, Flegel KM, Singh RK, Valois MF. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2000 October; (97): 7-113; Discussion 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244610&dopt=Abstract

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Increased exhaled nitric oxide on days with high outdoor air pollution is of endogenous origin. Author(s): Steerenberg PA, Snelder JB, Fischer PH, Vos JG, van Loveren H, van Amsterdam JG. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 February; 13(2): 334-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065677&dopt=Abstract

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Increased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations. Author(s): Schwartz J, Dockery DW. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 March; 145(3): 600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1546841&dopt=Abstract

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Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Author(s): Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. Source: Circulation. 2001 June 12; 103(23): 2810-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401937&dopt=Abstract

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Increased risk of preterm delivery in areas with air pollution from a petroleum refinery plant in Taiwan. Author(s): Lin MC, Chiu HF, Yu HS, Tsai SS, Cheng BH, Wu TN, Sung FC, Yang CY. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2001 December 21; 64(8): 637-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11766170&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution and acute respiratory infections. Author(s): Smith KR. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 September; 40(9): 815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530541&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution and lung cancer in Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. Author(s): Liu Q, Sasco AJ, Riboli E, Hu MX. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 January 15; 137(2): 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8452118&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution and pulmonary adenocarcinoma among females: a case-control study in Shenyang, China. Author(s): Zhou BS, Wang TJ, Guan P, Wu JM. Source: Oncol Rep. 2000 November-December; 7(6): 1253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032925&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution and pulmonary function in children. Author(s): Shen S, Qin Y, Cao Z, Shang J, Liu Y, Yang X, Deng Y, Huang J, Fu Z, Song X. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1992 June; 5(2): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1642787&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly. Author(s): Simoni M, Jaakkola MS, Carrozzi L, Baldacci S, Di Pede F, Viegi G. Source: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May; 40: 15S-20S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762569&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in urban and rural China. Author(s): Venners SA, Wang B, Ni J, Jin Y, Yang J, Fang Z, Xu X. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2001 July-September; 7(3): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513066&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure-response study. Author(s): Ezzati M, Kammen D. Source: Lancet. 2001 August 25; 358(9282): 619-24. Erratum In: Lancet 2001 September 29; 358(9287): 1104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530148&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children. Author(s): Smith KR, Samet JM, Romieu I, Bruce N. Source: Thorax. 2000 June; 55(6): 518-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817802&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Author(s): Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(9): 1078-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019457&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution in developing countries: recommendations for research. Author(s): Smith KR. Source: Indoor Air. 2002 September; 12(3): 198-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244750&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution in four cities in China. Author(s): Qin YH, Zhang XM, Jin HZ, Liu YQ, Fan DL, Yin XR, Li Z, Fang W, Wang GF. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1991 December; 4(4): 366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1781931&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor air pollution. Author(s): Gold DR. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 1992 June; 13(2): 215-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1511550&dopt=Abstract

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Industrialization, ambient air pollution, and death from respiratory disease and respiratory cancer in the northeastern United States. Author(s): Luloff AE, Miller MK, Farmer FL. Source: Cah Sociol Demogr Med. 1992 April-September; 32(2-3): 207-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1297545&dopt=Abstract

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Infant mortality and air pollution: a comprehensive analysis of U.S. data for 1990. Author(s): Lipfert FW, Zhang J, Wyzga RE. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 August; 50(8): 1350-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11002598&dopt=Abstract

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Infant susceptibility of mortality to air pollution in Seoul, South Korea. Author(s): Ha EH, Lee JT, Kim H, Hong YC, Lee BE, Park HS, Christiani DC. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 February; 111(2): 284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563052&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammatory lung injury after bronchial instillation of air pollution particles. Author(s): Ghio AJ, Devlin RB. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 August 15; 164(4): 704-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520740&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults. Author(s): Brook RD, Brook JR, Urch B, Vincent R, Rajagopalan S, Silverman F. Source: Circulation. 2002 April 2; 105(13): 1534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927516&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalation transfer factors for air pollution health risk assessment. Author(s): Lai AC, Thatcher TL, Nazaroff WW. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 September; 50(9): 1688-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055166&dopt=Abstract

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Integrating air pollution modelling with scenario testing in road transport planning: the TRAEMS approach. Author(s): Affum JK, Brown AL, Chan YC. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 August 1; 312(1-3): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873393&dopt=Abstract

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International expert workshop on the analysis of the economic and public health impacts of air pollution: workshop summary. Author(s): Bell ML, Davis D, Cifuentes L, Cohen A, Gouveia N, Grant L, Green C, Johnson T, Rogat J, Spengler J, Thurston G. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 November; 110(11): 1163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417489&dopt=Abstract

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Interpretation of air pollution mortality: number of deaths or years of life lost? Author(s): Rabl A. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2003 January; 53(1): 41-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568252&dopt=Abstract

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Investigating regional differences in short-term effects of air pollution on daily mortality in the APHEA project: a sensitivity analysis for controlling long-term trends and seasonality. Author(s): Samoli E, Schwartz J, Wojtyniak B, Touloumi G, Spix C, Balducci F, Medina S, Rossi G, Sunyer J, Bacharova L, Anderson HR, Katsouyanni K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 April; 109(4): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11335182&dopt=Abstract

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Invited commentary: air pollution and health-what can we learn from a hierarchical approach? Author(s): Dominici F. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 January 1; 155(1): 11-5; Discussion 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772778&dopt=Abstract

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Invited commentary: Timescale-dependent mortality effects of air pollution. Author(s): Smith RL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 June 15; 157(12): 1066-70; Discussion 1071-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796041&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of microbial components and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in cytokine responses to air pollution particles. Author(s): Becker S, Fenton MJ, Soukup JM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2002 November; 27(5): 611-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397021&dopt=Abstract

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Irritating effects on man of air pollution due to cigarette smoke. Author(s): Weber A, Jermini C, Grandjean E. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1976 July; 66(7): 672-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=937615&dopt=Abstract

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Is air pollution a risk factor for low birth weight in Seoul? Author(s): Ha EH, Hong YC, Lee BE, Woo BH, Schwartz J, Christiani DC. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 November; 12(6): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679791&dopt=Abstract

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Is it feasible to construct a community profile of exposure to industrial air pollution? Author(s): Pless-Mulloli T, Dunn CE, Bhopal R, Phillimore P, Moffatt S, Edwards J. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 August; 57(8): 542-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10896961&dopt=Abstract

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Issues and uncertainties in estimating the health benefits of air pollution control. Author(s): Levy JI. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959848&dopt=Abstract

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Kids need clean air: air pollution and children's health. Author(s): Dixon JK. Source: Family & Community Health. 2002 January; 24(4): 9-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772346&dopt=Abstract

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Late effects of air pollution with special reference to lung cancer. Author(s): Friberg L, Cederlof R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1978 February; 22: 45-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=348461&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergen in respirable particulate air pollution. Author(s): Williams PB, Buhr MP, Weber RW, Volz MA, Koepke JW, Selner JC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 January; 95(1 Pt 1): 88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7822669&dopt=Abstract

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Lead concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood in areas with high and low air pollution. Author(s): Dussias V, Stefos T, Stefanidis K, Paraskevaidis E, Karabini F, Lolis D, Vasilios D, Theodor S, Konstantinos S, Evangelos P, Fotini K, Dimitrios L. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 24(4): 187-9. Erratum In: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1998; 25(1-2): Followi. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9478314&dopt=Abstract

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Learning about air pollution and asthma. Author(s): Samet JM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 June; 149(6): 1398-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8004289&dopt=Abstract

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Length of stay in a hospital emergency room due to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: implications for air pollution studies. Author(s): Perez-Hoyos S, Ballester F, Tenias JM, Merelles A, Rivera ML. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 May; 16(5): 455-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997833&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin in children from areas with different air pollution. Author(s): Wagner V, Wagnerova M, Kriz J, Wokounova D, Slesingerova B. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1977 October 17; 40(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=303235&dopt=Abstract

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Lichens, air pollution and lung cancer. Author(s): Cislaghi C, Nimis PL. Source: Nature. 1997 May 29; 387(6632): 463-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9168106&dopt=Abstract

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London air pollution, 1500-1900. Author(s): Brimblecombe P. Source: Atmos Environ. 1977; 11(12): 1157-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=343794&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal studies of air pollution effects on lung function. Author(s): Dockery DW, Brunekreef B. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 December; 154(6 Pt 2): S250-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8970397&dopt=Abstract

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Long-range transport modeling of air pollution episodes. Author(s): de Leeuw FA, Leyssius HJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1989 February; 79: 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2707211&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term air pollution indicator assessment: example of black smoke in Bordeaux, France. Author(s): Filleul L, Baldi I, Quenel P, Brochard P, Tessier JF. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2002 May; 12(3): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032819&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies. Author(s): Qian Z, Zhang J, Wei F, Wilson WE, Chapman RS. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2001 September-October; 11(5): 341-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687907&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of air pollution. Author(s): Berglund D, Abbey D. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1996 September; 165(3): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8909167&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects on health of air pollution in children. Author(s): Rudnik J, Herman S, Pisiewicz K, Roszkowska H. Source: Z Erkr Atmungsorgane. 1983; 161(2): 177-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6649707&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term exposure of adults to outdoor air pollution is associated with increased airway obstruction and higher prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Author(s): Jammes Y, Delpierre S, Delvolgo MJ, Humbert-Tena C, Burnet H. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1998 November-December; 53(6): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9886154&dopt=Abstract

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Longterm exposure to air pollution and decline in VC and FEV1. Recent results from a longitudinal epidemiologic study in the Netherlands. Author(s): van der Lende R, Kok T, Peset R, Quanjer PH, Schouten JP, Orie NG. Source: Chest. 1981 July; 80(1 Suppl): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7249727&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term health effects of particulate and other ambient air pollution: research can progress faster if we want it to. Author(s): Kunzli N, Tager IB. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 October; 108(10): 915-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049809&dopt=Abstract

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Los Angeles air pollution and asthma in children. Author(s): Richards W, Azen SP, Weiss J, Stocking S, Church J. Source: Ann Allergy. 1981 November; 47(5 Pt 1): 348-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7316251&dopt=Abstract

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Low sex ratios of births in areas at risk from air pollution from incinerators, as shown by geographical analysis and 3-dimensional mapping. Author(s): Williams FL, Lawson AB, Lloyd OL. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1992 April; 21(2): 311-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1428486&dopt=Abstract

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Low-level air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases in Helsinki. Author(s): Ponka A, Virtanen M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 September; 86(9): 1273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806380&dopt=Abstract

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Low-level air pollution and upper respiratory infections in children. Author(s): Jaakkola JJ, Paunio M, Virtanen M, Heinonen OP. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1991 August; 81(8): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1854003&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and air pollution in an industrial city--a geographical analysis. Author(s): Shannon HS, Hertzman C, Julian JA, Hayes MV, Henry N, Charters J, Cunningham I, Gibson ES, Sackett DL. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1988 July-August; 79(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3167749&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and air pollution in southcentral Los Angeles County. Author(s): Henderson BE, Gordon RJ, Menck H, Soohoo J, Martin SP, Pike MC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1975 June; 101(6): 477-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1155427&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and air pollution. Author(s): Cohen AJ, Pope CA 3rd. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995 November; 103 Suppl 8: 219-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8741787&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and air pollution. Author(s): Aoki K, Shimizu H. Source: Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1977 December; 47: 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=77477&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and indoor air pollution arising from Chinese-style cooking among nonsmoking women living in Shanghai, China. Author(s): Zhong L, Goldberg MS, Gao YT, Jin F. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1999 September; 10(5): 488-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468420&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and indoor air pollution in Xuan Wei, China. Author(s): Mumford JL, He XZ, Chapman RS, Cao SR, Harris DB, Li XM, Xian YL, Jiang WZ, Xu CW, Chuang JC, et al. Source: Science. 1987 January 9; 235(4785): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3798109&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer incidence and air pollution in Erie County, New York. Author(s): Vena JE. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1983 July-August; 38(4): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6615004&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer mortality and urban air pollution. Author(s): Weiss W. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1978 August; 68(8): 773-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=686204&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Author(s): Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 March 6; 287(9): 1132-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879110&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function and chronic exposure to air pollution: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES II. Author(s): Schwartz J. Source: Environmental Research. 1989 December; 50(2): 309-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2583077&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team. Author(s): Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Schwartz J, Schindler C, Monn C, Bolognini G, Bongard JP, Brandli O, Domenighetti G, Elsasser S, Grize L, Karrer W, Keller R, Keller-Wossidlo H, Kunzli N, Martin BW, Medici TC, Perruchoud AP, Schoni MH, Tschopp JM, Villiger B, Wuthrich B, Zellweger JP, Zemp E. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 January; 155(1): 122-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9001300&dopt=Abstract

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Modeling traffic-related air pollution in street canyons of Beijing. Author(s): Fu L, Hao J, Hertel O, Berkowicz R. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 December; 50(12): 2060-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140134&dopt=Abstract

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Modelling asthma epidemics on the relationship between air pollution and asthma emergency visits in Barcelona, Spain. Author(s): Tobias A, Campbell MJ, Saez M. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 October; 15(9): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10608358&dopt=Abstract

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Particulate air pollution and risk of ST-segment depression during repeated submaximal exercise tests among subjects with coronary heart disease: the Exposure and Risk Assessment for Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air (ULTRA) study. Author(s): Pekkanen J, Peters A, Hoek G, Tiittanen P, Brunekreef B, de Hartog J, Heinrich J, Ibald-Mulli A, Kreyling WG, Lanki T, Timonen KL, Vanninen E. Source: Circulation. 2002 August 20; 106(8): 933-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186796&dopt=Abstract

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Particulate air pollution and the blood. Author(s): Seaton A, Soutar A, Crawford V, Elton R, McNerlan S, Cherrie J, Watt M, Agius R, Stout R. Source: Thorax. 1999 November; 54(11): 1027-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10525563&dopt=Abstract

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Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study. Author(s): Peters A, Frohlich M, Doring A, Immervoll T, Wichmann HE, Hutchinson WL, Pepys MB, Koenig W. Source: European Heart Journal. 2001 July; 22(14): 1198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440492&dopt=Abstract

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Particulate air pollution, C-reactive protein, and cardiac risk. Author(s): Pope CA 3rd. Source: European Heart Journal. 2001 July; 22(14): 1149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440485&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at increased risk of death associated with urban particle air pollution: a case-crossover analysis. Author(s): Sunyer J, Schwartz J, Tobias A, Macfarlane D, Garcia J, Anto JM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 January 1; 151(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10625173&dopt=Abstract

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Poor urban environments: use of paraffin and other fuels as sources of indoor air pollution. Author(s): Bailie RS, Pilotto LS, Ehrlich RI, Mbuli S, Truter R, Terblanche P. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 September; 53(9): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10562887&dopt=Abstract

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Population sampling in European air pollution exposure study, EXPOLIS: comparisons between the cities and representativeness of the samples. Author(s): Rotko T, Oglesby L, Kunzli N, Jantunen MJ. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2000 JulyAugust; 10(4): 355-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981729&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy outcomes and outdoor air pollution: an ecological study in districts of the Czech Republic 1986-8. Author(s): Bobak M, Leon DA. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 August; 56(8): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492651&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary results of exposure measurements and health effects of the Vaal Triangle Air Pollution Health Study. Author(s): Terblanche AP, Opperman L, Nel CM, Reinach SG, Tosen G, Cadman A. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1992 June 6; 81(11): 550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1598646&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of atopy and urban air pollution: dirty business. Author(s): Polosa R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 November; 29(11): 1439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520067&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer's children and their peers living in the same rural community. SCARPOL team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution. Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS, Vuille JC, Wuthrich B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 29(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10051699&dopt=Abstract

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Problems in implication of epidemiology submitted as evidence to the court of air pollution health damages trials. Author(s): Maeda K. Source: J Epidemiol. 2001 November; 11(6): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769946&dopt=Abstract

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Proceedings: The relation of air pollution to mortality. Author(s): Schimmel H, Murawski TJ. Source: J Occup Med. 1976 May; 18(5): 316-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=932839&dopt=Abstract

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Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Mexico City air pollution particulate matter in vitro are dependent on particle size and composition. Author(s): Osornio-Vargas AR, Bonner JC, Alfaro-Moreno E, Martinez L, Garcia-Cuellar C, Ponce-de-Leon Rosales S, Miranda J, Rosas I. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 August; 111(10): 1289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896848&dopt=Abstract

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Proposed air quality objectives for fine particulate air pollution. Author(s): Guidotti TL. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1999 July-August; 90(4): 285-7. Erratum In: Can J Public Health 1999 September-October; 90(5): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10489729&dopt=Abstract

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Public health and air pollution. Author(s): Lewis AC, Lewis MB. Source: Lancet. 2001 January 6; 357(9249): 70; Author Reply 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197387&dopt=Abstract

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Public health and air pollution. Author(s): Haug T, Sostrand P, Lovik M, Langard S. Source: Lancet. 2001 January 6; 357(9249): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197386&dopt=Abstract

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Public health. Air pollution concerns not changed by S-PLUS flaw. Author(s): Colburn KA, Johnson PR. Source: Science. 2003 January 31; 299(5607): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560535&dopt=Abstract

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Public views on the links between air pollution and health in Northeast England. Author(s): Howel D, Moffatt S, Bush J, Dunn CE, Prince H. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 March; 91(3): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648479&dopt=Abstract

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Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. Author(s): Kunzli N, Kaiser R, Medina S, Studnicka M, Chanel O, Filliger P, Herry M, Horak F Jr, Puybonnieux-Texier V, Quenel P, Schneider J, Seethaler R, Vergnaud JC, Sommer H. Source: Lancet. 2000 September 2; 356(9232): 795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022926&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary function and urban air pollution in preschool children. Author(s): Fritz GJ, Herbarth O. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2001 March; 203(3): 235-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279820&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of health effects of exposure to air pollution. Author(s): Krzyzanowski M, Cohen A, Anderson R; WHO Working Group. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 December; 59(12): 791-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468743&dopt=Abstract

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Quantifying the effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries. Author(s): Ezzati M, Kammen DM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 May; 109(5): 481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401759&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “Air pollution and mortality in Philadelphia, 1974-1988”. Author(s): Saez M, Figueiras A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 January 1; 151(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10625181&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “Assessment of deaths attributable to air pollution: should we use risk estimates based on time series or on cohort studies?”. Author(s): Martuzzi M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 November 15; 154(10): 974-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700253&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “On the use of generalized additive models in time-series studies of air pollution and health” and “Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the eastern United States”. Author(s): Curriero FC, Samet JM, Zeger SL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 July 1; 158(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835291&dopt=Abstract

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Reanalysis of the effects of air pollution on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea: A casecrossover design. Author(s): Lee JT, Schwartz J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 August; 107(8): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417360&dopt=Abstract

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Reassessment of the lethal London fog of 1952: novel indicators of acute and chronic consequences of acute exposure to air pollution. Author(s): Bell ML, Davis DL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427388&dopt=Abstract

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Recommendations for the monitoring of short-term health effects of air pollution: lessons from the APHEA Multi Centre European Study. Author(s): Anderson HR, Quenel P, Katsouyanni K, Zanobetti A, Sunyer J, Schouten JP, Wojtyniak B, Zmirou D, Bacharova L, Ponka A, Wichmann HE. Source: Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1999 December; 202(6): 471-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631789&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin in children exposed to high levels of air pollution. Author(s): Dziegielewska KM, Guminska M, Matthews N, Saunders NR, Wilkinson G. Source: Biology of the Neonate. 1993; 63(5): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8353163&dopt=Abstract

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Referent selection in case-crossover analyses of acute health effects of air pollution. Author(s): Levy D, Lumley T, Sheppard L, Kaufman J, Checkoway H. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 March; 12(2): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246579&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between ambient air pollution and low birth weight in the Northeastern United States. Author(s): Maisonet M, Bush TJ, Correa A, Jaakkola JJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427384&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between income, air pollution and mortality: a cohort study. Author(s): Finkelstein MM, Jerrett M, DeLuca P, Finkelstein N, Verma DK, Chapman K, Sears MR. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 September 2; 169(5): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952800&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Author(s): Tsai SS, Huang CH, Goggins WB, Wu TN, Yang CY. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 July 25; 66(14): 1341-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851115&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between ambient air pollution and DNA damage in Polish mothers and newborns. Author(s): Whyatt RM, Santella RM, Jedrychowski W, Garte SJ, Bell DA, Ottman R, Gladek-Yarborough A, Cosma G, Young TL, Cooper TB, Randall MC, Manchester DK, Perera FP. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 June; 106 Suppl 3: 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646044&dopt=Abstract

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Reporting of air pollution levels. Author(s): Ayres JG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 11; 310(6976): 402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726959&dopt=Abstract

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Residence location as a measure of environmental exposure: a review of air pollution epidemiology studies. Author(s): Huang YL, Batterman S. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2000 JanuaryFebruary; 10(1): 66-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703849&dopt=Abstract

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Residential proximity to industrial sources of air pollution: interrelationships among race, poverty, and age. Author(s): Perlin SA, Wong D, Sexton K. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2001 March; 51(3): 406-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266104&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory allergic diseases induced by outdoor air pollution in urban areas. Author(s): D'Amato G, Liccardi G, D'Amato M, Cazzola M. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2002 June-August; 57(3-4): 161-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619373&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory changes due to long-term exposure to urban levels of air pollution: a histopathologic study in humans. Author(s): Souza MB, Saldiva PH, Pope CA 3rd, Capelozzi VL. Source: Chest. 1998 May; 113(5): 1312-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596312&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory diseases in children and outdoor air pollution in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a time series analysis. Author(s): Gouveia N, Fletcher T. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 July; 57(7): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854501&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory effects of air pollution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a three month prospective study. Author(s): Harre ES, Price PD, Ayrey RB, Toop LJ, Martin IR, Town GI. Source: Thorax. 1997 December; 52(12): 1040-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9516896&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory effects of air pollution on allergic disease. Author(s): Pierson WE, Koenig JQ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 October; 90(4 Pt 1): 55766. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1401639&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory effects of air pollution: the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to conduct research. Author(s): Paoletti P, Costabel U. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 June; 8(6): 883-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7589372&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory effects of low-level photochemical air pollution in amateur cyclists. Author(s): Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Breugelmans O, Leentvaar M. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 October; 150(4): 962-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921470&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory effects of relocating to areas of differing air pollution levels. Author(s): Avol EL, Gauderman WJ, Tan SM, London SJ, Peters JM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 December 1; 164(11): 2067-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739136&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory function and symptoms in urban office workers in relation to oxidant air pollution exposure. Author(s): Linn WS, Hackney JD, Pedersen EE, Breisacher P, Patterson JV, Mulry CA, Coyle JF. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 September; 114(3): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=970728&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory health and long-term exposure to air pollutants in Swiss schoolchildren. SCARPOL Team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution, Climate and Pollen. Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C, Vuille JC, Sennhauser FH, Neu U, Kunzle T, Grize L, Gassner M, Minder C, Schindler C, Varonier HS, Wuthrich B. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 March; 155(3): 1042-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9116984&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory health effects of industrial air pollution on children in North Lebanon. Author(s): Kobrossi R, Nuwayhid I, Sibai AM, El-Fadel M, Khogali M. Source: International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2002 September; 12(3): 205-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396522&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory health effects of industrial air pollution: a study in east Lancashire, UK. Author(s): Ginns SE, Gatrell AC. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1996 December; 50(6): 631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039381&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory hospital admissions and summertime haze air pollution in Toronto, Ontario: consideration of the role of acid aerosols. Author(s): Thurston GD, Ito K, Hayes CG, Bates DV, Lippmann M. Source: Environmental Research. 1994 May; 65(2): 271-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187742&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory illnesses in children and air pollution in Copenhagen. Author(s): Keiding LM, Rindel AK, Kronborg D. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1995 May-June; 50(3): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7542441&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory symptoms in children of Upper Silesia, Poland cross-sectional study in two towns of different air pollution levels. Author(s): Zejda JE, Skiba M, Orawiec A, Dybowska T, Cimander B. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 February; 12(1): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817188&dopt=Abstract

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Response of human alveolar macrophages to ultrafine, fine, and coarse urban air pollution particles. Author(s): Becker S, Soukup JM, Sioutas C, Cassee FR. Source: Experimental Lung Research. 2003 January-February; 29(1): 29-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652814&dopt=Abstract

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Review of air pollution and health impacts in Malaysia. Author(s): Afroz R, Hassan MN, Ibrahim NA. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 June; 92(2): 71-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854685&dopt=Abstract

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Risk assessment of acute health and comfort effects of indoor air pollution. Author(s): Stolwijk JA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1992 April 30; 641: 56-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580481&dopt=Abstract

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Risk assessment of urban air pollution. Author(s): Tornqvist M, Ehrenberg L. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1992 December; 2(6): 297-303. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1306130&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors among elderly for short term deaths related to high levels of air pollution. Author(s): Filleul L, Baldi I, Dartigues JF, Tessier JF. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 September; 60(9): 684-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937192&dopt=Abstract

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Risk models for particulate air pollution. Author(s): Dominici F, Burnett RT. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1883-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959852&dopt=Abstract

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Roadside particulate air pollution in Bangkok. Author(s): Jinsart W, Tamura K, Loetkamonwit S, Thepanondh S, Karita K, Yano E. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2002 September; 52(9): 1102-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269671&dopt=Abstract

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Role of urbanization and air pollution in adolescent asthma: a mass screening in Taiwan. Author(s): Lin RS, Sung FC, Huang SL, Gou YL, Ko YC, Gou HW, Shaw CK. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 October; 100(10): 649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760369&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal analysis of air pollution levels in Madrid. Author(s): Monzon A, Moragues A, Acha C. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1999 September 1; 235(1-3): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535128&dopt=Abstract

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Seeking a global perspective on air pollution and health. Author(s): McMichael AJ, Smith KR. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1999 January; 10(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9888271&dopt=Abstract

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Selected air quality trends and recent air pollution investigations in the US-Mexico border region. Author(s): Mukerjee S. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2001 August 10; 276(1-3): 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516131&dopt=Abstract

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Selection and evaluation of air pollution exposure indicators based on geographic areas. Author(s): Huang YL, Batterman S. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 May 15; 253(1-3): 127-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10843337&dopt=Abstract

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Self-reporting versus parental reporting of acute respiratory symptoms of children and their relation to pulmonary function and air pollution. Author(s): Hoek G, Wypij D, Brunekreef B. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 April; 28(2): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342694&dopt=Abstract

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Semen quality and reproductive health of young Czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution. Author(s): Selevan SG, Borkovec L, Slott VL, Zudova Z, Rubes J, Evenson DP, Perreault SD. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 September; 108(9): 887-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017895&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity analysis of common statistical models used to study the short-term effects of air pollution on health. Author(s): Tobias A, Saez M, Galan I, Campbell MJ. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 2003 August; 47(4): 227-9. Epub 2003 April 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687451&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory irritation. Relation to indoor air pollution. Author(s): Cometto-Muniz JE, Cain WS. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1992 April 30; 641: 137-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580464&dopt=Abstract

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Serial correlation and confounders in time-series air pollution studies. Author(s): Jalaludin BB, Marks GB, Morgan GG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 October 7; 177(7): 397; Author Reply 3978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358591&dopt=Abstract

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Serum antibodies to benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in the general population: effects of air pollution, tobacco smoking, and family history of lung diseases. Author(s): Petruzzelli S, Celi A, Pulera N, Baliva F, Viegi G, Carrozzi L, Ciacchini G, Bottai M, Di Pede F, Paoletti P, Giuntini C. Source: Cancer Research. 1998 September 15; 58(18): 4122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751623&dopt=Abstract

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Serum complement levels in children in communities with different levels of air pollution in Japan. Author(s): Shima M, Adachi M, Tanaka T, Tsunetoshi Y. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 July-August; 54(4): 264-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433185&dopt=Abstract

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Sex ratio at birth associated with petrochemical air pollution in Taiwan. Author(s): Yang CY, Tsai SS, Cheng BH, Hsu TY, Wu TN. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2000 July; 65(1): 12631. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874090&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term associations between emergency hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular disease and outdoor air pollution in London. Author(s): Atkinson RW, Bremner SA, Anderson HR, Strachan DP, Bland JM, de Leon AP. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 November-December; 54(6): 398-411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634229&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term associations between outdoor air pollution and mortality in London 19924. Author(s): Bremner SA, Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, McMichael AJ, Strachan DP, Bland JM, Bower JS. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 April; 56(4): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450240&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term associations between outdoor air pollution and visits to accident and emergency departments in London for respiratory complaints. Author(s): Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Strachan DP, Bland JM, Bremner SA, Ponce de Leon A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 February; 13(2): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065665&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of air pollution on childhood respiratory illness in Piraeus, Greece, 1987-1992: nonparametric stochastic dynamic analysis. Author(s): Kontos AS, Fassois SD, Deli MF. Source: Environmental Research. 1999 November; 81(4): 275-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10581106&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of air pollution on mortality in nine French cities: a quantitative summary. Author(s): Le Tertre A, Quenel P, Eilstein D, Medina S, Prouvost H, Pascal L, Boumghar A, Saviuc P, Zeghnoun A, Filleul L, Declercq C, Cassadou S, Le Goaster C. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 July-August; 57(4): 311-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530597&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of air pollution on mortality in the cities of Rouen and Le Havre, France, 1990-1995. Author(s): Zeghnoun A, Czernichow P, Beaudeau P, Hautemaniere A, Froment L, Le Tertre A, Quenel P. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 July-August; 56(4): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572276&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of low-level air pollution on respiratory health of adults suffering from moderate to severe asthma. Author(s): Desqueyroux H, Pujet JC, Prosper M, Squinazi F, Momas I. Source: Environmental Research. 2002 May; 89(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051782&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of particulate air pollution on cardiovascular diseases in eight European cities. Author(s): Le Tertre A, Medina S, Samoli E, Forsberg B, Michelozzi P, Boumghar A, Vonk JM, Bellini A, Atkinson R, Ayres JG, Sunyer J, Schwartz J, Katsouyanni K. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 October; 56(10): 773-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239204&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term exposure to air pollution in a road tunnel enhances the asthmatic response to allergen. Author(s): Svartengren M, Strand V, Bylin G, Jarup L, Pershagen G. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 April; 15(4): 716-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780764&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term health effects of particulate and photochemical air pollution in asthmatic children. Author(s): Just J, Segala C, Sahraoui F, Priol G, Grimfeld A, Neukirch F. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 October; 20(4): 899-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412681&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term variation in air pollution and in average lung function among neversmokers. The Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA). Author(s): Schindler C, Kunzli N, Bongard JP, Leuenberger P, Karrer W, Rapp R, Monn C, Ackermann-Liebrich U. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 February; 163(2): 356-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11179106&dopt=Abstract

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Sizing up air pollution research. Author(s): Loomis D. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 January; 11(1): 2-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10615834&dopt=Abstract

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Small area study of mortality among people living near multiple sources of air pollution. Author(s): Michelozzi P, Fusco D, Forastiere F, Ancona C, Dell'Orco V, Perucci CA. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 September; 55(9): 611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861183&dopt=Abstract

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Solid waste, air pollution and health. Author(s): Kupchik GJ, Franz GJ. Source: J Air Pollut Control Assoc. 1976 February; 26(2): 116-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1249340&dopt=Abstract

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Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNF RII) in sera of children and trafficderived particulate air pollution. Author(s): Cox FA, Stiller-Winkler R, Hadnagy W, Ranft U, Idel H. Source: Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1999 December; 202(6): 489-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631790&dopt=Abstract

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Sources of air pollution due to coal mining and their impacts in Jharia coalfield. Author(s): Ghose MK, Majee SR. Source: Environment International. 2000 August; 26(1-2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345743&dopt=Abstract

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Spatial analysis of the air pollution-mortality relationship in the context of ecologic confounders. Author(s): Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Willis A, Krewski D, Goldberg MS, DeLuca P, Finkelstein N. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1735-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959842&dopt=Abstract

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Spatial regression models for large-cohort studies linking community air pollution and health. Author(s): Cakmak S, Burnett RT, Jerrett M, Goldberg MS, Pope CA 3rd, Ma R, Gultekin T, Thun M, Krewski D. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1811-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959845&dopt=Abstract

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Speed, air pollution, and health: a neglected issue. Author(s): Richter ED, Berman T. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 July-August; 56(4): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572271&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical methods for epidemiologic studies of the health effects of air pollution. Author(s): Navidi W, Thomas D, Langholz B, Stram D. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 1999 May; (86): 1-50; Discussion 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465799&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and determinants of psychophysiological response to odorant/irritant air pollution. Author(s): Winneke G. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1992 April 30; 641: 261-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580475&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of particulate air pollution and mortality: when do authors comment on the policy implications? Author(s): Begier EM, Samet JM. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 November; 13(6): 743-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410022&dopt=Abstract

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Study on the relationship of air pollution to respiratory disease in schoolchildren. Author(s): Kerrebijn KF, Mourmans AR. Source: Environmental Research. 1975 August; 10(1): 14-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1175576&dopt=Abstract

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Subclinically dry eyes in urban Delhi: an impact of air pollution? Author(s): Gupta SK, Gupta V, Joshi S, Tandon R. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 2002 September-October; 216(5): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424406&dopt=Abstract

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Subject-domain approach to the study of air pollution effects on schoolchildren's illness absence. Author(s): Hwang JS, Chen YJ, Wang JD, Lai YM, Yang CY, Chan CC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 July 1; 152(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10901331&dopt=Abstract

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Subpopulations at increased risk of adverse health outcomes from air pollution. Author(s): Annesi-Maesano I, Agabiti N, Pistelli R, Couilliot MF, Forastiere F. Source: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May; 40: 57S-63S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762576&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms in pediatric asthmatics and air pollution: differences in effects by symptom severity, anti-inflammatory medication use and particulate averaging time. Author(s): Delfino RJ, Zeiger RS, Seltzer JM, Street DH. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 November; 106(11): 751-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9799192&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic inflammatory response induced by particulate matter air pollution: the importance of bone-marrow stimulation. Author(s): van Eeden SF, Hogg JC. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 October 25; 65(20): 1597-613. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396870&dopt=Abstract

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Temperature, air pollution, and hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases among elderly people in Denver. Author(s): Koken PJ, Piver WT, Ye F, Elixhauser A, Olsen LM, Portier CJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 August; 111(10): 1312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896852&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal patterns in air pollution and hospital admissions. Author(s): Lipfert FW, Hammerstrom T. Source: Environmental Research. 1992 December; 59(2): 374-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1464290&dopt=Abstract

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Temporal relationship between air pollution and hospital admissions for asthmatic children in Hong Kong. Author(s): Wong GW, Ko FW, Lau TS, Li ST, Hui D, Pang SW, Leung R, Fok TF, Lai CK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 April; 31(4): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359423&dopt=Abstract

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The air pollution detectives. Author(s): Beckett WS. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 August 15; 164(4): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520708&dopt=Abstract

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The association between air pollution and heart failure, arrhythmia, embolism, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular causes of death in a time series study. Author(s): Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Fischer P, van Wijnen J. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 May; 12(3): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337606&dopt=Abstract

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The association between sulfate air pollution and mortality at the county scale: an exploration of the impact of scale on a long-term exposure study. Author(s): Willis A, Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Krewski D. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 August 22October 10; 66(16-19): 1605-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959832&dopt=Abstract

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The association of daily sulfur dioxide air pollution levels with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Europe (The Aphea-II study). Author(s): Sunyer J, Ballester F, Tertre AL, Atkinson R, Ayres JG, Forastiere F, Forsberg B, Vonk JM, Bisanti L, Tenias JM, Medina S, Schwartz J, Katsouyanni K. Source: European Heart Journal. 2003 April; 24(8): 752-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713769&dopt=Abstract

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The burden of air pollution: impacts among racial minorities. Author(s): Gwynn RC, Thurston GD. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 August; 109 Suppl 4: 501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11544154&dopt=Abstract

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The concentration-response relation between air pollution and daily deaths. Author(s): Schwartz J, Ballester F, Saez M, Perez-Hoyos S, Bellido J, Cambra K, Arribas F, Canada A, Perez-Boillos MJ, Sunyer J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 October; 109(10): 1001-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675264&dopt=Abstract

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The contributions of emissions and spatial microenvironments to exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion in Kenya. Author(s): Ezzati M, Saleh H, Kammen DM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 September; 108(9): 833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017887&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of air pollution on inner-city children with asthma. Author(s): Mortimer KM, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Redline S, Tager IB. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 April; 19(4): 699-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999000&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of air pollution on the outcome of pregnancies. Author(s): Alebic-Juretic A, Frkovic A, Simic D. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 December; 75(3): 315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728497&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism due to respiratory illnesses. Author(s): Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, Thomas DC, Avol E, Gauderman WJ, London SJ, Margolis HG, McConnell R, Islam KT, Peters JM. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 January; 12(1): 43-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138819&dopt=Abstract

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The EMECAM project: a multicentre study on air pollution and mortality in Spain: combined results for particulates and for sulfur dioxide. Author(s): Ballester F, Saez M, Perez-Hoyos S, Iniguez C, Gandarillas A, Tobias A, Bellido J, Taracido M, Arribas F, Daponte A, Alonso E, Canada A, Guillen-Grima F, Cirera L, Perez-Boillos MJ, Saurina C, Gomez F, Tenias JM. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 May; 59(5): 300-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983845&dopt=Abstract

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The fireside hypothesis: was there differential selection to tolerate air pollution during human evolution? Author(s): Platek SM, Gallup GG Jr, Fryer BD. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 January; 58(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863389&dopt=Abstract

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The health and visibility cost of air pollution: a comparison of estimation methods. Author(s): Delucchi MA, Murphy JJ, McCubbin DR. Source: Journal of Environmental Management. 2002 February; 64(2): 139-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995237&dopt=Abstract

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The health impacts of exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuels in developing countries: knowledge, gaps, and data needs. Author(s): Ezzati M, Kammen DM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 November; 110(11): 1057-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417475&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of population susceptibility for air pollution risk assessment: a case study of power plants near Washington, DC. Author(s): Levy JI, Greco SL, Spengler JD. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 December; 110(12): 1253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460806&dopt=Abstract

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The interaction between particulate air pollution and allergens in enhancing allergic and airway responses. Author(s): Polosa R. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001 March; 1(2): 102-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899291&dopt=Abstract

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The lag structure between particulate air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in 10 US cities. Author(s): Braga AL, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 November; 43(11): 927-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725331&dopt=Abstract

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The mechanism of detection of air pollution by an ionization chamber. Author(s): Novkovic D, Vukanac, Milosevic Z. Source: Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. 2000; 36(3): 241-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501703&dopt=Abstract

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The Meuse Valley fog of 1930: an air pollution disaster. Author(s): Nemery B, Hoet PH, Nemmar A. Source: Lancet. 2001 March 3; 357(9257): 704-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247570&dopt=Abstract

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The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Part I: Methods and methodologic issues. Author(s): Samet JM, Dominici F, Zeger SL, Schwartz J, Dockery DW. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2000 June; (94 Pt 1): 5-14; Discussion 75-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11098531&dopt=Abstract

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The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Part II: Morbidity and mortality from air pollution in the United States. Author(s): Samet JM, Zeger SL, Dominici F, Curriero F, Coursac I, Dockery DW, Schwartz J, Zanobetti A. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2000 June; 94(Pt 2): 5-70; Discussion 71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11354823&dopt=Abstract

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The need for a focus on air pollution research in the elderly. Author(s): Sandstrom T, Frew AJ, Svartengren M, Viegi G. Source: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May; 40: 92S-95S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762582&dopt=Abstract

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The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States. Author(s): Bernard SM, Samet JM, Grambsch A, Ebi KL, Romieu I. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 May; 109 Suppl 2: 199-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359687&dopt=Abstract

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The public health relevance of air pollution abatement. Author(s): Kunzli N. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 July; 20(1): 198-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166570&dopt=Abstract

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The role of air pollution in asthma. Author(s): Wardlaw AJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 February; 23(2): 81-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8448686&dopt=Abstract

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The role of air pollution in the relationship between a heat stress index and human mortality in Toronto. Author(s): Rainham DG, Smoyer-Tomic KE. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 September; 93(1): 9-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865043&dopt=Abstract

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The role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in the relationship between air pollution and asthma among children. Author(s): Ando M, Shima M, Adachi M, Tsunetoshi Y. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 May-June; 56(3): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480498&dopt=Abstract

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The role of outdoor air pollution and climatic changes on the rising trends in respiratory allergy. Author(s): D'Amato G, Liccardi G, D'Amato M, Cazzola M. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 July; 95(7): 606-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453319&dopt=Abstract

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The spatial association between community air pollution and mortality: a new method of analyzing correlated geographic cohort data. Author(s): Burnett R, Ma R, Jerrett M, Goldberg MS, Cakmak S, Pope CA 3rd, Krewski D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427386&dopt=Abstract

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The temporal pattern of mortality responses to air pollution: a multicity assessment of mortality displacement. Author(s): Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Samoli E, Gryparis A, Touloumi G, Atkinson R, Le Tertre A, Bobros J, Celko M, Goren A, Forsberg B, Michelozzi P, Rabczenko D, Aranguez Ruiz E, Katsouyanni K. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 January; 13(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805591&dopt=Abstract

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Time series analyses of air pollution and health: straining at gnats and swallowing camels? Author(s): Lumley T, Sheppard L. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2003 January; 14(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500039&dopt=Abstract

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Time series analysis of air pollution and mortality: effects by cause, age and socioeconomic status. Author(s): Gouveia N, Fletcher T. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 October; 54(10): 750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990478&dopt=Abstract

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Traffic-related air pollution affects peak expiratory flow, exhaled nitric oxide, and inflammatory nasal markers. Author(s): Steerenberg PA, Nierkens S, Fischer PH, van Loveren H, Opperhuizen A, Vos JG, van Amsterdam JG. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 March-April; 56(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339681&dopt=Abstract

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Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health during the first 2 yrs of life. Author(s): Gehring U, Cyrys J, Sedlmeir G, Brunekreef B, Bellander T, Fischer P, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 April; 19(4): 690-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11998999&dopt=Abstract

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Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory symptoms in children living along trunk roads in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Author(s): Shima M, Nitta Y, Adachi M. Source: J Epidemiol. 2003 March; 13(2): 108-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675120&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in Europe to reduce the indoor air pollution of VOCs. Author(s): Wolkoff P. Source: Indoor Air. 2003; 13 Suppl 6: 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572909&dopt=Abstract

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Twenty years of lichen cover change in a tropical habitat (Costa Rica) and its relation with air pollution. Author(s): Monge-Najera J, Gonzalez MI, Rivas Rossi M, Mendez-Estrada VH. Source: Rev Biol Trop. 2002 March; 50(1): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12298258&dopt=Abstract

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Uncertainties relating to the health effects of particulate air pollution: the US EPA's particle standard. Author(s): Phalen RF. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1998 August; 96-97: 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820676&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding household demand for indoor air pollution control in developing countries. Author(s): Larson BA, Rosen S. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 August; 55(4): 571-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188464&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual case of recovery room air pollution. Author(s): Lichtenthal PR, Katele G, Holley HS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1980 September; 59(9): 711. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7191234&dopt=Abstract

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Update on the health effects of outdoor air pollution. Author(s): Vedal S. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 2002 December; 23(4): 763-75, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512164&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and cardiopulmonary ill health: a 14.5 year time series study. Author(s): Prescott GJ, Cohen GR, Elton RA, Fowkes FG, Agius RM. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 October; 55(10): 697-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9930092&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review. Author(s): Sunyer J. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 May; 17(5): 1024-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488305&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and emergency admissions for asthma in four European cities: the APHEA Project. Author(s): Sunyer J, Spix C, Quenel P, Ponce-de-Leon A, Ponka A, Barumandzadeh T, Touloumi G, Bacharova L, Wojtyniak B, Vonk J, Bisanti L, Schwartz J, Katsouyanni K. Source: Thorax. 1997 September; 52(9): 760-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9371204&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and health inequities: a workshop report. Author(s): American Lung Association. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109 Suppl 3: 357-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427385&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and health: an ecological study of chronic rhinosinusitis in Cologne, Germany. Author(s): Wolf C. Source: Health & Place. 2002 June; 8(2): 129-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943584&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Author(s): Nicolich MJ, Gamble JF. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 September; 12(5): 590-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505184&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Author(s): Nyberg F, Gustavsson P, Jarup L, Bellander T, Berglind N, Jakobsson R, Pershagen G. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 September; 11(5): 487-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955399&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and mortality. Author(s): Granville GC, Gephart LA, Keefe RT Sr. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1998 July-August; 89(4): 228, 238, 240 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735513&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and plant-derived respiratory allergy. Author(s): D'Amato G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 30(5): 628-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792353&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution and respiratory allergy. Author(s): D'Amato G. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2002 April; 57(2): 136-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357845&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: levels and sources of variability. Author(s): Menichini E. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1992 May 1; 116(1-2): 109-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1411492&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean: health perspectives. Author(s): Romieu I, Weitzenfeld H, Finkelman J. Source: World Health Stat Q. 1990; 43(3): 153-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2238696&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution is still a public health problem in Paris. Author(s): Medina S, Dab W, Quenel P, Ferry R, Festy B. Source: World Health Forum. 1996; 17(2): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936279&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution monitoring: laser-based procedure for the detection of carbon monoxide gas. Author(s): Peng WX, Ledingham KW, Singhal RP, McCanny T. Source: The Analyst. 1998 May; 123(5): 1035-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709488&dopt=Abstract

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Urban air pollution: why is it a health problem? Author(s): Kanner RE. Source: Chest. 1998 May; 113(5): 1161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596288&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary fluoride excretion in schoolchildren exposed to fluoride air pollution: a pilot study. Author(s): Archer DP, Gurekas VL, White FM. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1975 September-October; 66(5): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1192325&dopt=Abstract

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Use of different hospital data bases in the estimation of the relation between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Burrillo JM, Diez FB, Perez-Hoyos S. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 March; 12(2): 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246595&dopt=Abstract

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Use of health effects and expressed annoyance for air pollution management. Author(s): Brenot J, Hubert P. Source: Dev Toxicol Environ Sci. 1987; 15: 175-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3569082&dopt=Abstract

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Use of quantitative epidemiologic data in regulatory approaches to air pollution. Author(s): Wahrendorf J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1994 October; 102 Suppl 4: 183-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7821293&dopt=Abstract

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Use of transition probabilities to estimate the effect of smoking on the duration of episodes of respiratory symptoms in diary data: the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA). Author(s): Kaiser R, Schindler C, Kunzli N, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Heeb D, Medici TC, Zellweger JP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 September 15; 148(6): 600-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9753015&dopt=Abstract

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Using geographic information systems to assess individual historical exposure to air pollution from traffic and house heating in Stockholm. Author(s): Bellander T, Berglind N, Gustavsson P, Jonson T, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, Jarup L. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109(6): 633-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445519&dopt=Abstract

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Using meta-smoothing to estimate dose-response trends across multiple studies, with application to air pollution and daily death. Author(s): Schwartz J, Zanobetti A. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 November; 11(6): 666-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055627&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of a rhinitis symptom questionnaire (ISAAC core questions) in a population of Swiss school children visiting the school health services. SCARPOLteam. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptom with respect to Air Pollution and Climate. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C, Wuthrich B, Gassner M, Grize L, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS, Vuille JC. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 May; 8(2): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617776&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of ambient levels of fine particles as surrogate for personal exposure to outdoor air pollution--results of the European EXPOLIS-EAS Study (Swiss Center Basel). Author(s): Oglesby L, Kunzli N, Roosli M, Braun-Fahrlander C, Mathys P, Stern W, Jantunen M, Kousa A. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 July; 50(7): 1251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10939217&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of annoyance scores for estimation of long term air pollution exposure in epidemiologic studies: the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA). Author(s): Oglesby L, Kunzli N, Monn C, Schindler C, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 July 1; 152(1): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10901332&dopt=Abstract

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Variability of FVC and FEV1 due to technician, team, device and subject in an eight centre study: three quality control studies in SAPALDIA. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults. Author(s): Kunzli N, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Keller R, Perruchoud AP, Schindler C. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 March; 8(3): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789479&dopt=Abstract

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Ventilatory functions of normal children in Taiwan. I. Normal standards and effects of air pollution. Author(s): Wang SS, Wang SR. Source: Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1982 August; 81(8): 986-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6960140&dopt=Abstract

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Viruses and indoor air pollution. Author(s): Couch RB. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1981 December; 57(10): 907-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6274457&dopt=Abstract

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What are people dying of on high air pollution days? Author(s): Schwartz J. Source: Environmental Research. 1994 January; 64(1): 26-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287840&dopt=Abstract

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What is air pollution? Author(s): Glomset DA. Source: J Iowa Med Soc. 1970 June; 60(6): 408-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5443818&dopt=Abstract

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What is the association between air pollution and allergic diseases? Author(s): Krishna MT, Salvi SS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 April; 50: 583-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164416&dopt=Abstract

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WHO programme on air quality and air pollution epidemiology. Author(s): Suess MJ. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 1993 June; 1(1): 60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305894&dopt=Abstract

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WHO sets new guidelines for air pollution. Author(s): Carnall D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 November 11; 311(7015): 1246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7496223&dopt=Abstract

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William Harvey and air pollution. Author(s): Maynard RL. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 February; 60(2): 147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554850&dopt=Abstract

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Winter air pollution and respiratory function. Author(s): Lippmann M. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 February; 60(2): 81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554832&dopt=Abstract

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Winter indoor air pollution in Alaska: identifying a myth. Author(s): Isbell M, Gordian ME, Duffy L. Source: Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 2002; 117(1): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843539&dopt=Abstract

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X-ray micro-analytical studies of alveolar macrophages(AM) from expectorate samples as part of a test of effect of occupational particulate air pollution. Author(s): Gullvag BM, Nilsen A, Mylius E. Source: Scan Electron Microsc. 1980; (3): 339-48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7414274&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AIR POLLUTION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and air pollution.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Air Pollution The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “air pollution” (or a synonym): •

A new method to assess air pollution using lichens as bioindicators. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion Academica, UNED, San Jose, Costa Rica. Source: Monge Najera, J Gonzalez, M I Rivas Rossi, M Mendez, V H Rev-Biol-Tropage 2002 March; 50(1): 321-5 0034-7744

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Air pollution and forest health in Europe--implications for North America. Source: Cowlingl, E.B. Atmospheric deposition and forest productivity : proceedings of the Fourth Regional Technical Conference at the Sixty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Appalachian Society of American Foresters, Raleigh, NC, January. 29-31, 1986. Blacksburg, VA : Society of American Foresters, 1986. page 45-54.

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Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong. Author(s): Department of Community and Family Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong. [email protected] Source: Wong, T W Lau, T S Yu, T S Neller, A Wong, S L Tam, W Pang, S W OccupEnviron-Med. 1999 October; 56(10): 679-83 1351-0711

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Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Peters, A Liu, E Verrier, R L Schwartz, J Gold, D R Mittleman, M Baliff, J Oh, J A Allen, G Monahan, K Dockery, D W Epidemiology. 2000 January; 11(1): 11-7 1044-3983

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Air pollution and mortality in Madrid, Spain: a time-series analysis. Author(s): Centro Universitario de Salud Publica de Madrid, Spain. Source: Alberdi Odriozola, J C Diaz Jimenez, J Montero Rubio, J C Miron Perez, I J Pajares Ortiz, M S Ribera Rodrigues, P Int-Arch-Occup-Environ-Health. 1998 November; 71(8): 543-9 0340-0131

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Ascorbic acid turnover in the mouse following acute ozone exposure [Air pollution, vitamin C]. Source: Dubick, M.A. Critchfield, J.W. Last, J.A. Cross, C.E. Rucker, R.B. Toxicology. Limerick : Elsevier Biomedical. July/August 1983. volume 27 (3/4) page 301-313. 0300483X

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Association between hospital emergency visits for asthma and air pollution in Valencia, Spain. Author(s): Valencian Institute of Studies on Public Health (IVESP), Valencia, Spain. Source: Tenias, J M Ballester, F Rivera, M L Occup-Environ-Med. 1998 August; 55(8): 541-7 1351-0711

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Daily mortality and air pollution in northern Bohemia: different effects for men and women. Author(s): Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic. Source: Kotesovec, F Skorkovsky, J Brynda, J Peters, A Heinrich, J Cent-Eur-J-PublicHealth. 2000 May; 8(2): 120-7 1210-7778

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Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality. Author(s): Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Utrecht University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. [email protected]

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Source: Hoek, G Fischer, P Van Den Brandt, P Goldbohm, S Brunekreef, B J-Expo-AnalEnviron-Epidemiol. 2001 Nov-December; 11(6): 459-69 1053-4245 •

Fertilization response to effects due to air pollution in stands of silver fir and Norway spruce? [Abies, Picca abies]. Dungung als Therapie gegen Immissionswirkungen in Tannen-Fichten-Bestanden. Source: Kenk, G. Evers, F. Unfried, P. Schroter, H. Allg-Forst-Jagdztg. Frankfurt am Main, W. Ger. : J.D. Sauerlander's. Sept/October 1983. volume 154 (9/10) page 153-170. 0002-5852

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Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study. Author(s): Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Postfach 1129, 08758 Oberschleissheim, Germany. Source: Peters, A Frohlich, M Doring, A Immervoll, T Wichmann, H E Hutchinson, W L Pepys, M B Koenig, W Eur-Heart-J. 2001 July; 22(14): 1198-204 0195-668X

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The effects of different levels of air pollution on atopy and symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Department of ORL, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey. Source: Keles, N Ilicali, C Deger, K Am-J-Rhinol. 1999 May-June; 13(3): 185-90 1050-6586

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The relative importance of socio-economic status, parental smoking and air pollution (SO2) on asthma symptoms, spirometry and bronchodilator response in 11-year-old children. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Murcia School of Medicine, Cartagena, Spain. Source: Garcia Marcos, L Guillen, J J Dinwiddie, R Guillen, A Barbero, P PediatrAllergy-Immunol. 1999 May; 10(2): 96-100 0905-6157

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Twenty years of lichen cover change in a tropical habitat (Costa Rica) and its relation with air pollution. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion Academica, UNED, San Jose, Costa Rica. Source: Monge Najera, J Gonzalez, M I Rivas Rossi, M Mendez Estrada, V H Rev-BiolTropage 2002 March; 50(1): 309-19 0034-7744

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Urban air pollution and cardiopulmonary ill health: a 14.5 year time series study. Author(s): Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, UK. Source: Prescott, G J Cohen, G R Elton, R A Fowkes, F G Agius, R M Occup-EnvironMed. 1998 October; 55(10): 697-704 1351-0711

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. POLLUTION

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

AIR

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to air pollution. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to air pollution and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to air pollution: •

Air pollution: brown skies research. Author(s): Tattersfield AE. Source: Thorax. 1996 January; 51(1): 13-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8658362&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical ecology and its role in diagnosis of chronic diseases caused by environmental pollution. Indoor air pollution as a major factor. Author(s): Krop JJ. Source: Folia Med Cracov. 1993; 34(1-4): 105-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8175051&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of photochemical air pollution and allergen exposure on upper respiratory tract inflammation in asthmatics.

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Author(s): Hiltermann TJ, de Bruijne CR, Stolk J, Zwinderman AH, Spieksma FT, Roemer W, Steerenberg PA, Fischer PH, van Bree L, Hiemstra PS. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 December; 156(6): 1765-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9412553&dopt=Abstract •

Interaction of air pollution and hyperbaric oxygen on virus replication. Author(s): Genova TF, Orsi EV. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1977 September; 48(9): 863-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=907597&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

Alternative Medicine 155

The following is a specific Web list relating to air pollution; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to air pollution. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “air pollution” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on air pollution, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Air Pollution ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to air pollution. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Comparative Analysis of Quality, Outcome, and Utilization of Mainstream and Non-mainstream Studies: a Meta-analysis of the Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality, 1960-1990 (science Policy, Mainstream Studies, Nonmainstream Studies) by Chiou, Chang-tay, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1991, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9129230

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A Dynamic Interindustry Model for the Economic Analysis of Air Pollution Abatement in New York State. by Rose, Adam Zachary, Phd from Cornell University, 1974, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7504261

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A Firm's Choice between Air Pollution Control Instruments: Theory and Evidence from Bubble Applications by Khursheed, Aaiysha Farhat, Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 1998, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9820452

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A History of the Struggle to Abate Air Pollution from Copper Smelters of the Far West 1885-1933. by Mac Millan, Donald, Phd from University of Montana, 1973, 382 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7408907

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A Legal-economic History of Air Pollution Controls in Wisconsin. by Laitos, Jan Gordon, Sjd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1975, 598 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7602491

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A Linear Programming Model for Air Pollution Control in the St. Louis Airshed (missouri) by Kohn, Robert Errant, Phd from Washington University, 1969, 615 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6922538

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A Normative Evaluation of an Air Pollution Control Action by Guntermann, Karl Lynn, Dba from Indiana University, Graduate School of Business, 1971, 399 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7120647

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A Programmed Text Introducing the Effects of Air Pollution by Rice, David Thomas, Hsd from Indiana University, 1982, 314 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8316938

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A Spatial Econometric Model for Transboundary Air Pollution Control Treaties: an Analysis of Noncooperative International Behavior by Sargent, Keith Allen, Phd from Iowa State University, 1997, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9725454

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A Study of the Treatment of Ecology, Air Pollution, and Water Pollution in Selected Recommended Books for Elementary Grades Published in the United States, 19601975. by Pettus, Eloise Spencer, Phd from The Florida State University, 1977, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7801505

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A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation of the Design of Optimal Air Pollution Regulations by Gorr, Wilpen L., Phd from Carnegie-mellon University, 1973, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7326957

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A Welfare Analysis of Alternative Air Pollution Control Policies. by Lareau, Thomas James, Phd from Indiana University, 1978, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7900399

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Acute Cardiorespiratory Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Atlanta (georgia) by Peel, Jennifer L.; Phd from Emory University, 2003, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080349

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Air Pollution Abatement: an Economic Study into the Cost of Control by Teller, Azriel Arthur, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1967, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6713834

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Air Pollution and Daily Hospital Admissions for Ischemic Heart Disease in the South Coast Air Basin of California by Mann, Jennifer Kate; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082309

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Air Pollution and Economic Growth: Intertemporal and Cross-national Relationships by Mcnaughton, Daniel John; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2000, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9988044

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Air Pollution and Property Values in the Hartford Metropolitan Region. by Egan, Francis Joseph, Phd from Fordham University, 1973, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7402777

Dissertations 159

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Air Pollution and Property Values in Urban Areas by Paxton, Kenneth Wayne, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1971, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7129486

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Air Pollution and Variation in Body Morphology and Pulmonary Function. by Iscan, Mehmet Yasar, Phd from Cornell University, 1976, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7708435

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Air Pollution Assessment of Telework: a Design of a Decision-support Tool by Kitou, Erasmia; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063432

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Air Pollution Control: an Economic Analysis of a Montana Smelter's Sulfur-dioxide Emissions by Asmus, Edward Barry, Phd from Montana State University, 1971, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7208874

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Air Pollution Costs and Benefits: a Present Value Approach to the Cincinnati Air Basin. by Anderson, Jerry W., Jr., Phd from University of Cincinnati, 1976, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7626760

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Air Pollution Legislation in the European Community: the Cases of France and Spain by Stiles, Sarah Charlotte, Phd from Boston University, 1992, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9223513

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Air Pollution: an Economic Analysis. by Tregarthen, Timothy Doran, Phd from University of California, Davis, 1972, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7316936

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An Air Pollution Control System. by Hamlen, William Arthur, Jr., Phd from Purdue University, 1973, 307 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7415169

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An Analysis of Economic and Environmental Impact of Using Biodiesel in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area (air Pollution, Missouri, Soydiesel, Urban Environment) by Chang, Rhi-kao, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1994, 365 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9620189

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An Eco-critical Criminological Analysis of the 1990 Clean Air Act (air Pollution) by Seis, Mark Charles, Phd from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1996, 505 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9623504

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An Investigation of Factors Affecting Curriculum in Air Pollution Technology Programs. by Turner, John Miller, Phd from University of Florida, 1974, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7519401

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An Investigation of Time Series and Case-crossover Analyses of Air Pollution and Asthma Hospital Admission Data for Children in Toronto (ontario) by Livingston, Abby Leigh; Msc from University of Windsor (canada), 2002, 64 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75933

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Analysis of Air Pollution and Human Health from Historical and Modern Perspectives: Study of the Public Health Impacts of the London 1952 Smog, Sensitivity Analyses of Ambient Tropospheric Ozone to Precursor Emissions and Estimation of Subsequent Health by Bell, Michelle Lee; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 390 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068118

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Application of Deterministic-statistical Hybrid Model for Air Pollution Concentration Assessment and Prediction by Szalinska, Wiwiana Aurelia; Phd from Politechnika Wroclawska (poland), 2002, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f692401

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Assessing Air Pollution Exposure and Health Effects on Children's Respiratory Health in Four Chinese Cities by Qian, Zhengmin; Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2002, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046765

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Assessment of Los Angeles Air Pollution Control Administration: Development and Application of a New Evaluation Procedure by Wiel, Stephen, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1972, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7230781

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Associations between Lung Function Growth and Air Pollution in Two Cohorts in Southern California Children by Vora, Hita R.; Ms from University of Southern California, 2002, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411813

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Bureaucratic Power in Environmental Policy-making: the Comparative Study of the U.s. and Korean Experience in Air Pollution (united States) by Kim, Jong-ho, Phd from Syracuse University, 1993, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9401691

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Cardiovascular Morbidity and Ambient Air Pollution in Atlanta, 1993-2000 (georgia) by Metzger, Kristina Busico; Phd from Emory University, 2002, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050126

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Causal Reasoning and Goal Setting: a Comparative Study of Air Pollution, Antitrust and Climate Change Policies by Reiner, David Michael; Phd from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f902881

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Chance Constrained Models for Air Pollution Monitoring and Control by Lelas, Vedran, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1998, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9905782

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Characterizing Exposures to Indoor Air Pollution from Household Solid Fuel Use (india) by Mehta, Sumi; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082320

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Chasing the Wind: Reactive Law, Environmental Equity and Localized Air Pollution Regulation (clean Air Act, Industrial Odor) by Morag-levine, Noga, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1995, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9621290

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Chinook Weather Conditions, Air Pollution, and Allergens: Association with Emergency Department Visits for Asthma in the City of Calgary by Bjornson, Candice Leigh; Msc from University of Calgary (canada), 2002, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76199

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Clarifying Smog: Expert Knowledge, Health, and the Politics of Air Pollution by Dunsby, Joshua William; Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2001, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3031941

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Clean Air Bureaucracy: a Sociological Study of the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District. by Kreplin, Karl William, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1977, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7731430

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Coal Use by Industry and the Associated Air Pollution Emissions in the Period from 1980 to 2000 under Alternative Market and Regulatory Conditions by Roach, Craig Robert, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1983, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8325541

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Conflicting Intergovernmental Relations in Environmental Regulatory Policy Development: the National and Arizona's Air Pollution Control Administration, 19711974. by Regnell, John Bernhard, Phd from Arizona State University, 1974, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7500008

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Costs of Air Pollution Control in the Coal-fired Electric Power Industry by Watson, William Downing, Jr., Phd from University of Minnesota, 1970, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7118836

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Dimensions of Air Pollution Policies among the American States: 1967-1970. by Nelson, Peter Evan, Phd from The University of Arizona, 1974, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7428317

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Does Air Pollution Affect Residential Property Values? by Skov, Iva Lee Marie, Phd from University of Southern California, 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3199046

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'don't Breathe the Air': Air Pollution and the Evolution of Environmental Policy and Politics in the United States, 1945-1970 by Dewey, Scott Hamilton, Phd from Rice University, 1997, 741 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9727545

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Economic and Regulatory Efficiency in Air Pollution Control by Kolstad, Charles Durgin, Phd from Stanford University, 1982, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8220489

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Economic Effects of Environmental Factors on Industrial Firms: Benefits from Regulating Air Pollution by Manuel, Ernest Harry, Jr., Phd from Stanford University, 1984, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8408322

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Economic Impact of Air Pollution: a Programming Approach to Agricultural Crop Damage Measurement in Southern California by Thanavibulchai, Narongsakdi, Phd from University of Wyoming, 1979, 375 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8008036

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Economics of Wood, Natural Gas, and Coal Fired Boilers under Alternative Land and Air Pollution Standards: Three Ohio Cases by Gowen, Marcia Mae, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1983, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8311749

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Environmental Indices and Public Attitudes : the Case of the Ontario Air Pollution Index by Hewings, John M; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33091

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Environmental Perception and Citizen Response: a Denver, Colorado Air Pollution Case Study by Naomi, Leaura M., Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1992, 588 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9232717

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Epiphytic Lichens As Biological Monitors of Air Pollution in West-central Alberta, Canada by Case, James W; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK39227

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Epr Investigation of Free Radicals in Excised and Attached Leaves Subjected to Ozone and Sulphur Dioxide Air Pollution by Vaartnou, Manivalde; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47399

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Estimation of Air Pollution-related Mortality for the Ohio River Basin Energy Study Region by Arbogast, Gary Lynn, Phd from West Virginia University, 1982, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8306325

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Evidence of Historical Air Pollution in Attic Dust by Ilacqua, Vito A.; Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2002, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055064

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Exposure Trading: a More Efficient Way to Control Air Pollution by Shrestha, Ratna Kumar, Phd from University of Hawaii, 1998, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9903859

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Fourier Transform and Diode Laser Ir Spectra of Formaldehyde and Its Application to Air Pollution Monitoring by Nadler, Shachar; Phd from Concordia University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30599

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Gone with the Wind: the Politics of International Air Pollution Control by Vaahtoranta, Tapani, Phd from Princeton University, 1990, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9026419

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History of Air Pollution Control Policy in Korea: Regulation of Point Sources in Industrial Complexes by Park, Kwang-suk; Phd from University of Delaware, 2003, 381 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085476

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Improved Techniques for Predicting Air Pollution Potential by Misra, Prasanta K; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27059

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Indoor Air Pollution Assessment Within Selected Residential Areas in the Greater Accra-tema Metropolitan Region, Ghana, West Africa by Sam, Peter A., Jr.; Phd from University of Kansas, 2002, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067094

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Influence of Proxy Attributes on Multiattribute Decision Analysis: an Empirical Investigation in the Context of Air Pollution Control by Damodaran, Nirmala, Phd from Carnegie-mellon University, 1988, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8920033

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Integrated Modeling of Air Pollution Dynamics in the Southern Appalachian Mountains by Boylan, James Walter; Phd from Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046876

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Inventing Air Pollution: the Social Construction of Smoke in Britain, 1880--1920 by Thorsheim, Peter Joseph; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2000, 391 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9972793

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Life Cycle Theories of Regulatory Agency Behavior: the Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District. by Doty, Robert Adam, Phd from University of California, Riverside, 1978, 275 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7821346

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Linking Regional Air Pollution with Global Chemistry and Climate: the Role of Background Ozone by Fiore, Arlene Marie; Phd from Harvard University, 2003, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091553

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Managing Uncertainty in Environmental Policy: Air Pollution Regulation in the American States by Potoski, Matthew, Phd from Indiana University, 1998, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9919482

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Marketing Pollution: the Social Construction of 'emissions Trading' in U. S. Air Pollution Regulation (united States) by Meidinger, Errol, Phd from Northwestern University, 1987, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8723686

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Mathematical Modeling of Air Pollution Dynamics by Nguyen, Khoi Huu; Phd from University of California, Irvine, 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055413

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Measurements of Ground-level Air Pollution in Central Ontario by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy by Mcmaster, Denise Louise; Msc from Trent University (canada), 2002, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ67129

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Measuring the Benefits from Air Pollution Abatement on Human Health and Welfare: a Case Study of Jacksonville, Florida by Erfani-ezati, Goshtasb, Phd from The Florida State University, 1984, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8427296

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Negotiated Settlements: the Utilities, Multiple Regulators and Clean Air (air Pollution) by Williams, Anna Fay, Phd from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Sch. of Public Health, 1990, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109984

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Organizational Responses to Environmental Issues: Oil Refining Companies and Air Pollution by Logsdon, Jeanne Marie, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1983, 453 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8413477

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Outpatient Medical Costs Related to Air Pollution in the Portland-vancouver Area by Jaksch, John August, Iii, Phd from Oregon State University, 1973, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7307835

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Policy Instrument Choice: an Exploration of the Use of Marketable Permits by the Scaqmd's Reclaim (regional Clean Air Incentives Market) (reclaim, South Coast Air Basin, Air Pollution, California) by Kim, Tae Young, Phd from University of Southern California, 1995, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9621715

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Prevalence Study of Respiratory Effects Associated with Long-term Exposure to Community Air Pollution in Three Greater Montreal Populations by Aubry, Francine; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35677

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Property Value Differentials As a Measure of the Economic Costs of Air Pollution by Spore, Robert Leo, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1972, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7307483

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Property Values and Air Pollution: a Cross-section Analysis of the Saint Louis Urban Area by Wieand, Kenneth Franklin, Jr., Phd from Washington University, 1970, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7111061

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Protect and Enhance: Lowi's 'juridical Democracy' and the Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality (air Pollution, Environmental Protection, Agency) by Meiburg, Albert Stanley, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1986, 521 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8615986

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Regulating Industrial Air Pollution in a Developing Economy in Transition: a Case Study of Chongqing City, China by Liu, Feng, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1999, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9920758

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Regulatory Compliance after the Rulemaking: an Examination of New York State's Air Pollution Control Program by Kelly, Kristine Ann, Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1994, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9423577

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Residential Population Exposure to Air Pollution: the Distribution in St. Louis, Mo. by Gunville, James Michael, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1977, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7807133

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Risk Characterization of Air Pollutants in Pinellas County and Hillsborough County, Florida by Price, Debra J.; Phd from University of South Florida, 2002, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071322

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Risk-based Multi-objective Optimization for the Control of Mobile Source Air Pollution: a Framework Methodology for Analyzing Risk Transferral among Exposure, Emissions, and Economic Costs by Heitzmann, Martha Crawford, Phd from Harvard University, 1997, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9733308

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Short-term Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Asthma Hospitalization in Children: Case-crossover and Time Series Analyses by Lin, Mei; Msc from University of Ottawa (canada), 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76604

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Some Economics of Air Pollution Control by Crocker, Thomas Dunstan, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1967, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6803602

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The Association of Long-term Concentrations of Ambient Air Pollutants and the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms in Nonsmoking Adults by Beeson, W. Lawrence; Drph from Loma Linda University, 2002, 298 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069305

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The Benefits of Air Pollution Reduction in Developing Countries: the Case of India by Simon, Nathalie B., Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1998, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9921013

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'the Death-dealing Smog over Donora, Pennsylvania': Industrial Air Pollution, Public Health, and Federal Policy, 1915-1963 by Snyder, Lynne Page, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1994, 454 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9521124

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The Demand for and Marginal Cost of Air Pollution Abatement: an Implicit Market Analysis by Smith, Hilary Herbert, Phd from Iowa State University, 1982, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8307791

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The Development of a Systematic Process for Enhancing the Awareness of the Potential for Indoor Air Pollution in Schools by Liska, Roger William, Edd from University of Georgia, 1988, 402 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8812082

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The Economics of Air Pollution Control by Stroup, Richard Lyndell, Phd from University of Washington, 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7019665

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The Economics of Air Pollution, with Special Reference to the Control of Sulphuroxides Emissions in Canada by Lepore, Giuseppe; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23126

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The Economics of Air Pollution, with Special Reference to the Control of Sulphuroxides Emissions in Canada. by Lepore, Giuseppe, Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4293686

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The Economics of Air Pollution: General Analysis and Specific Application by Zerbe, Richard O., Jr., Phd from Duke University, 1969, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7011598

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The Economics of Stationary and Mobile Source Air Pollution Control in Urbanized Areas by Heninger, Brian Thomas, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1997, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9723468

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The Effect of Air Pollution on Human Birth Weight. by Williams, Louise Anne, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1975, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7525194

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The Emergence of Air Pollution As a Political Issue in Southern California: 1940-1970. by Sims, Harold Lahn, Phd from University of California, Riverside, 1973, 365 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7409258

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The Employment and Earnings Incidence of the Regulation of Air Pollution--a Policy Evaluation Model. by Hollenbeck, Kevin Maurice, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1976, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7708789

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The External Costs of Air Pollution and the Environmental Impact of the Consumer in the United States Economy by Matthews, H. Scott, Phd from Carnegie-mellon University, 1999, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9936002

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The Impact of Air Pollution Abatement Activities of Coal-burning Electric Power Generating Plants on the Fertilizer Industry by Bell, David Michael, Phd from Michigan State University, 1971, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7216384

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The Impact of Environmental Policies on a Developing Economy: an Application to Indonesia (air Pollutants, Pesticides) by Resosudarmo, Budy Prasetyo, Phd from Cornell University, 1996, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628418

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The Impact of Inputs, Employee Characteristics, Organizational Arrangements, and Activities on the Environmental Effectiveness of State Air Pollution Control Agencies by Goetze, David Brigham, Phd from Indiana University, 1980, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8024570

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The Income Distribution Impacts of Air Pollution Controls: a Los Angeles Case Study (california) by Bae, Chang-hee Christie, Phd from University of Southern California, 1994 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2157475

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The Macroeconomic Benefits of the Control of Environmental Externalities (greenhouse Effect, Air Pollution, Pollution Control) by Schimmelpfennig, David Everett, Phd from Michigan State University, 1992, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9314747

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The Politics of Air Pollution Control in Los Angeles and Osaka: a Comparative Urban Study by Nakamura, Akira, Phd from University of Southern California, 1973, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7318832

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The Potential Impact of Long-range Air Pollution Transport on Economic Growth in Columbus, Ohio by Gowdy, John Malcolm, Phd from West Virginia University, 1980, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8029284

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The Response of Farmers to Industrial Air Pollution in England by Jacobs, Hersch A; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40915

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The Response of Farmers to Industrial Air Pollution in England. by Jacobs, Abraham Hersch, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3378262

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The Rise of Air Pollution Control As a National Political Issue: a Study of Issue Development by Bernstein, Shawn, Phd from Columbia University, 1982, 418 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8427352

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The Social Costs of Air Pollution by Seskin, Eugene Paul, Phd from Carnegie-mellon University, 1973, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7326963

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The Structure and Content of Environmental Cognitions: an Exploratory Study of Evaluations of Air Pollution among Five Professional and Disciplinary Student Groups by Barker, Mary L; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14835

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The Use of Effluent Charges to Control Air Pollution and Induce an Efficient Allocation of Resources. by Low-beer, Anthony Benno, Phd from Columbia University, 1971, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7408195

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Three Suggested Methods of Controlling Air Pollution in the United States and Their Probable Economic Impact on the Domestic Coal Industry. by Mutschler, Paul Henry, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1973, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7418416

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Towards Efficient Regulation of Air Pollution from Coal-fired Power Plants. by Mendelsohn, Robert Owen, Phd from Yale University, 1978, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7915859

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Variables in Decision-making in the Administration of Air Pollution Controls in Pennsylvania. by Selman, Henry Marc, Phd from West Virginia University, 1975, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7611781

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When Is a Life Too Costly to Save? Empirical Evidence from Three Epa Programs (asbestos, Air Pollution, Superfund) by Van Houtven, George Louis, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1993, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9407702

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AIR POLLUTION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning air pollution.

Recent Trials on Air Pollution The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to air pollution.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Air Pollution and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Condition(s): arrythmias Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); New England Medical Center Purpose - Excerpt: Community based studies have shown increased cardiovascular mortality associated with acute exposures to particulate air pollution. Electrocardiographic changes have also been reported in animals exposed to particles in controlled conditions. We have hypothesized that cardiovascular patients may experience life-threatening arrhythmias associated with particulate air pollution episodes. Implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) devices continuously monitor the heart rhythm, and on detecting arrhythmias can initiate interventions. These devices provide a passive, continuous monitor of cardiac arrhythmias. We are assessing the association between community exposures to air pollution measured by ambient monitors and these cardiac arrhythmias detected by implanted cardioverter defibrillator devices. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): Douglas Dockery, ScD 617-432-1244 [email protected]; Brenda Barrett 617-432-3928 [email protected] Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00015574

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “air pollution” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AIR POLLUTION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “air pollution” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on air pollution, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Air Pollution By performing a patent search focusing on air pollution, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on air pollution: •

Air pollution control assembly and method Inventor(s): Bundy; Richard P. (Pickerington, OH) Assignee(s): Bundy Environmental Technology, Inc. (Reynoldsburg, OH) Patent Number: 6,511,637 Date filed: April 16, 1999 Abstract: An air pollution control assembly for treating flue gas streams containing acid gases. The assembly is comprised of an evaporative cooler assembly or a spray dryer gas distribution system. The assembly further has a reagent injection venturi assembly and a baghouse assembly. The baghouse assembly includes a filter cake management system which is automatically activated with respect to time and the pressure differential across the filter bags. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to air pollution control assemblies and particularly to assemblies and methods which control and treat gas streams to remove pollutants. Particularly, the invention relates to an air pollution control assembly for treating acid gas streams from incinerators and the like. More particularly, this invention relates to a synergistic combination of assemblies to effectively treat polluted gas streams, such as a dry scrubber assembly for removing acid gasses. In the past, various air pollution control apparatus and methods have been proposed and utilized in treating various flue gas streams. For example, Applicant's U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,876,402, 3,877,899, 4,105,421, 4,113,449 and 4,158,554 disclose apparatus and methods used to filter particulate laden gases. Fabric filtration structures and methods are generally disclosed directing particulate laden gas streams into baghouses. Structures and methods are also disclosed for cleaning filter bags of a baghouse as well as structures arranged to permit filtering elements to be replaced as a unit. These patents provide a background showing air pollution control equipment designs and methods. Air pollution and environmental quality concerns continue to increase controls on industrial emissions via various laws, statutes, and mandates by regulatory agencies. The separation of undesirable particulate matter from effluent streams by fabric filtration is a method of controlling air pollution. Fabric filtration is performed using dust collection apparatus or baghouses which operate, except for scale, on the principle of vacuum cleaners. A baghouse is typically a sheet metal housing divided into two chambers, or plenums, by one or more tube sheets. Disposed within openings communicating with the plenums are fabric filters. A particle-laden gas stream, induced by a fan, for example, enters one chamber (dirty-air plenum) wherein dust accumulates on the fabric filter as the gas passes through the fabric into the other chamber (clean-air plenum) and out the exhaust. Although baghouses are typically designed in accordance with these principles, there are operational and structural differences between them. The present invention relates to a baghouse wherein the dirty and clean air plenums are separated by a tube sheet having a plurality of vertically suspended filter bags in which cylindrical wire cages are inserted for skeletal support. The gas is filtered as it moves from the outside of the bags to the inside. As a result, baghouses constructed in this manner are normally referred to as outside bag collectors and these outside bag collectors are used in the dry scrubber assembly of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06511637__

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•

Air pollution preventing device in internal combustion engine Inventor(s): Takashiba; Kazuhiro (Wako, JP) Assignee(s): Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,553,978 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: An air pollution preventing device for preventing release of blow-gas within a crank chamber to the atmosphere and restraining discharge of polluting substance within burned gas by returning exhaust gas to a combustion chamber is provided. A blow-by gas treatment chamber unit and an exhaust gas return chamber unit are placed one upon another on a suction manifold. The blow-by gas treatment chamber unit has a blow-by gas chamber communicating with a crank chamber through a blow-by gas passage and a blow-by gas passage leading from the blow-by gas chamber to a suction passage. The exhaust gas return chamber unit has an exhaust gas return chamber communicating with an exhaust passage through an exhaust gas return passage and an exhaust gas return passage leading from the exhaust gas return chamber to a suction passage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an air pollution preventing device in an internal combustion engine in which discharge of blow-by gas in a crank chamber to the atmosphere is prevented, and exhaust gas is returned to a combustion chamber to restrain release of polluting substance contained in burned gas. An air pollution preventing device in which blow-by gas and exhaust gas are led to a suction chamber provided on a top of an internal combustion engine to be mixed with suction air and supplied to a combustion chamber, has been known as shown in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication Hei 5-99079. In this air pollution preventing device, a blow-gas passage and an exhaust gas return passage leading to the suction chamber are arranged on a straight line crossing a plurality of parallel manifold suction passages. Ends of the blow-by gas passage and the exhaust gas return passage are opened in the suction chamber facing each other, and a partition wall hanging from a top wall of the suction chamber is positioned between the openings of the blow-by gas passage and the exhaust gas return passage. Therefore, blow-by gas entering the suction chamber from the blowby gas passage and return exhaust gas entering the suction chamber from the exhaust gas return passage are directed downward by the partition wall to be mixed with each other and supplied to a manifold suction passage opening to the suction chamber. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06553978__

•

Air turbulence generator of internal combustion engines Inventor(s): Kim; Jay S. (21597 Running Branch Rd., Diamond Bar, CA 91765) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,158,412 Date filed: September 21, 1999 Abstract: The device is utilized to create swirling, turbulent flow to the air entering an internal combustion engine, and to the exhaust gases therefrom prior to the gases entering an air pollution system. The device utilizes multiple curved and radially angled vanes to force the air into a predetermined turbulent, swirling pattern. For carbureted engines, the device is positioned between the air filter and the inlet to the carburetor and

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on fuel injection engines, the device is positioned at the inlet port of the intake manifold. 100% of the air which will enter the engine will have been forced into a swirling and turbulent flow by the device for maximum combustion efficiency. Within the exhaust system, the device is positioned within the exhaust tube(s) just upstream of the catalytic converter to force the gases into a swirling and turbulent flow, thereby permitting a more efficient utilization of the catalytic converter process. Excerpt(s): The present invention lies within the field of internal combustion engines and specifically to the air entering the carburetor or fuel injection system of said engines. Additionally, the invention is specific to said engines which utilize air pollution devices at their exhaust gases, such as catalytic converters. It is well known by those knowledgeable in the art that an internal combustion engine is more efficient if the air entering its combustion chamber(s) is swirling and in a turbulent state. This is true because a turbulent airflow provides a more complete and uniform mixture of air/fuel within the airflow. More complete combustion of the vapor/air/fuel mixture is accomplished thereof. Additionally, the catalytic converters used on today's' automobiles perform much more efficiently if the exhaust gases entering therein are also in a swirling, turbulent state. U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,776 discloses an air swirling device placed within an engine air horn, over a carburetor intake port. However, the device has small vanes which can only contact 10-20% (estimated) of the air entering the port. Additionally, the device has a circular frame which is perpendicular to the airflow from the air filter, and this frame must restrict the airflow in a significant manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06158412__ •

Air-drafting dust remover for power sander Inventor(s): Chu; Eric (8F-2, No. 153, Chung-San Road, Hsin-chu, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,993,305 Date filed: October 31, 1998 Abstract: A dust remover for power sander includes a dust collecting hood secured on the sander and fluidically communicated with a vacuum system formed in or attached to the sander, having a resilient bellows portion formed on a lower portion of the hood for covering a sanding pad as driven by a motor of the sander and a bottom flange having a plurality of apertures or perforations circumferentially formed in the flange, with the bellows portion resiliently expanding to retain the bottom flange on a working surface; whereby upon vacuum suction in the sander to form at least an air stream as drafted from the outside into the inside of the hood, the dusts, as produced when operating the sander, will be sucked inwardly into the hood as laden in the air stream to be finally collected and disposed for preventing air pollution and for enhancing occupational health. Excerpt(s): The present inventor has found the drawbacks of the conventional air sander, and invented the present dust remover for power sander. The object of the present invention is to provide a dust remover for power sander including a dust collecting hood secured on the sander and fluidically communicated with a vacuum system formed in or attached to the sander, having a resilient bellows portion formed on a lower portion of the hood for covering a sanding pad as driven by a motor of the sander and a bottom flange having a plurality of apertures or perforations circumferentially formed in the flange, with the bellows portion resiliently expanding to

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retain the bottom flange on a working surface; whereby upon vacuum suction in the sander to form at least an air stream as drafted from the outside into the inside of the hood, the dusts, as produced when operating the sander, will be sucked inwardly into the hood as laden in the air stream to be finally collected and disposed for preventing air pollution and for enhancing occupational health. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the dust remover for power sander of the present invention comprises a dust collecting hood 2 secured to a power sander 1 which may be a pneumatic sander as illustrated (or an electric sander driven by an electric motor). A vacuum suction system is inherently formed in the sander, or a sander such as a non-vacuum tool may be further connected with an additional vacuum suction system (not shown) for sucking and collecting dust from a hood of the sander for the disposal of dust. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05993305__ •

Anti-air pollution & energy conservation system for automobiles using leaded or unleaded gasoline, diesel or alternate fuel Inventor(s): Bose; Ranendra K. (14346 Jacob La., Centreville, VA 20120-3305) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,398,851 Date filed: September 7, 2000 Abstract: Exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine operating with leaded or unleaded gasoline or diesel or natural gas, are used for energizing a high-speed gas turbine. The convoluting gas discharge causes a first separation stage by stratifying of heavier and lighter exhaust gas components that exit from the turbine in opposite directions, the heavier components having a second stratifying separation in a vortex tube to separate combustible pollutants from non-combustible components. The noncombustible components exit a vortex tube open end to atmosphere. The lighter combustible, pollutants effected in the first separation are bubbled through a sodium hydroxide solution for dissolving the nitric oxide, formaldehyde impurities in this gas stream before being piped to the engine air intake for re-combustion, thereby reducing the engine's exhaust pollution and improving its fuel economy. The combustible, heavier pollutants from the second separation stage are piped to air filter assemblies. This gas stream convoluting at a high-speed through the top stator-vanes of the air filters, centrifugally separates the coalescent water, aldehydes, nitrogen dioxides, sulfates, sulfur, lead particles which collect at the bottom of the bowl, wherein it is periodically released to the roadway. Whereas, the heavier hydrocarbon, carbon particles are piped through the air filter's porous element to the engine air intake for recombustion, further reducing the engine's exhaust pollution and improving its fuel economy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for the purification of exhaust gas of internal combustion engines and more particularly to an apparatus for significantly reducing the amount of incompletely burned fuel that is discharged from the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine to the atmosphere, thereby increasing the said engines fuel economy. The exhaust gases which are emitted from present day automotive vehicles using unleaded gasoline consist primarily of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), other natural byproducts of combustion and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The CO gas when inhaled by humans combine with their blood cells and prevents them from conveying the oxygen (O2) content of air to their lungs, causing breathing problems. The HC and NOx

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constituents combine in the presence of heat and sunlight as they escape into the atmosphere to form Ozone (smog). Inhalation of Ozone has been documented to cause lung cancer. However, leaded gasoline operated automobiles also emit lead particles which causes lead poisoning if ingested by humans. Whereas, the diesel operated automobiles are known to emit micron size, carbon particles and sulfur dioxide/trioxide gases. The carbon particles are embedded in the human lungs, if inhaled and are known to cause lung cancer. The sulfur and nitrogen oxide gases are dissolved in rainwater to create acid rain which have devastated some forest lands through out the world. Additionally, recent research has established that carbon dioxide (CO2).about.the main exhaust gas component although not a pollutant gas has been proven to be a green house gas (GHG). These gases are trapped in the lower atmosphere and prevent the radiation of solar heat from the earth's heated surface to the atmosphere thereby causing Global Warming. For reducing this warming, it is of paramount importance to reduce the generation of GHG or carbon dioxide gases by the conservation of fuel/energy in all types of internal combustion engines, which currently use about one-quarter of our national petroleum consumption. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06398851__ •

Automatic gas conditioning method Inventor(s): Schwab; James J. (Napa, CA), Riley; Joseph R. (Sonoma, CA) Assignee(s): Envirocare International Inc. (Novato, CA) Patent Number: 5,922,103 Date filed: October 12, 1995 Abstract: An air pollution control system using a novel control system is disclosed. The control system is particularly useful with a gas conditioning tower ("GCT") which uses a spray from a two-fluid nozzle to cool hot process gases prior to flowing to an electrostatic precipitator. A first control loop, employing, for example, a temperature feedback control system, is used during normal operation of the system, and an override control loop is used to protect the electrostatic precipitator from overheated gases which may be diverted in the case of a plant upset. The override control loop adjusts the spray based on a calculation of the spray characteristics needed to meet the new GCT conditioning requirements. In another aspect the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for optmizing the spray from a two-fluid nozzle used in a GCT. In particular, the spray droplets are made larger when possible, thereby reducing the energy usage of the system. In yet another aspect of the present invention, the controller used in the air pollution control system directly regulates delivery pressure of the air compressor used as a source of compressed air for the two-fluid nozzle, for further energy savings. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of air pollution control, and is particularly directed to an improved automatic control system for dust conditioning ahead of an electrostatic precipitator for removing contaminant particles from a hot gaseous effluent stream. Over the past several decades the control of air pollution has become a priority concern of society. The United States and other countries have developed elaborate regulatory programs aimed at requiring factories and other major sources of air pollution to install the best available control technology (BACT) for removing contaminants from gaseous effluent streams released into the atmosphere. The standards for air pollution control are becoming increasingly stringent, so that there is a constant demand for ever more effective pollution control technologies. In addition, the

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operating costs of running pollution control equipment can be substantial, so there is also a constant demand for more energy efficient technologies. One well-known type of device for removing contaminants from a gaseous effluent stream is the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). ESPs are generally recognized as being capable of high particle collection efficiency, especially of fine particles, when the particles have the proper electrical resistivity; see, e.g., O. Tassicker and J. Schwab, High-Intensity Ionizer for Improved ESP Performance, EPRI Journal (June/July 1977), pp. 56 et seq. The optimum range of dust resistivity in situ is typically between about 10.sup.8 and 10.sup.11 ohm cm. In many industrial applications, the suspended dust particles in the effluent gas streams are not in this range for the gas conditions entering the ESP. Therefore the dust particles must be conditioned prior to entry into the ESP by changing the gas temperature or increasing moisture content of the gases or both; see, e.g., G. Werner, Electrostatic precipitators in cement plants, International Cement Review (August 1991), pp. 61 et seq.; and, J. R. Riley and John M. Tate, Re-evaluating evaporative gas conditioning: Is feasibility still an issue?, International Cement Review (November 1990), pp. 36, et seq. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05922103__ •

Automatic putting-out apparatus Inventor(s): Kim; Yoon-Guk (KyongGi-Do, KR) Assignee(s): Paseco Co., Ltd. (KR) Patent Number: 6,338,624 Date filed: July 11, 2000 Abstract: An automatic combustion putting-out apparatus for a room heater, includes wick case with a turning shaft to raise or lower a wick, a torsion-spring biased ratchet, a lever pivotally mounted in a frame for releasing or arresting the ratchet, a shutting-off knob and a safety weight for actuating the lever to release the ratchet for putting-out a combustion, a bracket on one side of the frame, a blocking plate pivotally mounted on the bracket and provided with an actuating piece to be in contact with a bottom surface of the lever, a coil spring for actuating the blocking plate by returning to its original shape when the room temperature rises beyond a predetermined value to interrupt combustion, the coil spring being connected to the blocking plate and the bracket by opposite ends of the spring, and a bias spring for boosting the force of the coil spring when the coil spring is initiated at beyond the predetermined room temperature value, the bias spring being connected to the blocking plate and the bracket by opposite ends of the bias spring. The apparatus turns off the heater automatically when the room temperature reaches a predetermined level to protect the heater from overheating to prevent fire, and to reduce indoor air pollution thereby enhancing health as CO and CO.sub.2 levels in the room are controlled to within safe limits. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an automatic putting-out apparatus and particularly to an automatic putting-out apparatus which can be used to control room heating by automatically interrupting combustion when the room temperature reaches a predetermined temperature. A variety of fire putting-out means have been developed so far in the field of room heating, which can put off heating apparatuses when the room temperature reaches a certain level. As an example, a Japanese patent publication 41/12269 discloses a heating controller wherein the flow of fuel through a main combustion device is controlled by operating a control valve in a bleed line to adjust the pressure depending on the room temperature. This system, however, is not suited for

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practical use because it includes so many different components like pressure controllers, several valves, lever devices with temperature-responding members and supporting means to maintain the lever devices at neutral position that responding speed is not only slow but also its construction is very complicated and costly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06338624__ •

Bowling pin with improved polymeric coating and method of making Inventor(s): Infantino; Joseph R. (15 Seneca Dr., Chappaqua, NY 10514) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,033,315 Date filed: August 7, 1998 Abstract: The outer two layers, composed of an undercoat of an ionomer and a topcoat of polyurethane, on a wooden core of a bowling pin are bonded together by use of either of a polyfunctional aziridine or polyfunctional carbodiimide providing superior adhesion under shock plus several shop advantages including lessened air pollution and ease of application. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to bowling pins and their manufacture and more particularly to wooden bowling pins having multiple layer external resinous or plastic coatings. More particularly still, the invention relates to bonding of separate layers of plastic coatings on bowling pins to each other. It has been customary in the bowling industry to use bowling pins made of a hard shock resistant wood such as maple or preferably silver maple to resist the shocks and wear incident to being struck by bowling balls traveling at relatively high speeds and of significant weight, the usual pin weighing approximately three pounds and the usual bowling ball weighing between about 11 and 16 pounds depending upon the player. Moreover, since the contact surfaces of both the ball and the pin are convexly arcuate in configuration, the collision force between the two is exerted upon a relatively small area, or striking area, of the pin. As a result, very high shock forces are developed in the surface of the wooden pin. In addition, the relatively lighter pins, after being struck by the substantially heavier ball, attain very respectable recoil speeds, striking each other and portions of the alley pit with considerable force, further tending to damage the surface of the pin. As a result, the surface of the pin is subject to denting, chipping, pitting, and splintering as well as discoloration through abrasion and forceful imprinting into the pin surface of dirt and the like from the alley. Consequently, it has in the past been normal practice to refinish wood surfaces of bowling pins after as little as 200 to 300 games. In an attempt to alleviate these difficulties, plastic coatings and, particularly polystyrene outer plastic coatings or cladding, were in the past developed for bowling pins. This increased the life of the pin, which now could be used in favorable cases for one thousand games or more before having to be refinished or replaced. However, these polymeric clad pins also tended to be subject to the same difficulties at the surface of the pin as wooden surface pins with, however, the further problem of delamintion of the plastic coating from the surface of the underlying wooden core of the pin. Not only did the bond between the plastic coating and the hardwood core fail, but the wood itself also continued to fail as a result of crushing of the wood fibers. Once the wood fibers failed the surface coating of the pin would also not only fail itself, but become unattractive and essentially unusable. All-resinous or solid plastic pins were also developed in the past. These were provided with a softer plastic core simulating wood and a harder plastic surface coating. Such previous pins, however, were subject to fracture of the surface coating and delamination

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of such coating from the core under the extreme shocks of the game exerted upon the surface of the pin and also were found to be deficient or unsatisfactory in other ways, such as, for example, making a sound upon impact unlike the sound of traditional wooden pins, which unnatural sound was frequently objected to by traditionalist bowlers. Solid plastic pins as well as some reinforced wooden pins also have not reacted or rebounded in the usual manner of wooden pins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06033315__ •

Catalytic converter provided with vortex generator Inventor(s): Lin; Shyh-Shyan (Taipei, TW), Yang; Jyh-Chyang (Hsinchu, TW) Assignee(s): Industrial Technology Research Institute (Hsinchu, TW) Patent Number: 5,916,134 Date filed: September 10, 1997 Abstract: A catalytic converter consists of an exhaust gas inlet, an exhaust gas outlet, and a catalytic reactor located between the inlet and the outlet for reacting with the exhaust gas discharged by the internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, so as to reduce air pollution. The exhaust gas inlet is provided with a vortex generator for causing the incoming exhaust gas to flow in a helical path into the inlet and than the catalytic reactor in which the exhaust gas reacts uniformly and thoroughly with all cross-sectional areas of the catalytic reactor of the catalytic converter. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a catalytic converter connected to the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine of an automotive vehicle, particularly to a device designed to guide the exhaust gas such that the catalytic converter can react more efficiently with the exhaust gas so as to reduce air pollution. It is therefore the primary objective of the present invention to provide a catalytic converter with an exhaust flow guiding device for expanding the reaction area of the reactor of the catalytic converter such that the reaction between the exhaust gas and the catalytic converter takes place efficiently. It is another objective of the present invention to provide an improved catalytic converter in which the chemical filtration of the exhaust gas takes place uniformly throughout the cross sectional area of the catalytic converter, so as to prolong the service life span of the catalytic converter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05916134__

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Charged droplet spray nozzle Inventor(s): Richards; Clyde N. (P.O. Box 216, Peralta, NM 87042) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,941,465 Date filed: February 8, 1995 Abstract: Apparatus for generating large quantities of highly charged droplets, which may be used in gas cleaning machines, as in air pollution control systems. Two opposing, colliding streams of liquid, emitted from opposingly oriented nozzles connected to a pressurized liquid source, generate a spreading disk shaped sheet of liquid, which sheet connected to ground by grounding of the nozzle assembly, and which sheet is emitted between equidistant induction electrodes, maintained at an equal

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voltage, which induce electric charges in liquid droplets as they leave the edge of the spreading liquid disk, which charges are conveyed to the droplets from the grounded liquid disk and nozzle assembly, through the ground connection of the nozzle assembly. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns devices for producing liquid droplets having large quantities of electric charge, which charged droplets are useful in gas cleaning machines for removal of aerosol particles from gases, by passing the charged droplets through the gas. There are numerous gas cleaning applications for electrostatic precipitating machines designed for removal of liquid or solid particles of a pollutant found in a flowing gas, such as, for example, removal of particles of smoke found in the gases produced in burning fossil fuels at a power plant, removal of dusts created during grinding and pulverizing processes, and removal of mists created during the operation of various kinds of chemical processes. Although the primary applications of the invention have to do with facilitating gas cleaning through improved operation of such electrostatic precipitating machines, there may as well be other applications of the present invention, including but not limited to applications which cannot presently be anticipated. The purpose of the invention is the provision of a simple, inexpensive and easily operated device to allow the production of copious quantities of highly charged liquid droplets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05941465__ •

Combatting air pollution Inventor(s): Chandler; Guy Richard (Little Eversden, GB), Rajaram; Raj Rao (Slough, GB), Diwell; Alan Francis (Sonning Common, GB) Assignee(s): Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company (London, GB) Patent Number: 6,546,717 Date filed: October 2, 2000 Abstract: In the control of pollutants such as NO.sub.x in the exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, ozone is reacted with NO to form NO.sub.2, which is then reduced catalytically to N.sub.2, by reacting NO.sub.2 with ammonia. The NO.sub.2 produced can react with the particulates of Diesel engine to exhaust gas to regenerate a particulate filter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of combatting air pollution from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, and to an internal combustion engine whose exhaust apparatus contains means therefor. One of the pollutants in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine is NOx (oxides of nitrogen). NOx is produced by the thermal fixation of nitrogen in the combustion air, leading to thermal NOx, or by the conversion of chemically bound nitrogen in the fuel, leading to fuel NOx. The most abundant nitrogen species in an engine exhaust stream is NO, with low amounts of NO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O. For example, the nitrogen oxide species in the exhaust stream of a typical diesel passenger car are about 95% NO, 4% NO.sub.2 and a little N.sub.2 O. Although nitrogen monoxide (NO) is the most abundant nitrogen species in an engine exhaust stream, various processes for the treatment of the exhaust gas proceed more rapidly when the NOx species is NO.sub.2 rather than NO. For example, European patent specification 341832A discloses that in the regeneration of a diesel particulate trap at low temperature, NO.sub.2 is a more effective oxidant than NO or O.sub.2. Again, to combat NOx emissions from lean-burn engines, it has been proposed to adsorb NOx by an adsorbent when the exhaust gas is lean (i.e. when there is a

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stoichiometric excess of oxygen) and release the adsorbed NO.sub.2 when the exhaust gas is rich, the exhaust gas being periodically made rich to release the adsorbed NOx; during the lean operation, NO is oxidised to NO.sub.2 which can then readily react with adsorbent surface to form nitrate--see for instance European patent specification 560991A. Yet again, in other strategies to combat NOx emissions from lean-burn engines, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR), there are indications that the presence of NO.sub.2 may be beneficial, see for instance Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2 (1993) 81-100, Elsevier Science Publishers BV and Journal of Catalysis 171, 27-44 (1997), Academic Press. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06546717__ •

Combustion promotion auxiliary device for internal combustion engine Inventor(s): Suzuki; Isao (Toshima-ku, JP) Assignee(s): Hiroaki Hoshino (Shirakawa, JP), Brainworks Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,058,914 Date filed: June 30, 1998 Abstract: A combustion promotion auxiliary device can increase the fuel consumption rate by improving the fuel combustion efficiency for a variety of internal combustion engines including those for automobiles and motorbikes, and can prevent air pollution. The combustion promotion auxiliary device includes a combustion promotion auxiliary container which can be mounted to a fuel pipe for an internal combustion engine and a combustion promotion medium consisting of soft porous ancient marine humus housed in the combustion promotion auxiliary container. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a combustion promotion auxiliary device for internal combustion engines that is suitable for use with combustion engines for automobiles, motorbikes, boilers, and others. Conventionally, the CO, HC, and NOx in the exhaust gas from the engine for an automobile and a motorbike have had an ill effect on the human body, and presented an environmental problem such as air pollution. The automobile manufacturers are going to cope with this problem by improving the engine, however, a vast amount of money is required for improvement of an engine, and it is not always easy to provide a substantial improvement in solving the environmental problem such as air pollution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06058914__

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Compositions and methods for enhancing the topical effects of sunscreen agents Inventor(s): Yu; Ruey J. (Ambler, PA), Van Scott; Eugene J. (Abington, PA) Assignee(s): Tristrata Technology, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,942,250 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Uses of topical compositions comprising a 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid or related compound to alleviate or improve signs of skin, nail and hair changes associated with intrinsic or extrinsic aging are disclosed. 2-Hydroxycarboxylic acids and their related compounds include, for example, 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, 2methyl 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, 2-phenyl 2-hydroxyethanoic acid, 2-phenyl 2-methyl

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2-hydroxyethanoic acid, 2-phenyl 3-hydroxypropanoic acid, 2,2-diphenyl 2hydroxyethanoic acid, 2-hydroxybutane-1,4-dioicacid, 2,3-hihydroxybutane-1,4-dioic acid, 2-carboxy 2-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid, 2-ketopropanoic acid, methyl 2ketopropanoate, ethyl 2-ketopropanoate, and gluconolactone. Topical application of compositions comprising 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid and/or related compounds has been found to alleviate or improve skin lines; blotches; blemishes; nodules; wrinkles; pigmented spots; atrophy; precancerous lesions; elastotic changes characterized by leathery, coarse, rough, dry and yellowish skin; and other skin changes associated with intrinsic aging or skin damages caused by extrinsic factors such as sunlight, radiations, air pollution, wind, cold, dampness, heat, chemicals, smoke and cigarette smoking. Topical applications of such compositions have also been found to improve the overall qualities of nail and hair affected by intrinsic aging or damaged by extrinsic factors. Excerpt(s): This application relates to topical compositions containing a 2hydroxycarboxylic acid or a related compound for use in alleviating or improving the dermatological signs of aging, including changes or damage to skin, nail and hair associated with intrinsic aging, as well as changes or damage caused by extrinsic factors such as sunlight, radiations, air pollution, wind, cold, heat, dampness, chemicals, smoke, and cigarette smoking. In our U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,537 entitled "Treatment of Ichthyosiform Dermatoses" we described and claimed the use of topical compositions containing an alpha hydroxyacid to alleviate the symptoms of ichthyosis. In our U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,835 entitled "Treatment of Disturbed Keratinization" we described and claimed the use of topical compositions containing an alpha hydroxyacid to alleviate the symptoms of acne. In our U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,566 entitled "Method of Alleviating the Symptoms of Dandruff" we described and claimed the use of topical compositions containing an alpha hydroxyacid to improve the symptoms of dandruff. In our U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,783 entitled "Therapeutic Treatment of Dry Skin"; U.S. Pat. No. 4,197,316 entitled "Treatment of Dry Skin"; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,380,549 entitled "Topical Treatment of Dry Skin"; we described and claimed the use of topical compositions containing an alpha hydroxyacid to alleviate or improve the symptoms of dry skin. In our U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,599 entitled "Treatment of Skin Keratoses with Alpha Hydroxyacids and Related Compounds", we described and claimed the use of topical compositions containing an alpha hydroxyacid or the related compound to alleviate the symptoms of actinic or nonactinic skin keratoses. In our U.S. Pat. No. 4,363,815 entitled "Alpha Hydroxyacids, Alpha Ketoacids and Their Use in Treating Skin Conditions", we described and claimed the use of topical compositions containing certain alpha hydroxyacids or the related compounds to improve skin conditions characterized by inflammation or disturbed keratinization. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05942250__ •

Content and production method for semi-rigid asphalt concrete Inventor(s): Lu; Cheng-Tsung (Kaohsiung, TW), Shen; Der-Hsien (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): Der-Hsien Shen (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 6,000,876 Date filed: July 16, 1997 Abstract: A semi-rigid asphalt concrete that can be produced under ambient temperature by applying traditional cement concrete production method. A high temperature heating and great pressure rolling that are necessary for producing asphalt concrete in conventional skills are never being constraints while producing the semi-

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rigid asphalt concrete. The method of producing the semi-rigid asphalt concrete generates less air pollution than the traditional method for producing hot mix asphalt concrete. The semi-rigid asphalt concrete consists of cationic emulsified asphalt, type-I cement, F-type superplasticizer, Na-Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na-CMC), calcium chloride(CaCl.sub.2), stone dust, and III d, IV b, or VII a gradation aggregates. By applying the procedure of producing cement concrete, the semi-rigid asphalt concrete is completely produced after mixing, placing, and curing. The cationic emulsified asphalt and the F-type superplasticizer are first mixed to generate a mixture, and then pour the prepared CaCl.sub.2 and Na-CMC solution for continuous mixing. After the mixture is mixing evenly, the cement, stone dust, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate are sequentially pouring to the mixture for mixing. While the mixture is mixed evenly, the mixture is placing and curing, and it can be used after harden enough. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a semi-rigid asphalt concrete, which is made by applying the procedure of producing cement concrete, and the semi-rigid asphalt concrete is completely produced after mixing, placing, and curing. And more specifically, the present invention relates to a method for improving the prior art for paving by asphalt concrete without using the steps of high temperature heating and great pressure rolling necessitated by the prior art. Transportation and trucks' loading keep growing up as industries go on developing, which increases loading of road pavements. An often used conventional skill is to apply hot mix asphalt concrete for paving. By using great pressure rolling and a layer-by-layer scheme, the asphalt concrete is pressed solidly as achieving expectant strength. Any pavement formed from the above scheme is named as flexible pavements, which is tender enough for those who driving cars to feel comfortable. Because the flexible pavement has disadvantages such as deformation, cracking or slipping by great pressure of wheel tracking, the structure of the flexible pavement is easily destroyed. Another technology applies cement concrete for paving, which is named as rigid pavement. The cement concrete provides higher strength than the conventional asphalt concrete in deformation resistance from wheel tracking. Because the strength and the rigidity of the cement concrete are stronger than the asphalt concrete's, it implies the cement concrete makes drivers to feel less comfortable than the asphalt concrete does. In addition, a higher cost and more difficult technologies are needed for construction. Otherwise, hard to maintain is another disadvantage of the cement concrete. It also indicates that both of the hot mix asphalt concrete and the cement concrete still need some improvements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06000876__ •

Damper and blower unit providing reversible aeration for composting Inventor(s): Gould; Mark (One Washburn Pl., Brookline, MA 02446) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,207,447 Date filed: July 8, 1999 Abstract: A method or device is provided for connecting a centrifugal blower to a process requiring the flow of forced air such that the flow of air may be reversed. The method is applied to a process that benefits from the switching of the direction of air flow to either positive pressure or suction. The method was developed primarily use in the forced aeration composting process but may have other applications. The invention consists of a damper with a plurality of vanes rotating on parallel shafts, which is closely coupled to both the inlet and outlet of a centrifugal blower. When set to provide positive

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pressure, the vanes direct outside air to the blower intake and direct the blower discharge to the process requiring aeration. When set to provide suction, the vanes direct air from the process to the blower intake and direct the blower discharge to a port that may be connected to an air pollution control device. The shafts are connected by coplanar crank arms and linkages, such that the damper setting may be switched by a single actuator, thereby simplifying the automation of the reversal of air flow. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the forced air composting process in which the composting material is stacked in a pile or windrow over an air distribution system such as a plenum or perforated pipes connected to blowers. This process is widely used to convert sewage sludge into beneficial soil conditioner. Microorganisms generate heat as they respire and decompose the organic matter in the pile. Specified minimum temperatures are necessary to meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards for reduction of pathogens, but excessive temperatures inhibit microbial activity resulting in incomplete decomposition of organic matter. Air is either blown upward through the pile, referred to herein as positive aeration, or drawn downward through the pile, referred to herein as negative aeration. The air supplies oxygen to the microorganisms, controls the process temperature by removing excess heat, and dries the compost. Positive and negative aeration each have advantages. Positive aeration is more efficient for and drying of the pile and for providing high temperatures near the surface of the pile. Negative aeration allows higher temperature in the core of the pile and allows capture of the exhaust for treatment. The most well-equipped composting plants provide both aeration modes, referred to as reversible aeration. Periodic reversal of aeration ensures that the temperature and moisture content are uniform throughout the depth of the pile and best ensure that all of the process objectives are met. The invention is a better method for providing reversible aeration capability. Positive aeration is effected by drawing fresh air into the blower inlet and connecting the composting process air distribution system to the blower outlet. Negative aeration is effected by connecting the composting process air distribution system to the blower inlet. The blower outlet may be connected to an air pollution control device to treat the odorous exhaust gas before discharge. The most widely used prior art is to connect ductwork to the inlet and outlet of the blower with four separate dampers, slide gates, or valves arranged such that the composting process air distribution system may be connected to either the outlet or the inlet of the blower. This design takes up excessive space and is costly. It cannot be easily automated, because four separate valves must be actuated for reversal of aeration mode. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06207447__ •

Device and process to produce active oxygen ions in the air for improved air quality Inventor(s): Kiesewetter; Olaf (Geschwenda, DE), Rump; Hanns (Hausen, DE) Assignee(s): T.E.M.! Technishe Entwicklungen und Managament GmbH (Hausen, DE) Patent Number: 6,375,714 Date filed: August 10, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a device for producing active oxygen ions in the air for improved air quality, comprising at least one air ionizer and an electric transformer producing sufficient electrical high voltage for air ionization. The air ionizer is coupled to a sensor which detects the oxidizable gas content in the air (air pollution sensor). On the basis of the detected content of such oxidizable gases, the electrical energy which is guided to the air ionizer is transformed by an electrical control device in such a way that

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only low-level ionization occurs at low concentration of oxidizable gases. Said ionization is sensor-controlled and can automatically be increased to a maximum value when the concentration of oxidizable gases rises. Excerpt(s): This application is the national stage of International Application No. PCT/EP97/06925, filed on Dec. 11, 1997. The invention relates to a device for generating active oxygen ions in the air for improving air, in particular breathing air, comprising at least one air ionizer and one electrical transformer generating a sufficient high voltage for air ionization. Healthy breathing air is described as air without substantial parts of noxious gases or noticeable, in many cases unpleasant odorous substances. Healthy inhaled air is to contain a number as low as possible of bacteria, viruses and other germs, which is very important, in particular when knowing the fact that annually more than 40,000 people become sick with fatal results in Germany by airborne infections, for example in hospitals, in restaurants, and in means of mass transport, as was determined by a scientific study of the Robert-Koch-institute (Bundesgesundheitsblatt Issue 7/96, Page 246). The cost of these nosocominal infections are estimated by the authors to be more than 3 billion German Marks. odorous materials drastically reduces the comfort, the condition and the capability to concentrate and thus the life quality of the exposed human being. It can be easily realized that for example the stink of kerosene and other engine exhaust gases renders impossible the tasting of delicious meals or at least substantially reduces the taste in restaurants, for example at airports or close to the road, because the gustatory nerves and the olfactory nerves are blocked to such an extent by the base load of stink that they are unable to perceive any shades. It is also known that the continuous presence in highly charged air renders tired and fatigued. Human beings, which have to work in bad air make after some time significantly more errors as compared to human beings, which work in problem-free air. It is also known that electrostatic charges are generated to an increased extent, if the air present in the room is poor in ions or, respectively, where positively charged ions or negatively charged ions dominate. Such air, commonly designated as "electrically charged" exerts uncontested influence on the vegetative nervous system. Furthermore, damages of electronic apparatus and data carriers can occur based on static charges. In addition, the level of sick people in enterprises, which are not able to offer good breathing air to their coworkers based on bad functioning air conditioning plants, is substantially higher as the level of sick people of enterprises, where attention is paid to perfect air. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06375714__ •

Enhanced tunable plasma-melter vitrification systems Inventor(s): Cohn; Daniel R. (Chestnut Hill, MA), Titus; Charles H. (Newtown Square, PA), Surma; Jeffrey E. (Kennewick, WA) Assignee(s): Integrated Environmental Technologies, LLC (Carle Place, NY) Patent Number: 6,037,560 Date filed: September 22, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides tunable waste conversion systems and apparatus which have the advantage of highly robust operation and which provide complete or substantially complete conversion of a wide range of waste streams into useful gas and a stable, nonleachable solid product at a single location with greatly reduced air pollution to meet air quality standards. The systems provide the capability for highly efficient conversion of waste into high quality combustible gas and for high efficiency conversion of the gas into electricity by utilizing a high efficiency gas turbine

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or an internal combustion engine. The solid product can be suitable for various commercial applications. Alternatively, the solid product stream, which is a safe, stable material, may be disposed of without special considerations as hazardous material. In the preferred embodiment, the arc plasma furnace and joule heated melter are formed as a fully integrated unit with a common melt pool having circuit arrangements for the simultaneous independently controllable operation of both the arc plasma and the joule heated portions of the unit without interference with one another. The preferred configuration of this embodiment of the invention utilizes two arc plasma electrodes with an elongated chamber for the molten pool such that the molten pool is capable of providing conducting paths between electrodes. The apparatus may additionally be employed with reduced use or without further use of the gases generated by the conversion process. The apparatus may be employed as a net energy or net electricity producing unit where use of an auxiliary fuel provides the required level of electricity production. Methods and apparatus for converting metals, non-glass forming waste streams and low-ash producing inorganics into a useful gas are also provided. The methods and apparatus for such conversion include the use of a molten oxide pool having predetermined electrical, thermal and physical characteristics capable of maintaining optimal joule heating and glass forming properties during the conversion process. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to systems for enhanced tunable arc plasma-melter vitrification systems. The present invention more particularly relates to vitrification systems utilizing independently controllable arc plasma-joule heated melter combinations as integrated systems to provide tunable waste treatment and power production facilities for processing solid waste. The disposal of solid waste has become a major issue over the past few decades due to space limitations for landfills and problems associated with siting new incinerators. In addition, increased environmental awareness has resulted in a major concern for many large metropolitan areas and to the country as a whole to ensure that the disposal of solid waste is properly handled. See e.g., USA EPA, The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action, EPA/530-SW-89-019, Washington, D.C. (1989). Attempts have been made to reduce the volume and recover the energy content of municipal solid waste (MSW) and other waste through incineration and cogeneration. The standard waste-to-energy incinerator will process the solid combustible fraction of the waste stream, produce steam to drive a steam turbine, and as a result of the combustion process produce a waste ash material. Typically, the ash is buried in a municipal landfill. Current trends and recent rulings, however, may require such material to be shipped to landfills permitted for hazardous waste. This will substantially increase ash disposal costs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06037560__ •

Fuel atomizing-injection apparatus Inventor(s): Park; Jae-Sung (Myungil LG Apt. 101-1012, 332, Myungil-Dong, GangdongKu, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,315,217 Date filed: November 9, 2000 Abstract: A fuel atomizing-injection apparatus for internal combustion engines is disclosed. This apparatus is installed between the injector of a fuel injection device and the suction manifold of an engine, and is used for promoting vaporization of fuel

Patents 189

injected from the injector into the suction manifold, thus finally allowing the injected fuel to be more effectively and actively mixed with combustion air into mixed gas. The apparatus also improves the fuel combustion efficiency of the engine while achieving a conservation of fuel and increasing engine output power. The apparatus exhausts little harmful gases into the atmosphere, thus being unlikely to cause environmental pollution, such as air pollution. In the fuel atomizing-injection apparatus, a heater, having a heat dissipating spiral plate on its external surface, is installed between the injector and the suction manifold. The heater heats, sprays, and whirls the injected fuel from the injection device, and so the heater promotes vaporization of the fuel injected from the injector into the suction manifold. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fuel atomizing-injection apparatus for internal combustion engines and, more particularly, to a fuel atomizing-injection apparatus installed between a fuel injection device and a suction manifold of an engine and used for promoting vaporization of fuel injected from the fuel injection device into the suction manifold, thus finally allowing the injected fuel to be more effectively and actively mixed with atmospheric air used as combustion air into mixed gas. As well known to those skilled in the art, a fuel injection device is used with an internal combustion engine, and mixes liquid fuel with combustion air at an appropriate ratio to form mixed gas. Such a conventional fuel injection device comprises several systems: a fuel supply system, a combustion air supply system, and a control system. In the fuel injection device, the fuel supply system pumps fuel from a fuel tank using a fuel pump so as to feed the fuel under high pressure to a fuel injector. The fuel supply system also maintains the pressure of the fuel, thus improving the precision of the fuel injecting operation. On the other hand, the combustion air supply system comprises an inlet airflow sensing device, a throttle body, and a surge tank, and is used for controllably feeding combustion air under pressure into a cylinder in accordance with the opening proportion of a throttle valve or of an air valve. The control system senses the quantity of inlet air, an engine rpm, and the opening proportion of the throttle valve prior to outputting sensing signals to a microcomputer. The control system also controls the fuel injection timing and the target quantity of injected fuel in response to input signals from a variety of sensors, such as a coolant temperature sensor and a combustion air temperature sensor. When the fuel supply system of the conventional fuel injection device pumps fuel from the fuel tank using the fuel pump, the fuel primarily passes through a fuel filter so as to be filtered prior to being appropriately distributed to the fuel injector and a cold start injector by a delivery pipe. In such a case, a pressure regulator controls the pressure of fuel flowing to the fuel injector, and always maintains a desired fuel pressure higher than the inner pressure of the suction manifold. The pressure regulator also returns remaining fuel from the injector into the fuel tank. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06315217__ •

Gas turbine heat recovery steam generator and method of operation Inventor(s): Mastronarde; Thomas P. (South Windsor, CT) Assignee(s): Combustion Engineering, Inc. (Windsor, CT) Patent Number: 6,055,803 Date filed: December 8, 1997 Abstract: A heat recovery generator has a housing defining a horizontally oriented exhaust gas stream. The exhaust gas stream passes through a first heat recovery unit having horizontally oriented heat transfer tubes and forced circulation of a heat transfer

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fluid therethrough. The exhaust gas stream then is passed through an air pollution control assembly having a catalyst for reduction of exhaust emissions. The exhaust gas stream is subsequently passed through a second heat recovery steam generator having vertically oriented heat transfer tubes and natural circulation therethrough. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to gas turbine combined cycle systems having a heat recovery steam generator with a catalyst to reduce emission output. Gas turbines have been widely used to provide electric power, usually as a standby for both peak power and reserve power requirements in the utility industry. Gas turbines are preferred because of their rapid starting capability and low capital cost. Conventional gas turbines, however, operate with reduced thermal efficiency due to the high exit temperatures of the exhaust gas stream and the resulting thermal loss. Therefore, a gas turbine is often combined with a heat recovery steam generator to improve overall system efficiency. The heat recovery steam generator can be employed to drive a steam turbine for power output, or to provide process steam in co-generation cycles. Applications requiring steam cycles above 140 bar operating pressure typically employ once-through heat recovery steam generators having a vertically oriented exhaust gas flow. In the once-through heat recovery generator having vertical exhaust gas flow, the exhaust gas stream from the gas turbine flows upward through stacked arrangements of heat recovery assemblies and air pollution control assemblies. These heat recovery assemblies employ horizontally oriented heat transfer tubes and forced circulation of the heat transfer fluid therethrough. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06055803__ •

Harmful gas removing agent Inventor(s): Yoshizaki; Kimihiko (Chiyoda-ku, JP), Tomiyama; Yoshiyuki (Fuchu-machi, JP), Shibano; Hidetaka (Fuchu-machi, JP), Yamashita; Takeshi (Kobe, JP), Inoue; Toshinori (Kobe, JP), Horii; Yuji (Kobe, JP) Assignee(s): Sued-Chemie Nissan Catalysts Inc. (Tokyo-to, JP) Patent Number: 6,066,590 Date filed: March 26, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a harmful gas removing agent used for removing harmful gas such as CO, NO.sub.x, and O.sub.3 from exhaust gases ventilated from automobile tunnels and underground parking, thereby preventing air pollution. The harmful gas removing agent, solving the problems of the conventional adsorbents and catalysts, is capable of efficiently removing NO.sub.x with no need of pre-treatment of adding O.sub.3 to the exhaust gas being treated, as well as being capable of satisfactorily removing CO and O.sub.3 from exhaust gases even at high humidity, and its removing activity lasts for a long time. Furthermore, the harmful gas removing agent can be regenerated by being exposed to hot air at relatively low temperature, thereby being repeatedly used, and is hard to be poisoned by SO.sub.x contained in the exhaust gas. The harmful gas removing agent includes, as effective components, a manganese oxide having a specific average manganese oxidation number, a manganese-copper compound oxide or a manganese-iron compound oxide, and a ruthenium compound, or in addition thereto an alkali metal compound. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a harmful gas removing agent used for removing harmful gas including nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O.sub.3)

Patents 191

contained in exhaust gases ventilated from motor tunnels, underground parking and the like to prevent air pollution. Exhaust gases ventilated from motor tunnels, underground parking, and indoor spaces equipped with apparatus which produces harmful gases, are largely different from flue gases ventilated from incineration apparatus in that exhaust gases have normal temperature and low NO.sub.x concentration, and the NO.sub.x concentration drastically varies in an instant. Flue gases have been treated by a selective catalytic reduction process (NH.sub.3 reductive denitration process) for removing NO.sub.x therefrom. In the selective catalytic reduction process, NO.sub.x is reduced to nitrogen (N.sub.2) using ammonia (NH.sub.3) as a reducing agent with a presence of titania (TiO.sub.2) as a catalyst. However, the selective catalytic reduction process is not directly applicable for removing NO.sub.x from exhaust gases. For this reason, it has been considered that for the exhaust gas, after the NO.sub.x concentration is increased by passing the exhaust gas through an appropriate NO.sub.x adsorbent to adsorb NO.sub.x and heating and desorbing the adsorbent, the aforementioned NH.sub.3 reductive denitration process is adopted. The following adsorbents have been known as NO.sub.x adsorbents used for the process. 1) Activated alumina (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) type NO.sub.x adsorbent (disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 4367707). This adsorbent includes oxides of sodium and calcium, and in addition thereto oxides of manganese, iron or copper, thereby having an enhanced gas adsorption ability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06066590__ •

Heating furnace Inventor(s): Moriguchi; Yaichiro (Sakai, JP) Assignee(s): Moriguchi; Kei (JP) Patent Number: 6,358,042 Date filed: October 18, 2000 Abstract: A heating furnace is provided to use for medium and small size incinerator, to control air pollution effectively using waste heat generated from the incinerator and not to require large size equipment. The heating furnace includes a first opening for inserting disposal material, a second opening communicating with a furnace body being capable of heating the disposal material, a heat flow passage formed between the first opening and the second opening, and a heating tube having receiving means, the receiving means receiving the disposal material into the heat flow passage and at the same time dropping the disposal material into the furnace body during the rotation. A motor is connected to the furnace body to obtain electric power by heat generated from the furnace body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a heating furnace, and more particularly, to a heating furnace, which is capable of connecting to a motor using heat generated by combustion. When a heating furnace is used, waste heat after the combustion is generally emitted in the air, and the emission of exhaust gas containing [Co.sub.2 ] CO.sub.2 is the cause of the warmth-oriented phenomenon and the air pollution. Here, a large size furnace transfers the waste heat, generated by the incineration, to a boiler or the likes to use it for heating water, to drive a power generator while generating steam and to use for heating a room or for hot-water supply. Alternatively, the large size furnace adopts a cogeneration method. However, medium and small size furnaces have been controlled or stopped in use for incineration, because of the understanding of that waste heat is emitted with exhaust gas and it is the cause of the warmth-oriented phenomenon and the air pollution such as the emission of dioxin.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358042__ •

Method and apparatus for collecting overspray Inventor(s): Settles; Gary S. (Bellefonte, PA) Assignee(s): The Penn State Research Foundation (University Park, PA) Patent Number: 6,171,656 Date filed: October 2, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is an overspray collector and method of collecting overspray. The overspray collector provides a device and method to intercept overspray produced by spraying coating material onto any relatively-flat surface and preventing air pollution by capturing such pollution at its source. The overspray collector includes a shroud which surrounds and moves with the spraying device(s), while maintaining a gap between itself and the work surface being sprayed. Behind the spraying device and opposite the work surface, the shroud terminates in ducting through which oversprayladen air exits. Air inlet slots allow atmospheric air to enter in sufficient quantity to minimize residual airflow through the aforementioned gap. Internal to the shroud, the spray from the spray device(s) impinges upon the work surface and the finest sprayed particles turn laterally along the work surface without depositing thereupon, thus forming overspray. This lateral overspray stream is intercepted by the shroud and forced to separate from the work surface. The overspray is then directed to the ducting by the shape of the shroud. Once collected, the overspray can be filtered or otherwise removed from the collected airstream. In aerodynamic terms, the overspray collector functions by the generation of an approximately-two-dimensional flowfield dominated by twin columnar vortices, and by the separation of the overspray-laden wall jet flow by way of an imposed adverse pressure gradient. In contrast to spray-booth-type overspray treatments of the prior art the present invention is small and light enough to be able to move with the spraying device and can be moved by way of a manually- or roboticallycontrolled traversing arm. Excerpt(s): Millions of gallons of paint are sprayed every year worldwide, thereby generating airborne pollution from the paint overspray. Outdoor spray painting of large structures (e.g. bridges, water towers, railroad cars, buildings, and ships) faces stringent discharge regulations limiting the emission of airborne pollutants. Failure to meet such discharge regulations can lead to notices of violation, fines, negative publicity, increased operating costs and delays in work completion. Also, overspray from spray painting often contains toxic particulates and volatile organic compounds which are very difficult to prevent from dispersing into the atmosphere. In fluid dynamic terms, the three categories of spray painting are airblast atomization, pressure atomization, or some combination of the two. The first category is termed "conventional airspray" in the industry, while the second is known as "airless" paint spraying. Hybrid approaches make up the third category. Transfer efficiency for spray painting is known as the percentage of the total paint sprayed which eventually adheres to the work surface. The paint which does not adhere to the work surface and escapes to the environment is the overspray. Conventional airspray has a transfer efficiency typically in the range of only 20-30%, which has become environmentally unacceptable. Airless spray, on the other hand, has a transfer efficiency often above 50% or better, but with considerable room for improvement. Professional spray-painting equipment is classified by the method of paint atomization (e.g. airspray, airless, air-assisted airless, etc.). In essentially all cases, the spray from a spray gun is shaped in the form of an elongated spray ellipse or "fan" to

Patents 193

ease the application of a uniform coating. Whether hand-held or manipulated robotically, the spray gun is traversed in the direction of the short axis of this ellipse, while held perpendicular to the work surface at a fixed spraying distance usually of about twelve (12) inches. Current industrial spray painting practice involves the use of large temporary containment enclosures to prevent the escape of overspray. These temporary containment enclosures are usually clumsy and ineffective, as they take a brute-force approach rather than invoking aerodynamics of the process to capture the overspray near its source. Such containment enclosures are also labor-intensive to use, have questionable effectiveness and are very costly. No real solution has been presented for painting large outdoor structures or objects. Most of the prior art deals with overspray during the coating of small to moderate-sized indoor objects which are enclosed in a spray booth. An improved technical solution to the problem of spray painting large outdoor objects or structures is seriously needed to meet today's overspray containment standards. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06171656__ •

Method and apparatus for preventing backstreaming induced deposition

reactive

vapor

backstreaming

and

Inventor(s): Schumacher; John C. (2134 Sorrento Dr., Oceanside, CA 92005) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,432,372 Date filed: February 25, 1999 Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and apparatus of delaying the reaction between a first reactive gas and a second reactive gas as the first reactive gas flows into the second reactive gas. The method comprises the steps of surrounding the first reactive gas with a non-reactive gas to form an insulated first reactive gas; and flowing the insulated first reactive gas into the second reactive gas. A sweep gas is used to impart momentum to the insulated first reactive gas. The apparatus comprises three coaxial tubular members which are used to introduce the first reaction gas, the nonreactive gas, and the sweep gas. The apparatus may be installed in a semiconductor device fabrication process either just upstream of the house exhaust line or upstream of an ODC or air pollution abatement device. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and apparatus for combining two reactive gases while delaying the reaction between such gases as one flows into the other. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for introducing reactive gases into an exhaust gas stream in such a manner that reactions between reactive species in such gases are not permitted in harmful locations, but are permitted in nonharmful locations. Many semiconductor device fabrication processes are carried out under vacuum conditions in order to reduce contamination of the device surface layers being produced and to improve control of the microstructure and chemical homogeneity of any etched or deposited layers. Various reactive gases and vapors are used in this process with the specific vapor phase species dependent upon the desired result of the particular unit operation. Further, since these are production processes, reaction rates must be as high as practical and equilibrium conditions are not achieved in practice, nor do deposition efficiencies approach 100%. As a result, a mixture of reactive vapor species including starting materials and reaction products can be found in the vacuum pump exhaust coming from such processes. Typically, such vacuum pump exhaust is fed to a common duct system called "house exhaust" or "reactive gas

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exhaust," for transport to an air pollution control device and a catastrophic release containment system, prior to being vented to the atmosphere. Gases, vapors and liquid and solid particulate matter of sufficient buoyancy are drawn through this house exhaust system and vented to the atmosphere by a suction fan which typically creates about 2 to about 5 inches water negative pressure. Gas velocities in the house exhaust system are typically from about 10 to about 30 feet per second under these conditions on average. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06432372__ •

Method and indicator light for indicating the wind direction and wind velocity and the air pollution level Inventor(s): Cosyns; Jean-Pierre (13, Allee des Eiders, F-75019-Paris, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,046,679 Date filed: December 18, 1997 Abstract: The indicator light is constituted by a panel supporting juxtaposed and alternating neon tubes of blue, yellow, green and red color, these colors being assigned to the cardinal points north, east, south and west respectively. These tubes have voltage applied by means of a selector controlled by a weather vane, activating permanently the neon tubes of the color corresponding to the position of the weather vane. A series of colored lamps, displaying the Beaufort scale, indicates the wind velocity by means of a selector controlled by the anemometer. Colored light sources indicate the air pollution level. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to indicator lights for indicating the wind direction and wind velocity and the air pollution level. It is known, from French Patent 2,172,485, to convert the angular displacements of a weather vane into a variation in intensity of an electric current so as to be able to display at a distance, with the aid of an ammeter, the wind direction. Such installations are used in meteorology and in particular in airfield control towers. It is also known, from French Patent 2,170,964, to arrange in a circle pilot lamps for displaying the position of a speed and direction anemometer and the wind force. To do this, magnetic cams are mounted on the spindle of the weather vane and these control contactors for application of voltage to the pilot lamps; the illumination of the lamps can be modulated according to the wind velocity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06046679__

•

Method and system for high-temperature waste treatment Inventor(s): Batdorf; James A. (Idaho Falls, ID), Dalton; John D. (Idaho Falls, ID), Poling; Steven D. (Idaho Falls, ID), Geimer; Raymond M. (Idaho Falls, ID), Larsen; Milo M. (Idaho Falls, ID), Gillins; Robert L. (Idaho Falls, ID), Leatherman; Gary L. (Idaho Falls, ID), Wolfe; William P. (Idaho Falls, ID) Assignee(s): Science Applications International Corporation (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 6,355,904 Date filed: June 7, 1996

Patents 195

Abstract: A waste treatment system is provided, including a waste melter system and an air pollution control system. Hazardous and/or radioactive waste in drums is conducted through a waste feed system into a plasma chamber where the waste is exposed to heat from a plasma torch. A part of the waste volatilizes and leaves the plasma chamber for a secondary reaction chamber, in which the waste is combusted to form a waste gas stream. The air pollution control system treats the waste gas stream through quenching, filtering and scrubbing, to produce a clean gas stream suitable for release to the atmosphere. Offgas may be recirculated through the waste treatment system as desired. The waste remaining inside the plasma chamber melts and drops onto sloped processing surfaces inside a hearth located below the plasma torch. The hearth includes ground electrodes configured for electrical contact with waste held in the hearth so that the melted waste in the hearth may be further heated by the plasma torch. As the melted waste is heated inside the hearth, the hearth is static, enabling the melted waste to separate into a first metal fraction having a high specific gravity and a second slag fraction having a relatively lower specific gravity. When the melted waste is processed sufficiently, the hearth is first lowered from the plasma chamber and then tilted in a first direction to pour the slag fraction and then tilted in another to pour the metal fraction from under an underflow weir configured in the hearth. The hearth includes a second ground electrode strategically situated near the underflow weir to ensure that the waste remains melted as it flows through a flow path under the underflow weir. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to a method and system for treating waste materials, and in particular, to a method and system for applying very high temperatures to destroy and treat radioactive waste and other hazardous materials. Hazardous waste disposal is a continuing problem in the United States and elsewhere. In the past, hazardous waste was most often simply buried and left in underground landfills. There was always a danger, however, that the buried waste would escape from the landfill to the environment, e.g., by leaching into ground water. Efforts have been made to guard against environmental contamination by encapsulating solid waste inside highly durable materials. For example, solid waste has been enclosed in drums, set in concrete, and encapsulated inside environmentally stable vitreous materials. These packaging methods are problematic, however. Great care must be taken to ensure that the packaging or containers remain intact to prevent the hazardous materials from being released to the environment. This is especially difficult in the case of radioactive wastes, some of which have very long radioactive half-lives and remain dangerous for many thousands of years. Also, the packaging materials add significantly to the mass and volume of the waste itself so that a great deal of extraneous material must then be transported and buried or stored. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06355904__ •

Method and system for integrated solid waste collection and management Inventor(s): Yilmaz; G. George (28202 Meadowlark La., Bonita Springs, FL 34134) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,117,671 Date filed: April 13, 1998 Abstract: Solid waste management has been primarily based on collection of solid waste and placing most of it in a landfill. Present invention eliminates a need for large landfills by integrating collection and transportation of solid waste with separation, treatment,

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processing, recovery, and reuse of solid waste prior to landfill application. Since untreated organic waste is eliminated or significantly reduced from solid waste stream, present invention eliminates a need for daily cover and working front of landfills resulting in elimination of extensive leachate and gas management systems and associated potential groundwater and air pollution problems. Excerpt(s): The present invention lies in the field of civil engineering and more particularly in solid waste management and landfills. Solid waste management has been primarily based on collection of solid waste and placing most if not all of it in a landfill. Present invention eliminates a need for large landfills by separating and preparing solid waste during transportation and processing said solid waste for reuse prior to landfill application. Using present invention current and future landfill sites can be used for solid waste treatment and processing resulting in a number of benefits including elimination of open working front of a landfill operation and associated odor and leachate problems. Voluminous prior art reviewed showed improving large landfills and solid waste management by means of landfill reclamation, landfill mining, landfill bioreactors and recovery. However, prior art reviewed did not demonstrate a novel approach that will integrate collection and processing of solid waste which will result in elimination of large landfills. Some examples of voluminous prior art on processing and disposal of solid waste management are summarized below. U.S. Pat. No. 1,329,105 discloses an apparatus for solid waste disposal and treatment in tower like structures having a number of chambers which air conduits extent vertically through said chambers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06117671__ •

Method for discriminating production background of product by bar code system Inventor(s): Kim; Jeom Doo (Mokdong Apt. 926-606 312, Shinjeong 1-dong, Yangchonku, Seoul, KR 158-071) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,581,829 Date filed: June 8, 2001 Abstract: A method for discriminating the production background of products by a bar code system (related to Korean Patent Application No. 2000-12346) is disclosed, in which the production background of a desired product can be known quickly and easily by an ES code (environmental protection and safety code) marked on the products for the sake of the convenience of the consumers. The ES code system of the present invention is for consumers, whereas the conventional bar codes are for only producers and distributors. The ES code and a producer ID bar code are marked side by side on each product. A consumer can read these bar codes by means of a reading means, and can be connected to an ES code service exclusive internet server to transmit the read signals. The server can analyze the requested data (production background) on various items such as soil, water quality, air pollution degree, analysis information, factory noise, foul odor, generation of dusts, exhaustion gas, release of waste water, management of waste materials, ecological evaluation, and other analysis data. Then the server transmits the analyzed data to the consumer, so that the consumer can understand the production background of the product. Thus the procurements of environmentphilic products are encouraged, while the procurements of antienvironmental products are discouraged. Accordingly, the environment can be protected from contamination and pollution, while the product safety is promoted.

Patents 197

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for discriminating the production background of products by a bar code system. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for discriminating the production background of products by a bar code system (related to Korean Patent Application No. 2000-12346), in which the production background of the products to be procured can be known quickly and easily by an ES code (environmental protection and safety code) marked on the products for the sake of the convenience of consumers. Generally, the bar codes are marked on every product, and these bar codes are for the convenience of the product makers and distributors, the bar codes containing commodity name, commodity serial number, price and the like. Thus the bar codes have no relation to consumers, and therefore, consumers buy the commodities based only on the general information which are specified by the producers or the distributors. A product recommending system which utilizes the bar codes of the products has been disclosed in PCT WO 97/46960(dated Dec. 11, 1997). In this system, the sets of information such as ingredients of the products, their characteristics, their origins and the like are inputted and stored in the central data base. Meanwhile, the members of the product information server of the super market inputs the data such as health state, the obesity, the pathological history, the current illness, the taste and the like. If a customer selects a commodity, and if its bar code is transmitted to the central information server, then the desirability of the commodity in view of the inputted health status of the customer is notified to the customer. This is a kind of health service by the super market to the customers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06581829__ •

Method for processing aluminum spent potliner in a graphite electrode ARC furnace Inventor(s): Addison; Gerald W. (St. Stephen, SC), O'Connor; William K. (Lebanon, OR), Turner; Paul C. (Independence, OR) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the United States Department (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,498,282 Date filed: June 19, 2000 Abstract: A method of processing spent aluminum pot liner containing carbon, cyanide compositions, fluorides and inorganic oxides. The spent aluminum pot liner is crushed iron oxide is added to form an agglomerated material. The agglomerated material is melted in an electric arc furnace having the electrodes submerged in the molten material to provide a reducing environment during the furnace operation. In the reducing environment, pot liner is oxidized while the iron oxides are reduced to produce iron and a slag substantially free of cyanide compositions and fluorides. An off-gas including carbon oxides and fluorine is treated in an air pollution control system with an afterburner and a scrubber to produce NaF, water and a gas vented to the atmosphere free of cyanide compositions, fluorine and CO. Excerpt(s): Aluminum spent potliner (SPL) is generated from the Hall electrolytic cells used in the reduction of Bayer alumina (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) to metallic aluminum. The cell, or pot, is lined with carbon, backed by thermal insulation, with a metal collector plate buried in the carbon lining to conduct the current. Thus, the entire carbon lining acts as the cathode. Reaction of the carbon with air at elevated temperatures results in the formation of several cyanide (CN) compounds, primarily sodium cyanide. The primary toxic constituents include the cyanide compounds, at concentrations up to 0.2 weight percent (wt pct), and fluorine, at concentrations up to 15 wt pct. Spent potliner is

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recovered from the reduction cells after their useful life, and includes the original carbon lining, along with some portion of the insulating refractory used to enclose the cell. The resulting SPL contains carbon, at concentrations from 12-50 wt pct, inorganic oxides (slag formers), at concentrations 30-60 wt pct, and the before mentioned toxic constituents. Due to its toxic constituents, SPL has been listed as a hazardous waste, designated K088, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). No approved treatment process currently exists for SPL, due to recent legal decisions, and a land ban enacted by the EPA has stopped all landfill. Annual generation of SPL from U.S. plants is estimated at 2-300,000 tons, which is currently stored above ground either on-site or at approved hazardous waste repositories. The SPL thus represents a major future expense and liability to the industry. The only approved treatment technology for SPL, used by Reynolds Metals Aluminum Co., mixes the SPL with sand, incinerates it, and disposes of the residue in a dedicated landfill in Gum Springs, Ark. However, other aluminum smelting companies are critical of the process, because it results in an increased volume for landfill, the transportation costs for shipping the SPL to the treatment plant in Arkansas exceed the treatment costs themselves, and the treatment standard adopted by the EPA, the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), does not accurately portray the effectiveness of the Reynolds' process to render the SPL nonhazardous. In fact, the waste treatment standard adopted by the EPA for SPL destined for land disposal is being revised. The inventive process constitutes the use of conventional graphite electrode arc furnace (EAF) technology to simultaneously utilize and detoxify the SPL. Hazardous constituents of the SPL, such as cyanogens, fluorides, and organics, are either a) destroyed during processing, b) converted to valuable compounds and captured within the system, or c) utilized for reduction of iron oxide additives to produce value-added products. The EAF system employed includes a close-coupled thermal oxidizer and state-of-the-art air pollution control system (APCS). A thermal oxidizer and components of an APCS are necessary for the success of the inventive process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06498282__ •

Method for removing metals from air pollution control residues Inventor(s): Roberge; Guy (Ancienne-Lorette, CA), Sauvageau; Christine (Cap Rouge, CA), Mercier; Guy (Quebec, CA), Chartier; Myriam (Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (Quebec, CA) Patent Number: 6,500,395 Date filed: September 21, 2000 Abstract: A method for the treatment of air pollution control (APC) residues comprising the steps of washing the residues at least one time in an alkaline solution maintained at a pH not lower than about 11.5, separating the alkaline washed residues from the alkaline solution. The present method further comprises an optional step of verifying whether the alkaline washed residues are substantially devoid of metal components. When the alkaline washed residues are not substantially devoid of metal components, the alkaline washed residues are washed at least one time in an acid solution maintained at a pH between about 2 and about 4.5 and the acid washed residues are separated from the acid solution so as to produce residues substantially devoid of metal components. The APC residues obtained in application of the methods according to the present invention constitute non-hazardous material/waste.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for removing metals from air pollution control residues. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with a method for removing metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury from air pollution control residues. The growing production of domestic and industrial wastes in industrialised countries causes serious disposal problems. A largely used technique for managing these wastes is incineration. Incineration produces ashes and hot gases. The hot gases generally contain volatilised metals and metals adsorbed on particles. These toxic metal components are produced during the combustion of wastes containing inert forms of these metals. Most incinerators contain air pollution control (APC) devices meant to treat hot gases and limit environment contamination. Municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI), for instance, may comprise three types of APC devices operating in sequence. The hot gases are first directed to boiler tubes wherein a portion of the metals contained in these gases precipitate and become adsorbed on fly ashes particles to produce boiler fly ashes. The residual gas stream travels through an electrostatic precipitator which traps a further portion of the remaining metal contaminants and forms electrostatic precipitator fly ashes. Finally, what remains of the gas stream travels through an injection of dry or semi-dry lime which retains acids and metals. Each of these devices thereby produces high metal content APC residues, namely and respectively boiler fly ashes, electrostatic precipitator fly ashes and used lime. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500395__ •

Method of producing formaldehyde directly from methane Inventor(s): Aoki; Kiyofumi (Hamamatsu, JP), Ueno; Akifumi (Tenryu, JP), Sugino; Tomomi (Hamamatsu, JP), Azuma; Naoto (Hamamatsu, JP) Assignee(s): President of Shizuoka University (Shizuoka, JP) Patent Number: 6,294,701 Date filed: September 9, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a silica-supported 12-molybdosilicic acid catalyst comprising a silica carrier and at least 10% by weight, based on the silica amount, of 12-molybdosilicic acid supported on the carrier and a method of producing formaldehyde directly from a mixed gas of methane and oxygen in the presence of the particular catalyst. Formaldehyde can be produced at a high yield in the present invention without requiring a reforming process of methane with water vapor that consumes a large amount of energy. In addition, attentions are also paid to the air pollution and water contamination problems in the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of producing formaldehyde, particularly to a novel catalyst that permits producing formaldehyde directly from methane at a high yield and a method of producing formaldehyde by using the novel catalyst. Formaldehyde is produced by partial oxidation reaction of methanol. Half the methanol produced in an amount of one million tons in a year is used as a raw material for the production of formaldehyde. The produced formaldehyde is used as a raw material of synthetic resins such as phenolic resins and urea resins or as a raw material of various medicines. The reaction for preparing H.sub.2 /CO from methane is an endothermic reaction using a large amount of high temperature water vapor, which is one of typical processes consuming a large amount of energy. On the other hand, the reaction for synthesizing methanol from H.sub.2 /CO is an exothermic reaction. In order to prevent the reaction heat from being generated excessively, the CO conversion rate must be suppressed to about 10% in operating the process unit. Also, the conversion rate

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of methanol must be suppressed in operating the process unit in the production of formaldehyde by partial oxidation of methanol in order to suppress formation of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. In short, the conventional process of producing formaldehyde is a process consuming a large amount of energy and requiring a very complex operation of the process unit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294701__ •

Microemulsion fuel compositions for the internal combustion engine and for oil furnaces Inventor(s): Steinmann; Henry W (13 Heighwood Trail, Sparta, NJ 07871) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,017,368 Date filed: June 22, 1998 Abstract: Low viscosity water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion fuels, that are stable without any phase separation over a wide range of temperatures including temperatures below the freezing point of water, made by low shear mixing of petroleum products with an additive solution resulting in microemulsion fuels for the internal combustion engine and oil heating furnaces, either plant or home, with said microemulsion fuels having the unique features of enhancing the reduction of the oxides of nitrogen, reducing particulate matter such as smoke in the exhaust gases and flue gases, and neutralizing the sulfur acids derived from the oxidation of the sulfur in the petroleum product that occurs during combustion of the microemulsion fuel thereby resulting in the abatement of air pollution. Excerpt(s): Hydrocarbon fuels such as diesel oil and fuel oil are produced by refining crude petroleum. However, petroleum represents a non-renewable resource. Therefore, researchers have dissolved other ingredients such as water-soluble alcohols like methanol and ethanol in hydrocarbon fuels to reduce petroleum consumption. Although the alcohols dissolved in the hydrocarbon fuels have acceptable combustion characteristics, there is a problem of possible phase separation if the fuel tanks become contaminated with a small amount of water. The so called "water bottoms" have an affinity for the water-soluble alcohol resulting in the water-soluble alcohol dissolving in the aqueous phase and causing phase separation which cannot be tolerated. Wenzel and Steinmann's U.S. Pat. No. 4,083,698 provided a solution to this problem. Specifically, this patent discloses a clear, low viscosity, stable water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion fuel composition containing both an ethoxylated non-ionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant. This unique combination of surfactants successfully prevented phase separation of a fuel composition containing water , a water-soluble alcohol and a hydrocarbon fuel. Importantly, these microemulsion fuels such as those in which the hydrocarbon is diesel oil had unusually good stability, especially stability below the freezing point of water. While these fuel compositions containing both ethoxylated nonionic surfactants and an anionic surfactant represented an improvement over the prior art, the ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants are not entirely satisfactory. The concept, which is a part of this invention, is that the ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants used in such a large amount according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,083,698, result in unsatisfactory combustion of the microemulsion fuel and engine performance. Specifically, the ethylene oxide add-on in the surfactants is like ethylene glycol or could even be a precursor for ethylene glycol during combustion and the concept is that these have poor combustion characteristics. Also, the water content of these fuel compositions

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is not large enough to affect a reduction in the nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhaust emissions in the absence of a NOx scavenger. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06017368__ •

Personal protection Inventor(s): Kuester; Stephen Michael (20 Farraxton Square, Camp Hill, Northampton NN4 9RQ, GB) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,068,322 Date filed: February 3, 1998 Abstract: A transparent canopy (7) covers an infant seated within a baby-buggy for protecting him/her from exposure to ambient-air pollution, and a powered filter-unit (9) blows filtered ambient-air into the top of the compartment (8) between the canopy (7) and the seat-unit (4). The bottom of the compartment (8) is open where a lower, apron portion (16) of the canopy (7) hangs spaced from the seated-infant's legs. Entry of polluted air via the opening is blocked by operating the powered filter-unit (9) to create positive pressure within the compartment (8) so that the filtered air flows downwardly of the infant's face and body; a mesh inset (20) in the canopy (7) gives balanced ventilation and avoids heat build-up. The seat-unit (4) involves a back panel (25) suspended by fabric sections (26-28) within a frame (5). The panel (25) can be unlatched (29) to adapt the seat-unit (4) for use as a carry-cot. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to personal protection for infants. The invention is concerned especially with affording infants protection against air pollution when for example in a pram, baby-buggy or carry-cot. Babies and other infants when transported in a pram, baby-buggy or carry-cot in the street are often exposed to air that is polluted with high levels of motor-vehicle exhaust fumes. The levels of pollution to which they are exposed are generally higher than those experienced by adults since the infant breathes air from a lower level, closer to the source of emission of the fumes into the atmosphere. The matter is of particular concern because an infant is physically less able even than an adult to cope with pollution and is more likely to develop respiratory disorders from exposure to exhaust fumes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06068322__

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Pollution control systems using urea and ammonia for the control of emissions from the flue gas of fossil fuel burning facilities Inventor(s): Spokoyny; Felix E. (Newport Coast, CA) Assignee(s): Hera, LLC () Patent Number: 6,403,046 Date filed: October 5, 2000 Abstract: In many situations where the maximum NOx reduction capabilities of conventional SCR systems are not necessary, and alternative SNCR systems may not economically provide desired NOx reduction, a staged SCR/SNCR system is believed to be the most appropriate solution available. By means of the present invention, a system has been developed for delivering NOx reduction agents from a common urea

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feedstock, when it is appropriate to use combined NOx treatment stages (i.e. SNCR within the boiler followed by in-duct SCR and/or catalyzed air preheater elements). For the SNCR stage, the urea from the common feedstock is diluted prior to injection into the boiler and, for the SCR stage, the urea from the common feedstock is used to produce ammonia using hydrolysis. Urea solution which is not converted to ammonia in the hydrolyzer, is used for dilution of the solution being delivered to the SNCR system. Broadly, the invention herein is applicable to many instances in air pollution control wherein the facility in question requires both gaseous ammonia and urea solution to assist in the control of contaminants at discrete locations in one or more flue gas streams. In such instances the urea solution and gaseous ammonia will both use a common feedstock provided from a common urea source. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the reduction of pollutants from flue gas and, more particularly, to a process for reducing the level of gaseous and particulate pollutants from the flue gas of one or more fossil fuel fired furnace, wherein ammonia and urea are respectively used in separate sections of such a generation facility to assist in the removal of such pollutants in such separate sections. The combustion of fossil fuels (e.g. coal) in power plants generates undesirable nitrogen oxides (NOx), usually in the form of a combination of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2). It is known that under certain operating conditions the NOx level in a flue gas stream can be lowered by reacting the NOx with ammonia to produce harmless water and nitrogen as products. The NOx reducing reaction with ammonia can occur at relatively high temperatures, in the absence of a catalyst, in a process known as selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). The reaction can also occur at significantly lower temperatures, in the presence of certain catalysts, in a process known as selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Several processes have been disclosed in prior art which attempt to combine an SNCR process with an SCR process. Typically, in the known so-called combined or "Staged" SNCR/SCR processes, a nitrogenous treatment agent, such as urea, is introduced within the boiler, at a location where the flue gas temperature is still high enough to effectively promote the non-catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia, typically in the range of 1600.degree. F. to 2100.degree. F. To achieve additional NOx reduction, catalysts are typically installed downstream from the location of the SNCR temperature region, at a point where the flue gas is at a temperature effective for the SCR process, typically in the range of 550.degree. F. to 780.degree. F. As the flue gas containing the excess ammonia remaining from the SNCR stage passes the catalyst, the excess ammonia reacts with the NOx. In the most rationale approaches, as well as in the instant invention, reliance on simply the vagaries of the excess ammonia from "slip" passed from SNCR stage, is believed to be inefficient, nonreliable, and potentially harmful (i.e. uncontrolled ammonia slip and/or maldistribution). Further, by not relying solely on ammonia slip, or overloading, from the SNCR stage, the necessity for enhancers may be eliminated or greatly alleviated. Finally, limited tests on known SNCR/SCR systems which have been produced to date have illustrated that because of such factors as mal-distribution of NOx and ammonia at the face of catalyst from SNCR ammonia slip, the SCR performance is better enhanced by use of an independent ammonia injection grid to complement the ammonia supplied by slip from the SNCR stage (i.e. see the paper titled "Selective Catalytic Reduction Performance Project at Public Services Electric and Gas Company's Mercer Generating Station Unit No. 2", which was believed to have been presented at the Spring 1995 EPRI NOx Conference in Kansas City, Mo.). With the invention herein, and in other instances, the primary or supplemental supply of ammonia for the SCR phase, is from a selectively controllable source, independent of slip. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403046__

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Portable air pollution capture apparatus with painting tray Inventor(s): Millan; Jorge (Lawndale, CA), Comproni; Arnold (Sylmar, CA) Assignee(s): Northrop Grumman Corporation (Los Angeles, CA) Patent Number: 6,143,048 Date filed: March 18, 1999 Abstract: An air pollution control apparatus for capturing airborne pollutants present in a relatively confined environment. The apparatus includes a portable airborne-pollutant capturing device movable to a site of pollutant origin and having at least one airbornepollutant collector member which can be non-limitedly exemplified as a collection hood positionable at the site of pollution for pollutant collection or a painting tray upon which items can be placed and painted and beneath which resultant pollutant can be collected. A vacuum system is present within the capturing device and is in communication with the one or more collector members to draw airborne pollutants into the capturing device through the pollutant collector member. Actual capture of pollutants is accomplished by a filter system within the capturing device. The filter system can include one filter or more than one identical or different filters chosen for enhanced filtration capabilities in relation to pollutants present. Preferably, more than one type of filter can be accommodated simultaneously to thereby capture multiple pollutants. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to air pollution control equipment, and in particular to a portable airborne-pollutant capturing device movable to a site of pollutant origin for withdrawing therefrom pollutants such as paint spray, dust particulate and dust odors and capturing these pollutants in an integral filter system. The danger of toxic emissions in confined spaces is well recognized in present day efforts to control airborne pollutants and their potential health hazards. One particularly well-defined example of this control is found in paint booths used for painting aircraft, vehicles, etc. These booths are closed and are designed to substantially encompass the article being painted, and painting proceeds as a spray coating. The booths are equipped with exhaust fans that draw airborne pollution from the booth for collection downstream. When an entire object is being painted, such a booth is highly efficient in protecting persons in the proximity of the painting activity. While an entire object may be painted in a such a booth, the application of touch-up paint to only a portion of an object generally must be performed in a relatively open area without the protection of a booth or other walled environment. Further, the application of paint to small parts on a random basis makes it impractical to construct a spray booth for infrequent use or in a situation where traveling the distance to a constructed spray booth may not justify the effort. Consequently, dangerous airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds, chromium VI, and other components of paint can enter a relatively confined environment (e.g. the interior of a building) and be a safety hazard to people within that environment. Because it is not feasible to construct closed booths or the like for touch-up painting or occasionally painting small parts since such painting may be required at several random sites, fugitive particulate simply enters the relatively confined environment, thus either requiring protective apparel for those nearby or causing a health risk to unprotected personnel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06143048__

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Powder coating composition Inventor(s): Suzuki; Junto (Tokyo, JP), Takahashi; Masayuki (Tokyo, JP), Harashima; Isao (Tokyo, JP), Takezawa; Nobuo (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Mfg. Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,362,267 Date filed: March 20, 2000 Abstract: A powder coating composition according to the present invention is used in the coating of a molded product having wrinkles, cavities and the like in its surface. The powder coating composition contains a single film forming resin or a plurality of film forming resins having a melt viscosity of 60 Pa.multidot.s/165.degree. C. or less and selected from the group consisting of an epoxy resin, a polyester resin and an acrylic resin, and at least two fillers having different particle size in a range of 3 to 100.mu.m. Thus, the powder coating composition is applied directly onto a to-be-coated-surface without need for a pretreatment such as the sanding of the surface and the filling of the surface by a patty. Therefore, a molding failure of the surface can be hidden satisfactorily to form a coated surface excellent in design. Moreover, an organic solvent or the like is not used, and hence, the air pollution is prevented, and the danger of a fire is reduced remarkably. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a powder coating composition used to coat a molded product having wrinkles and cavities in its surface, such as a die-cast product, an extrudate or an injection-molded product made from a zinc alloy, an aluminum alloy, a magnesium alloy and the like, and particularly, to a powder coating composition which is suited to be applied directly onto a to-be-coated-surface without need for a pretreatment such as the sanding of the surface and the filling of the surface by a patty, thereby hiding a molding failure of the surface satisfactorily to form a coated surface excellent in design, and which does not require the use of an organic solvent or the like, whereby an air pollution is prevented, and the danger of a fire is reduced remarkably. Molded products made from various alloys such as zinc, aluminum and magnesium alloys, other metals and various plastic materials, are usually formed by a die-casting, an extrusion, an injection molding and the like. In such molded products, fine grooves called wrinkles, small bores called cavities and the like are created in their surfaces, thereby causing the coating defects due to these fine grooves and small bores are caused. It is a conventional practice to coat such a molded product through many steps, such as steps of prime-coating and face-coating of the surface of the molded product which is to be coated, using a solvent-type coating material and the like, after the pretreatment of the surface such as the sanding, the filling by a patty and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06362267__

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Power activating device Inventor(s): Chen; Tung-Sen (No. 7-3, Alley 7, Lane 128, Sec. 3, Shiow-Laang Rd., JongHer City, Taipei County, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,244,254 Date filed: September 23, 1999

Patents 205

Abstract: A power activating device with several energy emitters provided in the air passing throughway of the fuel inlet system of an internal combustion engine. The energy emitters can emit preset energy (e.g., far infrared rays, electromagnetic field). Parallel guide holes extending therethrough are formed in the energy emitter in order to smooth the air flow and to enlarge the contact surface area so that the energy given off by the energy emitters can exert a full effect on the air running therethrough and the cluster of water molecules in the air can be made smaller and smaller in order to increase the contact surface area of the compressed air and improve the nebulization of the fuel, achieve complete combustion efficiency, reduce air pollution and increase horse power, torque, and acceleration of the vehicle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a green horse-power activating device, and more particularly to devices with several energy emitters provided in the air passing through by way of an internal combustion engine (for e.g. vehicle engine and mechanical engine), wherein the energy emitters themselves can emit the present energy (e.g. far-infrared ray, electromagnetic field by influencing the compressed air passing through so that the cluster of water molecules in the moisture within air is affected by external forces (magnetic or electric forces, supersonic wave or infrared rays, etc.). The water molecule cluster in the air can be made smaller and the greater nebulization of the fuel increases the contact surface are between the compressed air and the fuel in order to achieve a complete combustion of fuel and to reduce the air pollution, to increase the horse power, torsion and acceleration force. There are a lot of disclosures of the prior art in the field about the chemical and physical properties of fluid (e.g. fuel oil, water etc.) passing through a pre-arranged guide tube that can be altered by the line of magnetic force in order to enhance the combustion efficiency and to increase its activity. Their principle lies in that the alkyl group fuel is a formal simple dydrogenid having a cage structure and being prone to have chain polymerization with another elements to form pseudo-compounds. When these compounds are affected by an electrical field or a magnetic field, it's easy for them to produce an obvious chain effect with oxygen. In other words, this utilizes the magnetic cutting effect to divide the fuel particles of the hydrocarbon into smaller monoparticles while the irregular colloid in the fuel is cut for decomposition so that the fuel can be made in fine dispersion and atomization to facilitate absorption of oxygen and to bind therewith. Accordingly, the hydrocarbon particles have more tolerance to oxygen and the fuel can be burnt more completely to enhance the combustion efficiency. However, the above-mentioned magnetic effect is absolutely dependent on properties, cost and processing of material, the intensity of the magnetic force of the magnet, the separating distance between magnets having effect on the fluid guide tube and the polar arrangement. Thus, the magnetic force effect in accordance with the prior art utilizes magnet pieces which are disposed around the fluid guide tube of various arrangement structure in order to obtain the best direction and position to have effect on the fluid inside. However, the fluid inside of the abovementioned guide tubes is fuel oil, water etc. with greater density. When they flow with a high speed, the magnetic force effect is very limited. In addition, the magnetic polarity direction and position should be considered for the locating position of the magnet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06244254__

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Preheating method in a continuous furnace Inventor(s): Takahashi; Susumu (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Kanto Yakin Kogyo K.K. (JP) Patent Number: 6,102,693 Date filed: June 24, 1999 Abstract: In order to prevent air pollution, gases evaporated from articles preheated in a preheating chamber of a continuous furnace are automatically and compulsorily sucked into a high-temperature chamber annexed to the preheating chamber by creating a negative pressure working in the high-temperature chamber. After the gases have been completely oxidized and decomposed in the high-temperature chamber at a high temperature and under an excess of oxygen, they are exhausted outside of the furnace via an exhaust-pipe extending through the preheating chamber, so that they join to heat the preheating chamber. Excerpt(s): Before articles such as steel parts which are to be heat-treated for carbonizing, sintering, and so on, are heated in a heating chamber of a continuous furnace, they are commonly pre-heated in a preheating chamber preceding to the heating chamber. This invention relate to a method for such preheating in a continuous furnace. When steel articles and so on are heated in a preheating chamber of a continuous furnace to a range of temperature of about 100-700.degree. C., organic substances such as oils and so on which are contained in or adhered to the articles, are evaporated, polymerized, or decomposed, whereby deadly poisonous gases are sometimes produced, and environments are most adversely polluted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06102693__

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Reactive waste deactivation facility and method Inventor(s): Gregg; Ronald E. (Dana Point, CA) Assignee(s): Advanced Environmental Technology, Inc. (Dana Point, CA) Patent Number: 6,431,094 Date filed: February 13, 2001 Abstract: The reactive waste deactivation facility includes a plurality of deactivation bays each being adapted to accommodate a different type or reactive waste which is to be deactivated therein. The deactivation bays are all enclosed within a common expansion chamber that is designed to collect waste gasses and other wastes resulting from the deactivations that take place in the plurality of bays. In addition, an air pollution control system is provided for cooling and treating the waste gasses before they are vented to the atmosphere. The facility may also include a remotely operable waste feeding system for enabling an operator to safely feed or charge each of the bays. A waste collection and removal system is also provided, which includes an individual, remotely operable, releaseable floor connected to each of the bays. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the treatment of reactive wastes, and more specifically relates to systems and methods for the disposal of reactive waste materials, particularly those wastes listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under EPA waste code D003, for example military and industrial explosives, propellants and munition items that require special disposal. The present systems and methods utilize much of the approach and logic described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,465, to

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the same inventor, however the present systems and methods provide improvements thereto. The regulation of the disposal of hazardous waste is now a well established law. A subset of hazardous waste, that being the explosive waste materials is also very strictly regulated. In the past such materials were disposed of by open burning and open detonation and by high temperature incineration. Open disposal has been banned in most places and high temperature incineration has proven to be far too expensive. While numerous incineration devices exist which can destroy these reactive materials, the cost of using these devices has eliminated them from competing in the open market place due to cost of reaching the 2200 degree F heating requirements imposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for these incinerators. Devices of this type are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,176. The present invention provides a manner to deactivate explosive materials that is economical, protective of the environment, and which complies with the standards of the US EPA. The present invention qualifies as Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) for the treatment of category D003 reactive waste as defined by the US EPA. To meet this US EPA standard, the facility is designed to meet the US EPA regulations codified at 40 CFR 264.600 for "Miscellaneous Units". The facility does not meet the standards of an incinerator as defined by US EPA in 40 CFR 264.340 "Incinerators". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06431094__ •

Rotary engine Inventor(s): Moe; Cordell R. (375 - 157th Ave. NW., Andover, MN 55304) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,606,973 Date filed: May 23, 2002 Abstract: A rotary engine utilizes an expansion chamber and an oscillating rotary piston to capture the energy of expanding combustion gases through out substantially all of each revolution of the piston. The movement of the oscillating rotary piston is guided by the combined action of a hub having a saddle supporting the rotary piston and a cam track. The invention bums fuel in a separate combustion chamber charged from a coaxially mounted compressor and controlled by a pass gate sentry valve. The rotary engine of the invention is cooled by an internal coolant injection system. The injection fluid coolant solution may contain a alkaline reagent to react with and neutralize acidic components of the combustion gases which would otherwise remain in the exhaust and contribute to air pollution. The rotary engine of the present invention is adaptable to compression ignition fuels and spark ignition fuels. The invention may be constructed of conventional metallic materials as well as composites and ceramics. Excerpt(s): The generally invention relates to internal combustion engines and, more particularly, to a piston driven rotary-type internal combustion engine. Engine designers are constantly endeavoring to design engines that maximize fuel efficiency while minimizing polluting byproducts of the combustion process. Fuel consumption has both a direct effect on the output of pollutants and the expense for the fuel used. Moreover, increasing the fuel efficiency of machinery using non-renewable resources, such as gasoline derived from oil, is an important social value. Minimizing pollutants minimizes the injurious effects on the environment and benefits the health of society on a global scale. There have been many attempts to attain efficiency increases while minimizing pollutants. The rotary engine is one example of such attempts. The principal characteristics of conventional rotary internal combustion engines are well known in the

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field of art. Generally, a rotary engine uses the pressure of combustion to move a triangular rotor within an epitrochoidal-shaped rotor housing. The four cycles of conventional combustion--intake, compression, combustion and exhaust--each take place in its own portion of the housing. These cycles cause the rotor to rotate an eccentric output shaft geared to the rotor. The rotary engine seemingly would have increased efficiency due to the decrease of moving parts, a combustion event of 270.degree. of the output shaft rotation on every rotation, and better balance, since the rotor and shaft move in the same direction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06606973__ •

Spraying booth and circulation system for a working chamber Inventor(s): Walti; Robert (Sonnhaldenstrasse 2, CH 9552Bronschhofen, CH) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,264,547 Date filed: June 17, 1999 Abstract: In vehicle spraying booths (1), air is supplied to and discharged from the inner chamber (1a) by an air feeding device. The air supplied is conditioned so that its temperature lies in a desired temperature range and air pollution limit values can be ensured for a person working in the inner chamber (I). A displacement device (10) with a vehicle receiving region that can be moved in at least one direction of displacement in the spraying booth (1) is arranged in the spraying booth (1). This reduces the required booth width to the sum of the width required for working and the width of the vehicle being sprayed, and the required booth length to the length of the vehicle being treated. In order to direct air between the air feed device (20) and desired areas of the chamber, at least two air supply regions (21b, 23b; 21b', 23b') in communication with ducts (21-23) of the air feeding device (20) and provided with closable openings (18) into the inner chamber (1a) are located in at least one horizontal chamber delimiting region. The openings (18) open into uniformly distributed areas of the chamber. Openings (18) of each air supply zone (21b, 23b; 21b', 23b')are located in each area of the chamber, and thus each area of the chamber can communicate with each air supply zone (21b, 23b; 21b', 23b'). The smaller size of the booth and the directed air currents make it possible to reduce fresh air throughput and the energy required to heat the fresh air. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a spraying booth and to a circulation system. For coating paints and lacquers on large objects, particularly on cars, spraying procedures are mostly applied that are carried out in spraying booths. In order to draw overspray and, particularly, freed solvents off the interior of the spraying booth, a circulation flow of air through the booth is set going. In this way, high concentration of harmful substances in the interior can be avoided. Even in persons, who have to work within the booth, have to wear protective masks, it is laid down to supply the inner room or working room always with fresh air. Before being allowed to flow in, the fresh air or ambient air is brought up to a desired temperature. In winter or at low ambient temperature, the fresh air has to be heated from an ambient temperature of 0.degree. C., for example, up to about 20.degree. C., i.e. room temperature. In summer or at high ambient temperature, the fresh air would have to be cooled down to a desired room temperature. The size of the spraying booths is adapted to the average dimensions of the objects to be treated in such a manner that there is some working space around the objects to be placed in a central area of the interior to enable the working staff to spray onto the object from all sides. Spraying booths for passenger cars have an area of a

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length of substantially at least 7 m and width of substantially at least 4 m. A car to be treated is placed through a short lateral wall formed as an entrance door in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the booth into the center of the interior. The car stands then on a grid below which an exhaust air filter is mounted. Below the exhaust air filter is an exhaust air channel through which exhaust air streaming through the filter unit can flow to an air propulsion device. In order to provide space for the exhaust air filter and the exhaust air channel below the bottom of the booth, known spraying booths need a fundament of about 60 cm in depth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264547__ •

Transporting sulfur pellets Inventor(s): d'Aquin; Gerard E. (1957 E. 35th Pl., Tulsa, OK 74105) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,634,834 Date filed: April 2, 2002 Abstract: A process and apparatus for effecting the transportation of sulfur pellets with the recovery of sulfur fines is disclosed. This is accomplished by a combination of steps and apparatus which include pumping water from a water supply into solid sulfur pellets with a jet-venturi/eductor pumping system to produce a sulfur water slurry containing sulfur pellets and sulfur fines, pumping the sulfur water slurry with one or more rotating disk/boundary layer pumps to a series of static screens to remove large lumps and impurities, a sulfur fines slurry, and a washed sulfur pellet slurry, contacting the sulfur pellet slurry with a dewatering disk to remove substantially all the remaining water, transporting the dewatered sulfur pellets to storage, pumping the sulfur fines slurry to a hydrocyclone to separate all the water from the sulfur fines, recycling the recovered water to said water supply following the addition of an alkaline neutralizing agent when needed, and recovering the sulfur fines.The invention substantially reduces air pollution by reducing the amount of sulfur fines released into the air during the unloading of sulfur pellets in bulk. The hydraulic transportation feature of this invention eliminates the use of mechanical loaders, cranes, open air hoppers, and open air transfer points that normally create and disperse sulfur fines into the atmosphere during their use in the movement of solid sulfur. It enables sulfur pellet transfer operations to take place in most weather conditions, rather than requiring interruption when wind speed and time exceed regulatory guidelines. The State of Florida requires operators to cease the unloading of sulfur pellets from a marine vessel whenever wind speed exceeds 18 miles per hour for a 5-minute time span. Excerpt(s): The Frasch process can be used to obtain sulfur from the ground wherein air and superheated water is injected into subterranean sulfur deposits to melt the sulfur and force it to the surface. Elemental sulfur may also be obtained in large quantities from hydrogen sulfide contained in petroleum refinery gas streams or wellhead gas. In the U.S., elemental sulfur is generally transported from field storage to users sites in the molten state due to environmental and specification considerations. In Canada and other parts of the world, however, molten sulfur at the field distributing plant may be pelleted or pumped onto concrete pads open to the atmosphere or into slip forms, for storage whereupon the molten sulfur solidifies into large slabs. The slabs of sulfur must either be mechanically broken up, re-liquefied, or re-liquefied and pelleted for final distribution to the consumer. The breaking-up operation is cumbersome and entails much labor and expense, and the resulting sulfur, which is extremely friable, contains a

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huge volume of sulfur dust or fines comprised of small particles having a high surface area which almost always cause significant environmental harm due to deposition on surrounding equipment, land and vegetation. This has led to the banning of the transport, storage and use of such "crushed bulk" sulfur in many parts of the world. It is well known that molten sulfur may also be solidified into prills, granules, or pellets by the use of prilling towers, granulators, pelletizers, pastillers and the like as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,318 and 4,595,350, and many more similar patents. Such "sulfur pellets" are far easier to transport and handle in bulk than "crushed bulk," and that is the reason such types of pellets were developed. Various types of sulfur pellets are the preferred form in which most solid sulfur is transported by ocean vessel to consumers throughout the world. Despite their superiority over "crushed bulk", all types of sulfur pellets retain solid sulfur's inherent characteristic of becoming increasingly brittle as it "cures" over time. Accordingly, the handling of all sulfur pellets products in bulk can generate considerable sulfur fines, which, in turn, may cause significant environmental harm. Materials handling procedures for sulfur pellets are therefore subject to stringent requirements. The State of Florida (Rule 62-296, F.A.C), for example, requires the use of special unloading facilities and procedures, which increase both the capital and operating costs of sulfur pellet handling and storage activity, particularly when dealing with vessel unloading. As part of the Rule, Florida requires the cessation of marine unloading operations whenever wind speed at the dock exceeds 18 mph for a 5-minute period. As is the case with any form of solid sulfur, sulfur pellets and the attendant sulfur fines can readily be contaminated with Thiobacillus thiooxidans. This bacillus generates sulfuric acid as part of its life cycle. Sulfuric acid, which often exists in sulfur pellets at concentrations that can exceed 1,000 ppm, is a contaminant which can cause severe corrosion damage to receiving and processing facilities (current industry norms on loading a vessel with sulfur pellets call for "free acid" (sulfuric) not to exceed 100 ppm.) All forms of solid sulfur transported by sea run the additional risk of contamination by hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is formed by contact of sulfuric acid with seawater or salt. The presence of hydrochloric acid in solid sulfur can have truly catastrophic consequences on processing equipment, as most metals impervious to sulfuric acid are not impervious to hydrochloric acid. Therefore, large solid sulfur processing facilities receiving sea-borne sulfur incur the added cost of neutralizing such acids prior to melting the sulfur. The resultant ash waste must then be filtered from the molten sulfur stream using steam jacketed, diatomaceous earth, pressure leaf filters. This represents further capital, operating and waste disposal costs. Shipments of solid sulfur pellets via railcars and vessels are sometimes contaminated with extraneous materials such as sand, rocks, organic and metallic materials. All of these contaminants cause processing problems, from degrading sulfur purity, frequent and costly cleanouts of filter leafs and sump pumps to breaking pump impellers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06634834__ •

Two stage process and catalyst for photocatalytic conversion of contaminants Inventor(s): Gerrish; David A. (Amherst, MA), Kittrell; James R. (Amherst, MA) Assignee(s): KSE, Inc. (Sunderland, MA) Patent Number: 6,179,971 Date filed: April 30, 1999

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Abstract: A process and apparatus for the oxidation of gaseous contaminants for the control of air pollution, comprises a two stage process comprising a photolytic stage followed by a photocatalytic stage. Excerpt(s): The present invention is drawn to a process and apparatus for purifying a contaminated gas stream containing contaminants by the conversion of the contaminants into less harmful products. In spite of decades of effort, a significant need remains for an advanced technology to control stationary source emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as for example benzene, chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) as for example trichloroethylene, and toxic air pollutants (TAPs) as for example acrylonitrile. A particular need exists for technology which controls emissions from industrial processes and other applications where low concentrations of VOCs and TAPs are present in high flow rate air streams. Dilute air stream pollution control is becoming recognized as a major environmental control issue for the United States industrial community at large. For example, the control of indoor air pollution associated with solvent degreasing operations is necessary, including the dilute emissions associated with exhaust ventilation fans. Also, air stripping of contaminated groundwater produces dilute air emissions for which current technology provides no satisfactory solution. Catalytic combustors are available, but require processing tremendous volumes of air and result in uneconomic performance. Thermal incinerators require excessive supplemental fuel for dilute mixtures, and exhibit uncertain selectivity when CVOCs are involved. Gas membrane processes are only now emerging for gas separation, and are ill-suited for dilute mixtures. Pressure swing adsorption using zeolites or resins is not applicable to dilute mixtures, and rotating wheel adsorbers are uneconomic for such dilute concentrations of organics. Packed bed activated carbon adsorption is widely practiced, but creates a hazardous solid waste which is increasingly difficult to manage. Carbon regeneration by steam is costly, and is generally economic only for very large scale operations. Landfill options for spent carbon will become more limited, as it involves transportation and disposal of hazardous wastes, particularly for CVOC applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06179971__ •

Underarm cosmetic compositions with lower alkyl acetate Inventor(s): Jones; Francis (Schaumburg, IL), Brewster; David Allen (Buffalo Grove, IL) Assignee(s): Unilever Home & Personal Care USA (Greenwich, CT) Patent Number: 6,096,297 Date filed: January 12, 1999 Abstract: An underarm composition is provided which includes C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl acetate, an underarm active selected from astringent salts and anti-microbial agents, and a carrier. The carrier may include propellant, silicone, ester and liquid paraffin. Methyl and t-butyl acetates are preferred. Acetates allow reduction in the levels of more volatile organics thereby decreasing air pollution. They also reduce formulation greasiness, are less clogging to spray nozzles, cause less metal can corrosion and reduce caking of actives through better resuspension. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns underarm cosmetic compositions including lower alkyl acetates as a vehicle for delivery of active components. Alcohols and low molecular weight esters are generally incorporated into antiperspirant or deodorant spray formulations. Ethyl alcohol provides a good suspension medium for active

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materials such as antiperspirant salts. An improved fragrance lift can also be achieved through the use of alcohol. Unfortunately, high levels of alcohol accelerate detinning, pitting and other forms of corrosion in metal cans. For this reason, commercial products generally are not formulated with alcohol in amounts higher than 10%. Volatile organic substances such as ethanol are also undesirable for environmental reasons. Government regulations targeting air pollution require the reduction of volatile substances in cosmetic products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096297__ •

Urban air pollution drainage device Inventor(s): De Mendoza Sans; Juan Fernando (Avda, Diagonal, 466, 6, Barcelona, ES) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,938,526 Date filed: December 30, 1997 Abstract: Device for drainage of contaminated urban atmospheres, including a plurality of air propellers, with an air intake below or on the side thereof and with an air output oriented upward; towers having a height greater than 100 meters; supports on which the air propellers are fixed, the supports capable of sliding vertically over the towers such that the supports can be immobilized within a stratus of hypercontaminated air that forms over some urban areas during anticyclonic periods and/or with thermal inversion, in such a way as the air propellers suction supercontaminated air from the stratus and project the supercontaminated air upward to a great height until the supercontaminated air reaches atmospheric zones naturally ventilated; and screens and mufflers to reduce acoustic intrusion produced by the air propellers. Excerpt(s): The Air City Tower (ACT) is a device for the drainage of contaminated urban atmospheres consisting of one or several air propellers, with the air intake at the bottom or on the side and the air output oriented upward, fixed to a support capable of sliding vertically over a structure or an immobile tower of great height (more than 100 m), or to a mobile tower with the propellers' support fixed on the tower that would also move up and down vertically with the propellers' support fixed on the tower, or simultaneously both dispositions; this would allow the propellers to be placed within the stratus of hypercontaminated air that forms at dawn over some urban areas during the anticyclonic periods with thermal inversion and under the level of such inversion, and to suction the supercontaminated air from that stratus projecting it upward several hundreds of meters above the level of inversion until it reached the zones of the atmosphere which enjoy wind speeds sufficient to transport, in a natural way, the pollution diluted in the stream far from the urban area that originated it. Moreover, foreseeing the advantageous existence in the propellers' support of acoustic mufflers, physical-chemical filtrating and decontaminant devices, as well as other systems, at the same time that, when several propellers are in place, those of higher speed would be surrounded by those of lower speed creating a turbo-fan effect that would augment the reach and reduce the sound and the consumption. The present patent of invention refers to a device for the drainage of contaminated urban atmospheres, during the anticyclonic period and/or with thermal inversion, in which the maximum contamination indices are reached, with the goal of sensibly reducing such indices. This constitutes a substantial advance in the techniques utilitzed until today to reduce or control the atmospheric pollution, which are directed, almost exclusively, to the control of contaminated sources, such as combustion engine exhausts through catalysts or such as

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industrial smoke through physical-chemical treatments, which reduce the amount of contaminants emitted daily in a specific urban area. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05938526__

Patent Applications on Air Pollution As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to air pollution: •

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSEMBLY AND METHOD Inventor(s): BUNDY, RICHARD P.; (PICKERINGTON, OH) Correspondence: ANTHONY G EGGINK; ATTORNEY AT LAW; 3100 FIRST NATIONAL BANK BLDG; ST PAUL; MN; 55101 Patent Application Number: 20020187083 Date filed: April 16, 1999 Abstract: An air pollution control assembly for treating flue gas streams containing acid gases. The assembly is comprised of an evaporative cooler assembly or a spray dryer gas distribution system. The assembly further has a reagent injection venturi assembly and a baghouse assembly. The baghouse assembly includes a filter cake management system which is automatically activated with respect to time and the pressure differential across the filter bags. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/082,215, filed on Apr. 17, 1998. The present invention relates generally to air pollution control assemblies and particularly to assemblies and methods which control and treat gas streams to remove pollutants. Particularly, the invention relates to an air pollution control assembly for treating acid gas streams from incinerators and the like. More particularly, this invention relates to a synergistic combination of assemblies to effectively treat polluted gas streams. In the past, various air pollution control apparatus and methods have been proposed and utilized in treating various flue gas streams. For example, Applicant's U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,876,402, 3,877,899, 4,105,421, 4,113,449 and 4,158,554 disclose apparatus and methods used to filter particulate laden gases. Fabric filtration structures and methods are generally disclosed directing particulate laden gas streams into baghouses. Structures and methods are also disclosed for cleaning filter bags of a baghouse as well as structures arranged to permit filtering elements to be replaced as a unit. These patents provide a background showing air pollution control equipment designs and methods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Air pollution preventing device in internal combustion engine Inventor(s): Takashiba, Kazuhiro; (Wako-shi, JP) Correspondence: ARENT FOX KINTNER PLOTKIN & KAHN, PLLC; Suite 600; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036-5339; US Patent Application Number: 20020000223 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: An air pollution preventing device for preventing release of blow-gas within a crank chamber to the atmosphere and restraining discharge of polluting substance within burned gas by returning exhaust gas to a combustion chamber is provided. A blow-by gas treatment chamber unit and an exhaust gas return chamber unit are placed one upon another on a suction manifold. The blow-by gas treatment chamber unit has a blow-by gas chamber communicating with a crank chamber through a blow-by gas passage and a blow-by gas passage leading from the blow-by gas chamber to a suction passage. The exhaust gas return chamber unit has an exhaust gas return chamber communicating with an exhaust passage through an exhaust gas return passage and an exhaust gas return passage leading from the exhaust gas return chamber to a suction passage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an air pollution preventing device in an internal combustion engine in which discharge of blow-by gas in a crank chamber to the atmosphere is prevented, and exhaust gas is returned to a combustion chamber to restrain release of polluting substance contained in burned gas. An air pollution preventing device in which blow-by gas and exhaust gas are led to a suction chamber provided on a top of an internal combustion engine to be mixed with suction air and supplied to a combustion chamber, has been known as shown in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication Hei 5-99079. In this air pollution preventing device, a blow-gas passage and an exhaust gas return passage leading to the suction chamber are arranged on a straight line crossing a plurality of parallel manifold suction passages. Ends of the blow-by gas passage and the exhaust gas return passage are opened in the suction chamber facing each other, and a partition wall hanging from a top wall of the suction chamber is positioned between the openings of the blow-by gas passage and the exhaust gas return passage. Therefore, blow-by gas entering the suction chamber from the blowby gas passage and return exhaust gas entering the suction chamber from the exhaust gas return passage are directed downward by the partition wall to be mixed with each other and supplied to a manifold suction passage opening to the suction chamber. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Automatic air filter cleaner Inventor(s): Sangpleng, Surat; (Nutley, NJ), Chullanandana, Sukree; (Nutley, NJ) Correspondence: Sukree Chullanandana; 29C Yale Street; Nutley; NJ; 07110; US Patent Application Number: 20030182906 Date filed: August 20, 2002 Abstract: The working process of the automatic air filter cleaner can be broken down to 3 specific operating functions. These functions are the controlling system, cleaning system, and the dust collecting system.The benefits and advantages of using the automatic air filter cleaner to the public and the environment is the elimination of air

Patents 215

pollution (dust). However, to the users and their colleagues, they must not touch the dust coming out of the air cleaner because it can affect our complexion or breathing system commonly derived from climatic sensitiveness or allergic reactions. Moreover the air filter cleaner can create the pleasant atmosphere of working without noise and the presence of dust. Neighboring places are always cleaned and require no excessive and repetitive cleaning after the operation.The system leaves lots of time left for checking or preparing other automobile programs while the air filter cleaner operates because it requires little control or care. The operation is very easy because you just install the air filter onto the rotating air filter plate and then press the switch to start cleaning and the machine will complete the operation process automatically. Excerpt(s): It is the engineering involved with automatic air filter cleaning. Presently, the cleaning of automobile air filters involve the use of direct dust blowing heads. This traditional way causes dust particles from the air filter to fly uncontrollably throughout the air. These dust particles can take hours to settle. Thus, causing the work environment to be dirty and unhealthy for anyone within the work place. Once settled, the dust particles are very difficult to clean. The people involved with cleaning the air filter and their co-workers face the dust problem aforementioned an this may cause their body to develop a rash that affects the complexion and breathing system, particularly for those who (are allergic) get sick by climatic sensitiveness. The objective of this invention is to solve the problem mentioned by designing equipment for air filter cleaning within the containment room to stop the spread of dust. The equipment comprises of a dust exhaust system that exhausts or sucks the dust particles from the containment room to a dust collection sack. When the air filter is installed in the air filter cleaner it becomes an automatic operation. One just presses the operating knob and the air filter cleaner will automatically complete the operation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Detergent composition and process for producing composition thereof Inventor(s): Sadoyama, Yasuo; (Okinawa, JP) Correspondence: ARMSTRONG,WESTERMAN, HATTORI,; MCLELAND & NAUGHTON, LLP; 1725 K STREET, NW, SUITE 1000; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20020013236 Date filed: May 31, 2001 Abstract: The invention of this application aims to offer the detergent composition that does not destroy natural ecosystem or pollute air, as the detergent contains neither organic synthetic surfactant that pollutes environment, rivers and lakes nor petroleum volatile solvent that is the source of air pollution.The invention of this application concerns the detergent composition and manufacturing methods of said detergent. The detergent composition contains at least one or more species of sodium (III) phosphate, sodium metasilicate, sodium sulfate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, potassium chloride, trisodium citrate and sodium hydroxide. Excerpt(s): The invention of the present application relates to a detergent composition for uses at home as in kitchen equipment and industrial uses in factory and a process to produce the composition thereof. Up to now, natural substances had been used or processed for use as detergent and cleaning agents. Consequently, there was no harm to humans, and also there was not environmental pollution. On the contrary, since synthetic detergents and surfactants have been developed and utilized, the pollution of

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environment, especially that of lakes and rivers, has appeared and has been indicated as social problems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Electromagnetic, "fuelless," passenger vehicle (automobile) Inventor(s): White, Chester; (Corona, NY) Correspondence: Chester White; 110-64 Queens Blvd. # 243; Forest Hills; NY; 11375; US Patent Application Number: 20030011261 Date filed: February 19, 2002 Abstract: This invention would be the first passenger automobile not requiring gas or any other fuel of any kind; nor will it require either solar or electric energy. The vehicle will operate, (will be powered) by the dynamics of the physical effects of electromagnetism, centrifugal/centripital forces arising from the momentum of two independently spinning metalic discs, facing each other horizontally, and moving in alternate, (clockwise and counterclockwise) directions. These "Drive Discs" are magnetized at their perpendicular edges. Between these two discs are two rotating Drive Shafts which connect to front and rear wheel gear hubs. Sustained "spin" of discs, (torque of drive shafts) is achieved by the natural repulsive forces of two magnets having the same polarity. All variations in speed, etc. are computer controlled for the essential power train torque rotation and locomotion of the vehicle.This novel idea drastically alters the perception of the automobile with its internal combustion engine, need for a radiator, muffler, anti-freeze, etc. In fact, this vehicle does not have what is usually thought of as an "engine." That is, it operates under the dynamics of physical laws and applied electromagnetic force for mechanical propulsion and horsepower. Above all, the novel idea addresses both air pollution, global oil depletion concerns, and protracted monetary expense. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a passenger automobile which does not require liquid or combustible fuel of any kind for operation. It is known that many attempts have been made to invent an automobile which utilizes the least amount of liquid fuel for operation of the vehicle. Success of the creation of any such vehicle would require unmitigated performance and mileage objectives. The present invention does not use fossil fuel. On the contrary, it operates on principles of physics involving electromagnetism. Together with the physical dynamics of centrifuge, momentum, and torque, the idea for this passenger vehicle supersedes all others in that it addresses vital environmental situations which are regularly emphasized in regards to automobile emissions, in addition to the ongoing dependence on foreign oil production and concerns for its eventual global depletion. There appears not to exist an automobile of record which addresses the dillemma forestated as does the present invention of an electromagnetic motor vehicle. As concerns the component electromagnetic system structured into present invention, Dukowicz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,815,511, Jun. 11, 1974, introduces a magnetic propulsion and levitation system for high speed vehicles to travel over an established readbed. Through sequentially-energized coils operating with superconducting magnets, the vehicle is propelled for locomtion. It is akin to the "MagLev" technology extant in several foreign countries. Though this system is well for highspeed, high-occupancy transportation, it does not address the, essentially, more inexpensive undertaking for expediting a truly, more personal (individualized) transportation implementation introduced by the present invention. Such technology and relevant infrastructure required to effectuate the Dukowicz et al. system would

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require an immense effort in regards to lobbying governments for huge financial considerations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Flame synthesis and non-vacuum physical evaporation Inventor(s): Huang, Fu-Kuo; (Tu-Chen City, TW) Correspondence: ROSENBERG, KLEIN & LEE; 3458 ELLICOTT CENTER DRIVE-SUITE 101; ELLICOTT CITY; MD; 21043; US Patent Application Number: 20020164282 Date filed: May 2, 2001 Abstract: The invention is to implement both sol-gel process and burning process to form high quality fine or ultra fine particle powder. The particle is synthesized through high temperature flame and in extremely small dimension. Due to the high-speed synthesis, the lattice of particle or grain is oriented per its crystal habit; thus the quality of particle powder is very high.Besides that, a physical evaporation process can be conducted in a non-vacuum environment. Except some carbon oxide, the air pollution caused by this invention will be extremely low.This invention can provide high quality and ultra-fine particle powder and a process of non-vacuum physical evaporation with extremely low air pollution. Excerpt(s): This invention is regarding flame synthesis and non-vacuum physical evaporation. It is to implement both sol-gel process and burning process to produce high quality fine (or ultra fine) particle powder. Traditional approaches of sol-gel process to produce fine particle powder usually must place the mixed solution containing both precursor and organic solvent in an oven and slowly heat it up to the temperature slightly higher than the flash point but lower than the boiling point of the solvent. The solvent may take more than a month to be completely vaporized. After such vaporization, only the precursor is obtained, and fine particle powder has not been produced yet. Moreover, a large portion of precursor along with the solvent will be vaporized during such a long process. As heating source is requisite to such process, the energy cost escalates relatively higher. Also because the processing time is incredibly long, not only the productivity remains low, but also the precursor will clot and cause the grains to grow larger. Thus, the particle quality is poor. Because solvent vaporization is also requisite to such process, other disadvantages of such process include low productivity, contamination, air pollution, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Foam of thermoplastic urethane elastomer composition and process for producing the foam Inventor(s): Nishikawa, Shigeo; (Chiba, JP), Haseyama, Ryuuji; (Chiba, JP), Hashiba, Masahiko; (Chiba, JP), Yorita, Kaoru; (Chiba, JP), Shimada, Yoko; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020193459 Date filed: June 6, 2002

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Abstract: The method of the present invention for producing a urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition foam comprises the steps of:adding and mixing 0.1 to 30 parts by weight of carbon dioxide (B) to 100 parts by weight of a urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition (A) in a molten state, wherein said urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition (A) comprises a urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer (A-1) and other thermoplastic elastomer (A-2) in an (A-1)/(A-2) ratio of 20/80 to 99/1 by weight, to form a molten urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition (C) which is in a state of a mixture of the urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition (A) and the carbon dioxide (B) (gas dissolving step); andlowering a temperature of said molten urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition (C) (cooling step).The present invention can produce the urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer foam of stable quality over a range from low foamed product to highly foamed product by adding a given quantity of carbon dioxide in the molten urethanebased thermoplastic elastomer quantitatively and stably. It can also produce the foam excellent in flexibility, thermal insulation and surface appearances. It is also excellent in safety, because of use of carbon dioxide in place of the common foaming agent of fluorochlorohydrocarbon or butane, thus causing no air pollution or destruction of the ozone layer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition foam, method for producing the same, and molded article or laminate thereof, more particularly a urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer composition foam of stable quality obtained from a specific urethane-based thermoplastic elastomer, optionally another thermoplastic elastomer, and carbon dioxide as a foaming agent, method for producing the same, and molded article or laminate thereof. Foams composed of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride or the like have been used as a foam excellent in its flexibility and cushioning characteristics, and foams composed of polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene or the like have been used as a foam excellent in its thermoformability. Methods for producing polyethylene foams are disclosed in, e.g., Japanese Patent Publication No. 41-6278. There is, however, a problem that the foam produced by this method does not provide soft cushioning characteristics, although it is excellent in thermoformability such as vacuum molding. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

High strength non hazardous air pollutant rubber cement composition Inventor(s): McKee, Holly; (Austin, TX), Bulluck, John W.; (Spicewood, TX) Correspondence: O'KEEFE, EGAN & PETERMAN, L.L.P.; Building C, Suite 200; 1101 Capital of Texas Highway South; Austin; TX; 78746; US Patent Application Number: 20030119964 Date filed: September 4, 2002 Abstract: This invention pertains to rubber cement compositions containing a rubber elastomer, a tackifier, and an organic solvent that is not a hazardous air pollutant (HAP). This invention also includes the method of making this rubber cement composition and of using this adhesive to bond to surfaces together. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/317,085, filed Sep. 4, 2001, incorporated herein by reference. This invention pertains to rubber cement formulations. More particularly, this invention pertains to adhesives containing a rubber elastomer, a tackifier, and an organic solvent that is not a

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hazardous air pollutant (HAP). The current, commercial adhesive products contain large amounts of hazardous air pollutants (HAP's) solvents, including methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene, xylene, tetrachloroethylene, perchloroethylene (PERC) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Hazardous air pollutants are those substances that may cause immediate or long-term adverse effects on human health such as cancer and are listed on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's list of HAPs. The adhesive industry has been desirous of fast drying new non-HAP containing rubber cement formulations with excellent adhesion to cellular insulation both nitrile and polyethylene. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lifestyle management system Inventor(s): Kaufman, Hal; (Minnetonka, MN), Fabian, Willa; (Atlanta, GA), Moore, David; (Ham Lake, MN), Thompson, David L.; (Andover, MN) Correspondence: Girma Wolde-Michael; Medtronic, Inc.; MS 301; 7000 Central Avenue NE; Minneapolis; MN; 55432; US Patent Application Number: 20020049482 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: A patient monitoring system in cooperation with IMDs provides information, direction and convulsing to patients. Specifically, a combination of lifestyle parameters, such as, for example, diet, exercise, weight, medication and environmental factors such as, for example, temperature, UV factor, pollen count, humidity, air pollution index, are integrated to provide a seamless, comprehensive, chronic monitoring system and support for patients. The system includes a home monitor, IMD, and a remote expert station in operable data communications therebetween. Personal data such as weight, environmental data, food data from refrigerators and pantry, type of exercise equipment, medication, physiologically significant events, physician treatment plan and the like are integrated with IMD data to provide continuous patient care, convulsing, consultation and notification. The remote expert station enables doctors and other health care providers to review, monitor current and long-term trends of the patient's health status and dispense clinical care as needed. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to medical devices and communications systems. Specifically, the invention relates to a method and apparatus that allows a patient to manage and positively affect the onset, time course and severity of various disease conditions. The invention includes an implanted medical device that provides patient data to a home monitoring system, which also has various additional inputs to improve and modify the patient's environment and life style. The patient's implanted device, home monitoring system, and a remote expert station maintain data communication via standard telemetry systems, home network systems such as Bluetooth, HomeRF, or WLAN, and the Internet, worldwide web, intranet, extranet, cellular, or other similar network or communication systems. Lifestyle and environmental factors are major impactors of disease progression, remission, and even onset. For example in "Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women through Diet and Lifestyle", Stamper, et al, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 343, No 1, Jul. 6, 2000, pg 16-22 found that 82% of coronary artery disease is attributed to a lack of adherence to a low risk lifestyle (such as, diet, moderate exercise and abstinence from smoking). Additionally, in "Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer--Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland",

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Lichtenstein, et al, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 343, No 2, Jul. 13, 2000, pg 7885 found that in a study of twins "inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms" and that "the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer". Lastly, in "Coronary Heart Disease in Women--An Ounce of Prevention", Nabel, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 343, No 8, Aug. 24, 2000, pg 572-4 found that "lifestyle related risk factors--specifically, smoking, overweight, lack of exercise and poor diet--(increased) the risk of coronary artery disease". Women who had none of the risk factors had an 83% reduction in coronary events than the women with one or more risk factors. We propose that by providing feedback and consoling to patients with implantable medical devices (IMDs, i.e., PCD, pacemaker, neurostimulator, drug pump, ILR, Chronicle monitor, etc.), we can impact environmental factors, diet, exercise level, medicant intake adherence, etc., and provide a substantial proactive, preventative positive impact on the onset, progression and quality of life of many types of cardiac and heart failure patients. Additionally, nonimplanted patients may also greatly benefit from this system because the system is adaptable to be used as a preventative tool for those most susceptible to diseases (through heredity, work environment, etc.) or in the beginning stages of a progressive disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Low Hazardous Air Pollutants blends of naphtha and alcohol useful for removal of paint residues Inventor(s): Wilson, Neil R.; (Lake Orion, MI) Correspondence: HENKEL CORPORATION; 2500 RENAISSANCE BLVD; STE 200; GULPH MILLS; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030114326 Date filed: December 18, 2001 Abstract: A blend containing about 60 weight percent of aromatic naphtha blends having a TCC flash point of about 100 degrees F, about 25 weight percent of Isopropyl alcohol, and about 15 weight percent of n-butyl acetate as an auxiliary solvents is a low Hazardous Air Pollutants mixture( about 2.7% by weight) with an overall TCC flash point of about 60 degrees F. and an electrical resistivity about 5 Mohms. This blend is low cost and more effective in solvent borne paint residue removal measured by conventional Behr Purge tests than comparative blends. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. This invention relates to methods and compositions for cleaning uncured paint deposits and residues from equipment employed for painting or pigmenting articles of manufacture following fabricating operations. More specifically, in one aspect, this invention relates to unique methods of preparing blends of solvents useful in cleaning the interior of pipelines, tanks and the like employed in the painting of automobiles, trucks, appliances from unwanted remaining paints and pigments in preparation for the changeover from one paint system to another. In another aspect, this invention relates more specifically to the blended compositions that are prepared according to this invention. Numerous compositions and blends are available for a wide variety of flushing and cleaning operations to remove uncured paint deposits from tanks and lines. Various mixes and blends of components have been employed for cleaning paint deposits from paint lines and vessels including alkyl acetates, aromatics, ketones, and mono and polyhydric alcohols. U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,975 describes a paint

Patents 221

cleaning system which combines a wide range of aromatic solvents and napthas with alcohols and glycolic acids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COMBINING REACTIVE GASES WHILE DELAYING REACTION BETWEEN SAME Inventor(s): SCHUMACHER, JOHN C.; (OCEANSIDE, CA) Correspondence: KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP; 620 Newport Center Drive; Sixteenth Floor; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20010026784 Date filed: February 25, 1999 Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and apparatus of delaying the reaction between a first reactive gas and a second reactive gas as the first reactive gas flows into the second reactive gas. The method comprises the steps of surrounding the first reactive gas with a non-reactive gas to form an insulated first reactive gas; and flowing the insulated first reactive gas into the second reactive gas. A sweep gas is used to impart momentum to the insulated first reactive gas. The apparatus comprises three coaxial tubular members which are used to introduce the first reaction gas, the nonreactive gas, and the sweep gas. The apparatus may be installed in a semiconductor device fabrication process either just upstream of the house exhaust line or upstream of an ODC or air pollution abatement device. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120 of U.S. patent application No. 08/128,798 filed Sep. 28, 1993 and entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COMBINING REACTIVE GASES WHILE DELAYING REACTION BETWEEN SAME. This application is also a conversion under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/076,042 filed Feb. 26, 1998 and entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COMBINING REACTIVE GASES WHILE DELAYING REACTION BETWEEN SAME. The entire disclosures of these earlier applications are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to a method and apparatus for combining two reactive gases while delaying the reaction between such gases as one flows into the other. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for introducing reactive gases into an exhaust gas stream in such a manner that reactions between reactive species in such gases are not permitted in harmful locations, but are permitted in non-harmful locations. Many semiconductor device fabrication processes are carried out under vacuum conditions in order to reduce contamination of the device surface layers being produced and to improve control of the microstructure and chemical homogeneity of any etched or deposited layers. Various reactive gases and vapors are used in this process with the specific vapor phase species dependent upon the desired result of the particular unit operation. Further, since these are production processes, reaction rates must be as high as practical and equilibrium conditions are not achieved in practice, nor do deposition efficiencies approach 100%. As a result, a mixture of reactive vapor species including starting materials and reaction products can be found in the vacuum pump exhaust coming from such processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for discriminating production background of product by bar code system Inventor(s): Kim, Jeom Doo; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: KING & SCHICKLI, PLLC; 247 NORTH BROADWAY; LEXINGTON; KY; 40507; US Patent Application Number: 20020084328 Date filed: June 8, 2001 Abstract: A method for discriminating the production background of products by a bar code system (related to Korean Patent Application No. 2000-12346) is disclosed, in which the production background of a desired product can be known quickly and easily by an ES code (environmental protection and safety code) marked on the products for the sake of the convenience of the consumers. The ES code system of the present invention is for consumers, whereas the conventional bar codes are for only producers and distributors. The ES code and a producer ID bar code are marked side by side on each product. A consumer can read these bar codes by means of a reading means, and can be connected to an ES code service exclusive internet server to transmit the read signals. The server can analyze the requested data (production background) on various items such as soil, water quality, air pollution degree, analysis information, factory noise, foul odor, generation of dusts, exhaustion gas, release of waste water, management of waste materials, ecological evaluation, and other analysis data. Then the server transmits the analyzed data to the consumer, so that the consumer can understand the production background of the product. Thus the procurements of environmentphilic products are encouraged, while the procurements of antienvironmental products are discouraged. Accordingly, the environment can be protected from contamination and pollution, while the product safety is promoted. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for discriminating the production background of products by a bar code system. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for discriminating the production background of products by a bar code system (related to Korean Patent Application No. 2000-12346), in which the production background of the products to be procured can be known quickly and easily by an ES code (environmental protection and safety code) marked on the products for the sake of the convenience of consumers. Generally, the bar codes are marked on every product, and these bar codes are for the convenience of the product makers and distributors, the bar codes containing commodity name, commodity serial number, price and the like. Thus the bar codes have no relation to consumers, and therefore, consumers buy the commodities based only on the general information which are specified by the producers or the distributors. A product recommending system which utilizes the bar codes of the products has been disclosed in PCT WO 97/46960 (dated Dec. 11, 1997). In this system, the sets of information such as ingredients of the products, their characteristics, their origins and the like are inputted and stored in the central data base. Meanwhile, the members of the product information server of the super market inputs the data such as health state, the obesity, the pathological history, the current illness, the taste and the like. If a customer selects a commodity, and if its bar code is transmitted to the central information server, then the desirability of the commodity in view of the inputted health status of the customer is notified to the customer. This is a kind of health service by the super market to the customers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for removing sludge in crude oil tank and recovering oil therefrom Inventor(s): Choi, Chang-Hyo; (Nam-ku, KR), Park, Sung-Kil; (Nam-ku, KR), Kwak, Jong-Won; (Buk-ku, KR), Choi, June-Tae; (Yusung-ku, KR), Kim, Myung-Jun; (Yusungku, KR), Yoon, Dae-Seog; (Jung-ku, KR) Correspondence: ABELMAN FRAYNE & SCHWAB; Attorneys at Law; 150 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20020153279 Date filed: September 24, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing sludge in a crude oil storage tank by use of thermal oil discharged from a distillation tower of an oil refinery, such as atmospheric residue, vacuum residue, or vacuum gas oil, and recovering oil having various applications by separating inorganics therefrom. The method is advantageous in terms of minimizing air pollution because of utilizing a closed system, drastically reduced washing time of crude oil storage tank, and continuous removal of the sludge. Additionally, the recovered oil can be provided as fuel oil, marine oil or a feed for secondary treatment processes, such as up-grading processes of heavy oil. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains, in general, to a method for removing sludge accumulated in a crude oil tank on storage of crude oil in an oil refinery, and recovering oil therefrom. More specifically, the present invention pertains to a method for removing sludge in a crude oil storage tank by use of thermal oil, such as atmospheric residue, vacuum residue and vacuum gas oil yielded from an oil refinery, and recovering oil having various applications by separating inorganics from the removed sludge. Generally, the term "crude oil" refers to oil recovered from below the earth's surface which remains untreated or unrefined. The problem begins when contaminants settle down on the bottom of oil storage tanks. Contaminants come from various sources and some of the contaminants are indigenous to the crude oil itself. Sludge is formed when naturally occurring solids as well as rust from piping and tank walls, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons are separated from lighter hydrocarbons, and sink to storage tank bottoms. Such sludge is present in the form of stable emulsions consisting of long-chain paraffin, asphaltenes, inorganics and water. In many countries, a crude oil storage tank of an oil refinery must be regularly examined every 8-10 years because of danger of oil spills by leaks of the tank. As such, the sludge accumulated in the crude oil storage tank is cleaned by several methods. However, when oil spill accidents occur despite such prior examination, the sludge should be cleaned prior to repairing the crude oil storage tank. Also, the accumulated sludge reduces the storage capacity. In addition, when the sludge is not removed for long periods of time and accumulated to the height of the crude oil-outlet, it overflows the tank and thus flows into the next process, thereby negatively affecting the total processes. In particular, if the level of the sludge is higher than that of the crude oil outlet, large quantities of the sludge flow into the process, thus charge pump trip of the crude oil occurring. Inflow of the sludge results in shortening cleaning cycle period of a heat exchanger and deactivation of a catalyst, and reducing of throughput attributed to frequent filtering operation in catalyst process. Therefore, every oil refinery invests much time and money for treatment of the sludge, but there is no other method except that the sludge-accumulated tank is opened, and then the sludge is removed. Hence, tank desludging processes (TDSP) have been under vigorous study. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Micro-machined hot-wire flow sensor for spirometer Inventor(s): Chiu, Jyh-Perng; (Yi-Lan hisen, TW), Kvo, Tz-Son; (Taipei, TW), Lin, Chii Wann; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: BRUCE H. TROXELL; SUITE 1404; 5205 LEESBURG PIKE; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22041; US Patent Application Number: 20030106875 Date filed: December 6, 2001 Abstract: A spirometric system can be used to determine static and dynamic lung function for diagnosis, therapy and evaluation. In recent years, air pollution and deteriorating environment cause respiratory diseases increasing rapidly. A portable spirometric system, which for home care and possible screening test in the hospital is the answer to this needs. Recently, the established technologies of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) have enabled the possible minimization of spirometer with microsensor. It includes the modular design for low power consumptions, precision volume productions, competitive price for disposable sensors. In this invention, the focus is to improve sensor's performance by using MEMS technologies and material selection. Fabricating microsensor uses semiconductor processes, which aims to increases sensor's performance and lower cost by future mass production. The use of American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines for system implementation assures the quality of system for future upscale production of safe and quality device. Excerpt(s): In recent years, respiratory related illness like chronic cough, chronic bronchitis, gasp etc. is increasing due to the air pollution and environmental deterioration. The clinical use of some of the medicine may change or improve the respiratory functions of the patients. Generally speaking, the parameters are taken based on the normal and basic volume of the testees using respiratory measurement instrument to determine the static and dynamic lung data. The information is provided for the diagnosis, treatment and tracing, such as the early detection of the lung disease, determination of seriousness, assessment of effectiveness, field or environmental influences, application of medicine and risks of surgery. The present respiratory diagnosis instruments will mainly take measurement of the respiratory volume or flow. Volume measurement is to collect the out going air into a container and then measure the continuous change of volume. Respiratory measurement is to take the flow by a converter for the volume calculation. In the Johnson, A T, Bronzino, J D, Respiratory system, The Biomedical Engineering Handbook Ch. 7, pp70-86,; Bronzino J D. mentioned that the parameters taken in different conditions and periods will be treated by the sensor and processor for the diagnosis and judgement of the respiratory function. Those direct data like tidal volume, TV at rest or sports and vital capacity by full play breadth can be thus obtained. Other parameters like IRV, ERV, IC can be made out by calculation. FVC is taken by the similar principle, so are the following FEV, PEF, MMEF and MVV. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 225

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Multi-fueled multi-use combustion chamber Inventor(s): Loving, Ronald E.; (Tucson, AZ) Correspondence: Ronald E. Loving; 7740 West Sunlark Way; Tucson; AZ; 85743; US Patent Application Number: 20020119412 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: The MULTI-FUELED MULTI-USE COMBUSTION CHAMBER removes pollutants effectively, efficiently and economically from flowing gases. The system will virtually eliminate the majority of compounds such as oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, odors and organic and inorganic particulates from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines or other sources of combustion. The pollution source may be exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, incinerators, restaurant stoves, bakery stoves, dry cleaners, automotive repair, paint, sewage treatment plants, power generating stations or manufacturing facilities. The incinerator directly eliminates the undesirable and harmful pollution of the exhaust.The incinerator device has a plurality of cylindrical shaped incinerator chambers capable of being heated to high temperatures, connected in series comprising a mixing and burning incinerator chamber with an input duct for receiving a gaseous mixture and an additional number of mixing and reaction incinerator chambers. The chambers, connected in series, may have diameters of increasing size. The incinerator chamber may contain turbulator discs placed in the input area of each mixing and reaction chamber to enhance the mixture of fuel, fresh air and pollution exhaust input to the incinerator chamber to enhance the chambers pollution removing ability.When configured with a single combustion chamber and fuel dispensing system the chamber system will work as the combustion chamber of a bladed and disk "Tesla" type Brayton cycle turbine engines. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the energy efficient and economical elimination of pollutants exhausted from a contained gaseous pollutant source and, more particularly, to an incinerator device for significantly reducing pollutants exhausted from emissions and noxious odors from volatile organic compounds. Because of its uniqueness of being a combustion chamber the same device can be used to power up Brayton Cycle turbine engines. Reducing air pollution, particularly pollution from a contained gaseous pollutant source such as engine emissions and noxious odors from volatile organic compounds continues to be a pressing need worldwide. Stronger environmental regulations for controlling of pollution, particularly reducing pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines continue to be enacted both in the United States and throughout the world. Existing technology to eliminate emissions includes using particulate filtering devices to trap and subsequently burn the trapped particulates to clean the filter. Other devices include combustion chambers that attempt to directly eliminate pollution as it is exhausted from a pollution source, but fail to adequately reduce pollutants because the devices themselves produce large amounts of pollutants and may be energy inefficient. Other devices that directly eliminate pollution and are energy efficient may be large, difficult to attach to the pollution source, or require significant design changes to adapt to different pollution sources. In addition, many existing systems are expensive to manufacture and assemble due to the number of individual components, particularly related to the fuel supply and ignition components. Therefore, for the foregoing reasons there is a need for an incinerator chamber and incinerator system that continuously and significantly reduces compounds such as oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, odors and organic and inorganic particulates from pollution exhausted from a contained pollution source, including combustion engines, while maximizing its energy efficiency.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PREPREGS AND LAMINATED SHEETS Inventor(s): NAKATA, TAKAHIRO; (SHIZUOKA, JP), NAJIMA, KAZUYUKI; (SHIZUOKA, JP), KOSAKA, WATARU; (SHIZUOKA, JP), TOMINAGA, YASUSHI; (SHIZUOKA, JP) Correspondence: SMITH, GAMBRELL & RUSSELL, LLP; 1850 M STREET, N.W., SUITE 800; WASHINGTON; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030127186 Date filed: April 4, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a prepreg from which a laminate stable and superior in quality can be obtained at low cost without air pollution and with saving of resources and energy, and further provides a method for producing the laminate. That is, the present invention provides a method for producing a prepreg, characterized in that a mechanical energy is applied to a mixture comprising a powdered thermosetting resin and a hardener as essential components to bring about a mechanochemical reaction, the resulting powdered resin composition, as it is, or with addition of a fine powder additive having an average particle size of 0.01-1.mu.m and uniform mixing of them, is allowed to be present on at least the surface of a fibrous base material, and further provides a method for producing a laminate, characterized in that one or a plurality of the prepregs obtained above are used, if necessary, a metal foil is superposed on both or one side of the prepreg(s), and these are pressed under heating. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing prepregs and laminates, and more particularly to a method for producing prepregs and laminates suitable as printed circuit boards used for electric equipment, electronic equipment, communication equipment, etc. Regarding the printed circuit boards, demand for miniaturization and enhancement of functions increases, and, on the other hand, competition in price is keen, and, especially, as for multi-layer laminates, glass fabricbased epoxy resin laminates and laminates comprising a glass nonwoven fabric as an intermediate layer base material and a glass woven fabric as a surface layer base material which are used for printed circuit boards, a great task is to reduce the price. Hitherto, a large amount of solvents have been used for the production of prepregs or laminates used therefor. This is because resin varnishes can be easily prepared, and can be easily and uniformly coated on or impregnated into base materials. The solvents are evaporated at the drying step after coating or impregnation and are not present in the products, and most of them are disposed of by combustion apparatus or released into the atmosphere as they are. For this reason, it has been pointed out that this is a cause for the warming of the earth and air pollution. On the other hand, it has been attempted to reduce the amount of solvents, but this has been difficult because of the problems in production such as coating and impregnation of the base with resins. For the production of prepregs and laminates without using solvents, it has been studied to mix resins of low melting point or liquid resins with heating to obtain a homogeneous mixture and coat the mixture on a base. However, this suffers from the problems that sufficiently homogeneous mixture cannot be obtained, the resin sticks to apparatuses owing to decrease of heating temperature in continuous production, and the thermosetting resin gels during heating, which require cleaning of the apparatuses. Thus, continuous production has been difficult. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Rain machine Inventor(s): Winter, Scott H.; (Verplanck, NY) Correspondence: Scott H. Winter; P.O. Box 99; Verplanck; NY; 10596; US Patent Application Number: 20030197364 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: The nature of the technical disclosures of this invention is to point out what is new in the art which my invention pertains, is the process of a man made machine that will cause the atmosphere to become saturated with water vapor and at the same time providing many benefits to the environment such as cooling through evaporation and reflection, reduction of rising ocean water levels that may soon cover our cities, increased amount of rain fall, and safety to our people on our roads and highways, less air pollution, caused by a build up of toxins in the air that are not being washed away by rain fall and less salt being washed into our rivers and oceans caused by man adding salt to our roads and highways and then being washed down storm drains into our rivers and oceans leading to the sea. Excerpt(s): Referring to specific documents which are related to my invention the "Rain Machine" that is a tractor trailer truck with a large holding tank with disbursing apparatus that is connected to the rear of the tank that will spread the ocean or river water. The dispersing apparatus valve opens, allowing the salt water to be released from the tank onto the road or highway and as the truck increases speed, the valves begin to open, allowing the water to be released and as the truck decreases speed the valve or valves begin to close, slowing the flow of water and when the truck comes to a stop, the valve or valves close to stop the flow of water from the trucks tank. This invention utilizes dirty salt water in exchange for clean, fresh, usable rain water, while providing many other benefits to the environment. In reference to specific documents which are related to specific problems involved in the prior state of technology, which my invention is drawn toward (see introduction) part 1 and part 2 of the Disclosure Document. As the substance or general idea of the claimed invention, the tractor trailer truck with a large holding tank containing ocean or river water. Attached to the rear of the tank is a valve to allow the salt water to flow through, to a suitable disbursement apparatus that will release and spread the ocean water over the surface of the road as the truck is in motion. Adding moisture to the environment thus cooling the surface and leaving a light colored, course coating on road, pre-salting and absorbing any petroleum products left on the surface of the road from vehicles. This adds increased traction to the road, later when it snows or rains, the salt will help melt the snow and the rain will wash the salt build up away. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Rotary engine Inventor(s): Moe, Cordell R.; (Andover, MN) Correspondence: PATTERSON, THUENTE, SKAAR & CHRISTENSEN, P.A.; 4800 IDS CENTER; 80 SOUTH 8TH STREET; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402-2100; US Patent Application Number: 20030000496 Date filed: May 23, 2002

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Abstract: A rotary engine utilizes an expansion chamber and crescent piston to capture the energy of expanding combustion gases through out substantially all of each revolution of the piston. The rotary engine uses a crescent piston, the movement of which is guided by the combined action of a hub having a saddle supporting the piston and a can track. The invention burns fuel in a separate combustion chamber charged from a coaxially mounted compressor and controlled by a pass gate sentry valve. The rotary engine of the invention is cooled by an internal coolant injection system. The coolant solution may contain a alkaline reagent to react with and neutralize acidic components of the combustion gases which would otherwise remain in the exhaust and contribute to air pollution. The rotary engine of the present invention is adaptable to compression ignition fuels and spark ignition fuels. The invention may be constructed of conventional metallic materials as well as composites and ceramics. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/293,390, filed May 23, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The generally invention relates to internal combustion engines and, more particularly, to a piston driven rotary-type internal combustion engine. Engine designers are constantly endeavoring to design engines that maximize fuel efficiency while minimizing polluting byproducts of the combustion process. Fuel consumption has both a direct effect on the output of pollutants and the expense for the fuel used. Moreover, increasing the fuel efficiency of machinery using non-renewable resources, such as gasoline derived from oil, is an important social value. Minimizing pollutants minimizes the injurious effects on the environment and benefits the health of society on a global scale. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

S.G.S. Genset Inventor(s): Gurikar, K. A. Nagaraja; (Davangere, IN) Correspondence: K. A. NAGARAJA; Janatha lodge; Poona-Bangalore Road; DAVANGERE; KARNATAKA; 577 002; IN Patent Application Number: 20020089182 Date filed: January 10, 2001 Abstract: S.G.S. Genset is an electrical energy producer generator. According to the plan of the generator, it does not need any kind of fuel consumption. It does not produce air pollution, sound pollution, and it works in any place, and also in any weather condition. Excerpt(s): When the output power load of the Generator increases, its rotation speed level decreases. So the gear has to be raised to the required (volts) speed level. The Generator Motor should be of 25 H.P capacity and the Generator alternator should be 200 H.P capacity. From the 200 H.P. energy from the alternator, 25% consumption is used to the Generator Motor. The remaining 75% of energy will he useful for extra lighting and motor purpose. From this plan we can save the power, cooking gas and other fuel consumption. This plan is useful to run ships, trains, submarines and Airplanes. This is my opinion of the result. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Supersonic propellers for aircrafts Inventor(s): Papandreadis, Elias; (Poros, GR) Correspondence: THE FIRM OF KARL F ROSS; 5676 RIVERDALE AVENUE; PO BOX 900; RIVERDALE (BRONX); NY; 10471-0900; US Patent Application Number: 20020134885 Date filed: January 22, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides one pair or two pairs of horizontal propellers incorporated on the two opposite sides of an aircraft, which propellers by their rotating external blades create through their frontal shell opening a very strong frontal depression, stronger than their drag, providing an horizontal motion subsonic or supersonic, but their main advantage arise from the supersonic speed power requirement which is less than 20% of that of equivalent supersonic aircraft's, with consequent economy of construction, of maintenance and mainly in flight cost, and also a multiple in flight range and obviously respectively decrease of air pollution. Also if a vertical take-off and landing are required, these propellers by their internal blade could function as radial-flow propeller or blowers until their horizontal speed attains that required to support the aircraft by their wings, then by obstructing the radial-flow of the propeller and increasing the external blades rotation a supersonic speed is attained with the same economical and operational advantages of previous paragraph. And all that with only the present day technology. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is the flight of air-vehicle by frontal depression, more intense than that of rear air stream separation zone, instead of the conventional very strong rear overpressure, which is also more expensive. This aeronautic area has not been explored or exploited even it present very interesting characteristics, especially economical. Air vehicle motion elements can be classified in two broad areas. The first area includes the axial flow propellers, having a perimeter speed limit of Mach one, and an efficiency factor less than 70% consequently their impulsion speed is only subsonic. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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TRANSPORTING SULFUR PELLETS Inventor(s): D'Aquin, Gerard E.; (Tulsa, OK) Correspondence: B G COLLEY; 6305 SILVER LAKES DR W; LAKELAND; FL; 33810; US Patent Application Number: 20030185637 Date filed: April 2, 2002 Abstract: A process and apparatus for effecting the transportation of sulfur pellets with the recovery of sulfur fines is disclosed. This is accomplished by a combination of steps and apparatus which include pumping water from a water supply into solid sulfur pellets with a jet-venturi/eductor pumping system to produce a sulfur water slurry containing sulfur pellets and sulfur fines, pumping the sulfur water slurry with one or more rotating disk/boundary layer pumps to a series of static screens to remove large lumps and impurities, a sulfur fines slurry, and a washed sulfur pellet slurry, contacting the sulfur pellet slurry with a dewatering disk to remove substantially all the remaining water, transporting the dewatered sulfur pellets to storage, pumping the sulfur fines slurry to a hydrocyclone to separate all the water from the sulfur fines, recycling the recovered water to said water supply following the addition of an alkaline neutralizing

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agent when needed, and recovering the sulfur fines.The invention substantially reduces air pollution by reducing the amount of sulfur At fines released into the air during the unloading of sulfur pellets in bulk. The hydraulic transportation feature of this invention eliminates the use of mechanical loaders, cranes, open air hoppers, and open air transfer points that normally create and disperse sulfur fines into the atmosphere during their use in the movement of solid sulfur. It enables sulfur pellet transfer operations to take place in most weather conditions, rather than requiring interruption when wind speed and time exceed regulatory guidelines. The State of Florida requires operators to cease the unloading of sulfur pellets from a marine vessel whenever wind speed exceeds 18 miles per hour for a 5-minute time span. Excerpt(s): The Frasch process can be used to obtain sulfur from the ground wherein air and superheated water is injected into subterranean sulfur deposits to melt the sulfur and force it to the surface. Elemental sulfur may also be obtained in large quantities from hydrogen sulfide contained in petroleum refinery gas streams or wellhead gas. In the U.S., elemental sulfur is generally transported from field storage to users sites in the molten state due to environmental and specification considerations. In Canada and other parts of the world, however, molten sulfur at the field distributing plant may be pelleted or pumped onto concrete pads open to the atmosphere or into slip forms, for storage whereupon the molten sulfur solidifies into large slabs. The slabs of sulfur must either be mechanically broken up, re-liquefied, or re-liquefied and pelleted for final distribution to the consumer. The breaking-up operation is cumbersome and entails much labor and expense, and the resulting sulfur, which is extremely friable, contains a huge volume of sulfur dust or fines comprised of small particles having a high surface area which almost always cause significant environmental harm due to deposition on surrounding equipment, land and vegetation. This has led to the banning of the transport, storage and use of such "crushed bulk" sulfur in many parts of the world. It is well known that molten sulfur may also be solidified into prills, granules, or pellets by the use of prilling towers, granulators, pelletizers, pastillers and the like as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,318 and 4,595,350, and many more similar patents. Such "sulfur pellets" are far easier to transport and handle in bulk than "crushed bulk," and that is the reason such types of pellets were developed. Various types of sulfur pellets are the preferred form in which most solid sulfur is transported by ocean vessel to consumers throughout the world. Despite their superiority over "crushed bulk", all types of sulfur pellets retain solid sulfur's inherent characteristic of becoming increasingly brittle as it "cures" over time. Accordingly, the handling of all sulfur pellets products in bulk can generate considerable sulfur fines, which, in turn, may cause significant environmental harm. Materials handling procedures for sulfur pellets are therefore subject to stringent requirements. The State of Florida (Rule 62-296, F.A.C), for example, requires the use of special unloading facilities and procedures, which increase both the capital and operating costs of sulfur pellet handling and storage activity, particularly when dealing with vessel unloading. As part of the Rule, Florida requires the cessation of marine unloading operations whenever wind speed at the dock exceeds 18 mph for a 5-minute period. As is the case with any form of solid sulfur, sulfur pellets and the attendant sulfur fines can readily be contaminated with Thiobacillus thiooxidans. This bacillus generates sulfuric acid as part of its life cycle. Sulfuric acid, which often exists in sulfur pellets at concentrations that can exceed 1,000 ppm, is a contaminant which can cause severe corrosion damage to receiving and processing facilities (current industry norms on loading a vessel with sulfur pellets call for "free acid" (sulfuric) not to exceed 100 ppm.) All forms of solid sulfur transported by sea run the additional risk of contamination by hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is formed by contact of sulfuric acid with seawater or salt. The presence of hydrochloric acid in solid sulfur can have

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truly catastrophic consequences on processing equipment, as most metals impervious to sulfuric acid are not impervious to hydrochloric acid. Therefore, large solid sulfur processing facilities receiving sea-borne sulfur incur the added cost of neutralizing such acids prior to melting the sulfur. The resultant ash waste must then be filtered from the molten sulfur stream using steam jacketed, diatomaceous earth, pressure leaf filters. This represents further capital, operating and waste disposal costs. Shipments of solid sulfur pellets via railcars and vessels are sometimes contaminated with extraneous materials such as sand, rocks, organic and metallic materials. All of these contaminants cause processing problems, from degrading sulfur purity, frequent and costly cleanouts of filter leafs and sump pumps to breaking pump impellers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Waste management by source Inventor(s): Yilmaz, Gursel G.; (Bonita Springs, FL) Correspondence: Gursel G Yilmaz; 28202 Meadowlark Lane; Bonita Springs; FL; 34134; US Patent Application Number: 20030003568 Date filed: May 22, 2000 Abstract: Waste management has been primarily based on collection of waste and placing most of it in a landfill. Waste management by source eliminates a need for large landfills by separating waste into wet organic waste and dry waste and processing said waste for reuse prior to landfill application. Waste management by source integrates collection and transportation of waste with separation, treatment, processing, and recovery using a collection apparatus, one or a combination of hydrotransportation system and a transportation vehicle, a wet organic waste processing plant, and a dry waste processing facility for reuse. Since untreated organic waste is eliminated or significantly reduced from waste stream, present invention eliminates a need for daily cover and working front of landfills resulting in elimination of extensive leachate management systems and associated potential groundwater and air pollution problems. Excerpt(s): The present invention lies in the field of civil engineering and more particularly in waste management including collection, transportation, and processing of waste for reuse. Waste management commonly called municipal or solid waste management has been primarily based on collection of waste and placing most if not all of it in a landfill. Present invention eliminates a need for large landfills by using a concatenated collection apparatus, a transportation vehicle, and a processing facility for reuse. Using present invention current and future landfill sites are converted into a waste processing and treatment facility which includes controlled biodegration and eliminates open working front of a landfill operation and all associated odor and leachate problems. Voluminous prior art reviewed showed improving large landfills and waste management by means of landfill reclamation, landfill mining, landfill bioreactors and recovery. However, prior art reviewed did not demonstrate a novel approach that will interconnect and integrate collection, transportation, and processing of waste. Relevant examples of prior art on processing and disposal of waste management are summarized below. U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,409 discloses a system and method for organic and inorganic municipal waste processing for reuse including crushing garbage and separating garbage after its crushed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with air pollution, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on air pollution. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning air pollution. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AIR POLLUTION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to air pollution. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on air pollution include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on air pollution: •

Cigars: Health Effects and Trends Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH). February 1998. 348 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute (NCI). Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. Voice (800) 422-6237. TTY (800) 332-8615. Fax (301) 330-7968. Website: rex.nci.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 98-4302. Summary: The recent increase in cigar consumption began in 1993 and was dismissed by many in public health as a passing fad that would quickly dissipate. Recently released data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) suggests that the upward trend in cigar use might not be as temporary as some had predicted. This monograph from the National Cancer Institute addresses the questions that arise from this dramatic surge in tobacco use. Eight chapters cover an overview of cigar smoking,

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trends in cigar consumption and smoking prevalence, chemistry and toxicology, the disease consequences of cigar smoking, indoor air pollution from cigar smoke, pharmacology and abuse potential of cigars, marketing and promotion of cigars, and policies regulating cigars. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that a causal relationship exists between regular cigar use and cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus. Heavy cigar smoking, particularly for those who inhale, causes an increased risk of coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There is also suggestive evidence for a relationship between cigar smoking and cancer of the pancreas, but the evidence is insufficient at this time to draw a causal inference. Each chapter concludes with references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “air pollution” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “air pollution” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “air pollution” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Breath of Fresh Air: A Practical Guide for Filtering Out Indoor Air Pollution Utilizing Houseplants by Laronna Debraak, Ben McDonald (Editor); ISBN: 0963060309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963060309/icongroupinterna

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A Linear Programming Model for Air Pollution Control by Robert E. Kohn (Author) (1978); ISBN: 0262110628; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262110628/icongroupinterna

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Acid Rain and Transported Air Pollutants: Implications for Public Policy; ISBN: 0890590443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890590443/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract (Lung Biology in Health and Disease, V. 128) by David L. Swift (Editor), W. Michael Foster (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0824795210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824795210/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollutants and Their Effects on the Terrestrial Ecosystem by Allan H. Legge (Editor), Sagar V. Krupa (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0471083127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471083127/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution by Squillac (1992); ISBN: 0870840894; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870840894/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution by P. Zannetti (1993); ISBN: 1562521462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562521462/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution by David H. F. Liu (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1566705134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566705134/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution by Arthur Cecil Stern (1977); ISBN: 0126666059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126666059/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution by Homer W. Parker; ISBN: 0130210064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130210064/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution by William Lawrence Faith, Arthur A. Atkisson; ISBN: 0471253200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471253200/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution (Clay's Library of Health and the Environment) by Jeremy Colls (2002); ISBN: 0415255651; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415255651/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution (Images) by Gary Lopez, et al; ISBN: 0886824273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0886824273/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution (New True Books) by Darlene R. Stille; ISBN: 0516011812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516011812/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution (True Books: Environment) by Rhonda Lucas Donald (2002); ISBN: 0516259989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516259989/icongroupinterna

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Air pollution abatement and regional economic development; an input-output analysis by William H. Miernyk; ISBN: 0669946567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669946567/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Acid Rain: The Biological Impact (Intermediate Tropical Agriculture) by Alan Wellburn; ISBN: 0470208872; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470208872/icongroupinterna

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Air pollution and cancer in man : proceedings of the Second Hanover International Carcinogenesis Meeting held in Hanover, 22-24 October, 1975; ISBN: 9283211162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9283211162/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Forests: Interactions Between Air Contaminants and Forest Ecosystems by William H. Smith (1990); ISBN: 0387970843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387970843/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Health by S. T. Holgate (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0123523354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123523354/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Health (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, 10) by R. E. Hester, R. M. Harrison; ISBN: 0854042458; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854042458/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries by Gordon McGranahan (Editor), Frank Murray (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 185383985X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185383985X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Lung by Ephraim F. Aharonson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0470150491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470150491/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults by Philip Witorsch, Samuel V. Spagnolo (Editor); ISBN: 0849301815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849301815/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and Plant Life by Michael Treshow (Photographer); ISBN: 0471901032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471901032/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Regions: Report No. 4 of the Iufro Task Force on Environmental Change (Iufro Research Series, No. 5) by John L. Innes (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 0851994814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851994814/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and the Market for Monitors and Sensors [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Business Communications Co. (Author); ISBN: B0000T8SJ6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000T8SJ6/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution and the Social Sciences: Formulating and Implementing Control Programs (Special Studies in U.S. Economic, Social and Political Issues) by Paul B. Downing (Editor) (1971); ISBN: 0891976523; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891976523/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Consultant Quick Reference Guide by Aspen Publishers (2001); ISBN: 0444100326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444100326/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Consultant: April 2003 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Aspen Publishers Inc. (Author); ISBN: B0000AG4ZM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000AG4ZM/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control by Howard E. Hesketh; ISBN: 0250402882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250402882/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control (3rd Edition) by C. David Cooper, F. C. Alley (2002); ISBN: 1577662180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1577662180/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control (Air and Waste Management Assn/Am934/Vol.4) (1993); ISBN: 999466400X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999466400X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control and Design for Industry by Paul N. Cheremisinoff (Editor); ISBN: 082479057X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082479057X/icongroupinterna

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Air pollution control and industrial energy production; ISBN: 0250400723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250400723/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control Engineering by Noel De Nevers; ISBN: 0070393672; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070393672/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control Engineering: Basic Calculations for Particulate Collection by William Licht; ISBN: 0824778987; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824778987/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control Equipment: Selection, Design, Operation and Maintenance by Louis Theodore; ISBN: 0130211540; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130211540/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook by Jr. Schnelle Karl B., Charles A. Brown; ISBN: 0849395887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849395887/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control, Part One by Warner Strauss (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471833207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471833207/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control: A Welfare Economic Interpretation by Robert E. Kohn; ISBN: 066903343X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/066903343X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control: Equipment, Inspection and Maintenance, and Fuels/Am91-9 (Vols 9A and 9B) (1991); ISBN: 9992977787; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992977787/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control: Measuring & Monitoring Air Pollutants by Werner Strauss; ISBN: 0471833193; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471833193/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Control:Traditional Hazardous Pollutants, Revised Edition by Howard E. Hesketh; ISBN: 1566764130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566764130/icongroupinterna

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Air pollution control; guidebook to U.S. regulations by Martin S. Hertzendorf; ISBN: 0877621055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877621055/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Effects on Plant Growth: A Symposium Sponsored by the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry at the 167th Meeting of the American by MacK Dugger (Editor); ISBN: 0841202230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841202230/icongroupinterna

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Air pollution emissions from bulk loading facilities by Frank L. Cross; ISBN: 0877621799; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877621799/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Engineering Manual by Air & Waste Management Association (Editor), Wayne T. Davis (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0471333336; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471333336/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution from Ground Transportation: An Assessment of Causes, Strategies and Tactics, and Proposed Actions for the International Community by Roger Gorham (2003); ISBN: 9211045118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9211045118/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions by Asif Faiz, et al (1996); ISBN: 0821334441; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821334441/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution from Pesticides and Agricultural Processes by Cleveland (1976); ISBN: 084935157X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084935157X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution II by J.M. Baldasano, et al (1994); ISBN: 1562521950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562521950/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Impacts on Crops & Forests by M. R. Ashmore (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 186094292X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/186094292X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution in the 21st Century by T. Schneider (Editor), L. T. Schneider; ISBN: 0444827994; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444827994/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Inspector (Career Examination Series: C-11) by Jack Rudman (1994); ISBN: 0837300118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0837300118/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution IX (Advances in Air Pollution) by Italy)/ Latini, G. International Conference on Air Pollution 2001 Ancona (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 1853128775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853128775/icongroupinterna

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Air pollution meteorology by Frank L. Cross; ISBN: 0877621772; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877621772/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Meteorology by Richard S. Scorer, Richard Segar Scorer (2002); ISBN: 1898563934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898563934/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application (Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, 24th) by Sven-Erik Gryning (Editor), Francis A. Schiermeier (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0306465345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306465345/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application IX (NATO: Challenges of Modern Society, Vol 17) by Han Van Dop, et al (1992); ISBN: 0306442485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306442485/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII (NATO Challenges of Modern Society, Vol 15) by Han Van Dop, et al (1991); ISBN: 0306438283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306438283/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XI (NATO Challenges of Modern Society, Vol 21) by Sven-Erik Gryning (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0306453819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306453819/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications IV (NATO Challenges for Modern Society, Vol 7) by C. De Wisepelacre (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0306419084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306419084/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Modelling and Simulation: Proceedings Second Conference on Air Pollution Modelling and Simulation, Apms'01 Champs-Sur-Marne, April 9-12, 2001 by Conference on Air Pollution Modelling and Simulation 2001 Champs-Sur-, Bruno Sportisse (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 3540425152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540425152/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Modelling: Theories, Computational Methods and Available Software by Paolo Zannetti (1990); ISBN: 094582484X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094582484X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Monitoring: Methods Development [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Alexander Chong (2003); ISBN: B0000CA2EK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000CA2EK/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Processes in Regional Scale (NATO Science Series. 4, Earth and Environmental Sciences, V. 30,) by Dimitrios Melas (Editor), D. Syrakov (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 1402016263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1402016263/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Sampling and Analysis Deskbook by Paul N. Cheremis (Editor); ISBN: 0250402343; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250402343/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Science for the 21st Century by Jill Austin (Editor), et al; ISBN: 008044119X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/008044119X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution Technology by Dean E., Painter; ISBN: 087909009X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087909009X/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution VII (Advances in Air Pollution, Vol 6) by H. Power (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 1853126934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853126934/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution XI (Advances in Air Pollution) by F. Patania (Editor), C. a. Brebbia (Editor); ISBN: 1853129828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853129828/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution, Acid Rain, and the Future of Forests: Worldwatch Paper 58 by Sandra Postel (1984); ISBN: 0916468577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916468577/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution, Global Change and Forests in the New Millenium (Developments in Environmental Science) by D. F. Karnosky, et al (2003); ISBN: 0080443176; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080443176/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution, Human Health, and Public Policy by Charles T Stewart; ISBN: 0669026700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669026700/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution, People, and Plants by Sagar V. Krupa (1997); ISBN: 0890541752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890541752/icongroupinterna

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Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health by Donald Kennedy (Editor), et al (1989); ISBN: 0309037263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309037263/icongroupinterna

•

Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control (3rd Edition) by Kenneth Wark (Author), et al (1997); ISBN: 0673994163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0673994163/icongroupinterna

•

Air Pollution: Our Impact on the Planet (21st Century Debates Series) by Matthew Chapman, Rob Bowden; ISBN: 0739848747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0739848747/icongroupinterna

•

Air Pollution: Ozone Study & Action by Jeffrey Frank (1996); ISBN: 0787223808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787223808/icongroupinterna

•

Air Pollution: Physical and Chemical Fundamentals by John H. Seinfeld; ISBN: 0070560420; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070560420/icongroupinterna

•

Air Pollution: Supplement to Air Pollutants, Their Transformation, Transport, and Effects by Arthur C. Stern (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0126666067; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126666067/icongroupinterna

•

Air Pollution: Supplement to Management of Air Quality (Environmental Sciences) by Arthur C. Stern (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0126666083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126666083/icongroupinterna

•

Air Pollution: Supplement to Measurements, Monitoring, Surveillance, and Engineering Control by Arthur C. Stern (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0126666075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126666075/icongroupinterna

•

Air pollution: the emissions, the regulations, & the controls by James P. Tomany; ISBN: 0444001387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444001387/icongroupinterna

•

Air Quality Control: Formation and Sources, Dispersion,m Characteristics and Impact of Air Pollutants-Measuring Methods, Techniques for Reduction of Emissions and regulati (Environmental Engineering (Berlin, Germany).) by Gunter Baumbach, C. Grubinger-Rhodes (Contributor) (1996); ISBN: 3540579923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540579923/icongroupinterna

240 Air Pollution

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Alternative Perspectives on Livelihoods, Agriculture and Air Pollution: Agriculture in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country by Neela Mukherjee (2001); ISBN: 0754616959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0754616959/icongroupinterna

•

Analysis of Air Pollutants by Peter O., Warner; ISBN: 0471921076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471921076/icongroupinterna

•

Analysis of Industrial Air Pollutants (Mss' Series on Air Pollution, V. 3) by Paul R. Harrison (Editor), et al (1974); ISBN: 0842271546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0842271546/icongroupinterna

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Analytical methods applied to air pollution measurements; ISBN: 0250400464; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250400464/icongroupinterna

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Approaches to Controlling Air Pollution by Ann F. Friedlaender (Editor); ISBN: 0262060647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262060647/icongroupinterna

•

Assessment of Exposure to Indoor Air Pollutants (WHO Regional Publications, European Series) by M. Jantunen (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 9289013427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9289013427/icongroupinterna

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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : From Air Pollution to Climate Change by John H. Seinfeld (Author), Spyros N. Pandis (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0471178160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471178160/icongroupinterna

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Atmospheric Motion and Air Pollution: An Introduction for Students of Engineering and Science by Richard A. Dobbins; ISBN: 0471216755; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471216755/icongroupinterna

•

Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling by F. Nieuwstadt (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 9027713650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027713650/icongroupinterna

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Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control by Joseph S. Devinny, et al; ISBN: 1566702895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566702895/icongroupinterna

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Biotechniques for Air Pollution Abatement and Odour Control Policies by J. Van Ham (Editor), A. J. Dragt; ISBN: 044489263X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044489263X/icongroupinterna

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Boundary Layer Structure: Modeling and Application to Air Pollution and Wind Energy by H. Kaplan (Editor), Nathan Dinar (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 9027718776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027718776/icongroupinterna

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Breathing Easier: Taking Action on Climate Change Air Pollution and Energy Insecurity by James J. MacKenzie (1988); ISBN: 091582535X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091582535X/icongroupinterna

•

Catalytic Air Pollution Control : Commercial Technology by Ronald M. Heck (Author), Robert J. Farrauto (Author); ISBN: 0471436240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471436240/icongroupinterna

•

Catalytic Control of Air Pollution: Mobile and Stationary Sources (Acs Symposium Series, No 495) by Ronald G. Silver (Editor), et al (1992); ISBN: 0841224552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841224552/icongroupinterna

•

Challenges and Solutions to Monitoring Indoor Pollution: International Conference on Monitoring Indoor Air Pollution April 18-19, 2001, Manchester Metropolitan

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University (Indoor + Built Environment) by Ivan L. Gee (Editor), John A. Hoskins (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 380557388X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380557388X/icongroupinterna •

Chernobyl: Law and Communication : Transboundary Nuclear Air Pollution - The Legal Materials by Philippe J. Sands (Author); ISBN: 0949009229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0949009229/icongroupinterna

•

CRC Handbook of Environmental Control, Vol I: Air Pollution by Richard G. Bond, et al; ISBN: 0878192719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878192719/icongroupinterna

•

Decision Making in Air Pollution Control by George H. Hagevik; ISBN: 0891977244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891977244/icongroupinterna

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Don't Breathe the Air: Air Pollution and U.S. Environmental Politics, 1945-1970 (Environmental History Series, No 16) by Scott Hamilton Dewey (2000); ISBN: 0890969140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890969140/icongroupinterna

•

Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change by Richard P. Turco (2002); ISBN: 0195142748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195142748/icongroupinterna

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Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution by George E. Taylor, et al (1991); ISBN: 0387974148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387974148/icongroupinterna

•

Economic Growth Versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution by Judith A. Cherni (Author); ISBN: 033392956X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/033392956X/icongroupinterna

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Effects of air pollution on western forests; ISBN: 0923204032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0923204032/icongroupinterna

•

Encyclopedia of Environmental Control Technology: Air Pollution Control by Paul N. Cheremisinoff (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 087201245X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087201245X/icongroupinterna

•

Energy Use and Air Pollution in Indonesia: Supply Strategies, Environmental Impacts and Pollution Control (Avebury Studies in Green Research) by Manfred Kleemann (Editor); ISBN: 1856288846; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1856288846/icongroupinterna

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Environmental Awareness: Air Pollution (Environmental Awareness) by Mary Ellen Snodgrass, et al; ISBN: 0944280315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944280315/icongroupinterna

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Environmental Hazards: Air Pollution: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues Series) by E. Willard Miller, Ruby M. Miller; ISBN: 0874365287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874365287/icongroupinterna

•

Environmental Law: Environmental Decisionmaking/Water Pollution/Air Pollution/Hazardous Waste/Hazardous Waste 94-95 Supplement by Jackson B. Battle, et al (1994); ISBN: 0870840703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870840703/icongroupinterna

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Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control by William M. Vatavuk; ISBN: 0873711424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873711424/icongroupinterna

242 Air Pollution

•

Every Breath You Take: A Doctor's Guide to Reducing Indoor Air Pollution by B. P. Loughridge (2002); ISBN: 0970339313; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970339313/icongroupinterna

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Forest decline and air pollution : a study of spruce (Picea abies) on acid soils; ISBN: 3540507930; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540507930/icongroupinterna

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Forest Decline and Air Pollution: A Study of Spruce (Picea Abies on Acid Soils) by H.D. Schulze, et al (1990); ISBN: 0387507930; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387507930/icongroupinterna

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Fourth Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, October 16-19, 1984 by Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology (1984); ISBN: 9995584581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995584581/icongroupinterna

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Fundamentals of Air Pollution by Richard W. Boubel (Editor), et al (1994); ISBN: 0121189309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121189309/icongroupinterna

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Fundamentals of Air Pollution (1984); ISBN: 0126665605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126665605/icongroupinterna

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Fundamentals of Air Pollution by Samuel J. Williamson; ISBN: 0201086298; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201086298/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Air Pollution Analysis by Roger Perry, Robert J. Young; ISBN: 0470993162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470993162/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Air Pollution Control Engineering and Technology by John C. Mycock (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1566701066; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566701066/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Air Pollution From Internal Combustion Engines by Eran Sher (Editor); ISBN: 0126398550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126398550/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, First Edition by Nicholas P., Ph.D. Cheremisinoff; ISBN: 0750674997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750674997/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Air Pollution Technology by Seymour Calvert (Editor), Harold M. Englund (Editor); ISBN: 0471082635; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471082635/icongroupinterna

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Handbook on Air Pollution and Health by Great Britain (1997); ISBN: 0113220960; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0113220960/icongroupinterna

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Hazardous Air Pollutants: Assessment, Liabilities, and Regulatory Compliance by Jeffrey W. Bradstreet (1996); ISBN: 0815513860; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815513860/icongroupinterna

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Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution: How Safe Is the Air We Breathe? by Jane Q. Koenig (2000); ISBN: 0792377192; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792377192/icongroupinterna

Books

243

•

Indoor Air Pollution : Problems and Priorities by G. B. Leslie (Editor), F. W. Lunau (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0521477948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521477948/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Air Pollution and Health by Emil J., Jr Bardana (Editor), Anthony Montanaro (Editor); ISBN: 0824794796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824794796/icongroupinterna

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Indoor Air Pollution Control by Thad Godish; ISBN: 0873710983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873710983/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Air Pollution: A Health Perspective by Jonathan M. Samet (Editor), John D. Spengler (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0801841259; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801841259/icongroupinterna

•

Indoor Air Pollution: Characterization, Prediction and Control by Richard A. Wadden (Author), Peter A. Scheff (Author); ISBN: 0471876739; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471876739/icongroupinterna

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Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution and Human Cancer (1993); ISBN: 3540566457; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540566457/icongroupinterna

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Industrial Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates by Louis Theodore; ISBN: 0849351324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849351324/icongroupinterna

•

Industrial Air Pollution Control Systems by William L. Heumann (Editor); ISBN: 0070314306; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070314306/icongroupinterna

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Industrial Air Pollution Engineering by Chemical Engineering Magazine, Vincent Cavaseno; ISBN: 0070106932; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070106932/icongroupinterna

•

Industrial Air Pollution Handbook by Albert Parker (Editor) (1978); ISBN: 0070844860; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070844860/icongroupinterna

•

Internal Combustion Engines and Air Pollution by Edward Frederic, Obert; ISBN: 0700221832; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700221832/icongroupinterna

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Into Thin Air: The Problem of Air Pollution (Science & Society) by J. S. Kidd, Renee A. Kidd (1998); ISBN: 0816035857; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816035857/icongroupinterna

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Intragovernmental Regulation and the Public Interest: Air Pollution Control in the Tennessee Valley by Michael R. Fitzgerald, et al; ISBN: 0914079115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914079115/icongroupinterna

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Killer Smog: The World's Worst Air Pollution Disaster by William Wise (2001); ISBN: 0595171842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595171842/icongroupinterna

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Landfill Emission of Gases into the Atmosphere : Boundary Element Analysis (Advances in Air Pollution, Vol 4) by Victor Popov, Henry Power (1999); ISBN: 1853126160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853126160/icongroupinterna

•

Large Scale Computations in Air Pollution Modelling (NATO Science Series. Partnership Sub-Series 2, Environmental Security , vol. 57.) by Zahari Zlatev (Editor),

244 Air Pollution

et al (1999); ISBN: 0792356772; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792356772/icongroupinterna •

Legal Responses to Indoor Air Pollution by Frank B. Cross (Author); ISBN: 0899305199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899305199/icongroupinterna

•

Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants: State of the Art by Winston Chow, Katherine K. Connor (Editor); ISBN: 0873718666; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873718666/icongroupinterna

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Methods for Determination of Indoor Air Pollutants: Epa Methods by William T. Winberry, et al (1993); ISBN: 0815513143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815513143/icongroupinterna

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Minimizing Energy Costs in Air Pollution Control Systems (1985); ISBN: 9996741842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996741842/icongroupinterna

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Natural Gas Applications for Air Pollution Control; ISBN: 0881730130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881730130/icongroupinterna

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Nitrogenous air pollutants : chemical and biological implications; ISBN: 0250402947; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250402947/icongroupinterna

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Organic Indoor Air Pollutants : Occurrence, Measurement, Evaluation by Tunga Salthammer (Editor); ISBN: 3527296220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527296220/icongroupinterna

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Ozone Air Pollution in the Sierra Nevada - Distribution and Effects on Forests by Andrzej Bytnerowicz (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0080441939; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080441939/icongroupinterna

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Plant Response to Air Pollution by Mohammed Iqbal (Editor), Mohammed Yunus (Editor); ISBN: 0471960616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471960616/icongroupinterna

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Pollution and Policy: A Case Essay on California and Federal Experience With Motor Vehicle Air Pollution, 1940-1975 by James E. Krier; ISBN: 0520032047; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520032047/icongroupinterna

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Pollution control technology; air pollution control, water pollution control [and] solid waste disposal; ISBN: 0878915044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878915044/icongroupinterna

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Power generation : air pollution monitoring and control; ISBN: 0250401185; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250401185/icongroupinterna

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Prediction and Regulation of Air Pollution (Atmospheric Sciences Library) by M.E. Berlyand, M. E. Berliand (1991); ISBN: 0792310004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792310004/icongroupinterna

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Process Engineering and Design for Air Pollution Control [FACSIMILE] by Jaime Benitez; ISBN: 0137232144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0137232144/icongroupinterna

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Rapid Guide to Hazardous Air Pollutants by Howard J. Beim (Author), et al; ISBN: 0471292346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471292346/icongroupinterna

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Reducing the Averages: The Founding and Development of the Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency by James Pearson (2000); ISBN: 0595745733; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595745733/icongroupinterna

Books

245

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Reforming Air Pollution Regulation: The Toil and Trouble of Epa's Bubble by Richard A. Liroff; ISBN: 089164072X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089164072X/icongroupinterna

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Sizing and Selecting Air Pollution Control Systems by Frank L. Cross (Editor), Howard E. Hesketh; ISBN: 1566761263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566761263/icongroupinterna

•

Smoke Wars (pb): Anaconda Copper, Montana Air Pollution, and the Courts, 18901924 by Donald MacMillan (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0917298659; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0917298659/icongroupinterna

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Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series: Volume 1, Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants by T. A. Mansfield (Editor); ISBN: 0521290392; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521290392/icongroupinterna

•

Sources and Control of Air Pollution by R.J. Heinsohn (Author), R. L. Kabel (Author); ISBN: 0136248349; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0136248349/icongroupinterna

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Systems Approach to Air Pollution Control by Robert J. Bibbero, Irving G. Young; ISBN: 0471072052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471072052/icongroupinterna

•

Taken for a Ride: Detroit's Big Three and the Politics of Air Pollution by Jack Doyle; ISBN: 1568581475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568581475/icongroupinterna

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The Analysis of Air Pollutants by Wolfgang. Leithe; ISBN: 0250399105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250399105/icongroupinterna

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The economic consequences of air pollution by V. Kerry Smith; ISBN: 088410026X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088410026X/icongroupinterna

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The Particulate Air Pollution Controversy: A Case Study and Lessons Learned by Robert F. Phalen (2002); ISBN: 1402072252; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1402072252/icongroupinterna

•

The Steam-Powered Automobile: An Answer to Air Pollution. by Andrew. Jamison; ISBN: 0253184002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0253184002/icongroupinterna

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The Un-Politics of Air Pollution: A Study of Non-Decisionmaking in the Cities by Matthew A. Crenson; ISBN: 0801811775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801811775/icongroupinterna

•

Toxic Air Pollution Handbook by David R. Patrick (Editor); ISBN: 0471284491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471284491/icongroupinterna

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Understanding & controlling air pollution by Howard E. Hesketh; ISBN: 0250400073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0250400073/icongroupinterna

•

Urban Air Pollution and Forests: Resources at Risk in the Mexico City Air Basin (Ecological Studies, 156) by Mark E. Fenn (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 038795337X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/038795337X/icongroupinterna

•

Urban Air Pollution Volume 2 by H. Power (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 1562522965; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562522965/icongroupinterna

246 Air Pollution

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Urban Air Pollution: European Aspects (Environmental Pollution (Dordrecht, Netherlands).) by Jes Fenger (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0792355024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792355024/icongroupinterna

•

Vehicular Air Pollution: Experiences from Seven Latin American Urban Centers (World Bank Technical Paper, No 373) by Bekir Onursal, Surhid P. Gautam (1997); ISBN: 0821340166; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821340166/icongroupinterna

•

Water, Ground, and Air Pollution Monitoring and Remediation by Tuan Vo-Dihn (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0819438642; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819438642/icongroupinterna

•

What Works Report- Air Pollution Solutions by Mark Malaspina, et al; ISBN: 0963861301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963861301/icongroupinterna

•

What's in the Air: Natural Amd Man Made Air Pollution by Stephen E. Blewett, et al; ISBN: 0964056526; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964056526/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Air pollution and respiratory disease. Author: Heimann, Harry,; Year: 1964; [Washington] Division of

•

Air pollution studies with simulated atmospheres [by] H. Buchberg [et al.]. Author: University of California, Los Angeles. Dept. of Engineering.; Year: 1963; Los Angeles, 1961

•

Air pollution, a new response to an old problem. Author: MacKenzie, V. G. (Vernon G.); Year: 1965; [Washington, 1965]

•

Pneumatic fuel atomization as applied to automobile air pollution control [by] R. D. Kopa. Author: University of California, Los Angeles. Dept. of Engineering.; Year: 1964; Los Angeles, 1963

•

Scientific statesmanship in air pollution control. Author: Commoner, Barry.; Year: 1965; Washington, 1964

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

247

•

Selected methods for the measurement of air pollutants. Author: United States. Division of Air Pollution. Interbranch Chemical Advisory Committee.; Year: 1964; Cincinnati, U. S. Robert A. Taft Engineering Center, 1965

•

The power industry and air pollution. Author: MacKenzie, V. G. (Vernon G.); Year: 1959; Washington, U. S. Public Health Service, Division of

•

With every breath you take; the poisons of air pollution, how they are injuring our health, and what we must do about them. Author: Lewis, Howard R.; Year: 1960; New York, Crown Publishers [c1965]

Chapters on Air Pollution In order to find chapters that specifically relate to air pollution, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and air pollution using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on air pollution: •

How Vocal Abilities Can Be Limited by Non-Infectious Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems Source: in Thurman, L. and Welch, G., eds. Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education, Volumes 1-3. 2nd ed. Collegeville, MN: VoiceCare Network. 2000. p. 546-555. Contact: Available from National Center for Voice and Speech (NCVS). Book Sales, 334 Speech and Hearing Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. Website: www.ncvs.org. PRICE: $75.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874141230. Summary: This chapter on noninfectious diseases and disorders of the respiratory and digestive systems is from a multi-volume text that brings a biopsychosocial approach to the study of the voice. The authors use the phrase 'bodyminds' to describe the interrelationship of perception, memory, learning, behavior, and health, as they combine to affect all environmental interactions, adaptations, and learning. The books are written for teachers, voice professionals, people who use their voices on an avocational basis, and interested members of the general public. This chapter describes the effects of smoking and other pollutants, sinusitis and rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis and other pulmonary (lung) diseases, the effects of outdoor and indoor air pollution, normal and disordered nasal (nose) conditions, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, emphysema, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, the return of stomach acid to the esophagus and larynx). GERD can result in hoarseness, lowering of the average speaking pitch range, increased effort when singing, and a 'tired voice.' Asthma can affect voice primarily by decreasing the ability of the respiratory system to inhale and then pressurize the lung air to create sufficient breathflow between the vocal folds. Asthma symptoms can be triggered by inhalation of allergens or pollutant particles of irritant chemicals, infection, cold air, vigorous exercise, acute neuropsychobiological distress, or even vigorous singing. 68 references.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AIR POLLUTION Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover air pollution.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on air pollution is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to air pollution. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “air pollution” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for air pollution: •

Air pollution tied to higher stroke admission rates Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 10, 2003

•

Air pollution poses greatest risk to youngest kids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 18, 2003

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•

City air pollution may affect fetal growth Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 17, 2003

•

Seoul's air pollution linked to school absenteeism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 12, 2002

•

Air pollution kills thousands each year in Holland Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 09, 2002

•

Air pollution linked to higher medical costs: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 13, 2002

•

Air pollution may increase risk of stroke Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 19, 2002

•

Air pollution increases risk of ischemic stroke Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 2002

•

European Union will monitor benzene air pollution Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 17, 2002

•

Air pollutants tied to death risk in severe asthma Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 20, 2002

•

Air pollution increases mortality risk in patients with severe asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 16, 2002

•

Particulate air pollution increases ST-segment depression risk in CHD patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 30, 2002

•

Air pollution variation unrelated to short-term adverse effects in UK children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 05, 2002

•

Court backs US air pollution fighting standards Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 26, 2002

•

Air pollution's ill effects seen in blood vessels Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 11, 2002

•

Long-term air pollution exposure tied to lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 06, 2002

•

Tiny air pollutants may get into the blood Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 18, 2002

Periodicals and News

•

US lawmakers urge EPA to keep air pollution rule Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 25, 2002

•

Panel urges easing US air pollution rules Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 08, 2002

•

Study links air pollutants to heart birth defects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 31, 2001

•

Air pollution linked to lung abnormalities in healthy children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 29, 2001

•

Air pollution linked to lung abnormalities in kids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 28, 2001

•

Air pollution may affect hearts of younger adults Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 27, 2001

•

Political backing sought for control of long-range air pollution Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 27, 2001

•

Air pollution temporarily raises heart attack risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 11, 2001

•

Infant mortality linked to air pollution in eight US cities Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 24, 2001

•

EU begins 3-year study of air pollution, health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 07, 2001

•

Certain cardiovascular causes of death linked to air pollution Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 27, 2001

•

'Everyday' air pollution in Hong Kong hurts kids Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 18, 2001

•

Air pollution linked with blood pressure increase Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 06, 2001

•

US top court sides with EPA in air pollution case Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 27, 2001

•

Volcanic emissions plus air pollution equals danger Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 31, 2001

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•

Increase in respiratory disease correlates with air pollution in Hong Kong Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 29, 2001

•

Role of air pollution in asthma hard to define Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 26, 2000

•

Air pollution linked to school absenteeism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 22, 2000

•

Link confirmed between air pollution and death risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 13, 2000

•

US high court hears important air pollution case Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 07, 2000

•

California air pollution linked to reduced lung function growth in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 26, 2000

•

Air pollution linked to vitamin D deficiency in children Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 02, 2000

•

Traffic causes about half of all air pollution-related mortality in Europe Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 06, 2000

•

Air pollution adds to European death toll Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 01, 2000

•

Exposure to air pollution associated with risk of preterm birth Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 29, 2000

•

Texas air pollution nearly worst in nation; study launched Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 28, 2000

•

EPA report shows drop in major US air pollutants Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 07, 2000

•

Air pollution kills 1,340 Greeks yearly-Greenpeace Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 06, 2000

•

US High Court to decide new air pollution Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 23, 2000

•

Immune responses genetically linked to air pollution Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 22, 2000

Periodicals and News

•

Air pollution increases asthma-like symptoms in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 01, 2000

•

Air pollution linked to increased risk of pediatric asthma exacerbation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 27, 2000

•

Air pollution may raise risk of lung cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 09, 2000

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “air pollution” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to air pollution, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “air pollution” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Air Pollution Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to air pollution. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering air pollution that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for air pollution. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with air pollution. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to air pollution: Cromolyn •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Intal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202166.html

Nedocromil •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Tilade http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202681.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

259

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “air pollution” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Lead poisoning in children: South Bend and comparison cities Source: South Bend, IN: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University at South Bend. 1991. 97 pp. Contact: Available from Indiana University at South Bend, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 1700 Mishawaka Avenue, South Bend, IN 46634. Telephone: (219) 237-411. Summary: This report discusses the problem of lead poisoning in children, calling it an invisible epidemic. It discusses lead poisoning frequencies in metropolitan areas, demographic and social problem correlates, environmental correlates such as air pollution and toxic emissions, leaded air emissions in South Bend, lead in drinking water problems, and need for community intervention. It ends with five appendices: bibliographic abstracts, children in leaded environments, report contributors, a predistribution overview, and a post- distribution overview.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

15 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 41940 1966 532 6 6 44450

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “air pollution” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

17

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on air pollution can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to air pollution. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to air pollution. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “air pollution”:

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•

Other guides Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html Environmental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html Indoor Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/indoorairpollution.html Ozone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ozone.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to air pollution, the following was listed: •

General/Overview Indoor Air Pollution Source: American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/air/indoor_factsheet99.html Indoor Air Pollution - Is “Home Sweet Home” Hazardous to Your Health? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=FL00012 Indoor Air Quality in Homes/Residences Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/index.html Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html Tox Town Source: National Library of Medicine http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Air Quality Problems Caused by Floods Source: National Safety Council http://www.nsc.org/ehc/indoor/floods.htm Asbestos in the Home Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/453.html Biological Pollutants in Your Home Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/425.html CPSC Urges Ventilation to Reduce Methylene Chloride Cancer Risk Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5059.html

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Current Best Practices for Vermiculite Attic Insulation Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/insulation.html Do I Work in a Sick Building? Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association http://www.aiha.org/ConsultantsConsumers/html/OOsick.htm Do Not Use Indoors Any Water Sealers Intended For Outdoor Use Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5107.html Facts About Fiberglass Source: American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/fiberglass01.html Foam Insulation Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/insulat.htm Freon Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/freon.htm Healthy Indoor Painting Practices http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/456.pdf Office Building Occupant's Guide to Indoor Air Quality Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/occupgd.html Paint Odor Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/paint.htm Portable Generators: How to Use Them Safely! Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/portgend.html Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/sbs.html Sources of Indoor Air Pollution - Biological Pollutants Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/biologic.html Sources of Indoor Air Pollution - Formaldehyde Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/formalde.html What You Should Know About Combustion Appliances and Indoor Air Pollution Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iedweb00/pubs/combust.html Why are Pesticides an Indoor Air Quality Issue? Source: American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/air/air00_pesticides.html

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Your Carpet and Indoor Air Quality Source: American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/air/air00_carpet.html •

Children IAQ Basics for Schools Source: American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/air/air00_iaqbasics.html Sick School Syndrome Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/travel/sick_school.html

•

Organizations American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/ Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/ EPA, Office of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor Environments Division http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ National Center for Environmental Health http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.niehs.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Clear Your Home of Asthma Triggers Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/asthma/asthma.html Flood Cleanup: Avoiding Indoor Air Quality Problems Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/flood.html Is Air Quality a Problem in My Home? Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association http://www.aiha.org/ConsultantsConsumers/html/OOiaqhome.htm Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners: An Assessment of Effectiveness and Health Consequences Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html Remodeling Your Home? Have You Considered Indoor Air Quality? Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/hip-front.html Residential Air Cleaners Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/airclean.html

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Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned? Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/airduct.html Use and Care of Home Humidifiers Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/humidif.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on air pollution. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Asthma and the role of air pollution: What the primary care physician should know Source: Washington, DC: Physicians for Social Responsibility. 1997. 6 pp. Contact: Available from Physicians for Social Responsibility, 1101 14th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone: (202) 898- 0150 / fax: (202) 898-0172 / email: [email protected]. Available at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet presents information for the primary care physician about the relationship of air pollution and asthma. It discusses what asthma is; who is affected; the costs of asthma, specific air pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulates and tobacco smoke that trigger asthma; and what physicians can do to help their patients. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

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•

Air Summary: Find out more about what causes air pollution and how you can help prevent it! The EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) works with people to improve air quality and prevent pollution. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5804

•

AIRData Summary: Browse this site for access to air pollution data for the entire United States. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1974

•

An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality Summary: This health information brochure provides information about the causes of indoor air pollution and the health problems associated with it. Addresses both health care professionals and consumers. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2980

•

Children and Ozone Air Pollution Summary: This brochure discusses the effect of continuous exposure to ozone air pollution on children's lung function. Special attention is given to minority children in this area. Source: American Lung Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4733

•

Curriculum: Air Summary: This online curriculum from the EPA features resources about acid rain, indoor air pollution, ozone, and radon. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6404

•

Do You Suspect Your Office Has an Indoor Air Problem? Summary: This fact sheet discusses the sources of indoor air pollution in office buildings (furnishings, occupant activities, housekeeping practices, pesticide applications, and microbial contamination); the Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3015

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Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants Summary: This site contains a listing of fact sheets that describe the effects on human health of substances that are defined as hazardous by the 1990 amendments of the Clean Air Act. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2974

•

Indoor Air Quality Summary: Visitors this page can link to information about indoor air pollution and its associated health risks. Includes publications, hotlines and related resources. Source: Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2030

•

KIDS' Page! -- Alternative Fuel Cars Summary: This children's page was designed to allow users to have fun while learning about alternative fuel cars and how they can help reduce air pollution. Source: General Government Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5600

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Outdoor Air Pollution: Possible Health Effects Summary: This consumer health information fact sheet provides a general overview of outdoor air pollution exposure including, the possible ill effects of exposure to some, and what you can do to protect your Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4737

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Publications: Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)/EPA Summary: Online documents and reports on air quality trends, acid rain, indoor air, ozone depletion, pollution prevention, and toxic air pollutants. Source: Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1975

•

Test Your Air Pollution I.Q. Summary: Test your knowledge of air pollution and respiratory health. Answer true or false to the statements and find out what you know about the link between air pollution and respiratory disease. Source: American Association for Respiratory Care http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6170

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to air pollution. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to air pollution. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with air pollution. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about air pollution. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “air pollution” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “air pollution”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “air pollution” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “air pollution” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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AIR POLLUTION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acid Rain: Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH]

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Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Air Pollutants: Substances which pollute the air. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Airway Resistance: Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60

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per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the PI (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-

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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.

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[NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as

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presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH]

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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH]

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Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Birth Certificates: Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled

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with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH]

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Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be

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analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C

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(chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Child Development: The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= growth). [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] City Planning: Comprehensive planning for the physical development of the city. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]

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Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with welldefined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,

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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confined Spaces: A space which has limited openings for entry and exit combined with unfavorable natural ventilation such as caves, refrigerators, deep tunnels, pipelines, sewers, silos, tanks, vats, mines, deep trenches or pits, vaults, manholes, chimneys, etc. [NIH] Confounder: A factor of confusion which blurs a specific connection between a disease and a probable causal factor which is being studied. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]

fumarate.

Stimulant

proposed

as

Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other

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health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cultured cell line: Cells of a single type that have been grown in the laboratory for several generations (cell divisions). [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The

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three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more

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than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dose-rate: The strength of a treatment given over a period of time. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most

Dictionary 301

commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or

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aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease. [NIH] Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]

for

Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other health-

Dictionary 303

related event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidemiology, Molecular: The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of

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energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or

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vacuum (suction). [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossil Fuels: Any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel. Examples are petroleum,

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coal, and natural gas. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be

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unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH]

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Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH]

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Health Fairs: Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Healthy Worker Effect: Phenomenon of workers' usually exhibiting overall death rates lower than those of the general population due to the fact that the severely ill and disabled are ordinarily excluded from employment. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemosiderin: Molecule which can bind large numbers of iron atoms. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hookworms: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in

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which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. [NIH] Hyperreactive: Describes a situation in which a body tissue is especially likely to have an exaggerated reaction to a particular situation. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]

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Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU]

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Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. [NIH] Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inhalation Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility.

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[NIH]

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Kerosene: A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent. [NIH]

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Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichens: Any of a group of plants formed by a mutual combination of an alga and a fungus. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH]

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Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

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Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]

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Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Meteorological Factors: The atmospheric phenomena which pertain to climate and weather. [NIH]

Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid

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secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

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arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by irrigation or washout of the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa. The resulting fluid is used in cytologic and immunologic assays of the nasal mucosa such as with the nasal provocation test in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity. [NIH]

Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neon: Neon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH]

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Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface. [NIH] Nitrogen Oxides: Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the

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information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Occupational Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH]

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Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the

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frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate: Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR. [NIH] Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores

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that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH]

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Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be

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infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU]

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Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus

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of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychoanalytic Theory: Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Housing: Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Public Sector: The area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Emphysema: Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH]

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Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radium: A radioactive element symbol Ra, atomic number 88, disintegration of uranium and is is used clinically as a source brachytherapy. [NIH]

of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly

Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Recovery Room: Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anesthesia. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called

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erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respirable: Dust particles smaller than 0. 005 mm, which are deposited in the respiratory region of the lungs. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH]

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Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH]

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Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] School Health Services: Preventive health services provided for students. It excludes college or university students. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of

Dictionary 333

protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Tests: Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Cyanide: Na(CN). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of

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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirogram: A record of the amounts of air being moved in and out of the lungs. [NIH] Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat,

Dictionary 335

chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stringency: Experimental conditions (e. g. temperature, salt concentration) used during the hybridization of nucleic acids. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Acids: Inorganic or organic acids that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH]

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Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Sulfur Oxides: Inorganic oxides of sulfur. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hyrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. Chronic exposure to this compoud may pose a health hazard to animals and humans. It is considered a potential carcinogen. Tetrachlorethylene was formerly used as anthelmintic for hookworms, but less toxic products are now used. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation.

Dictionary 337

[NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicologic: Pertaining to toxicology. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer

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both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH]

Dictionary 339

Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical cord blood: Blood from the placenta (afterbirth) that contains high concentrations of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urbanization: The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH]

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Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] Vital Statistics: Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Waste Management: Disposal, processing, controlling, recycling, and reusing the solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes of plants, animals, humans, and other organisms. It includes control within a closed ecological system to maintain a habitable environment. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

Dictionary 341

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

343

INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 106, 283 A Abdomen, 283, 291, 303, 315, 316, 317, 335 Abdominal, 283, 322 Abrasion, 180, 283 Absenteeism, 55, 86, 138, 250, 252, 283 Acatalasia, 283, 292 Acceptor, 283, 315, 322 Acetylcholine, 283, 320 Acid Rain, 178, 234, 235, 239, 270, 271, 283 Acne, 184, 283 Acoustic, 212, 283 Acrylonitrile, 211, 283, 331 Acuity, 36, 283 Adaptation, 45, 283 Adduct, 69, 283 Adenocarcinoma, 99, 284 Adhesives, 218, 283, 284 Adjustment, 27, 29, 283, 284 Adjuvant, 49, 284 Adolescence, 284, 294 Adrenal Cortex, 284, 297 Adrenergic, 8, 284, 303 Adsorption, 47, 191, 211, 284 Adsorptive, 48, 284 Adverse Effect, 10, 29, 36, 68, 95, 219, 250, 284, 332 Aerobic, 35, 284, 304 Aerosol, 4, 9, 19, 22, 36, 42, 47, 52, 108, 182, 284 Affinity, 200, 284, 333 Airway, 8, 10, 18, 23, 25, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 53, 58, 65, 74, 78, 105, 139, 284, 291, 333 Airway Obstruction, 105, 284 Airway Resistance, 37, 284 Albumin, 284, 321 Aldehydes, 177, 285 Algorithms, 285, 290 Alkaline, 198, 207, 209, 228, 229, 285, 286, 291, 322, 329 Alkaloid, 285, 292 Allergen, 10, 25, 28, 45, 46, 48, 103, 108, 134, 153, 285, 332 Allergic Rhinitis, 36, 46, 151, 285 Allo, 285, 308 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin, 104, 285

Alpha Particles, 285, 329 Alpha-1, 126, 285 Alpha-helix, 285, 313 Alternative medicine, 253, 285 Aluminum, 94, 197, 204, 285 Alveoli, 285, 328, 339 Amine, 285, 309 Amino Acid Sequence, 285, 287 Amino Acids, 285, 286, 323, 325, 327, 335, 339 Ammonia, 14, 58, 182, 191, 201, 202, 285, 286, 339 Amniotic Fluid, 286, 307 Anaesthesia, 286, 312 Anal, 28, 55, 81, 151, 286, 303, 305, 315 Analogous, 286, 325, 337 Anaphylatoxins, 286, 295 Anaplasia, 286, 319 Anatomical, 286, 288, 297, 302, 311, 323 Androgens, 284, 286, 297 Anemia, 23, 286, 305 Anesthesia, 143, 284, 286, 329, 338 Angina, 35, 286 Animal model, 19, 39, 47, 286 Anionic, 200, 286 Anions, 285, 286, 313 Anthelmintic, 286, 336 Antiallergic, 286, 297 Antibacterial, 286, 334 Antibiotic, 14, 286, 334 Antibodies, 97, 132, 287, 308, 316, 325 Antibody, 284, 287, 295, 302, 308, 309, 311, 312, 329, 332, 334 Anticoagulant, 287, 327 Antidepressant, 287, 297 Antidote, 287, 292 Antigen, 44, 50, 284, 287, 295, 302, 309, 310, 311, 312, 332 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 287, 295 Anti-inflammatory, 25, 136, 287, 288, 297, 307, 322 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 287, 288, 297 Antimicrobial, 287, 299 Antineoplastic, 287, 297, 306, 339 Antioxidant, 29, 31, 35, 50, 63, 287, 322, 336 Antiseptic, 287, 341 Anus, 286, 287, 291

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Apnea, 287 Aponeurosis, 287, 306 Apoptosis, 43, 287 Applicability, 33, 287 Aqueous, 200, 288, 289, 298, 301, 310, 314 Arginine, 286, 288, 320, 338 Aromatic, 49, 58, 69, 70, 144, 220, 221, 288, 335 Arrhythmia, 137, 150, 288 Arterial, 47, 68, 70, 101, 288, 307, 310, 327 Arteries, 288, 290, 297, 313, 317, 319, 339 Arterioles, 288, 290 Asbestos, 38, 167, 266, 267, 288, 316, 317 Asbestosis, 38, 288 Aspirin, 35, 288 Astringent, 211, 288, 341 Atmospheric Pressure, 288, 310 Atopic, 68, 78, 288 Atrioventricular, 26, 288 Atrium, 288, 340 Atrophy, 184, 288 Attenuated, 288, 299 Attenuation, 55, 288 Autonomic, 7, 26, 80, 283, 288, 320, 333, 336 Autonomic Nervous System, 7, 288, 333, 336 B Bacillus, 210, 230, 288, 291 Bacteria, 5, 187, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 296, 299, 302, 303, 317, 329, 334, 337, 339 Bacterial Physiology, 283, 288 Bactericidal, 289, 303 Basal Ganglia, 289, 306 Base, 7, 20, 65, 68, 187, 197, 222, 226, 289, 298, 313, 317, 336 Basophils, 289, 293, 308, 314 Beer, 166, 289 Benign, 289, 306, 308, 317, 319 Benzene, 211, 250, 289 Benzo(a)pyrene, 132, 289 Bile, 289, 306, 311, 315 Bile Acids, 289, 306 Bilirubin, 35, 285, 289 Bioavailability, 20, 289 Biochemical, 37, 45, 285, 289, 305 Biological Markers, 10, 54, 289 Biological therapy, 289, 308 Biological Transport, 289, 299 Biomarkers, 11, 16, 19, 25, 41, 49, 50, 53, 56, 58, 61, 69, 70, 73, 114, 289

Biomass, 23, 37, 84, 99, 125, 138, 290 Biopsy, 23, 290 Bioreactors, 196, 231, 290 Biotechnology, 60, 61, 246, 253, 261, 290 Biotransformation, 8, 290 Birth Certificates, 13, 290 Bladder, 290, 327, 339 Blastocyst, 290, 296, 301, 325 Blood Coagulation, 290, 291, 336 Blood pressure, 66, 85, 251, 290, 292, 307, 310, 318, 324, 333 Blood vessel, 4, 250, 290, 292, 293, 301, 302, 313, 323, 333, 335, 337, 339 Body Burden, 290, 314 Body Fluids, 289, 290, 300, 333, 338 Body Mass Index, 290, 321 Bone Marrow, 289, 290, 311, 316 Bowel, 286, 291, 299, 314, 335 Bowel Movement, 291, 299, 335 Bradykinin, 291, 320 Brain Stem, 291, 338 Branch, 175, 279, 291, 301, 307, 323, 328, 334, 336 Breakdown, 291, 299, 306 Bronchi, 291, 303, 337 Bronchial, 38, 53, 70, 71, 72, 76, 100, 105, 117, 118, 291, 309 Bronchiseptica, 291, 324 Bronchitis, 39, 73, 113, 155, 224, 247, 291, 294 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 45, 49, 291 Bronchodilator, 151, 291 Bronchoscopy, 45, 291 Buccal, 29, 82, 291 Burns, 10, 228, 291 Burns, Electric, 291 C Cadmium, 39, 199, 291 Calcium, 53, 185, 191, 288, 291, 292, 295, 332 Calcium Channels, 53, 291 Calcium Chloride, 185, 292 Capsaicin, 53, 292 Carbohydrate, 292, 297, 307, 325 Carbon Dioxide, 58, 177, 200, 218, 292, 294, 298, 305, 306, 325, 330 Carboxy, 184, 292 Carcinogen, 21, 69, 283, 289, 292, 318, 336, 339 Carcinogenesis, 21, 35, 69, 235, 292 Carcinogenic, 21, 43, 115, 289, 292, 327 Carcinoma, 292

Index 345

Cardiac, 7, 27, 34, 39, 52, 80, 90, 106, 121, 150, 169, 220, 292, 298, 301, 303, 319, 322, 331, 335 Cardiac arrest, 34, 292, 335 Cardiopulmonary, 22, 71, 107, 119, 143, 151, 250, 292 Cardiorespiratory, 60, 65, 119, 158, 292 Cardiotoxicity, 292, 338 Cardiovascular disease, 10, 26, 53, 62, 112, 132, 133, 137, 150, 292 Case-Control Studies, 28, 292, 303 Catalase, 29, 283, 292 Cathode, 197, 292, 301 Cations, 292, 313 Causal, 92, 160, 234, 292, 296, 303, 313 Causality, 38, 72, 292 Cause of Death, 37, 109, 292 Cell Adhesion, 141, 293 Cell Cycle, 293, 339 Cell Death, 287, 293, 319 Cell Degranulation, 37, 293 Cell Differentiation, 293, 332 Cell Division, 288, 293, 298, 308, 318, 325, 332 Cell Extracts, 49, 293 Cell membrane, 289, 291, 293, 299, 304 Cell proliferation, 293, 332 Cell Size, 293, 305 Cell Survival, 293, 308 Cellulose, 185, 293, 306, 325 Central Nervous System, 283, 288, 289, 291, 293, 306, 307, 308 Central Nervous System Infections, 293, 308 Cerebrovascular, 106, 292, 293 Cerebrum, 293 Chemokines, 41, 44, 293 Chemoreceptors, 294, 333 Chemotactic Factors, 294, 295 Child Development, 59, 294 Chlorine, 37, 294 Cholesterol, 54, 289, 294, 297 Chromatin, 287, 294 Chromium, 48, 203, 294 Chromosome, 294, 296, 308, 315, 332, 338 Chronic Disease, 25, 153, 294 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 27, 42, 63, 85, 103, 121, 123, 127, 143, 145, 155, 234, 294 Ciliary, 294, 318 City Planning, 32, 294 Clamp, 53, 294

Clear cell carcinoma, 294, 299 Clinical Medicine, 50, 294, 326 Clinical trial, 4, 26, 169, 170, 261, 294, 297, 327, 329 Cloning, 290, 294, 315 Cluster Analysis, 19, 295 Coal, 39, 59, 93, 135, 161, 166, 167, 202, 289, 295, 306 Cofactor, 295, 327, 336 Cohort Studies, 21, 22, 34, 37, 66, 75, 81, 125, 135, 295, 303 Collagen, 284, 295, 325 Collapse, 291, 295, 333 Colloidal, 285, 295, 301 Complement, 132, 202, 286, 295, 296, 332 Complementary and alternative medicine, 153, 155, 295 Complementary medicine, 153, 296 Complete remission, 296, 330 Computational Biology, 261, 296 Conception, 296, 304, 326 Conduction, 7, 26, 296 Confined Spaces, 203, 296 Confounder, 81, 296 Confounding, 9, 21, 27, 30, 76, 296 Confusion, 296 Congestion, 36, 76, 155, 296 Congestive heart failure, 86, 296 Conjugation, 290, 296 Conjunctiva, 296, 338 Connective Tissue, 290, 295, 296, 304, 306, 307 Consolidation, 17, 297 Constriction, 297, 313, 339 Constriction, Pathologic, 297, 339 Consultation, 219, 297 Consumption, 35, 178, 183, 200, 207, 212, 228, 233, 297, 299, 321, 322 Contamination, 15, 132, 193, 195, 196, 199, 210, 212, 217, 221, 222, 230, 270, 297 Contraindications, ii, 297 Control group, 38, 297 Corneum, 20, 297, 303, 311 Coronary, 7, 120, 219, 234, 292, 297, 317, 318 Coronary heart disease, 120, 234, 292, 297 Coronary Thrombosis, 297, 317, 319 Corrosion, 210, 211, 212, 230, 297 Corticosteroid, 8, 297 Cotinine, 28, 59, 297 Cranial, 297, 303, 308, 316, 323, 334, 338 Craniocerebral Trauma, 297, 308

346 Air Pollution

Cross-Sectional Studies, 297, 303 Cultured cell line, 36, 298 Curative, 298, 336 Cutaneous, 298, 313 Cyanide, 197, 298 Cyclic, 298, 308, 320 Cysteine, 30, 294, 298, 335 Cystine, 298 Cytokine, 8, 25, 34, 36, 39, 53, 78, 102, 298 Cytoplasm, 287, 289, 293, 298, 302, 308 Cytotoxic, 123, 292, 298, 332 D Data Collection, 16, 31, 298 Databases, Bibliographic, 261, 298 Deamination, 298, 339 Decarboxylation, 298, 309 Decidua, 298, 325 Decompensation, 34, 298 Deletion, 287, 298 Dendrites, 298, 320 Density, 31, 57, 205, 290, 298, 305, 321, 325, 334 Dental Caries, 298, 305 Depolarization, 26, 299, 332 Dermal, 20, 299 DES, 194, 286, 299 Detergents, 215, 299 Detoxification, 29, 31, 299 Deuterium, 299, 310 Developed Countries, 37, 114, 299 Developing Countries, 23, 99, 100, 116, 125, 139, 143, 164, 235, 299 Diagnostic procedure, 173, 253, 299 Diffusion, 38, 289, 299 Digestion, 49, 289, 291, 299, 315, 335 Digestive system, 170, 247, 299 Dihydroxy, 299, 303 Dilatation, 299, 327, 328 Dilution, 202, 299 Diploid, 299, 325 Direct, iii, 11, 18, 19, 21, 22, 59, 82, 186, 207, 208, 215, 224, 228, 255, 294, 299, 308, 330 Disease Progression, 33, 55, 219, 299 Disease Susceptibility, 43, 299 Disinfectant, 300, 303 Disparity, 45, 300 Dissociation, 284, 300, 313 Distal, 35, 42, 45, 46, 300, 301, 306, 327, 328 Diuretic, 292, 300 Dorsal, 53, 300, 326 Dorsum, 300, 306

Dose-dependent, 10, 48, 300 Dose-rate, 22, 300 Dosimetry, 20, 38, 41, 45, 300 Drive, ii, vi, 149, 188, 190, 191, 216, 221, 300 Drug Interactions, 256, 300 Drug Tolerance, 300, 337 Duct, 193, 202, 225, 300, 304, 311, 322, 331 Duodenum, 289, 300, 322, 335 Dyes, 289, 300, 305, 320, 336 Dyspnea, 298, 300 E Ecosystem, 215, 234, 283, 300 Edema, 298, 300, 318, 320 Effector, 44, 283, 295, 301, 320 Efficacy, 5, 301, 327 Elasticity, 12, 301 Electrode, 195, 197, 198, 292, 301 Electrolyte, 297, 301, 317, 326, 333 Electron microscope, 51, 301 Electrons, 287, 289, 292, 301, 313, 322, 323, 329 Electrophoresis, 49, 301 Electroplating, 301, 336 Embolism, 137, 301 Embryo, 290, 293, 301, 312, 325, 326, 334, 339 Embryo Transfer, 301, 326 Emergency Medicine, 19, 32, 301 Emergency Treatment, 301 Emollient, 301, 317, 321 Emphysema, 18, 39, 47, 73, 247, 294, 301 Empirical, 38, 52, 158, 162, 167, 301 Emulsion, 301, 305 Enamel, 298, 302, 313 Encapsulated, 195, 302 Endemic, 302, 334 Endothelium, 302, 320 Endothelium-derived, 302, 320 Endotoxin, 25, 96, 302, 338 Enhancer, 35, 302 Environmental Exposure, 8, 11, 13, 16, 19, 30, 39, 46, 50, 54, 67, 127, 289, 302 Environmental Pollutants, 6, 10, 14, 18, 28, 34, 44, 302 Environmental tobacco smoke, 23, 27, 28, 29, 46, 50, 58, 67, 69, 81, 83, 115, 302 Enzymatic, 291, 295, 298, 302, 309, 331 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 20, 302 Eosinophil, 44, 302 Eosinophilia, 71, 302

Index 347

Eosinophilic, 302 Epidemic, 262, 302, 334 Epidemiologic Studies, 16, 21, 26, 118, 135, 147, 289, 303 Epidemiological, 19, 22, 43, 52, 54, 71, 94, 105, 110, 111, 119, 303 Epidemiology, Molecular, 43, 303 Epidermis, 297, 303, 311, 313 Epigastric, 303, 322 Epinephrine, 284, 303, 320 Epithelial, 35, 41, 45, 49, 53, 65, 78, 82, 284, 289, 298, 303 Epithelial Cells, 35, 65, 78, 82, 303 Epithelium, 18, 44, 302, 303 Erythrocytes, 286, 290, 303, 330, 332 Esophageal, 303, 306 Esophagitis, 303, 306 Esophagus, 21, 234, 247, 299, 303, 306, 315, 324, 330, 335 Ethanol, 200, 212, 303, 304 Ethmoid, 303, 323 Ethylene Glycol, 200, 303 Evoke, 303, 335 Excitation, 303, 305 Exercise Test, 120, 304 Exhaustion, 196, 222, 304 Exocrine, 304, 322 Exocytosis, 293, 304 Exogenous, 35, 284, 290, 304 Expiration, 42, 304, 330, 340 Expiratory, 9, 23, 67, 72, 75, 78, 88, 142, 304 Extracellular, 45, 53, 296, 304, 333 Extraction, 48, 304 F Family Planning, 261, 304 Fat, 290, 297, 304, 307, 315, 321, 336 Fatigue, 304, 309 Fatty acids, 58, 285, 304 Fermentation, 289, 304 Ferritin, 35, 304 Fertilization in Vitro, 304, 326 Fertilizers, 304, 320, 326, 336 Fetus, 304, 325, 326, 334, 335, 339 Fibrinogen, 34, 79, 304, 336 Fibrosis, 30, 304 Filtration, 5, 174, 181, 203, 213, 304 Fixation, 182, 305, 332 Flatus, 305, 306 Flow Cytometry, 41, 305 Fluorescence, 305 Fluorescent Dyes, 305

Fluorine, 197, 305 Flushing, 220, 305 Folate, 305 Fold, 22, 42, 305 Folic Acid, 54, 305 Forearm, 290, 305 Fossil Fuels, 182, 202, 305 Fovea, 305, 306 Friction, 284, 306 Fungi, 296, 306, 308, 317, 334, 341 Fungus, 306, 314 G Gallbladder, 283, 299, 306 Gamma-interferon, 306, 313 Ganglia, 283, 306, 319, 336 Ganglion, 53, 306, 338 Gas exchange, 47, 306, 331, 339 Gasoline, 177, 207, 228, 289, 306 Gastric, 306, 309, 310 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 247, 306 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 247, 306 Gastrointestinal, 288, 291, 303, 306, 333, 335, 338 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 288, 306 Gastrointestinal tract, 303, 306, 338 Gels, 226, 306 Gene, 16, 27, 29, 30, 35, 42, 43, 55, 246, 289, 290, 307, 315, 332 Gene Expression, 35, 43, 307 General practitioner, 85, 307 Generator, 175, 181, 189, 190, 191, 228, 307 Genetics, 8, 18, 28, 30, 50, 55, 241, 296, 307 Genotype, 30, 82, 307, 324 Gestation, 307, 323, 325, 334 Gestational, 59, 88, 307 Gestational Age, 59, 307 Gland, 284, 307, 322, 325, 327, 332, 335 Glottis, 307, 324 Glucocorticoids, 284, 297, 307 Glucose, 293, 294, 307, 309 Glutamic Acid, 305, 307 Glycoprotein, 285, 304, 307, 318, 336, 338 Governing Board, 307, 326 Government Agencies, 14, 307, 326 Grade, 26, 31, 307, 308 Grading, 223, 307, 308 Graft, 308, 310 Granulocytes, 81, 308, 314, 332, 340 Graphite, 197, 198, 308 Grasses, 305, 308 Growth, 24, 29, 41, 45, 55, 58, 67, 91, 158, 160, 166, 237, 241, 250, 252, 284, 286,

348 Air Pollution

287, 293, 294, 299, 304, 308, 316, 319, 321, 325, 338, 339 Growth factors, 41, 308 Guanylate Cyclase, 308, 320 H Habitat, 142, 151, 308 Haploid, 308, 325 Haptens, 284, 308 Hazardous Substances, 11, 47, 308 Hazardous Waste, 5, 40, 47, 59, 188, 195, 198, 207, 211, 241, 308 Headache, 36, 308 Headache Disorders, 308 Health Education, 8, 308, 309 Health Fairs, 17, 309 Health Services, 29, 309, 332 Health Status, 9, 15, 28, 56, 57, 197, 219, 222, 309 Healthy Worker Effect, 21, 309 Heart attack, 251, 292, 309 Heart failure, 137, 220, 309 Heartbeat, 309, 335 Heme, 35, 289, 309, 322 Hemoglobin, 286, 303, 309 Hemorrhage, 297, 308, 309, 335 Hemosiderin, 71, 309 Heredity, 220, 307, 309 Heterogeneity, 37, 53, 95, 284, 309 Histamine, 37, 286, 309 Histidine, 309 Histology, 309, 322 Hoarseness, 247, 309, 314 Homeostasis, 41, 309, 333 Homogeneous, 226, 309 Homologous, 12, 309, 332, 336, 338 Hookworms, 309, 336 Hormonal, 288, 297, 310 Hormone, 285, 289, 297, 299, 303, 310, 332 Horseradish Peroxidase, 302, 310 Host, 6, 31, 33, 50, 96, 310, 311, 340 Housekeeping, 270, 310 Hybridization, 310, 335 Hydrochloric Acid, 210, 230, 310 Hydrogen, 14, 58, 209, 230, 283, 285, 289, 292, 299, 310, 315, 318, 320, 322, 328 Hydrogen Peroxide, 292, 310, 315 Hydrolysis, 202, 290, 310, 324, 325, 327, 338 Hydrophilic, 299, 310 Hydrophobic, 299, 310 Hyperbaric, 154, 310 Hyperbaric oxygen, 154, 310

Hyperoxia, 35, 310 Hyperreactive, 18, 310 Hypersecretion, 39, 310 Hypersensitivity, 53, 285, 302, 310, 319, 332, 333 Hypertension, 292, 308, 310 Hypertrophy, 311 Hypothalamus, 288, 311, 325 I Ichthyosis, 184, 311 Id, 152, 154, 266, 272, 278, 280, 311 Imaging procedures, 311, 337 Immune response, 3, 41, 252, 284, 287, 297, 308, 311, 332, 335, 340 Immune system, 6, 37, 89, 289, 311, 316, 324, 339, 340 Immunity, 78, 311, 333, 338 Immunization, 311, 332 Immunoassay, 302, 311 Immunologic, 18, 97, 294, 307, 311, 319 Immunosuppressive, 47, 311 Impaction, 5, 311 Impairment, 39, 59, 311, 316, 338 Impregnation, 226, 311 In situ, 179, 311 In vitro, 19, 25, 35, 49, 123, 301, 311, 337 In vivo, 19, 25, 35, 49, 311, 322 Incineration, 86, 188, 191, 199, 207, 311 Incision, 311, 313 Incompetence, 306, 311 Incubation, 312, 324 Incubation period, 312, 324 Indicative, 234, 312, 323, 339 Induction, 22, 35, 45, 181, 286, 312 Industrial Waste, 199, 312 Infant Mortality, 56, 312 Infarction, 312 Infection, 6, 32, 37, 247, 289, 294, 309, 312, 316, 324, 335, 340 Inflammation, 8, 10, 20, 23, 25, 35, 39, 42, 44, 49, 50, 53, 58, 77, 109, 118, 153, 184, 283, 285, 287, 288, 291, 294, 303, 304, 312, 313, 314, 320, 331, 335 Information Systems, 87, 146, 312 Infrared Rays, 205, 312 Ingestion, 3, 10, 291, 308, 312, 317, 325 Inhalation Exposure, 39, 312 Inorganic, 36, 197, 198, 225, 231, 312, 318, 320, 335, 336 Insecticides, 312, 324, 340 Insight, 8, 27, 312 Instillation, 100, 312

Index 349

Intensive Care, 86, 312 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 141, 313 Internal Medicine, 33, 35, 313, 319 Intervention Studies, 25, 52, 313 Intracellular, 36, 41, 45, 312, 313, 320, 326, 332, 340 Intrinsic, 183, 184, 284, 313 Invasive, 20, 41, 46, 311, 313 Involuntary, 302, 313, 319, 330, 333 Ionization, 139, 186, 187, 313 Ionizing, 285, 302, 313, 316 Ions, 186, 187, 289, 291, 300, 301, 310, 313, 323 Irrigation, 313, 319 Irritants, 27, 37, 313 Ischemia, 288, 313 Ischemic stroke, 250, 313 K Kb, 260, 313 Keratin, 20, 313 Kerosene, 9, 187, 313 Kidney Disease, 4, 170, 260, 314 Kinetic, 47, 313, 314, 323 L Labile, 295, 314 Lag, 52, 139, 314 Large Intestine, 299, 314, 329 Laryngitis, 247, 314 Larynx, 39, 234, 247, 307, 314, 337 Latency, 22, 314 Lavage, 69, 114, 118, 314 Laxative, 314, 317 Lead Poisoning, 14, 17, 178, 262, 314 Least-Squares Analysis, 314, 330 Lens, 314, 330 Lesion, 314, 315 Lethal, 125, 289, 298, 314, 318 Leucocyte, 285, 302, 314 Leukemia, 28, 314 Leukocytes, 82, 289, 290, 293, 294, 308, 314, 338 Library Services, 278, 314 Lichens, 104, 150, 162, 314 Life cycle, 210, 230, 306, 314 Life Expectancy, 97, 314 Ligaments, 297, 315 Ligase, 30, 315 Likelihood Functions, 315, 330 Linear Models, 21, 315, 330 Linkage, 30, 57, 315 Lipid, 315, 322

Lipid Peroxidation, 315, 322 Lipopolysaccharide, 25, 315 Litter, 6, 315 Liver, 21, 283, 285, 289, 299, 302, 305, 306, 307, 315, 339 Localization, 12, 37, 41, 315 Localized, 3, 160, 298, 302, 305, 312, 315, 325 Locomotion, 216, 315, 325 Logistic Models, 315, 330 Longitudinal study, 29, 52, 315 Loop, 178, 315 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 306, 315 Lubricants, 316, 324 Lumen, 44, 316 Lymphatic, 302, 312, 316 Lymphocyte, 44, 287, 316 Lymphoid, 287, 314, 316 M Macrophage, 35, 39, 49, 96, 316 Malignant, 108, 164, 284, 287, 316, 317, 319 Malignant mesothelioma, 316, 317 Malnutrition, 6, 285, 288, 316 Man-made, 4, 38, 316 Marital Status, 33, 316 Mass Screening, 130, 316 Mastication, 316, 338 Maxillary, 316, 323, 338 Maxillary Nerve, 316, 338 Mediate, 29, 41, 55, 316 MEDLINE, 261, 316 Megaloblastic, 305, 316 Membrane, 211, 283, 285, 293, 295, 296, 299, 304, 314, 316, 318, 319, 331, 332 Memory, 247, 316 Menopause, 316, 326 Mental Disorders, 171, 316, 328 Mental Health, iv, 4, 171, 260, 263, 317, 321, 328 Mercury, 199, 305, 317 Mesothelioma, 38, 316, 317 Meta-Analysis, 75, 317 Metabolite, 20, 290, 317 Metastasis, 317, 319 Meteorological Factors, 20, 317 Methanol, 199, 200, 317 Methionine, 317, 335 MI, 35, 84, 142, 220, 281, 317 Microbe, 317, 337 Microbiological, 17, 52, 317 Microbiology, 283, 317 Microorganism, 295, 317, 340

350 Air Pollution

Micro-organism, 299, 300, 317 Migration, 5, 58, 113, 313, 317 Mineral Oil, 22, 317 Mineralocorticoids, 284, 297, 317 Mitosis, 287, 318 Modeling, 20, 21, 22, 31, 38, 41, 52, 55, 65, 90, 104, 111, 162, 163, 238, 240, 318 Modification, 35, 52, 318, 328 Molecular mass, 5, 318 Molecule, 141, 205, 287, 289, 295, 300, 301, 302, 304, 309, 310, 318, 322, 329, 332, 335, 339 Monitor, 6, 24, 56, 112, 114, 169, 219, 220, 250, 294, 318, 320 Monocyte, 25, 318 Mononuclear, 25, 318, 338 Morphology, 41, 45, 159, 318 Mucinous, 306, 318 Mucins, 318, 331 Mucociliary, 3, 318, 333 Mucolytic, 291, 318 Mucosa, 41, 44, 45, 318, 319 Mucus, 39, 318, 331 Mustard Gas, 313, 318 Mutagen, 289, 318 Mutagenic, 21, 318 Myocardial infarction, 34, 64, 98, 297, 317, 318 Myocardium, 317, 318, 319 N Nasal Cavity, 108, 319, 322 Nasal Lavage Fluid, 25, 37, 319 Nasal Mucosa, 45, 319 Nasal Septum, 319 NCI, 1, 16, 170, 233, 259, 319 Necrosis, 287, 312, 317, 318, 319 Needs Assessment, 8, 60, 319 Neon, 194, 319 Neonatal, 45, 312, 319 Neoplasms, 108, 164, 220, 287, 319 Nephrology, 86, 319 Nephropathy, 314, 319 Nerve, 37, 53, 284, 286, 298, 306, 316, 319, 326, 335, 338 Nerve Endings, 53, 319 Nerve Growth Factor, 37, 319 Nervous System, 187, 288, 293, 294, 319, 320, 327, 335, 336, 339 Neuroeffector Junction, 319, 320 Neuronal, 291, 320 Neurons, 53, 298, 306, 319, 320, 336 Neuropeptides, 53, 320

Neurophysiology, 299, 320 Neutrons, 285, 320, 329 Neutrophil, 285, 313, 320 Nitrates, 14, 320 Nitric acid, 320 Nitric Oxide, 20, 34, 98, 142, 177, 202, 320 Nitrogen Dioxide, 6, 28, 46, 103, 109, 177, 190, 202, 320 Nitrogen Oxides, 77, 177, 190, 201, 202, 283, 320 Norepinephrine, 284, 320 Nuclear, 47, 77, 241, 289, 296, 301, 306, 316, 319, 320, 326 Nucleic acid, 310, 320, 335, 340 Nucleus, 287, 289, 294, 298, 299, 318, 320, 321, 327, 333, 338 Nutritional Status, 58, 321 O Observational study, 46, 321 Occupational Exposure, 3, 10, 27, 40, 48, 321 Occupational Health, 19, 33, 39, 99, 150, 176, 177, 321 Occupational Medicine, 43, 61, 321 Odds Ratio, 37, 321, 330 Odour, 240, 288, 321 Ointments, 321, 322, 341 Olfaction, 12, 294, 321 Opacity, 298, 321 Ophthalmic, 321, 338 Ophthalmology, 84, 136, 305, 321 Organ Culture, 321, 337 Ovalbumin, 50, 321 Ovary, 321, 325 Overweight, 152, 220, 321 Ovum, 298, 307, 314, 321 Oxidants, 26, 29, 35, 66, 322 Oxidation, 31, 36, 190, 199, 200, 211, 283, 287, 290, 298, 315, 322 Oxidation-Reduction, 290, 322 Oxidative Stress, 11, 16, 29, 31, 35, 49, 55, 69, 110, 322 Oxides, 165, 182, 191, 197, 198, 200, 225, 320, 322, 336 Oxygen Consumption, 304, 322, 330 Oxygenase, 35, 322 P Pacemaker, 220, 322 Palladium, 322, 331 Palliative, 322, 336 Pancreas, 21, 234, 283, 289, 299, 322, 338 Pancreatic, 306, 322

Index 351

Pancreatic Juice, 306, 322 Paraffin, 121, 211, 223, 322 Paranasal Sinuses, 108, 322, 333 Parenchyma, 38, 323 Paroxysmal, 308, 323, 324, 340 Partial remission, 323, 330 Particle Accelerators, 316, 323 Patch, 53, 323 Pathogenesis, 35, 39, 45, 323 Pathologic, 23, 287, 290, 297, 310, 323 Pathologic Processes, 287, 323 Pathologies, 18, 44, 323 Pathophysiology, 37, 323 Patient Education, 269, 276, 278, 281, 323 Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, 20, 84, 323 Peak flow, 9, 323 Peptide, 313, 323, 325, 327 Perception, 121, 161, 216, 247, 323 Perfusion, 46, 290, 323 Perinatal, 29, 312, 323 Peripheral blood, 73, 323 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 4, 323 Pertussis, 97, 324, 340 Pesticides, 15, 29, 166, 237, 267, 312, 324 Petroleum, 98, 178, 200, 209, 215, 227, 230, 305, 306, 313, 317, 322, 324 Phagocyte, 322, 324 Phallic, 305, 324 Pharmacodynamic, 56, 324 Pharmacologic, 37, 286, 324, 337 Pharynx, 306, 319, 324 Phenotype, 25, 26, 289, 324 Phenyl, 183, 324 Phospholipases, 324, 332 Phosphorus, 291, 324 Physical Examination, 307, 324 Physiologic, 7, 33, 36, 324, 329 Physiology, 46, 50, 63, 68, 74, 78, 80, 82, 90, 98, 111, 117, 128, 133, 134, 138, 140, 142, 143, 147, 289, 319, 320, 324, 331, 339 Pigment, 289, 324 Pilot study, 9, 145, 324 Pitch, 247, 324 Pituitary Gland, 297, 325 Placenta, 82, 325, 339 Plants, 114, 166, 179, 186, 187, 198, 225, 239, 245, 283, 285, 292, 307, 314, 318, 320, 325, 326, 334, 337, 338, 339, 340 Plasma, 20, 54, 79, 187, 188, 195, 284, 285, 287, 293, 304, 309, 318, 325, 329 Plasma cells, 287, 325 Platelet Activation, 325, 333

Platelet Aggregation, 286, 320, 325 Platelets, 293, 320, 325, 337 Platinum, 315, 322, 325, 331 Pleated, 313, 325 Poisoning, 14, 262, 291, 292, 317, 325 Policy Making, 307, 325 Pollen, 6, 20, 48, 52, 56, 61, 108, 128, 219, 325 Polyethylene, 218, 219, 325 Polypeptide, 285, 295, 304, 310, 325, 341 Polysaccharide, 287, 293, 325 Population Density, 34, 325 Port, 176, 186, 325, 326 Port-a-cath, 326 Posterior, 286, 300, 322, 326, 334 Postmenopausal, 27, 326 Postnatal, 41, 46, 326, 334 Postsynaptic, 320, 326, 332 Potassium, 215, 317, 326 Potassium Chloride, 215, 326 Potentiation, 326, 332 Power Plants, 139, 167, 202, 326 Practice Guidelines, 263, 326 Precancerous, 184, 326 Precipitating Factors, 292, 308, 326 Precursor, 159, 200, 217, 301, 302, 320, 326 Pregnancy Outcome, 12, 23, 60, 67, 326 Pregnancy Tests, 307, 326 Premalignant, 326 Prenatal, 12, 58, 301, 326 Presynaptic, 319, 320, 326, 327 Presynaptic Terminals, 319, 327 Prevalence, 25, 28, 73, 84, 85, 97, 105, 122, 163, 234, 321, 327 Probe, 51, 327 Program Evaluation, 60, 327 Progression, 44, 220, 286, 327 Progressive, 220, 293, 300, 308, 319, 325, 327, 338 Progressive disease, 220, 327 Promoter, 35, 327 Prone, 205, 327 Proportional, 22, 302, 327 Prospective study, 30, 127, 315, 327 Prostate, 289, 327, 338 Protease, 285, 327 Protein C, 50, 285, 304, 313, 327, 339 Protein S, 246, 290, 327 Proteolytic, 285, 295, 304, 327 Protocol, 9, 49, 327 Protons, 285, 310, 313, 323, 327, 329 Protozoa, 296, 317, 328, 334

352 Air Pollution

Proximal, 23, 35, 45, 300, 319, 326, 328 Psychiatric, 289, 316, 328 Psychiatry, 305, 328, 339 Psychoanalytic Theory, 305, 328 Public Housing, 19, 328 Public Policy, 234, 239, 261, 328 Public Sector, 59, 328 Publishing, 60, 328 Pulmonary, 17, 18, 20, 27, 30, 31, 34, 39, 41, 44, 45, 46, 51, 53, 65, 84, 86, 99, 122, 124, 131, 159, 247, 284, 285, 290, 291, 294, 297, 302, 304, 328, 331, 336, 339, 340 Pulmonary Artery, 290, 328, 340 Pulmonary Edema, 294, 328 Pulmonary Emphysema, 285, 328 Pulmonary Ventilation, 328, 331 Pulse, 79, 118, 318, 328 Purifying, 211, 299, 328 Q Quality of Life, 46, 220, 328 Quaternary, 12, 328 R Race, 7, 35, 91, 127, 317, 328 Radiation, 5, 178, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 283, 302, 305, 310, 313, 316, 329, 341 Radiation therapy, 283, 310, 329 Radioactive, 195, 290, 310, 313, 316, 320, 329 Radiography, 307, 329 Radioisotope, 329, 337 Radiopharmaceutical, 307, 329 Radium, 329 Radon, 3, 115, 270, 329 Randomized, 10, 37, 46, 78, 301, 329 Reactive Oxygen Species, 26, 29, 31, 35, 36, 329 Reagent, 174, 207, 213, 228, 294, 310, 329, 333 Receptor, 34, 43, 135, 283, 287, 329, 332 Recombinant, 290, 329, 339 Reconstitution, 41, 329 Recovery Room, 143, 329 Rectum, 287, 291, 299, 305, 306, 314, 327, 329 Red blood cells, 303, 322, 329, 333 Refer, 1, 291, 295, 305, 306, 315, 320, 330 Reflective, 17, 330 Reflex, 36, 330 Reflux, 306, 330 Refraction, 330, 334 Refractory, 198, 330 Regeneration, 182, 211, 329, 330

Regimen, 301, 330 Regression Analysis, 32, 61, 330 Regurgitation, 306, 330 Relative risk, 21, 330 Reliability, 9, 330 Remission, 219, 330 Reproduction Techniques, 326, 330 Resolving, 22, 330 Respirable, 21, 39, 92, 103, 330 Respiration, 70, 287, 292, 318, 330, 331 Respirator, 52, 331, 339 Respiratory distress syndrome, 35, 331 Respiratory failure, 35, 331, 339 Respiratory System, 247, 318, 331 Restoration, 329, 331 Resuscitation, 301, 331 Retinal, 300, 331 Retrospective, 21, 30, 33, 35, 331 Rheumatoid, 322, 331 Rhinitis, 68, 78, 97, 146, 247, 291, 331 Rhinorrhea, 36, 331 Rigidity, 185, 325, 331 Risk factor, 9, 12, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 48, 53, 66, 102, 130, 220, 292, 303, 315, 327, 330, 331 Rod, 288, 294, 331 Rodenticides, 324, 331 Rubber, 218, 283, 331 Rural Population, 15, 331 Ruthenium, 190, 331 S Saline, 291, 331 Saliva, 78, 331, 332 Salivary, 299, 331, 332 Salivary glands, 299, 331, 332 School Health Services, 146, 332 Scleroproteins, 313, 332 Screening, 224, 294, 332 Sebaceous, 313, 332 Sebaceous gland, 313, 332 Secretion, 25, 297, 307, 309, 310, 318, 332 Secretory, 293, 320, 332 Secretory Vesicles, 293, 332 Segregation, 30, 332 Sensitization, 20, 21, 41, 48, 50, 122, 332 Sensor, 40, 186, 189, 224, 332 Serum, 28, 34, 54, 83, 111, 132, 284, 286, 295, 318, 329, 332, 338 Sex Ratio, 106, 332 Ships, 192, 228, 332 Shock, 180, 332 Side effect, 255, 284, 289, 332, 337

Index 353

Signal Transduction, 35, 332 Signs and Symptoms, 330, 333 Sinusitis, 247, 333 Skeletal, 174, 286, 294, 333 Skeleton, 333 Skin Tests, 28, 333 Skull, 297, 333, 336 Sleep apnea, 247, 333 Sludge, 186, 223, 333 Smooth muscle, 18, 286, 291, 309, 333, 335 Sneezing, 324, 333 Social Environment, 54, 328, 333 Social Problems, 216, 333 Sodium, 177, 191, 197, 215, 317, 333 Sodium Cyanide, 197, 333 Solitary Nucleus, 288, 333 Solvent, 204, 211, 215, 217, 218, 220, 289, 303, 313, 317, 333, 336, 338 Sound wave, 296, 330, 334 Spasmodic, 324, 334 Specialist, 272, 334 Species, 5, 26, 108, 182, 193, 215, 221, 288, 292, 303, 317, 318, 328, 329, 334, 335, 338, 340 Specificity, 5, 56, 284, 291, 334 Spectrometer, 5, 51, 334 Spectrum, 6, 7, 18, 28, 312, 334 Sperm, 286, 294, 325, 334 Sphenoid, 323, 334 Sphincter, 314, 334 Spinal cord, 291, 293, 294, 306, 319, 330, 334, 336 Spirogram, 28, 334 Spirometry, 151, 334 Spontaneous Abortion, 326, 334 Sporadic, 220, 334 Spores, 5, 51, 334 Sputum, 25, 45, 71, 118, 334 Standardize, 37, 334 Steel, 116, 206, 294, 334, 338 Stem Cells, 334, 339 Sterilization, 5, 334 Steroids, 297, 335 Stillbirth, 326, 335 Stimulant, 25, 297, 309, 335 Stimulus, 12, 52, 300, 301, 303, 314, 330, 335, 336 Stomach, 21, 247, 283, 299, 303, 306, 310, 314, 315, 324, 330, 335 Stool, 311, 314, 335 Stress, 8, 29, 31, 33, 35, 43, 49, 66, 81, 118, 141, 288, 305, 322, 331, 335

Stringency, 56, 335 Stroke, 171, 249, 250, 260, 292, 313, 335 Stroma, 323, 335 Styrene, 331, 335 Subacute, 312, 333, 335 Subarachnoid, 308, 335 Subclinical, 312, 335 Subspecies, 334, 335 Substance P, 290, 317, 329, 332, 335 Substrate, 302, 335 Suction, 175, 176, 177, 185, 188, 189, 194, 212, 214, 305, 335 Sudden cardiac death, 27, 335 Sudden death, 26, 34, 335 Sulfates, 177, 335 Sulfur, 4, 6, 113, 137, 138, 159, 177, 178, 200, 209, 229, 230, 269, 283, 317, 335, 336 Sulfur Acids, 200, 335 Sulfur Dioxide, 4, 6, 137, 138, 178, 269, 336 Sulfur Oxides, 113, 283, 336 Sulfuric acid, 210, 230, 335, 336 Suppression, 297, 336 Surfactant, 200, 215, 336 Sympathetic Nervous System, 288, 336 Symptomatic, 28, 90, 336 Synaptic, 332, 336 Synergistic, 44, 174, 213, 336 Systemic, 20, 34, 39, 136, 256, 290, 303, 311, 312, 329, 336, 338 Systemic disease, 311, 336 T Tear Gases, 313, 336 Temporal, 26, 54, 112, 137, 141, 308, 336 Tetrachloroethylene, 219, 336 Therapeutics, 256, 336 Thermal, 51, 182, 188, 190, 197, 211, 212, 218, 223, 288, 300, 320, 336 Thoracic, 39, 70, 224, 336 Threshold, 88, 111, 310, 336 Thrombin, 304, 325, 327, 336 Thrombomodulin, 327, 336 Thrombosis, 34, 137, 327, 335, 337 Thrombus, 297, 312, 313, 325, 337 Tidal Volume, 224, 337 Tin, 12, 325, 337 Tissue Culture, 44, 49, 337 Tolerance, 205, 337 Tooth Preparation, 283, 337 Topical, 183, 184, 288, 303, 310, 322, 337, 341 Torsion, 179, 205, 312, 337 Toxicity, 38, 39, 53, 198, 292, 300, 317, 337

354 Air Pollution

Toxicologic, 23, 69, 337 Toxins, 227, 287, 291, 312, 337 Trace element, 57, 70, 294, 305, 337 Tracer, 34, 310, 337 Trachea, 291, 314, 324, 337 Traction, 227, 294, 337 Transduction, 332, 337 Transfection, 290, 337 Transfer Factor, 101, 311, 337 Translocate, 39, 338 Translocating, 38, 338 Trees, 331, 338 Trichloroethylene, 211, 338 Trigeminal, 12, 36, 316, 338 Trigeminal Nerve, 12, 338 Trypsin, 285, 338, 341 Tubercle, 5, 115, 338 Tuberculosis, 23, 66, 96, 115, 297, 338 Tumor marker, 289, 338 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 135, 338 Tumour, 306, 338 Tungsten, 292, 338 U Ultrasonography, 307, 338 Umbilical Arteries, 339 Umbilical Cord, 59, 103, 339 Umbilical cord blood, 59, 103, 339 Unconscious, 311, 328, 339 Urbanization, 130, 339 Urea, 199, 201, 202, 339 Urethane, 217, 218, 339 Urethra, 327, 339 Urinary, 10, 145, 339 Urine, 10, 20, 28, 290, 300, 339 V Vaccine, 284, 327, 339 Vagina, 299, 339 Valves, 180, 186, 227, 339 Vascular, 141, 302, 308, 312, 320, 325, 337, 339

Vasoconstriction, 101, 303, 339 Vasodilator, 291, 309, 339 Vector, 42, 337, 339 Vegetative, 187, 290, 339 Vein, 320, 339 Venous, 298, 327, 339 Ventilation, 26, 46, 58, 201, 211, 266, 296, 339 Ventilator, 331, 339 Ventricle, 288, 311, 328, 340 Ventricular, 26, 340 Venules, 290, 340 Veterinary Medicine, 261, 340 Viral, 18, 337, 340 Virulence, 288, 337, 340 Virus, 154, 293, 302, 337, 340 Virus Replication, 154, 340 Visceral, 288, 340 Visceral Afferents, 288, 340 Viscosity, 200, 204, 340 Vital Capacity, 224, 323, 340 Vital Statistics, 290, 340 Vitro, 25, 35, 81, 340 Vivo, 35, 340 W Waste Management, 195, 196, 231, 236, 237, 340 White blood cell, 287, 314, 316, 318, 320, 325, 340 Whooping Cough, 324, 340 X Xenobiotics, 19, 340 Xenograft, 286, 340 X-ray, 51, 148, 292, 305, 316, 318, 320, 329, 341 Y Yeasts, 306, 324, 341 Z Zinc Oxide, 39, 341 Zymogen, 327, 341

Index 355

356 Air Pollution

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