Abscess - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BSCESS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Abscess: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00003-2 1. Abscess-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on abscess. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ABSCESS .................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Abscess .......................................................................................... 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 24 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 38 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ABSCESS .......................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding Nutrition Studies on Abscess......................................................................................... 81 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 85 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ABSCESS .................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 87 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 92 General References ....................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ABSCESS ................................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patents on Abscess ....................................................................................................................... 97 Patent Applications on Abscess ................................................................................................. 110 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 116 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ABSCESS................................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 119 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 121 Chapters on Abscess................................................................................................................... 122 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ABSCESS ........................................................................................ 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 127 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 128 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ABSCESS ..................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 131 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 133 Academic Periodicals covering Abscess ..................................................................................... 134 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 137 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 139 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 141 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 143 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 146 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 149 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 149 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 149

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 155 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 156 ABSCESS DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................. 157 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 231

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with abscess is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about abscess, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to abscess, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on abscess. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to abscess, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on abscess. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ABSCESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on abscess.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and abscess, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Amebic Abscess of the Liver Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 16(3): 36-38, 40. March 1992. Summary: A five percent prevalence of amebiasis has been reported in the untravelled population in the United States. This article discusses amebic abscess of the liver, the most serious complication of amebiasis. The authors note that liver abscess formation occurs in 1 percent of patients with amebiasis and may prove fatal if an early diagnosis is not made. They discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging studies, serology, complications, and treatment of the condition. 1 figure. 3 tables. 22 references. (AA-M).

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Upper GI Abscess Formation and Intramural Hemorrhage: Sequelae from Possible Gastric Perforation Source: Gastroenterology Nursing. 13(3): 152-155. Winter 1991. Summary: An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by suppuration in a tissue, organ or confined space. Pyogenic bacteria that invade the tissue are responsible for this inflammatory response. This article presents a case study that demonstrates such a response via an unusual presentation of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The author reports on the physical examination, laboratory findings and initial management, and upper endoscopy and radiological findings. 3 figures. 2 references. (AA-M).

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Streptococcus Milleri: A Cause of Pyogenic Liver Abscess Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 93(7-8): 276-277. July-August 2001. Contact: Available from National Medical Association. 1012 Tenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. (202) 347-1895, ext. 267. Website: www.NMAnet.org. Summary: Anemia, leukocytosis (high levels of white blood cells in the blood), elevated abnormal liver function enzymes, hypoalbuminemia (low levels of protein in the blood), fever, and right upper quadrand abdominal pain are common signs and symptoms of liver abscesses. Mortality is high: 100 percent without treatment, and 50 to 65 percent with medical treatment. The bacteria Streptococcus milleri has been found to be associated with liver abscesses significantly more frequently than any other streptococci. S. milleri is also a common cause of liver abscess in patients with Crohn's disease. This article reports a case of S. milleri in a 47 year old patient with a history of hypertension, alcohol abuse, and tobacco smoking. The authors stress that increased awareness of S. milleri has come from better isolation of Streptococci species. The clinical importance of this awareness is that S. milleri is resistant to metronidazole. Therefore, patients with liver abscesses who receive metronidazole may not respond if S. milleri is the infecting organism. Effective antibiotics include ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and the cephalosporins. 1 figure. 1 table. 3 references.

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Rare Complication of Tooth Abscess: Ludwig's Angina and Mediastinitis Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 67(6): 324-327. June 2001. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: Deep neck infections are a rare but potentially fatal complication of pulpal abscess of the teeth. If an infection can progress rapidly from a toothache to a life threatening infection, then it is critical that dentists be able to recognize the danger signs and identify patients who are at risk. This article reviews a case of a seemingly innocuous toothache which rapidly progressed to Ludwig's angina and mediastinitis. The authors discuss how to recognize and manage these life threatening infections. The case report described a 74 year old woman who saw her dentist for removal of deep caries of tooth 37 and restoration with amalgam. Six months later, the patient presented for a regular check up and noted that the tooth was mildly tender but otherwise asymptomatic. Two weeks after the checkup, the patient deteriorated rapidly; the patient returned to the dental office with massive facial swelling that had developed over a 24 hour period. The bacteria from tooth 37 had perforated the lingual (tongue) plate of the mandible (lower jaw) and spread along the planes of the cervical fascia (neck muscles). The sublingual (under the tongue) and submandibular (under the lower jaw) spaces were infected by direct extension causing Ludwig's angina (bilateral, or both

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sides, cellulitis of the sublingual and submandibular spaces). In adults, 52 percent of cases of Ludwig's angina are caused by dental caries and have a mortality rate of 8 to 10 percent. The patient was treated surgically and followed in the intensive care unit for 9 days. The patient made an uneventful recovery, except for an uncomplicated course of Clostridium difficile colitis and a bout of reversible hearing loss attributed either to the antibiotics or to an otitis media (middle ear infection) resulting from prolonged nasal intubation. The authors encourage dentists to become familiar with the signs and symptoms of deep neck infection, which include swelling below the inferior border of the mandible, fever, excessive trismus (difficulty opening the jaw), and deviation of the pharyngeal walls; as well as with the signs of an impending airway disaster, including muffled voice, inability to tolerate secretions, and protruding tongue. Quick referral to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and early definitive care will minimize the morbidity and mortality of these serious infections. 6 figures. 2 tables. 15 references. •

Amoebic Liver Abscess Source: British Journal of Surgery. 77(8): 843-844. August 1990. Summary: Management of amoebic liver abscess continues to generate considerable controversy. This article discusses a number of recent studies that have attempted to define more precisely the indications for needle aspiration, and considers the role of surgery in the management of ruptured amoebic liver abscess. The author also discusses modern imaging techniques and notes that they have improved the understanding of the patterns of resolution of successfully treated abscesses, and allowed a more objective comparison between different treatment methods. Imaging techniques also permit accurate placement of drainage catheters, thus opening up new therapeutic possibilities. The author states that most amoebic abscesses of the liver respond to medical management and metronidazole is the amoebicide of choice. Complicated cases are best managed by adjuvant guided percutaneous catheter drainage, and open surgery is now seldom indicated. The author concludes that despite successful therapy, complete resolution of the abscess cavity may take several years. 10 references.

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Dentoalveolar Abscess in a Pediatric Patient With Ketoacidosis Caused by Occult Diabetes Mellitus Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics. 88(2): 164-166. August 1999. Summary: Oral health professionals are frequently asked to evaluate patients with routine odontogenic infections (infections arising from the dentition and its supporting structures). These patients can sometimes present with systemic signs and symptoms, including fever, malaise, tachycardia (racing heartbeat), and dehydration. In this article, the authors present the case of a pediatric patient with a routine canine space infection who exhibited classic clinical signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis. Their report illustrates the importance of a comprehensive approach to patient evaluation and diagnosis in a case that might otherwise have been interpreted as a simple odontogenic infection. Clues to the patient's underlying systemic problem came from the history obtained from the parents. It is also critical in a patient with a severe odontogenic infection who appears ill and dehydrated that electrolyte levels and a complete blood count be obtained to evaluate the fluid status. Information regarding the severity of the infection should be gathered, and the possibility of a systemic disease such as diabetes should be ruled out. The author concludes that oral health professionals need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of common systemic diseases that may initially manifest themselves in connection with a dental oral complaint. 1 figure. 4 references.

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Periurethral Abscess: Complication of UTI Source: Geriatrics. 52(8): 86-88. August 1997. Contact: Available from Avanstar Communications. 131 West First Street, Duluth, MN 55802-2065. (888) 527-7008 or (218) 723-9477. Fax (218) 723-9437. Summary: Periurethral abscess is a rare, life threatening infection of the male urethra and periurethral tissues. Periurethral abscess usually results as a consequence of foreign bodies, urethral stricture disease, or urinary extravasation (urine passage or escape into the tissues). In this article, the authors report the case of an older patient with a chronic Foley catheter who developed periurethral abscess and bacteremia as a complication of urinary tract infection (UTI). The authors also review the literature on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. When periurethral abscess develops, rapid diagnosis, therapy with intravenous antibiotics, and immediate evaluation for the necessity of surgical intervention are essential to decrease morbidity. Risk factors for periurethral abscess include urethral stricture disease, obstruction of the urinary flow, previous periurethral abscess, gonorrhea, recent UTI, diabetes mellitus, trauma (or surgery) involving the urethra, or chronic indwelling Foley catheter. Therapy for periurethral abscess consists of surgical drainage and appropriate antibiotic coverage. Although the overall incidence of periurethral abscesses has been decreasing as a result of improved treatment for UTIs, the increasing prevalence of Foley catheters in older male patients may lead to an escalation in the incidence of the disease. The authors stress that increased vigilance by physicians is needed for patients with chronic Foley catheters who have symptomatic UTIs. 2 tables. 18 references.

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Dentoalveolar Abscess in a Pediatric Patient with Ketoacidosis Caused by Occult Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 88(2): 164-166. August 1999. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-3318. (800) 453-4351 or (314) 453-4351. Summary: This article presents a case report of a child who was referred for management of a routine odontogenic infection and found on physical examination and clinical work-up to be in frank diabetic ketoacidosis secondary to previously undiagnosed type 1 diabetes. The patient, a 3 year old Vietnamese girl, was brought to the emergency department of a university hospital for evaluation of a facial swelling on her left cheek. Purulence was noted around an upper tooth, and the patient's parents gave a medical history of their daughter that included progressive lethargy and recent weight loss, frequent urination, poor appetite, and excessive thirst. Laboratory tests were performed because the girl's presentation and history suggested underlying systemic disease and dehydration. On the basis of the clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory findings, the patient was diagnosed with new onset type 1 diabetes complicated by diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration, and a canine space dentoalveolar infection from the maxillary left first molar. The patient was immediately admitted into the pediatric intensive care unit for treatment. After 5 days, the patient was discharged from the hospital with an insulin regimen. Arrangements were made for a visiting nurse to visit her twice daily for continued diabetic education. This case illustrates the importance of a comprehensive approach to patient evaluation and diagnosis in a case that might otherwise have been interpreted as a simple odontogenic infection. Oral health professionals need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of

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common systemic diseases that may initially manifest themselves in connection with a dental oral complaint. 1 figure. 4 references. (AA-M). •

Current Treatment and Outcomes of Perinephric Abscesses Source: Journal of Urology. 168(4 Part 1): 1337-1340. October 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article reports on a study that characterized the treatment and outcomes of perinephric (across the kidney) abscesses in a contemporary group of patients. Of the 25 patients identified with perinephric abscesses, 3 (12 percent) ultimately died. Although 40 percent had multiple risk factors for perinephric abscesses, only 35 percent were identified at presentation. Urine cultures were positive in 72 percent of patients and CT had a diagnostic sensitivity of 92 percent. Ten patients with a mean abscess size of 1.8 centimeters were treated with antibiotics alone (mean hospitalization, 10 days), while 11 patients with a mean abscess size of 11 centimeters received antibiotics and initial percutaneous drainage (mean hospitalization, 30 days). The authors conclude that the clinical characteristics of perinephric abscesses have not changed significantly, but improved imaging with CT allows earlier diagnosis and treatment, which likely contributed to the reduced mortality in this group, compared with historical series. Open surgical drainage and nephrectomy (removal of the kidney) may eventually be required in some patients and should be considered if adequate drainage is not achieved. 1 figure. 5 tables. 14 references.

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Abscesses in Crohn's Disease: Outcome of Medical Versus Surgical Treatment Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 32(5): 409-412. May-June 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to compare the long term outcome of medical, percutaneous (through the skin), and surgical treatment of abdominal and pelvic abscesses complicating Crohn's disease. All patients with Crohn's disease and an abdominal abscess treated at one institution during a 10 year period were retrospectively identified. The authors reviewed hospital and outpatient records and contacted patients for telephone interviews. Outcome measures included abscess recurrence, subsequent surgery for Crohn's disease, and medications used at the time of most recent followup. The study identified 51 patients, with a mean followup of 3.75 years. Fewer patients developed recurrent abscesses after initial surgical drainage and bowel resection (12 percent) than patients treated with medical therapy only or with percutaneous drainage (56 percent). One half of the patients treated nonoperatively ultimately required surgery, whereas only 12 percent of those treated with initial surgery required reoperation during the followup period. Most failures of nonoperative therapy occurred within 3 months. Medication use was similar between the treatment groups at the time of most recent followup. The authors conclude that, in this series, surgical management of abscesses in Crohn's disease was more effective than medical treatment or percutaneous drainage for prevention of abscess recurrence. However, nonoperative therapy prevented subsequent surgery in half of the patients and may be a reasonable treatment option for some patients. 2 tables. 17 references.

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Skin Abscesses in Children Source: Patient Care. 34(8): 37-38,40-48,55. April 30, 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on skin abscesses in children. The article begins by describing the qualities of an abscess, a localized collection of pus in a cavity that is formed when tissue disintegrates or necrotizes. Factors that predispose a child to develop an abscess include alteration of normal skin flora, alteration of the skin barrier, drug therapy, a foreign body, immunodeficiency disease, malnutrition, peripheral vascular disease, and systemic disease. In addition, the article discusses furuncles and carbuncles, hidradenitis suppurativa, paronychia, perirectal abscesses, breast abscesses, and scalp abscesses in terms of their clinical characteristics and treatment. A furuncle is a cutaneous abscess that develops around a hair follicle. A carbuncle is a cluster of furuncles. Treatment involves applying a hot, moist compress to facilitate drainage and administering antibiotics. Hidradenitis suppurative is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory suppurativa disorder of the apocrine glands. Treatment involves avoiding tight fitting clothes, applying topical antibiotics, and taking oral antibiotics or prednisone. Acute paronychia is a localized inflammation and infection of the area around the nail. Antibiotics are also used to treat this condition. Perirectal abscess, which is seen in healthy neonates and infants as well as in immunosuppressed children, appears to result from a break in the mucosal barrier or by occlusion of anal crypts. Treatment involves draining the abscess, using sitz baths, and administering antibiotics. Breast abscesses, which develop in full term neonates during the first 6 weeks of life, are usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment involves draining the abscess and administering antibiotics. Scalp abscesses, which develop in neonates at the insertion site of a fetal scalp monitoring electrode, are typically caused by several microbes. Therapeutic options again include drainage and antibiotics. The article concludes with a discussion of secondary infection of cutaneous tumors, focusing on epidermal cyst, pilar cyst, and pilomatrixoma. 6 figures, 3 tables, and 20 references.

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Pancreatic Pseudocyst and Abscess Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 15(9): 11-17. October 1991. Summary: This review summarizes the current concepts in the etiopathology and management of pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses. A pseudocyst is a result of inflammation or obstruction within the pancreas. The escaping pancreatic juice, rich in enzymatic activity, dissects through the surrounding tissues until the body contains it in a cystic cavity. The author notes that in the past, the diagnosis of pseudocyst was limited to palpation of the abdomen and barium studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Recent technological advances in invasive and noninvasive radiology and interventional gastroenterology with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ECRP) techniques have facilitated the detection and understanding of pseudocysts of the pancreas. The author also discusses the surgical and nonsurgical management of this condition and the potential complications of pseudocysts. 3 figures. 4 tables. 34 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Abscess The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to abscess. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to abscess. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore abscess. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for abscess: •

Project Title: ADHERENCE BLOCKING VACCINE FOR AMEBIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Petri, William A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (adapted from the application): Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amebic liver abscess and amebic dysentery represents a significant threat to public health worldwide. The overall goal of this application is to develop a vaccine to prevent amebic liver abscess and colitis based on the E. histolytica Gal/GalNac lectin in the form of an edible plant-based delivery system. Extensive studies, including many from Dr. Petri's laboratory have identified the lectin as a major surface antigen of ameba, and demonstrated that it appears to play a critical role in amebic adherence, signaling, and complement resistance. Recent studies have identified the putative carbohydratebinding domain of the lectin, and the proposed vaccine studies are built around this region. The application is divided into three projects, a laboratory core and an administrative core. In Project 1, recombinant peptides, which are built around the carbohydratebinding domain, will be expressed, purified, and tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy. In Project 2, recombinant CRD containing peptides will be expressed in edible plants. In Project 3, the applicants will attempt to develop a novel adjuvant, based on the ricin B subunit to improve the immunogenicity of proteins in plants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: E HISTOLYTICA PHAGOCYTOSIS OF APOPTOTIC HOST CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Huston, Christopher D.; Medicine; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed training plan combines intensive didactic and basic laboratory training to prepare Christopher Huston, M.D., for a career investigating host-pathogen biology during invasive amebiasis. Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan cause of amebic colitis and liver abscess, infects an estimated 50 million people causing up to 100 thousand deaths annually. Amebiasis is an indolent infection and inflammation is sparse given the degree of tissue destruction. Apoptotic host cell

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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killing and phagocytosis further characterize E. histolytica infection. Indeed, clinicians use erythrophagocytosis to distinguish E. histolytica from the non-pathogenic ameba Entamoeba dispar. This project's hypothesis is that apoptotic cell killing followed by rapid phagocytosis limits spillage of toxic intracellular contents and prevents inflammation in an analogous fashion to phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in multicellular organisms. In this way, apoptotic killing and phagocytosis are hypothesized to enable E. histolytica to evade the host immune response and cause disease. Preliminary studies by Dr. Huston have demonstrated apoptotic killing of host cells by E. histolytica and shown that E. histolytica ingested apoptotic cells more efficiently than healthy cells. Specific Aim 1 is to define the nature and mechanism of host cell surface changes that trigger amebic ingestion using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry to assay phagocytosis. Specific Aim 2 is to characterize an amebic ABC transporter, EhABC A1, with homology to the phagocytosis-associated transporter Ced-7 from Caenorhabditis elegans. EhABC A1 function/expression will be disrupted using dominant negative mutants, anti-sense RNA expression, and anti-sense peptide nucleic acid oligomers. Results from Specific Aim 1 will clarify the mechanism of amebic cytotoxicity as well as help to identify the amebic phagocytosis receptor. In Specific Aim 2, successful interference with EhABC A1 to test its role in phagocytosis will help to define the amebic phagocytosis machinery and may provide phagocytosis deficient amoebae to delineate the role of phagocytosis for in vivo virulence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA GENOME PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Loftus, Brendan; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes tens of millions of cases of dysentery and liver abscess in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Amebiasis liver abscess, which can be lethal if left untreated, is the third leading cause of death due to a parasite. As developing countries cannot afford the improvements in sanitation that might prevent the fecal-oral spread of the parasite, amebiasis is presently poorly controlled by metronidazole-treatment of symptomatic individuals and there is also a need for specific diagnostic tools and vaccines. Whole genome sequencing raises the sophistication and productivity of experimental approaches for studying amebae to a new level. Amebae have four properties, which make them unique among eukaryotic pathogens. First, amebae live under anaerobic conditions in the lumen of the bowel or in tissue abscesses by means of fermentation enzymes like those of bacteria, which are targets of metronidazole. Amebic alcohol dehydrogenases closely resemble those of gram-positive anaerobes, while malic enzyme and ferredoxin resemble those of archaebacteria. Second, amebae have an atrophic, purple bacterium derived organelle ("crypton"), which lacks mitochondrial enzymes of oxidative-phosphorylation and hydrogenosomal fermentation enzymes. Third, amebae phagocytose and lyse host cells by means of adherence lectins, cysteine proteinases, and pore-forming peptides. Fourth, E. histolytica, which causes disease, has a closely related cousin, E. dispar, which infects the colonic lumen but does not cause disease. The study of the E. histolytica genome serves as a model organism for reconstructing the phylogeny of early branching eukaryotes and will also provide insights into the history of anaerobic lumenal parasites. Because of the medical importance of amebae and their unique biology, the goal of this project is to determine 99 percent of the genomic sequence of E. histolytica strain HM1:IMSS, analyze and

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annotate the data and provide ready equal access to the sequence information and analysis through the public databases and our World Wide Web server (www.tigr.org). The investigators will not attempt closure of the complete sequence of the E. histolytica genome. The haploid genome of HM1 is less than or equal to 20 Mb in 14 chromosomes; amebic genes have rare introns; intergenic sequences are short; and non-coding repetitive sequences are absent from chromosomal DNAs. The vast majority of the research needs and applications will be met by obtaining 99 percent of the genomic sequence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SECRETION

FLAGELLIN-INDUCED

GUT

EPITHELIAL

CHEMOKINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gewirtz, Andrew T.; Assistant Professor; Pathology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The active flares of colitis (collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]) are characterized by migration of neutrophils to the intestinal lumen forming an intestinal crypt abscess. Such neutrophil movement is directed via polarized chemokine secretion by the epithelial cells that line the intestine. As I transitioned from trainee to faculty, I elucidated the mechanism by which such epithelial chemokine secretion is regulated. Briefly, I found that epithelial Ca++ mobilization is a key signal regulating such chemokine secretion. Further, such chemokine secretion is activated via the protein flagellin that is secreted by bacteria. Flagellin is secreted by commensal and pathogenic bacteria. However, only flagellin that crosses epithelia to the basolateral membrane domain activates epithelial chemokine secretion. Such translocation of flagellin is mediated by pathogens, but not commensal bacteria, explaining why, normally, only pathogenic bacteria induce epithelia to orchestrate inflammation. However, aberrant translocation of, and/or responses to, flagellin may occur in IBD and thus may underlie the inappropriate chemokine secretion that occurs in IBD. For my first independent award application, I propose to expand on the above studies while investigating the hypothesis that bacterial-epithelial interactions regulate the neutrophil infiltration (i.e., active inflammation) associated with both innate immunity and IBD. Consequently, pharmacologic manipulation of these interactions can be therapeutic for IBD. This hypothesis will be studied in vitro and in vivo via three specific aims, all of which are supported by substantial preliminary data. Specifically, I will characterize bacterial translocation of flagellin across intestinal epithelia, investigate how flagellin activates epithelial chemokine secretion, and further define the activation of anti-inflammatory signaling pathways by lipoxins. In vitro and in vivo models will be utilized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF S. AUREUS CAPSULE PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Jean C.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract): Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for a diverse spectrum of human and animal diseases. Although 11 putative capsular serotypes have been reported, types 5 and 8 constitute ca. 75 percent of clinical isolates. The type 5 (CP5) and 8 (CP8)

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polysaccharides are structurally very similar to each other; they differ only in the linkages between the sugars and in the sites of O-acetylation. The overall goal of this study is to use a molecular approach to define the functions, relative biological activity, and regulation of S. aureus capsule genes. The molecular events controlling the biosynthesis of CP5 and CP8 will be investigated, and the existence and prevalence of other capsular serotypes will be examined. In the first specific aim, we will determine the enzymatic functions of type 5 capsule genes that are involved in amino sugar biosynthesis: cap5D, cap5E, cap5F, cap5G, and cap5N. We will express the recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and conduct in vitro assays to evaluate the enzymatic functions of the purified proteins. The second specific aim will address the biological differences between strains producing type 5 or 8 capsules. We plan to replace the serotype 5-specific capsule genes (cap5HIJK) of strain Reynolds with the serotype 8specific genes (cap8HIJK) of strain Becker so that strain Reynolds will produce CP8. The isogenic serotype 5/8 strains will then be compared for quantity of capsule produced, resistance to killing in an in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay, and virulence in a mouse model of bacteremia and renal abscess formation. The influence of capsule production on the deposition of complement on S. aureus cells will also be explored. The third specific aim will examine strains of S. aureus that do not react with antibodies to capsule type 1, 2, 5, or 8. Since most of these "nontypeable" strains carry the genes for CP5 or CP8 production, we will determine why capsule is not expressed. We also plan to evaluate nontypeable isolates for the production of capsules other than serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 8. The proposed studies will lead to a better understanding of the organization, structure, function, and regulation of capsule expression in S. aureus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC BASIS OF ABSCESS FORMATION BY B. FRAGILIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Comstock, Laurie E.; Assistant Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bacteroides fragilis is the leading cause of anaerobic bacteremia and intraabdominal abscesses. The capsular polysaccharide complex of the prototype strain, 9343, confers the abscessogenic properties of the organism. The capsular polysaccharide complex of 9343 is comprised of at least eight distinct capsular polysaccharides (PSA1 - PSH1). For strain 9343, PSA1 is not only crucial for abscess formation, but is the only polysaccharide necessary for abscess formation by this organism. The region of the B. fragilis chromosome containing the PSA1 biosynthesis locus is heterogeneous, therefore, the PSA molecules synthesized by different B. fragilis strains are structurally distinct. It is not known whether the PSA molecules of other virulent strains also confer the abscessogenic potential of that organism. The zwitterionic nature of PSA1 of 9343, having both a positive and negative charge per repeating unit, is essential for its abscessogenic potential. Two genes of the PSA1 biosynthesis locus, wcfR and wcfS, are conserved in the PSA biosynthesis loci of all strains analyzed. Homology-based data suggest that the products of these genes are involved in the formation of the positively charged monosaccharide of PSA1, AATGaI. Therefore, it is likely that all B. fragilis strains synthesize a PSA molecule with this same positively charged monosaccharide (AATGal). Based on the importance of AATGal to the virulence of the PSA1 of 9343, our overall hypothesis is that the PSA molecule confers the abscessogenic potential of each virulent strain. This application is divided into three aims that will address this hypothesis, first at the species level by mutating the PSA loci of various strains that produce structurally distinct PSA molecules and

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testing these mutants for their ability to induce abscesses. Next, the genes and their products that are predicted to be involved in the synthesis of AATGal will be analyzed biochemically and genetically. We now have the tools and an adequate scientific foundation to determine why the species B. fragilis as a whole has abscessogenic capabilities rather than only understanding this phenomenon for the prototype strain. The data gained from these aims may allow us to realize our goal of elucidating the genetic basis of abscess formation by this species. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST RESPONSE IN S. AUREUS INFECTIONS: ROLE OF T CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tzianabos, Arthur O.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for a diverse spectrum of human and animal diseases, including wound infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia leading to secondary abscesses in any of the major organ systems. Staphylococcal infections occur most frequently when mucosal barriers are breached, following insertion of a foreign body, or in the presence of other factors that compromise the immune system of the host. Currently, the host response to this organism is poorly understood. The majority of studies to date have focused on the role of PMNs modulating the host response to staphylococcal infections. S. aureus is typically classified as an extracellular pathogen that does not directly interact with the host immune system via T cells. However, we have shown that the staphylococcus produces a capsule with both free amino and negatively charged carboxyl groups that mediates its pathogenic potential in an experimental model of intraabdominal abscess formation in a T cell-dependent manner. This capsule can activate CD4+ T cells and induce the production of CXC chemokines, peptides that activate and recruit PMNs to sites of inflammation. The transfer of CD4+ T cells that have been activated by the S. aureus capsule promotes abscess formation in naive recipient animals. Based on these data, we hypothesize that CD4+ T cells activated by S. aureus capsules are critical in determining the outcome of staphylococcal infections through the release of CXC chemokines that control PMN trafficking to infected sites. This hypothesis will be tested in staphylococcal animal models of subcutaneous abscess formation and surgical wound infection. These models are clinically relevant, low-inoculum murine models of staphylococcal disease that mimic important aspects of human disease. We propose to: 1) Characterize the mechanism by which S. aureus synthesizes a capsule with a zwitterionic charge motif; 2) Evaluate the role of the capsular polysaccharide in the interaction between S. aureus and the host; 3) Determine the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of and host response to staphylococcal infections; and 4) Characterize the T cell-mediated CXC chemokine response to S. aureus infection and its role in regulation of PMN trafficking. Results from the proposed studies should provide insight regarding the under appreciated role of T cells in the pathogenesis and host response in S. aureus infections. This information may reveal new strategies for the prevention or treatment of S. aureus infections through immunomodulation of the host response to this organism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IDENTIFICATION OF E. HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hughes, Molly A.; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diarrheal diseases kill one of every ten children by his or her fifth birthday in poor countries such as Bangladesh. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the etiologic agents. It is a human parasite that has a remarkable ability to invade and lyse host tissues. Invasive infection with E. histolytica leads to dysentery, amebic colitis, and amebic liver abscess. The imminent completion of the Entamoeba genome project provides an unprecendented opportunity to apply the approaches of genetics to the problem of amebiasis. Three specific aims are proposed: (1) Characterize the host:parasite interface by identifying molecules recruited to this site by the E. histolytica GalNAc lectin using a yeast two-hybrid system, (2) Use a proteomics approach in conjunction with the E. histolytica genome sequencing database to further characterize novel proteins that interact with the GalNAc lectin, and (3) Investigate the biological significance of E. histolytica proteins recruited by the GalNAc lectin to the host:parasite interface by creating "knockout" mutants of these proteins using interference RNA (RNAi), antisense RNA technology, and/or expression of dominant negative mutants. Successful completion of these studies will yield a fundamental understanding of amebic proteins that interact with the E. histolytica GalNAc lectin and their role in pathogenicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNE PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST AMEBIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ravdin, Jonathan I.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Invasive amoebiasis due to Entamoeba histolytica is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Immunity to intestinal infection would prevent the occurrence of amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess (ALA); currently, no vaccine exists. A 260 kDa galactose-inhabitable lectin mediates the binding of E. histolytica trophozoites to colonic mucins and epithelial cells; the lectin consists of 170kDa and 35kDa subunits. The 170kDa subunit contains the galactose-binding activity and is highly antigenic and immunogenic. The genes encoding the 170kDa subunit have been cloned and sequenced for E. histolytica and the non-pathogenic species, E. dispar. A 52kDa cysteine-rich galactose-binding site and is highly antigenic. Subcutaneous vaccination with LC3 provides immunity in the gerbil model of ALA, oral immunization with LC3 and cholera toxin induces are adherence/inhibitory anti-lectin mucosal secretory IgA response in BALB/c mice. The objectives of this proposal are to identify LC3 IgA antibody and T-cell epitopes associated with immunity to E. histolytica intestinal infection and invasive amoebiasis and to develop an efficacious LC3-derived amoebiasis subunit vaccine. The specific aims and methods are: 1) to define the LC3 epitopes associated with acquired immunity to intestinal infection and invasive amoebiasis by utilizing purified LC3 fragment sin ELISA with serum, fecal and salivary IgA antibodies from immune individuals by defining IgA epitopes in D. dispar lectin, by mapping LC3 T-cell epitopes using PBMC from immune subjects, and by identifying LC3 epitopes recognized by baboon IgA following E. histolytica infection; and 2) to develop an LC3 subunit vaccine that elicits an adherence-inhibitory intestinal secretory IgA response and/or a protective cellular immune response by establishing a dose response to oral vaccination in baboons with LC3 and cholera holotoxin for induction of anti-LC3 IgA antibodies, by defining the efficacy in baboons with LC3 and cholera holotoxin for induction of anti-LC3 IgA antibodies, by defining the efficacy in baboons of LC3 vaccination against oral challenge with E. histolytica cysts, by determining

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antigen-specific cellular immune responses in baboons; and lastly, by identifying LC3 fragments or derived peptides that are sufficient to serve as an efficacious subunit vaccine in the primate model. Successful completion of thee studies is dependent upon collaboration with investigators in Project 2, use of the Hybridoma Core, and ongoing interactions with the "Mucosal Immunity and Infection Project" faculty. The proposed studies will greatly enhance our understanding of human mucosal immunity to E. histolytica, leading to development of an effective amoebiasis subunit vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNITY TO DISSEMINATING DENTOALVEOLAR INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stashenko, Philip P.; Head, Cytokine Biology; Forsyth Institute Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from application) Dentoalveolar abscess causing bacteria evade ingestion and destruction by phagocytic leukocytes and other local host immune mechanisms. If not promptly treated, these infections may rapidly spread along fascial planes, through lymphatics and via the bloodstream, resulting in significant morbidity and even mortality. Individuals with immunodeficiencies, or undergoing chemotherapy or immunosuppression, are particularly vulnerable. During the first grant period we developed a novel mouse model in which T and B cell deficient (SCID) mice with mixed anaerobic pulpal infections develop dentoalveolar abscesses, disseminating infections and sepsis. B cell deficient mice were also susceptible but with reduced frequence, whereas T cell deficient mice were resistant. Dissemination was partially prevented by passive transfer of antibody. In this application we will elucidate the mechanisms that govern protection vs susceptibility to these infections. In Aim 1, the bacterial complexes that can cause disseminating infections in this model will be characterized. Aim 2 will determine the mechanism(s) of antibody - and phagocytic leukocyte-mediated protection against pathogens. In Aim 3, the mechanism(s) of increased susceptibility to disseminating infections and septic shock in SCID vs B cell deficient mice will be determined. The role of T cells and chemotactic cytokines in protection, or NK cells and shock-associated cytokines in increasing susceptibility will be determined in vivo. The goal of these studies is to fully define the immunological effector mechanisms that protect against disseminating dentoalveolar infections Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INFECTION-RESISTANT PROSTHETIC VALVE SEWING CUFFS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dempsey, Donald J.; Biomod Surfaces 125 Bridge Rd Salisbury, Ma 01952 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant):Cardiac valve replacement using prosthetic valves is indicated when progression of degenerative disease, annular dilatation or bacterial infection of the native valve results in valvular dysfunction. Bacterial infection is a major complication associated with implantation of these prosthetic valves. Infections are localized to the biomaterial/tissue interface leading to cuff and annular abscess formation. In phase I, an infection-resistant knitted polyester (Dacron) cuff material was developed in vitro with optimum antimicrobial properties via thermofixation (pad/heat) dyeing of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro). Application of this technology resulted in slow, sustained antibiotic release without the use of exogenous binders. The goal of this phase II project is to assess this novel infection-resistant knitted Dacron cuff

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material in vivo. Our hypothesis is that application of quinolone antibiotics such as Cipro to Dacron sewing cuffs using our proprietary dyeing technology will significantly reduce cardiac valve infections when challenged with a significant bacterial inoculum. The specific aims of this phase II proposal are to: 1) apply Cipro to clinically-utilized sewing cuffs using technology developed in phase I, 2) evaluate antimicrobial activity of Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs via zone of inhibition, 3) examine physical properties of Ciprodyed Dacron sewing cuffs, 4) implant unmodified (clinical standard) and Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs in a porcine heart valve infection model, 5) assess control and Cipro-dyed Dacron sewing cuffs via histological/microbiological techniques and 6) determine physical properties of Cipro-dyed sewing cuffs post-explantation. This technology, if successful, will be become the standard of care in the treatment of all forms of prosthetic endocarditis and may have an annual market in excess of $25 million. This technology can be applied to other medical devices that are comprised of Dacron such as vascular grafts, carotid patch material, wound dressings and suture material. This technology may also have broad application in other industries requiring biomaterials with antimicrobial properties such as respirators, facemasks, veterinary medicine and other commercial ventures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTESTINAL ADENOSINE A2B RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Sitaraman, Shanthi V.; Pathology and Lab Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application) The overall aim of this project is to better define the characteristics of intestinal epithelial cell-neutrophil interaction as it relates to fluid and electrolyte secretion. Many intestinal disorders, particularly the acute flare of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are characterized by migration of neutrophils across the intestinal epithelium into the lumen to form 'crypt abscess'. Crypt abscesses are pathognomic of active IBD and infectious colitis and correlate with severity of disease as well as clinical symptoms. We have previously shown that neutrophil migration into the intestinal lumen elicits electrogenic chloride secretion (secretory diarrhea) and the major effector of this chloride secretory response is the neutrophil-derived secretagogue, 5'AMP. Intestinal epithelia express an ectonucleotidase, which converts 5' AMP to adenosine which then interacts with intestinal epithelial adenosine 2b (A2b) receptor to elicit chloride secretion. Thus the A2b receptor plays a central role in orchestrating chloride secretion induced by neutrophils. An understanding of the regulation and signaling mechanism of A2b receptor may therefore lead to designing of novel treatments for this component of IBD. In this proposal, I intend to characterize the biology of intestinal A2b receptor using two intestinal epithelial cell models: T84 cells and Caco-2 bbe cells transfected with the A2b receptor. A2b receptor is the only adenosine receptor in T84 cells while Caco-2 bbe cells lack A2b receptor. First, I will study the polarity of surface expression, distribution, kinetics of turnover, structural requirements for ligand binding, desensitization, and G-protein recognition. Second, I will analyze the existence of ectonucleotidase and A2b receptor in signaling membrane microdomain such as caveolae. These microdomains represent invagination of plasma membrane enriched in glycosphingolipid, which have been shown to contain signaling proteins. Third, I will study the role of adenosine receptor in the modulation and feedback regulation of neutrophil-epithelial interaction including transmigration and chemokine secretion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LECTIN DERIVED PEPTIDES AS AN ANTI-ADHERENCE VACCINE FOR AMEBIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyerly, David; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MENTORED DEVELOPMENT AW

PATIENT-ORIENTED

RESEARCH

CAREER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Kelly D.; Harbor-Ucla Research & Educ Inst 1124 W Carson St Torrance, Ca 905022052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The broad long-term objectives of this research are to validate a conceptual framework for studying and understanding factors influencing both the acute pain and stress response and long-term sequelae of painful medical procedures in multiethnic children. The specific aims are: 1) to validate psychometric instruments commonly used to measure pain and stress in ethnic minority children; 2) to investigate differences between children and parents of different ethnic groups in pain beliefs, pain coping skills, and parent-child interactions as related to the child's pain and stress response; 3) to validate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a measure of the long-term effects of painful experiences; and 4) to test a pharmacological (intramuscular ketamine and midazolam) and a behavioral (blowing on a party blower) intervention for reducing the pain and stress response. Children aged seven to 14 years from three ethnic groups, Caucasian, African-American, and MexicanAmerican, undergoing painful medical procedures typically done with no or local anesthesia only (e.g., laceration repair, fracture reduction, incision and drainage of an abscess, lumbar puncture) will be studied. Patients will be recruited from the pediatric emergency department and pediatric clinics. Parents and children will be interviewed for demographic information, history regarding the current injury or illness, and the child's previous pain experiences, and surveyed using previously validated instruments regarding their pain coping skills and anxiety level. Children will report their pain intensity using a validated self-report scale before, during, and after the procedure. Children and surrounding adults will be videotaped, and a trained nurse will review the tapes and score a behavioral measurement of pain intensity, and a scale measuring the amount and type of interactions among the child and the parent and health care providers. Physiologic measurements of pain (heart rate, blood pressure, and salivary cortisol) will also be measured. Children will follow-up three days, one week, one month, and three months after the procedure, and will be assessed for PTSD symptoms and self- reported hypothetical pain response to pictures of painful medical situations and procedures. The second study will be performed as above with half of the patients within each ethnic stratification receiving intramuscular ketamine and midazolam, while the other half serves as a control group. The third study is similar with the intervention tested being behavioral (blowing on a party blower, for distraction) instead. Differences in pain beliefs, pain coping skills, and parent-child interactions between the three ethnic groups will be examined and correlated with any differences in the acute pain and stress response, and the long-term sequelae (PTSD symptoms). Elucidation of factors influencing children's pain response, and study of interventions to reduce pain, are important priorities for all clinicians who care for children.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF TREPONEMAL MOTILITY GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Limberger, Ronald J.; Director; Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza Albany, Ny 12237 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Spirochetes are a diverse group of helical and planar wave-shaped bacteria having a unique structure and mode of motility. Spirochetes are the causative agents of syphilis (Treponema pallidum) and Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and are associated with periodontal disease (Treponema denticola). The periplasmic location of the flagellar filament, together with the cell shape, enables the spirochete to move through dense matrices that would inhibit most other bacteria and assists in pathogenesis. This proposal involves determining the function of motility-associated polypeptides, development and analysis of mutants altered in motility to determine gene regulatory mechanisms, and assessment of the virulence capabilities of motility mutants. Treponema denticola will be used as a model for treponemal motility because it possesses newly identified tools for genetic analysis. The first polypeptide encoded by the fla motility operon, Tap1, has no known homologs but the investigators hypothesize it is involved in motility. This hypothesis will be tested using targeted mutagenesis to inactivate tap1 to observe the effect on cell movement together with immune electron microscopy to determine cellular location. Analysis of transcription of a polar flgE mutant suggests that T. denticola also has a unique system for regulation of motility gene expression. To test this hypothesis, targeted non-polar mutations will be made in motility-associated genes of specific classes, including the flagellar switch (fliG), hook (flgE), and regulation (fliA). Cytoplasmic filaments are a major component of treponemal cells with unknown function. A T. denticola mutant that lacks cytoplasmic filaments was constructed by insertional inactivation and these cells possess altered motility in liquid media and reduced colony diameter on 0.5% agarose-NOS plates. They hypothesize that the treponemal cytoplasmic filaments play a role in motility either directly through interaction with the periplasmic flagellum or indirectly through maintenance of cell structure. Biochemical analysis and tomography, together with the analysis of the cfpA-interrupted mutants will ascertain the role of this major cellular polypeptide. Finally, the involvement of motility in the virulence capabilities of T. denticola will be assessed in a murine abscess model using the specific motility mutants. The broad long-term objective is to understand the structure, function and regulation of treponemal motility-associated polypeptides and to assess their role in pathogenesis. Understanding the relationship of motility and cell structure to spirochete pathogenesis will result in development of therapeutics targeted towards inhibition of spirochete motility for prevention of human disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR DISSECTION OF E HISTOLYTICA PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanley, Samuel L.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: In work supported by AI30084, we found that tissue damage in amebiasis arises from complex interactions between host and parasite, and that within different host environments E. histolytica is capable of inducing inflammation or programmed cell death. Using a severe combined immunodeficient mouse/human intestinal

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xenograft (SCID-HU-INT) model of intestinal amebiasis, which mimics human disease, we found that E. histolytica trophozoites induce human intestinal epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators in vivo. These mediators induce neutrophil influx into the intestine with resultant tissue damage. Blocking inflammation by inhibiting activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells reduces amebic damage to the intestine. Thus, parasite- enterocyte interactions play a key role in triggering the host inflammatory response, and inflammation plays a significant role in the tissue damage seen early in amebic infection. These findings contrast with those from our studies of amebic liver abscess using our murine model of disease. We found that there is limited inflammation in amebic infection of liver, and that neutrophils play a protective role in limiting abscess size. Strikingly, within amebic liver abscesses, hepatocytes are dying by apoptosis, with E. histolytica inducing programmed cell death by a Fas ligand- and TNF alpha receptor-independent pathway. The goal of this proposal is to dissect, at the molecular level, how E. histolytica induces host cell responses of inflammation or apoptosis, and to determine whether inhibiting those host responses, by targeting molecules in either the parasite or host, represents a viable approach to blocking disease. Our development of the SCID-HU-INT and murine amebic liver abscess models, and our ability to utilize transfection approaches for specifically inhibiting or augmenting expression of targeted amebic genes, makes these in vivo studies feasible for the first time. We will extend our analysis of the host response to amebic infection by identifying host genes whose expression is altered in response to E. histolytica infection of intestine or liver by screening human or murine cDNA microarrays. These studies will enable us to understand how ameba damage host tissue in vivo, and should provide new paradigms for the interactions between intestinal protozoans and their human hosts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULES OF ACTIVATED MICROGLIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Carson, Monica J.; Assistant Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (From the applicant's abstract): Microglia have been implicated as key players in the inflammatory responses to many degenerative brain pathologies, including AIDS dementia, trauma, abscess, focal eschemia, EAE, MS and Alzheimer's disease. The information presently available about microglia is incomplete. Our hypothesis is that microglia may arise from the differentiation of stem cells that also give rise to other myeloid cells. However, the roles played by differentiated microglia in vivo are different from macrophages and are determined in major part by the proteins that are expressed after their differentiation. One of the major obstacles to defining microglial function in vivo during pathological events is the lack of reagents that definitively distinguish microglia from macrophages. We propose to identify novel and known microglial proteins that distinguish microglia from macrophages and/or that are induced by CNS inflammation. We will compare the patterns of expression of these mRNAs in both in vitro models in which microglial function is well-defined and in vivo models of inflammation with acute, chronic and relapsing phenotypes. Cumulatively, these studies will (1) allow us to recognize ensembles of proteins that are active in different neuropathologies, (2) define microglial in terms of unique patterns of gene expression that include not only expression of novel molecules, but a cell type specific regulation of these molecules, and (3) because this definition is molecularly based, these

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studies will generate a set of readily portable reagents for others studying microglial function in vivo and in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MUCOSAL ADJUVANT FOR ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilkins, Tracy D.; President; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ORAL IMMUNIZATION WITH EDIBLE PLANTS EXPRESSING ADHERENCE-BLOCKING VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mann, Barbara J.; Associate Professor; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF BRAIN ABSCESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kielian, Tammy L.; Assistant Professor; Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brain abscesses represent an important medical problem despite recent advances made in detection and therapy. Because of the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains and the ubiquitous nature of bacteria, these CNS infections are likely to persist. The size of a developing abscess normally extends well beyond the original site of infection leading to damage of surrounding normal brain parenchyma. This finding suggests that the CNS antibacterial response is not down regulated in an efficient manner, resulting in chronic inflammation and large abscess lesions. They propose that a balance exists between sufficient and overcompensatory responses to S. aureus in the CNS, which dictates the outcome of brain abscess development; therefore, therapies aimed at attenuating chronic CNS inflammation subsequent to effective bacterial neutralization may result in smaller abscesses and subsequent improvements in cognitive and neurological functions. The objective of the proposed work is to examine the influences of minocycline and PPARgamma agonists on the pathogenesis of brain abscess development. Recently, these compounds have been found to exhibit neuroprotective effects in several models of CNS disease; however, their roles in regulating CNS infectious disease has not yet been examined. To address this objective, the following Specific Aims will be addressed: (I) to evaluate the dose- and time-dependent effects of PPAR-gamma agonists and minocycline on S. aureus-induced brain abscess development; (II) to investigate the effects of PPAR-gamma agonists and minocycline on cell migration and neuronal cell death induced by S. aureus-stimulated microglia; and (III) to examine the mechanism(s) responsible for impaired neutrophil infiltration into brain abscesses of CXCR2 KO mice and the potential effects of PPAR-gamma agonists and minocycline in the CNS compartment. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, the bacteriostatic activity of minocycline may augment its effects on brain abscess development. The potential

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multifactorial effects of these compounds suggest that they may be more efficacious compared to traditional therapies developed to counteract a single pathway in CNS diseases. These experiments should provide meaningful insights into how minocycline and PPAR-gamma agonists influence brain abscess development and will reveal whether their ability to modulate non-infectious CNS conditions extends to infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF ANAEROBES IN SEPSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kasper, Dennis L.; Associate Director; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Abscess formation is a classic host response to bacteria during sepsis. Certain bacterial species, particularly Bacteroides fragilis and Staphylococcus aureus are predisposed to induce abscesses. The essential bacterial virulence factor required for abscess induction by these two pathogens is a capsular polysaccharide with a zwitterionic charge motif. Zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPS) induce the host to form abscesses by their ability to activate T cells initiating a proinflammatory Th1 cytokine response. In contrast to the immunologic paradigm defining polysaccharides as T cell independent antigens, ZPS activate T cells in vitro as well as in vivo when incubated with antigen presenting cells (APC). There is currently no immunologic model that describes how purified polysaccharides can activate T cells. ZPS are internalized and can be detected in lysates of intracellular vesicles from the APC. Blocking of endosomal acidification results in the failure of ZPS to activate T cells. ZPS recovered from endosomal vesicles has a substantially reduced molecular size, indicating processing. We have demonstrated that MHC class II DR appears to be the molecule used by the APC to present ZPS to the T cell and that TCR alpha beta( is required for T cell activation. We hypothesize that ZPS are internalized and cycle through the APC, and that this process is required for presentation of the ZPS to the T cell. We intend to define a novel immunologic paradigm that describes how an important class of biologic molecules (carbohydrates) is recognized by the cell-mediated immune system. This will be done by investigating the cellular pathway by which ZPS cycle through the APC and activate CD4+ T cells. We have defined four specific aims: 1) Determine how ZPS are altered within the endocytic pathway and define the molecular requirements for ZPS-mediated T-cell activation; 2) Investigate the vesicular trafficking and intracellular interactions of ZPSs in the endocytic pathway; 3) Characterize the binding interactions of the MHC class II DR molecule with ZPS; 4) Determine whether T-cell activation results from "processed antigen" presentation or superantigen presentation and whether the processing of ZPS uses the same pathway as protein processing. The delineation of a mechanism for carbohydrate processing and presentation has broad relevance to the fields of microbiology and immunology and could lead to new concepts for enhancing T cell recognition of other polysaccharides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: QUINOLONE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hooper, David C.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Quinolone Resistance Mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus. Quinolone antimicrobials act on two topoisomerases and are used widely in human infections. Their use for common S. aureus infections has been limited by emerging resistance. Resistance mechanisms include altered topoisomerases and increased expression of multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps. Defining these mechanisms is key to strategies to avoid resistance. Long-term objectives of the project are to use quinolones and resistant mutants as a model system to study the control and function of topoisomerases and efflux pumps found in many bacteria. Specific aims are (1) to define the roles of novel mutations in topoisomerase IV in effecting resistance and altering enzyme function. Mutant enzymes will be purified and studied for their catalytic functions and binding of DNA and quinolones as well as formation of quinolone-induced DNA cleavage. Aim (2) is to identify the sites of quinolone interaction with complexes of topoisomerase IV, DNA, and quinolone using x-ray crystallography of wildtype and mutant enzymes complexed with DNA and drug. Aim (3) is to identify the mechanism by which the NorR protein regulates expression of the Nora efflux pump and possibly other related pumps using DNA footprinting with norA promoter DNA and purified NorR. We will also perform transcriptional profiling of the expression of genes encoding efflux pumps with DNA microarrays hybridized with RNA prepared from strains with mutations in norR and arlS, both of which affect norA expression. Aim (4) is to identify additional factors regulating norA expression by purification of a 28-kd protein that in addition to NorR binds upstream of norA, identification of the gene encoding, and generating mutants in this gene. Aim (5) is to identify the complement of multidrug resistance pumps and analyze their expression in an abscess model. This work will be done by analysis of genes related to those of known MDR pumps and their regulators and selected cloning and overexpression of these genes in S. aureus. Overall patterns of expression of the genes will be compared by transcriptional profiling in DNA microarrays using RNA prepared from bacteria surviving in a subcutaneous abscess in rats and RNA from bacteria grown in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RAB GTPASES OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Temesvari, Lesly A.; Biological Sciences; Clemson University 300 Brackett Hall Clemson, Sc 296345702 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: The enteric protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, infects 10 percent of the world's population, leading to 50 million cases of invasive amebiasis and 100,000 deaths annually. Vaccines or chemoprophylactic agents, which can protect residents of endemic areas or travelers, are not available. Infection is acquired by ingestion of the cyst form, followed by excystation of amoeboid trophozoites, which migrate to and colonize the bowel lumen. The endosomal and lysosomal (endo-lysosomal (EL)) system of Entamoeba appears to play a role in its pathogenesis as (I) uptake and digestion of nutrients, (ii) invasion of the intestinal epithelium, and (iii) dissemination and establishment of extra-intestinal infections, including liver abscess, rely on endocytosis and the action of hydrolytic enzymes and pore-forming proteins secreted from the pathogen. Despite its importance, little is known about the molecular factors goveming the Entamoeba EL system, including associated proteins which may regulate EL functions. Such proteins may be candidates for vaccine development. Three genes have been isolated from an E. histo!ytica cDNA library encoding a protein (EhRabl 1) that is 56 percent identical in amino acid sequence to human Rabi 1, a protein (EhRab7) that is 56 percent identical in amino acid sequence to human Rab7, and a protein that is a novel

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member (EhRabA) of the Rab family of GlPases; Rab GTPases are known to regulate vesicular trafficking. EhRabl 1 is enriched in magnetically purified early endosomes of Entamoeba and EhRabA and EhRab7are enriched in magnetically purified early and late endosomes of Enfamoeba. The subcellular localization of these Rab GTPases suggests that they play a role in EL function of E. histolytica. To test this hypothesis, the following aims are proposed. In Specific Aim I the subcetlular location of the EhRabs will be refined using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy of Entamoeba trophozoites. In Specific Aim 2 the role of the EhRabs in EL function and pathogenicity will be addressed. Genetically engineered Entamoeba cell lines overexpressing dominant inhibitory and constitutively active versions of the EhRabs will be generated. In addition, Entamoeba cell lines expressing anisense transcripts of the EhRabs (to reduce the cellular levels of the EhRab) will be generated. EL processes will be examined in these strains, including pinocytosis of fluid phase and phagocytosis of large particles, maintenance of intra-endosomal pH, and secretion of hydrolases. In addiion, the virulence of these genetically altered strains will be assessed by measuring their ability to (i) carry out contact-mediated cell lysis of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, (ii) release pore-forming peptides responsible for the disintegration of host cell membranes (iii) correctly localize an important adherence molecule to the cell surface and, (iv) establish liver abscess in the SCID mouse model. To gain further insight into how EhRabs function, in Specific Aim 3, Entamoeba proteins that interact with the EhRabs will be identified by yeast two-hybrid screening and affinity chromatography. These studies represent the first examination of the role of Rab GiPases of Entamoeba in EL function and pathogenicity and will significantly advance the field by contributing to the understanding of how vesicles and proteins are trafficked in this pathogen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS IN BACTERIAL KERATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearlman, Eric; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bacterial keratitis is a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment in the developing and industrialized world. Trauma, ocular surface disorders, inappropriate contact lens wear and suture abscess post corneal surgery are among the causative factors that lead to breakdown of corneal defense mechanisms and facilitate access of bacteria and bacterial products into the deeper epithelial and stromal layers. Bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and unmethylated bacterial DNA (CpG DNA) then activate specific Toll-like receptors (TLR) on resident corneal cells. TLRs initiate a cascade of intracellular signaling events resulting in NFkB translocation into the nucleus, and transcription of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines. LPS from most Gram negative bacteria activate TLR4, PGN from gram positive bacterial activate TLR2, and CpG DNA activates TLR9. Activation of specific TLRs induces distinct patterns of cytokine production, despite many shared characteristics of TLR signaling. Experiments outlined in this proposal will utilize TLR and MyD88 deficient mice to identify shared and distinct effects of LPS, PGN and CpG DNA on on cytokine and chemokine production by resident corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes, on expression of vascular cell adhesion molecules on limbal vessels and on infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages. Proposed experiments will utilize bone marrow chimeras to delineate the role of TLRs on infiltrating cells from that of resident corneal cells in mediating bacterial keratitis, which will be measured quantitatively by in vivo scanning confocal microscopy. We anticipate that results of these studies will

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elucidate how signals from TLRs and cytokines integrate in regulating the development and severity of bacterial keratitis, and will lead to the rational design of novel therapeutic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VIDEOSCOPIC COLLECTIONS

DRAINAGE

OF

INFECTED

PANCREATIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Horvath, Karen D.; Surgery; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): External drainage and antibiotics are the fundamental principles of treatment for infected pancreatic fluid collections following necrotizing pancreatitis. Without proper therapy, nearly all patients will die. Open surgical necrosectomy, or the process of removing necrotic tissue, is currently the standard of care. While highly effective, the large abdominal incision is associated with significant morbidity. Percutaneous catheter drainage is another type of external drainage with variable success rates. Although minimally invasive, the necrosectum often contains particulate debris, 10-30mm in size, which are poorly drained via the 410mm catheters. When percutaneous drainage fails, all patients crossover to open surgical necrosectomy. Preliminary data suggest that videoscopic-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) is a promising new method that combines the benefits of open surgical necrosectomy and percutaneous catheter drainage. Debridement occurs under direct vision through a small flank incision with videoscopic assistance. This project is a multicenter, single-arm, Phase II safety and efficacy study of patients undergoing VARD of infected pancreatic fluid collections. Patients enrolled will be limited to hemodynamically stable patients with documented infected pancreatic necrosis or pancreatic abscess as defined by the Atlanta Symposium. Patients will be strictly classified based on: CT classification, time from onset of pancreatitis to external drainage, and patient disease severity. Five major teaching hospitals will enroll 40 patients over 18 months. All patients will be followed for 6 months from the onset of pancreatitis. Safety issues will be monitored by an External Review Board. The hypothesis is: In patients with infected pancreatic fluid collections following acute pancreatitis, VARD provides a safe and efficacious procedure for draining infected pancreatic fluid collections adequately without need for crossover to open surgical necrosectomy. The specific aims are to assess: 1) safety and efficacy of VARD of infected pancreatic fluid collections; and 2) the clinical and functional outcomes of patients treated with VARD. The long-term goal is to use data obtained from this study as the basis for a multicenter, Phase III, randomized study comparing the VARD to the current standard of care, open surgical necrosectomy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

3

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for abscess in the PubMed Central database: •

A Member of the Delta Subgroup of Proteobacteria from a Pyogenic Liver Abscess Is a Typical Sulfate Reducer of the Genus Desulfovibrio. by Schoenborn L, Abdollahi H, Tee W, Dyall-Smith M, Janssen PH.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87822

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A Murine Model of Renal Abscess Formation. by Mussalli GM, Brunnert SR, Hirsch E.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95700

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A note on clinical presentations of amebic liver abscess: an overview from 62 Thai patients. by Wiwanitkit V.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122079

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A Pilot with Pain in His Leg: Thigh Abscess Caused by Salmonella enterica Serotype Brandenburg. by Bjorkman P, Nilsson A, Riesbeck K.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130755

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Abscess and empyema caused by Legionella micdadei. by Halberstam M, Isenberg HD, Hilton E.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265090

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Abscess associated with Rothia dentocariosa. by Lutwick LI, Rockhill RC.; 1978 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275304

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Abscess caused by vancomycin-resistant Lactobacillus confusus. by Bantar CE, Relloso S, Castell FR, Smayevsky J, Bianchini HM.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270262

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ABSCESS-FORMING FACTOR(S) PRODUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS II. Abscess Formation and Immunity by a Staphylococcus and Its Mutants. by Lam GT, Sweeney FJ Jr, Witmer CM, Wise RI.; 1963 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=278378

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Acrophialophora fusispora Brain Abscess in a Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Review of Cases and Taxonomy. by Al-Mohsen IZ, Sutton DA, Sigler L, Almodovar E, Mahgoub N, Frayha H, Al-Hajjar S, Rinaldi MG, Walsh TJ.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87638

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Activities of the Oxazolidinones Linezolid and Eperezolid in Experimental IntraAbdominal Abscess Due to Enterococcus faecalis or Vancomycin-Resistant

4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Enterococcus faecium. by Schulin T, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Moellering RC Jr, Eliopoulos GM.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89579 •

Activity of fleroxacin alone and in combination with clindamycin or metronidazole in experimental intra-abdominal abscesses. by Pefanis A, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Holden J, Eliopoulos GM, Ferraro MJ, Moellering RC Jr.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284436

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Aerotolerant Clostridium tertium brain abscess following a lawn dart injury. by Lew JF, Wiedermann BL, Sneed J, Campos J, McCullough D.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268120

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Analysis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and PCR of Human Liver Abscess Aspirates from Patients in China for Entamoeba histolytica. by Zengzhu G, Bracha R, Nuchamowitz Y, Cheng-I W, Mirelman D.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85447

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Animal model for anaerobic lung abscess. by Kannangara DW, Thadepalli H, Bach VT, Webb D.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351350

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Antisense Inhibition of Expression of Cysteine Proteinases Affects Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Formation of Liver Abscess in Hamsters. by Ankri S, Stolarsky T, Bracha R, Padilla-Vaca F, Mirelman D.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96327

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Arm abscesses caused by Clostridium botulinum. by Elston HR, Wang M, Loo LK.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270406

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Bacteremia and subcutaneous abscess caused by Proteus penneri in a neutropenic host. by Engler HD, Troy K, Bottone EJ.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268005

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Bacterial Pathogens Induce Abscess Formation by CD4 + T-Cell Activation via the CD28 --B7-2 Costimulatory Pathway. by Tzianabos AO, Chandraker A, Kalka-Moll W, Stingele F, Dong VM, Finberg RW, Peach R, Sayegh MH.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97762

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Bacteriology of dental abscesses of endodontic origin. by Williams BL, McCann GF, Schoenknecht FD.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270903

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Bacteroides endodontalis and other black-pigmented Bacteroides species in odontogenic abscesses. by van Winkelhoff AJ, Carlee AW, de Graaff J.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261188

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Bartholin's gland abscess caused by Neisseria sicca. by Berger SA, Gorea A, Peyser MR, Edberg SC.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266668

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beta-Lactamase-mediated inactivation and efficacy of cefazolin and cefmetazole in Staphylococcus aureus abscesses. by Fields MT, Herndon BL, Bamberger DM.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187639

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Beta-lactams versus glycopeptides in treatment of subcutaneous abscesses infected with Staphylococcus aureus. by Wood CA, Wisniewski RM.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188144

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Bilateral abscessed orchiepididymitis associated with sepsis caused by Veillonella parvula and Clostridium perfringens: case report and review of the literature. by Arrosagaray PM, Salas C, Morales M, Correas M, Barros JM, Cordon ML.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269280

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Bilophila wadsworthia bacteremia in two patients with hepatic abscesses. by Kasten MJ, Rosenblatt JE, Gustafson DR.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265535

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Blockade of Caspases Inhibits Amebic Liver Abscess Formation in a Mouse Model of Disease. by Yan L, Stanley SL Jr.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98890

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Brain abscess caused by Schizophyllum commune: an emerging basidiomycete pathogen. by Rihs JD, Padhye AA, Good CB.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229083

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Brain abscess due to Bacillus macerans following a penetrating periorbital injury. by Bert F, Ouahes O, Lambert-Zechovsky N.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228310

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Brain abscess due to Streptococcus MG-intermedius (Streptococcus milleri). by Melo JC, Raff MJ.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275058

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Breast Abscess Associated with Helcococcus kunzii. by Chagla AH, Borczyk AA, Facklam RR, Lovgren M.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105056

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Campylobacter upsaliensis isolated from a breast abscess. by Gaudreau C, Lamothe F.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265286

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Case report of spinal epidural abscess caused by Haemophilus paraphrophilus. by Scerpella EG, Wu S, Oefinger PE.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263079

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Cat Scratch Disease Presenting as Orbital Abscess and Osteomyelitis. by Mirakhur B, Shah SS, Ratner AJ, Goldstein SM, Bell LM, Kim JO.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=179855

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Cerebral abscess caused by Klebsiella ozaenae. by Strampfer MJ, Schoch PE, Cunha BA.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269269

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Characterization of a bactericidal lipid developing within staphylococcal abscesses. by Dye ES, Kapral FA.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350593

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Citrobacter koseri Brain Abscess in the Neonatal Rat: Survival and Replication within Human and Rat Macrophages. by Townsend SM, Pollack HA, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Shimada H, Badger JL.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201054

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Citrobacter sedlakii meningitis and brain abscess in a premature infant. by Dyer J, Hayani KC, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230040

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Comparison in a rat thigh abscess model of imipenem, meropenem and cefoperazonesulbactam against Acinetobacter baumannii strains in terms of bactericidal efficacy and resistance selection. by Fetiye K, Karadenizli A, Okay E, Oz S, Budak F, Gundes S, Vahaboglu H.; 2004; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=328090

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Comparison of Efficacies of Oral Levofloxacin and Oral Ciprofloxacin in a Rabbit Model of a Staphylococcal Abscess. by Fernandez J, Barrett JF, Licata L, Amaratunga D, Frosco M.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89178

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Comparison of two transport systems for recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from abscesses. by Brook I.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269394

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Diagnosis of Amebic Liver Abscess and Intestinal Infection with the TechLab Entamoeba histolytica II Antigen Detection and Antibody Tests. by Haque R, Mollah NU, Ali IK, Alam K, Eubanks A, Lyerly D, Petri WA Jr.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87365

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Dialister pneumosintes Associated with Human Brain Abscesses. by Rousee JM, Bermond D, Piemont Y, Tournoud C, Heller R, Kehrli P, Harlay ML, Monteil H, Jaulhac B.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130909

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Diminished Virulence of an Alpha-Toxin Mutant of Staphylococcus aureus in Experimental Brain Abscesses. by Kielian T, Cheung A, Hickey WF.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100070

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Early clinical course and long-term outcome of patients with infective endocarditis complicated by perivalvular abscess. by Chan KL.; 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116635

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Effect of a Single Percutaneous Abscess Drainage Puncture and Imipenem Therapy, Alone or in Combination, in Treatment of Mixed-Infection Abscesses in Mice. by Stearne LE, Buijk SL, Mouton JW, Gyssens IC.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132761

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Effect of splenectomy on the size of amoebic liver abscesses and metastatic foci in hamsters. by Ghadirian E, Meerovitch E.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351346

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Effects of Neutrophils on Cefazolin Activity and Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Staphylococcus aureus Abscesses. by Bamberger DM, Herndon BL, Fitch J, Florkowski A, Parkhurst V.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127421

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Efficacies of ofloxacin, rifampin, and clindamycin in treatment of Staphylococcus aureus abscesses and correlation with results of an in vitro assay of intracellular bacterial killing. by Bamberger DM, Herndon BL, Dew M, Chern RP, Mitchell H, Summers LE, Marcus RF, Kim SC, Suvarna PR.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163877

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Efficacies of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime in rats with experimental intraabdominal abscesses due to an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. by Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Tripodi MF, Moellering RC Jr, Eliopoulos GM.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163849

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Efficacies of various antimicrobial agents in treatment of Staphylococcus aureus abscesses and correlation with in vitro tests of antimicrobial activity and neutrophil killing. by Bamberger DM, Fields MT, Herndon BL.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245381

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Efficacy of ampicillin-sulbactam versus that of cefoxitin for treatment of Escherichia coli infections in a rat intra-abdominal abscess model. by Rice LB, Carias LL, Shlaes DM.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187716

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Efficacy of Different [beta]-Lactams against an Extended-Spectrum [beta]-LactamaseProducing Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain in the Rat Intra-Abdominal Abscess Model. by Rice LB, Yao JD, Klimm K, Eliopoulos GM, Moellering RC Jr.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284322

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Enhanced Susceptibility to Subcutaneous Abscess Formation and Persistent Infection around Catheters Is Associated with Sustained Interleukin-1[beta] Levels. by Boelens JJ, Zaat SA, Murk JL, Weening JJ, van der Poll T, Dankert J.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97331

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Entamoeba histolytica Induces Host Cell Death in Amebic Liver Abscess by a NonFas-Dependent, Non-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Dependent Pathway of Apoptosis. by Seydel KB, Stanley SL Jr.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108298

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Escherichia coli Hemoglobin Protease Autotransporter Contributes to Synergistic Abscess Formation and Heme-Dependent Growth of Bacteroides fragilis. by Otto BR, van Dooren SJ, Dozois CM, Luirink J, Oudega B.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127594

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Evidence for T Cell-dependent Immunity to Bacteroides fragilis in an Intraabdominal Abscess Model. by Onderdonk AB, Markham RB, Zaleznik DF, Cisneros RL, Kasper DL.; 1982 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=371162

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Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin Compared to Cefazolin for Treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae-Caused Liver Abscess. by Cheng HP, Siu LK, Chang FY.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161845

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Failure of single doses of cefazolin and cefamandole to penetrate experimental chronic Escherichia coli abdominal abscesses. by Gerding DN, Kozak AJ, Peterson LR, Hall WH.; 1980 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283922

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Fate of Entamoeba histolytica during Establishment of Amoebic Liver Abscess Analyzed by Quantitative Radioimaging and Histology. by Rigothier MC, Khun H, Tavares P, Cardona A, Huerre M, Guillen N.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128000

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Fistulotomy and drainage of deep postanal space abscess in the treatment of posterior horseshoe fistula. by Inceoglu R, Gencosmanoglu R.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=317325

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Functional activity of individual abscess neutrophils from mice. by Kenny PA, Spencer LK, McDonald PJ, Finlay-Jones JJ.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313768

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Functional chemotactic factor CP-10 and MRP-14 are abundant in murine abscesses. by Kocher M, Kenny PA, Farram E, Abdul Majid KB, Finlay-Jones JJ, Geczy C L.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173924

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Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia from pulmonary abscess in a male alcohol abuser. by Legrand JC, Alewaeters A, Leenaerts L, Gilbert P, Labbe M, Glupczynski Y.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267503

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Gluteal abscess caused by Phialophora hoffmannii and review of the role of this organism in human mycoses. by Rinaldi MG, McCoy EL, Winn DF.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272316

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Haemophilus parainfluenzae Liver Abscess after Successful Liver Transplantation. by Friedl J, Stift A, Berlakovich GA, Taucher S, Gnant M, Steininger R, Muhlbacher F.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104634

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Histopathological Studies on Virulence of Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase IV (DPPIV) of Porphyromonas gingivalis in a Mouse Abscess Model: Use of a DPPIV-Deficient Mutant. by Yagishita H, Kumagai Y, Konishi K, Takahashi Y, Aoba T, Yoshikawa M.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100111

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Identification of a Major Cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Patients with Liver Abscess in Taiwan. by Lau YJ, Hu BS, Wu WL, Lin YH, Chang HY, Shi ZY.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88736

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Identification of a Unique Helicobacter Species by 16S rRNA Gene Analysis in an Abdominal Abscess from a Patient with X-Linked Hypogammaglobulinemia. by Han SR, Schindel C, Genitsariotis R, Marker-Hermann E, Bhakdi S, Maeurer MJ.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87015

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Immune response to Bacteroides ureolyticus in a patient with brain abscess. by Lalitha MK, Mathai KV, Koshi G.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270819

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In Vitro Activity of Moxifloxacin against Bacteria Isolated from Odontogenic Abscesses. by Sobottka I, Cachovan G, Sturenburg E, Ahlers MO, Laufs R, Platzer U, Mack D.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132736

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In vitro model of intestinal crypt abscess. A novel neutrophil-derived secretagogue activity. by Nash S, Parkos C, Nusrat A, Delp C, Madara JL.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=295203

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In vivo efficacy of trovafloxacin (CP-99,217), a new quinolone, in experimental intraabdominal abscesses caused by Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli. by Thadepalli H, Reddy U, Chuah SK, Thadepalli F, Malilay C, Polzer RJ, Hanna N, Esfandiari A, Brown P, Gollapudi S.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163755

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In Vivo Efficacy of Trovafloxacin against Bacteroides fragilis in Mixed Infection with either Escherichia coli or a Vancomycin-Resistant Strain of Enterococcus faecium in an Established-Abscess Murine Model. by Stearne LE, Gyssens IC, Goessens WH, Mouton JW, Oyen WJ, van der Meer JW, Verbrugh HA.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90479

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Infected Aortic Aneurysm after Intraabdominal Abscess. by Rogers AJ, Rowlands BJ, Flynn TC.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=324723

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Infection of a brain abscess of Mycoplasma hominis. by Payan DG, Seigal N, Madoff S.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273990

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Infective endocarditis and perivalvular abscess: a dangerous duo. by Shafran SD.; 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116638

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Infectivity of organisms recovered from polymicrobial abscesses. by Brook I, Walker RI.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264396

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Influence of daptomycin on staphylococcal abscesses and experimental tobramycin nephrotoxicity. by Wood CA, Finkbeiner HC, Kohlhepp SJ, Kohnen PW, Gilbert DN.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172640

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Influence of the collection and transport of specimens on the recovery of bacteria from peritonsillar abscesses. by Hallander HO, Flodstrom A, Holmberg K.; 1975 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275211

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Inguinal abscess caused by Rhizopus rhizopodiformis: successful treatment with surgery and amphotericin B. by West BC, Kwon-Chung KJ, King JW, Grafton WD, Rohr MS.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272913

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Innate Immunity to Amebic Liver Abscess Is Dependent on Gamma Interferon and Nitric Oxide in a Murine Model of Disease. by Seydel KB, Smith SJ, Stanley SL Jr.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97149

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Intermedilysin, a novel cytotoxin specific for human cells secreted by Streptococcus intermedius UNS46 isolated from a human liver abscess. by Nagamune H, Ohnishi C, Katsuura A, Fushitani K, Whiley RA, Tsuji A, Matsuda Y.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174193

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Intestinal Antilectin Immunoglobulin A Antibody Response and Immunity to Entamoeba dispar Infection following Cure of Amebic Liver Abscess. by Ravdin JI, Abd-Alla MD, Welles SL, Reddy S, Jackson TF.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=308927

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Isolation of Abiotrophia adiacens from a Brain Abscess Which Developed in a Patient after Neurosurgery. by Biermann C, Fries G, Jehnichen P, Bhakdi S, Husmann M.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84549

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Isolation of Legionella pneumophila by Centrifugation of Shell Vial Cell Cultures from Multiple Liver and Lung Abscesses. by La Scola B, Michel G, Raoult D.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84555

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Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from a brain abscess. by Zheng X, Olson DA, Tully JG, Watson HL, Cassell GH, Gustafson DR, Svien KA, Smith TF.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229719

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Isolation of Porphyromonas gingivalis strain from tubal-ovarian abscess. by Hirata R Jr, Menard C, Fournier D, Catellani MA, Mouton C, Ferreira MC.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228302

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Large Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from brain abscess. by Love GL, Boyd GD, Greer DL.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271885

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Liver abscess caused by Clostridium bifermentans following blunt abdominal trauma. by Nachman S, Kaul A, Li KI, Slim MS, San Filippo JA, Van Horn K.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267505

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Liver Abscess Caused by Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus. by Douglas GW, Buck LL, Rosen C.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273015

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Liver Abscess Caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Siblings. by Chiu CH, Su LH, Wu TL, Hung IJ.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88144

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Liver abscess secondary to a broken needle migration- A case report. by Chintamani, Singhal V, Lubhana P, Durkhere R, Bhandari S.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=239862

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Mediastinal abscess with Capnocytophaga spp. in a competent host. by Mosher CB, Corp R.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268858

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Microascus cinereus (Anamorph Scopulariopsis) Brain Abscess in a Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient. by Baddley JW, Moser SA, Sutton DA, Pappas PG.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88731

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Model of intraabdominal abscess in mice. by McConville JH, Snyder MJ, Calia FM, Hornick RB.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351812

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Molecular analysis of microflora associated with dentoalveolar abscesses. by Dymock D, Weightman AJ, Scully C, Wade WG.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228842

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Molecular Characterization of a Strain of Group A Streptococcus Isolated from a Patient with a Psoas Abscess. by Lau SK, Woo PC, Yim TC, To AP, Yuen KY.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=254351

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Neutrophil activity in abscess-bearing mice: comparative studies with neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood, elicited peritoneal exudates, and abscesses. by Hart PH, Spencer LK, Nulsen MF, McDonald PJ, Finlay-Jones JJ.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260989

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Neutrophils play a critical role in early resistance to amebic liver abscesses in severe combined immunodeficient mice. by Seydel KB, Zhang T, Stanley SL Jr.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175565

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Nutritionally variant Streptococcus pyogenes from a periorbital abscess. by Kocka FE, Chittom AL, Sanders L, Hernandez L, Soriano E, Jacobs N, Carey RB.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266072

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Oral immunization with an attenuated vaccine strain of Salmonella typhimurium expressing the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein induces an antiamebic immune response and protects gerbils from amebic liver abscess. by Zhang T, Stanley SL Jr.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173957

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Pancreatic abscess associated with Achromobacter group Vd biovar 1. by Appelbaum PC, Campbell DB.; 1980 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273567

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Penetration of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime into brain abscesses in humans. by Sjolin J, Eriksson N, Arneborn P, Cars O.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245439

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Periodontal Bacteria in Rabbit Mandibular and Maxillary Abscesses. by Tyrrell KL, Citron DM, Jenkins JR, Goldstein EJ.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120222

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Perirectal abscess, colic, and dyschezia in a horse. by Torkelson J.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=339178

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Peritonsillar abscess caused by Nocardia asteroides. by Adair JC, Amber IJ, Johnston JM.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269445

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Polysaccharide-mediated protection against abscess formation in experimental intraabdominal sepsis. by Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL, Cisneros RL, Smith RS, Onderdonk AB.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185980

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Predominant microflora associated with human dental periapical abscesses. by Oguntebi B, Slee AM, Tanzer JM, Langeland K.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272224

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Primary Isolation Of Mycobacterium chelonei Subspecies abscessus from Pus Inoculated into Peptone Broth. by Crowley J, Liu PI, Glassman AB.; 1974 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186860

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Probable new species of Desulfovibrio isolated from a pyogenic liver abscess. by Tee W, Dyall-Smith M, Woods W, Eisen D.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229109

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with a recombinant Entamoeba histolytica antigen. by Zhang T, Cieslak PR, Stanley SL Jr.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186248

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with a recombinant protein derived from the 170-kilodalton surface adhesin of Entamoeba histolytica. by Zhang T, Stanley SL Jr.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186551

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with recombinant Entamoeba histolytica 29-kilodalton antigen. by Soong CJ, Torian BE, Abd-Alla MD, Jackson TF, Gatharim V, Ravdin JI.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173019

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Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with the galactosespecific adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. by Petri WA Jr, Ravdin JI.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257710

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Protection of Gerbils from Amebic Liver Abscess by Vaccination with a 25-mer Peptide Derived from the Cysteine-Rich Region of Entamoeba histolytica GalactoseSpecific Adherence Lectin. by Lotter H, Khajawa F, Stanley SL Jr, Tannich E.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98337

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Quantitative analysis of the microflora of a bovine liver abscess. by Calkins HE, Dewey ML.; 1968 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252487

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Recurrent breast abscesses caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. by Berger SA, Gorea A, Stadler J, Dan M, Zilberman M.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271557

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Recurrent intraabdominal abscess caused by Salmonella paratyphi C. by Freidin N, Merzbach D, Kleinhaus U, Eidelman S.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271638

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Recurrent Soft Tissue Abscesses Caused by Legionella cincinnatiensis. by Gubler JG, Schorr M, Gaia V, Zbinden R, Altwegg M.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88590

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Ribotyping to compare Fusobacterium necrophorum isolates from bovine liver abscesses, ruminal walls, and ruminal contents. by Narayanan S, Nagaraja TG, Okwumabua O, Staats J, Chengappa MM, Oberst RD.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168789

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Ribotyping to differentiate Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum and F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme isolated from bovine ruminal contents and liver abscesses. by Okwumabua O, Tan Z, Staats J, Oberst RD, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167815

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Role of the Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase in amebic liver abscess formation in severe combined immunodeficient mice. by Stanley SL Jr, Zhang T, Rubin D, Li E.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173193

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Semiquantitative culture results and pathogenic significance of obligate anaerobes in peritonsillar abscesses. by Jokipii AM, Jokipii L, Sipila P, Jokinen K.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266495

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Serratia fonticola isolated from a leg abscess. by Bollet C, Gainnier M, Sainty JM, Orhesser P, De Micco P.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269884

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Severe progressive subcutaneous abscesses and necrotizing tenosynovitis caused by Rhodococcus aurantiacus. by Tsukamura M, Hikosaka K, Nishimura K, Hara S.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266252

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Shell Vial Culture as a Tool for Isolation of Brucella melitensis in Chronic Hepatic Abscess. by Rovery C, Rolain JM, Raoult D, Brouqui P.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193838

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Shewanella putrefaciens abscess of the lower extremity. by Yohe S, Fishbain JT, Andrews M.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=230190

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Skin abscess caused by Candida albicans: unusual presentation of C. albicans disease. by Feldman WE, Hedaya E, O'Brien M.; 1980 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273517

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Solitary pancreatic tuberculous abscess mimicking pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma: a case report. by Liu Q, He Z, Bie P.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140039

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Specific circulating immune complexes in amoebic liver abscess. by Vinayak VK, Purnima, Singh K, Venkatwswarlu K, Nain CK, Mehta SK.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268799

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Splenic abscess caused by Shigella flexneri and Bacteroides fragilis. by Drow DL, Mercer L, Peacock JB.; 1984 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270984

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Structural basis of the abscess-modulating polysaccharide A2 from Bacteroides fragilis. by Wang Y, Kalka-Moll WM, Roehrl MH, Kasper DL.; 2000 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17600

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Structural characteristics of polysaccharides that induce protection against intraabdominal abscess formation. by Tzianabos AO, Onderdonk AB, Zaleznik DF, Smith RS, Kasper DL.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303202

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Structural rationale for the modulation of abscess formation by Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. by Tzianabos AO, Wang JY, Lee JC.; 2001 Jul 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55426

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Structure-function relationships for polysaccharide-induced intra-abdominal abscesses. by Tzianabos AO, Onderdonk AB, Smith RS, Kasper DL.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303001

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Successful treatment of a pancreatic Nocardia asteroides abscess with amikacin and surgical drainage. by Meier B, Metzger U, Muller F, Siegenthaler W, Luthy R.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180381

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The aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of perirectal abscesses. by Brook I, Frazier EH.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230099

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The Staphylococcus aureus Alternative Sigma Factor [final sigma]B Controls the Environmental Stress Response but Not Starvation Survival or Pathogenicity in a Mouse Abscess Model. by Chan PF, Foster SJ, Ingham E, Clements MO.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107691

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Therapeutic evaluation of difloxacin (A-56619) and A-56620 for experimentally induced Bacteroides fragilis-associated intra-abdominal abscess. by Thadepalli H, Gollapudi SV, Chuah SK.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176483

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T-lymphocyte involvement in abscess formation in nonimmune mice. by Nulsen MF, Finlay-Jones JJ, McDonald PJ.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261051

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Treatment of Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Abscesses: Comparison of Cefazolin, Cephalothin, Cefoxitin, and Cefamandole. by Kaye D, Parsons JN, Carrizosa J, Kobasa WD.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352632

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Treatment of Intra-Abdominal Abscesses Caused by Candida albicans with Antifungal Agents and Recombinant Murine Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor.

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by Vonk AG, Netea MG, van Krieken JH, Verweij PE, van der Meer JW, Kullberg BJ.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=296214 •

Tuboovarian Abscess Caused by Atopobium vaginae following Transvaginal Oocyte Recovery. by Geissdorfer W, Bohmer C, Pelz K, Schoerner C, Frobenius W, Bogdan C.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156532

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Turicella Otitidis as an Unusual Agent Causing a Posterior Auricular Abscess. by Reynolds SJ, Behr M, McDonald J.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87998

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Unusual coiled gram-positive anaerobe isolated from a gutter wall abscess. by Pollock HM, Rintala L.; 1977 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274838

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Use of lymphokines in treatment of experimental intra-abdominal abscess caused by Bacteroides fragilis. by Gollapudi SV, Gupta A, Thadepalli H, Perez A.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259574

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Virulence of Wolinella recta in a murine abscess model. by Kesavalu L, Holt SC, Crawley RR, Borinski R, Ebersole JL.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258090

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with abscess, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for abscess (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A rare manifestation of perforated diverticulitis: parastomal subcutaneous abscess. Author(s): Peters JH, Bleichrodt RP, van Goor H. Source: Surgical Infections. 2003 Summer; 4(2): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12906724

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A relapsing liver abscess in a patient with unrecognised Crohn's disease. Author(s): Famularo G, Tesi A, Luzi C, Prantera C, Ialongo P. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2003 July; 35(7): 516. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870741

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A thyroid tubercular abscess and bilateral symmetrical hilar lymphadenopathy: a rare association. Author(s): Gupta R, Sircar M, Jaiswal A, Arora VK, Gupta K, Visalakshi P, Myneedu VP. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2004 April-June; 46(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072328

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Abdominal sacral colpopexy mesh erosion resulting in a sinus tract formation and sacral abscess. Author(s): Hart SR, Weiser EB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 May; 103(5 Pt 2): 1037-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15121599

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About a case of parotid gland abscess by Bacillus Licheniformis. Author(s): Longo F, Pavone E, Califano L. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2003 June; 56(4): 424-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873477

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Abscess formation after lip augmentation with silicone: case report. Author(s): Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Frege J, Reichart PA. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2004 March; 33(2): 198200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050078

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Abscess in adenomyosis mimicking a malignancy in a 54-year-old woman. Author(s): Erguvan R, Meydanli MM, Alkan A, Edali MN, Gokce H, Kafkasli A. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003; 11(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839634

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Abscess of the pharyngeal mucosal space--an unusual location. Author(s): Skoulakis CE, Papadakis CE, Bizakis JG, Nikolidakis AA, Manios AG, Helidonis ES. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 April; 32(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866600

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Actinomycosis abscess of the thyroid gland. Author(s): Cevera JJ, Butehorn HF 3rd, Shapiro J, Setzen G. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 December; 113(12): 2108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660911

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Acute otitis media and subdural abscess as primary manifestations of Kikuchi's disease. Author(s): Gross M, Maly B, Arevalo C, Eliashar R. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2004 March; 130(3): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054391

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Amebic liver abscess and liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Guevara-Gonzalez L, Mendez-Sanchez N. Source: Ann Hepatol. 2002 January-March; 1(1): 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15114296

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Amebic liver abscess, Mirizzi syndrome, and acute hepatic failure. Author(s): Severi C, Zippi M, Baccini F, Gentile G, Bezzi M, Fiocca F, Caprilli R. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2004 February; 49(2): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104375

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Amebic liver abscess. Author(s): Torre A, Kershenobich D. Source: Ann Hepatol. 2002 January-March; 1(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15114297

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Amoebic liver abscess. Author(s): Amarapurkar DN, Patel N, Amarapurkar AD. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2003 August; 39(2): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873831

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Ampicillin + sulbactam vs clindamycin +/- cephalosporin for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. Author(s): Allewelt M, Schuler P, Bolcskei PL, Mauch H, Lode H; Study Group on Aspiration Pneumonia. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 February; 10(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14759242

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An unusual cause of an epidural abscess. Author(s): van Hal SJ, Post JJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2004 January 5; 180(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709128

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Aortic root abscess complicated by fistulization and intracerebral hemorrhagic infarction. Author(s): Koch A, Cesnjevar R, Buheitel G, Singer H. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2003 November-December; 24(6): 576-80. Epub 2003 July 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881771

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Aspergillus flavus epidural abscess and osteomyelitis in a diabetic patient. Author(s): Chi CY, Fung CP, Liu CY. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003 June; 36(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886968

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Aspiration and alcohol sclerotherapy: a novel method for management of Bartholin's cyst or abscess. Author(s): Kafali H, Yurtseven S, Ozardali I. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2004 January 15; 112(1): 98-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687749

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Atypical mycobcterial injection abscess. Author(s): Satyanarayana S, Mathur AD. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 January; 101(1): 36, 38, 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841506

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Bartholin's gland abscess caused by Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Peled N, David Y, Yagupsky P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 February; 42(2): 917-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766890

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Bezold's abscess. Author(s): Syms MJ, Foster SL. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 April; 166(4): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315480

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Bilateral neonatal adrenal abscess. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Arena F, Romeo C, Manganaro A, Centorrino A, Basile M, Arena S, Romeo G. Source: Pediatr Med Chir. 2003 May-June; 25(3): 185-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14601236

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Bilateral peritonsillar abscess diagnosed on the basis of intraoral sonography. Author(s): Lyon M, Glisson P, Blaivas M. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 September; 22(9): 993-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510275

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Brain abscess at the Kenyatta Nationai, Hospital, Nairobi. Author(s): Mwang'ombe NJ. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 June; 77(6): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12858933

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Brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora (Xylohypha) bantiana in a renal transplant patient. Author(s): Silveira ER, Resende MA, Mariano VS, Coura WA, Alkmim LD, Vianna LB, Starling CE, Cruz GG, Benicio LH, Paula AM, Gomes JA, Santos GD, Macedo MA, Salum RE, Gontijo M, Rabello AL, Caligiorne RB. Source: Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2003 June; 5(2): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974792

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Brain abscess complicating pregnancy. Author(s): Wax JR, Pinette MG, Blackstone J, Cartin A. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2004 March; 59(3): 207-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15105710

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Brain abscess due to Streptococcus sanguis. Author(s): Dhawan B, Lyngdoh V, Mehta VS, Chaudhry R. Source: Neurology India. 2003 March; 51(1): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865554

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Brain abscess following esophageal dilatation. Author(s): Thapar VK, Rajashekharam S, Bapat RD, Kantharia CV. Source: Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus / I.S.D.E. 2003; 16(2): 145-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823216

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Brain abscess in children. Author(s): Saez-Llorens X. Source: Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 14(2): 108-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881798

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Brain abscess in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: case report and literature review. Author(s): Dong SL, Reynolds SF, Steiner IP. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 April; 20(3): 247-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11267812

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Brain abscess in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Lee CS, Chang CK. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 July; 62(7): 689-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810444

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Brain abscess in which Porphyromonas gingivalis was detected in cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Iida Y, Honda K, Suzuki T, Matsukawa S, Kawai T, Shimahara T, Chiba H. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2004 April; 42(2): 180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013561

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Brain abscess: clinical analysis of 53 cases. Author(s): Kao PT, Tseng HK, Liu CP, Su SC, Lee CM. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003 June; 36(2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886965

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Brain abscess--an unusual complication of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Author(s): Pandey P, Suri A, Singh AK, Mahapatra AK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 October; 70(10): 833-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649482

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Branchial-cleft sinus presenting with a retropharyngeal abscess for a newborn: a case report. Author(s): Tsai CC, Lui CC, Chung MY, Ko TY. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2003 July; 20(5): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680505

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Brodie abscess: another type of chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis. Author(s): Guermazi A, Mohr A, Genant HK. Source: European Radiology. 2003 July; 13(7): 1750-2. Epub 2003 February 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835993

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Brodie's abscess of the cuboid bone: a case report. Author(s): Bagatur AE, Zorer G. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 March; (408): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616073

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Brucella pelvic tubo-ovarian abscess mimicking a pelvic malignancy. Author(s): Seoud MA, Kanj SS, Habli M, Araj GF, Khalil AM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(4): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839160

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Brucellar spinal epidural abscess. Author(s): Papaioannides D, Giotis C, Korantzopoulos P, Akritidis N. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 May 15; 67(10): 2071-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776958

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Candida albicans myocardial abscess. Author(s): Bhatti MA, Karmarkar R, Wagner DK. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 August; 13(8): 456-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921685

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Candidal abscess of the parotid gland associated with facial nerve paralysis. Author(s): Marioni G, Rinaldi R, de Filippis C, Gaio E, Staffieri A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 June; 123(5): 661-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875591

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Case 16-2003 - brain abscess. Author(s): Edelstein PH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 September 4; 349(10): 1004-6; Author Reply 1004-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959104

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Case 16-2003 - brain abscess. Author(s): Mundia M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 September 4; 349(10): 1004-6; Author Reply 1004-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954754

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Cat scratch disease presenting as orbital abscess and osteomyelitis. Author(s): Mirakhur B, Shah SS, Ratner AJ, Goldstein SM, Bell LM, Kim JO. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3991-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904438

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Cerebral abscess caused by Cladosporium bantianum infection--case report. Author(s): Raut A, Muzumdar D, Narlawar R, Nagar A, Ahmed N, Hira P. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 August; 43(8): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12968811

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Cerebral abscess due to Gemella morbillorum. Author(s): Spagnoli D, Innocenti L, Ranzi ML, Tomei G, Villani RM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 22(8): 515-7. Epub 2003 July 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12884070

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Cervical epidural abscess after epidural steroid injection. Author(s): Huang RC, Shapiro GS, Lim M, Sandhu HS, Lutz GE, Herzog RJ. Source: Spine. 2004 January 1; 29(1): E7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699291

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Cervical epidural abscess associated with massively elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Author(s): Mehta SH, Shih R. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2004 January; 26(1): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751486

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Cervicothoracolumbar spinal epidural abscess with tetraparesis. Good recovery after non-surgical treatment with antibiotics and dexamethasone. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Wessling H, de las Heras P. Source: Neurocirugia (Asturias, Spain). 2003 December; 14(6): 529-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710309

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Characteristics of brain abscess with isolation of anaerobic bacteria. Author(s): Le Moal G, Landron C, Grollier G, Bataille B, Roblot F, Nassans P, BecqGiraudon B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(5): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875518

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Cholangitis and liver abscess after percutaneous ablation therapy for liver tumors: incidence and risk factors. Author(s): Shibata T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N, Maetani Y, Shibata T, Ikai I, Terajima H, Hatano E, Kubo T, Itoh K, Hiraoka M. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2003 December; 14(12): 1535-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14654488

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Choroidal abscess due to nocardial infection in a renal allograft recipient. Author(s): Bozbeyoglu S, Yilmaz G, Akova YA, Arslan H, Aydin P, Haberal M. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2004 February; 24(1): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15076963

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Chronic submasseteric abscess: anatomic, radiologic, and pathologic features. Author(s): Jones KC, Silver J, Millar WS, Mandel L. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 June-July; 24(6): 1159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812946

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Citrobacter koseri brain abscess in the neonatal rat: survival and replication within human and rat macrophages. Author(s): Townsend SM, Pollack HA, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Shimada H, Badger JL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 October; 71(10): 5871-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500508

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Clinical characteristics of patients with psoas abscess due to non-typhi Salmonella. Author(s): Heyd J, Meallem R, Schlesinger Y, Rudensky B, Hadas-Halpern I, Yinnon AM, Raveh D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 December; 22(12): 770-3. Epub 2003 November 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610660

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Colonoscopic identification of a foreign body causing an hepatic abscess. Author(s): Bilimoria KY, Eagan RK, Rex DK. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 July; 37(1): 82-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811217

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Conservative management of MRSA periaortic graft abscess. Author(s): Tambyraja AL, Chalmers RT. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2003 November; 17(6): 676-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738091

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Corynebacterium afermentans lung abscess and empyema in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Minkin R, Shapiro JM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 April; 97(4): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108836

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Craniocervical necrotizing fasciitis secondary to parotid gland abscess. Author(s): Marioni G, Bottin R, Tregnaghi A, Boninsegna M, Staffieri A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 August; 123(6): 737-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12953775

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Defective production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in a patient with recurrent amebic liver abscess. Author(s): Moran P, Rico G, Ramiro M, Olvera H, Ramos F, Gonzalez E, Valadez A, Curiel O, Melendro EI, Ximenez C. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 December; 67(6): 632-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518854

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Delayed esophageal perforation and abscess formation after cervical vertebrectomy and fusion. Author(s): Kim YJ, Glazer PA. Source: Orthopedics. 2002 October; 25(10): 1091-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401019

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Delayed intracranial migration of cervical sublaminar and interspinous wires and subsequent cerebellar abscess. Case report. Author(s): Stevenson KL, Wetzel M, Pollack IF. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 97(1 Suppl): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12120633

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Delayed postoperative intracerebral abscess caused by Proprionibacterium acnes: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Barazi SA, Gnanalingham KK, Chopra I, van Dellen JR. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 17(4): 336-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579899

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Detection of Staphylococcus aureus by 16S rRNA directed in situ hybridisation in a patient with a brain abscess caused by small colony variants. Author(s): Kipp F, Ziebuhr W, Becker K, Krimmer V, Hobeta N, Peters G, Von Eiff C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 July; 74(7): 1000-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810807

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Determinants for successful percutaneous image-guided drainage of intra-abdominal abscess. Author(s): Cinat ME, Wilson SE, Din AM. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2002 July; 137(7): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12093344

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Development of epidural abscess following surgical drainage of perianal abscess: report of a case. Author(s): Ohana G, Salem L, Arich A, Powzner E. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2004 March; 47(3): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991504

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Differential gene expression in Entamoeba histolytica isolated from amoebic liver abscess. Author(s): Bruchhaus I, Roeder T, Lotter H, Schwerdtfeger M, Tannich E. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2002 May; 44(4): 1063-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010498

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Differentiation of psoas muscle abscess from septic arthritis of the hip in children. Author(s): Jain AK, Aggarwal AN, Letts M, Monson R, Song J. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 June; (411): 346; Author Reply 347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12782894

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Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MRI of the brain with calculated ADCs: a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of tumor necrosis from abscess? Author(s): Dorenbeck U, Butz B, Schlaier J, Bretschneider T, Schuierer G, Feuerbach S. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2003 October; 13(4): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569825

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Diffusion-weighted MRI features of brain abscess and cystic or necrotic brain tumors: comparison with conventional MRI. Author(s): Chang SC, Lai PH, Chen WL, Weng HH, Ho JT, Wang JS, Chang CY, Pan HB, Yang CF. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2002 July-August; 26(4): 227-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140151

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Diffusion-weighted MRI of cerebral toxoplasma abscess. Author(s): Chong-Han CH, Cortez SC, Tung GA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 December; 181(6): 1711-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627601

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Diverticular abscess of the appendix: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Simpson J, Lobo DN, Spiller RC, Scholefield JH. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2003 June; 46(6): 832-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12794587

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Diverticular abscess presenting as prostate abscess and missed by abdominal CT scan. Author(s): Slater RG. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 April; 22(3): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932089

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Diverticular abscess: unusual clinical and radiographic presentation. Author(s): Hague CJ, Blair NP, Kamitakahara AT, Tan AK, Wilson JT. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2003 April; 46(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691356

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Double jeopardy; brain abscess and subdural empyema presenting with painful enlargement of orbital varices in a patient with known encephalocele. Author(s): Burton BJ, Islam N, Plant GT, Rose GE. Source: Eye (London, England). 2004 January; 18(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707974

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Drainage of deep-seated amoebic liver abscess by Supra cath. Author(s): Singh RB, Bakshi N, Pavithran NM. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 October; 33(4): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620438

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Drainage of liver abscess via laparoscopic trocar with local anesthesia. Author(s): Kayaalp C, Yol S, Nessar G. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2003 April; 13(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709620

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Draining a cyst or abscess in a Bartholin's gland with a Word catheter. Author(s): Scott PM. Source: Jaapa. 2003 December; 16(12): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758689

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Dynamic changes during evacuation of a left temporal abscess in open MRI: technical case report. Author(s): Bernays RL, Kollias SS, Yonekawa Y. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 May; 44(5): 438-42. Epub 2002 February 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12012131

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Early-onset liver abscess after blunt liver trauma: report of a case. Author(s): Hsieh CH, Hsu YP. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(5): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734739

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Effect of metals on Candida albicans growth in the presence of chemical chelators and human abscess fluid. Author(s): Sohnle PG, Hahn BL, Karmarkar R. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2001 April; 137(4): 284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283523

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Effective human defense against E. histolytica: high amoebicidal activity of lymphocytes and monocytes in amoebic liver abscess patients until 3 months followup. Author(s): Vohra H, Kaur U, Sharma AK, Bhalla V, Bhasin D. Source: Parasitology International. 2003 September; 52(3): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14550474

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Efficacy and safety of cefotaxime in combination with metronidazole for empirical treatment of brain abscess in clinical practice: a retrospective study of 66 consecutive cases. Author(s): Jansson AK, Enblad P, Sjolin J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 January; 23(1): 7-14. Epub 2003 December 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14669073

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Emergency airway management of patients with peritonsillar abscess. Author(s): Ono K, Hirayama C, Ishii K, Okamoto Y, Hidaka H. Source: Journal of Anesthesia. 2004; 18(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991479

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Emphysematous perinephric abscess without diabetes or urinary obstruction. Author(s): Pandey S, Kumar S, Dorairajan LN, Agarwal A, Elangovan S. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 71(3): 322-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512657

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Empyema and pyogenic abscess. Author(s): Gordhan A, Ojemann J, Wippold FJ 2nd. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2004 January-February; 40(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15007229

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Endocarditis abscess of the aortic annulus involving the left ventricular inferior wall and causing a moderate aortic systolic obstruction: diagnosis by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Iarussi D, Martino V, Pergola V, Renzo G, Tripodi MF, Utili R, Calabro R. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2003 January; 20(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848699

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Epidural abscess and meningitis after epidural corticosteroid injection. Author(s): Hooten WM, Kinney MO, Huntoon MA. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004 May; 79(5): 682-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15132414

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Epidural abscess complicating insertion of epidural catheters. Author(s): Gosavi C, Bland D, Poddar R, Horst C. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 February; 92(2): 294; Author Reply 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722189

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Epidural abscess drainage using endoscopic sinus surgery: a first case in the literature. Author(s): Peloquin L, Mercier C, Cataphard I. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 October; 32(5): 338-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14974867

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Epidural intracranial abscess as a complication of frontal sinusitis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Fountas KN, Duwayri Y, Kapsalaki E, Dimopoulos VG, Johnston KW, Peppard SB, Robinson JS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 March; 97(3): 279-82; Quiz 283. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043336

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Esophageal perforation and neck abscess from ingested foreign bodies: treatment and outcomes. Author(s): Lam HC, Woo JK, van Hasselt CA. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 October; 82(10): 786, 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606176

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Etiology of persistent tubo-ovarian abscess in Nairobi, Kenya. Author(s): Cohen CR, Gravelle L, Symekher S, Waiyaki P, Stamm WE, Kiehlbauch JA. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003; 11(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839632

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EUS-guided drainage of a diverticular abscess as an adjunct to surgical therapy. Author(s): Attwell AR, McIntyre RC, Antillon MR, Chen YK. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 October; 58(4): 612-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520305

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Extended-spectrum cephalosporin compared to cefazolin for treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae-caused liver abscess. Author(s): Cheng HP, Siu LK, Chang FY. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2088-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821451

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Extensive scalp necrosis and subepicranial abscess in a patient with giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Smitz S, Van Damme H. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004 January; 52(1): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687340

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Extensive subgaleal abscess and epidural empyema in a patient with acute frontal sinusitis. Author(s): Wang WH, Hwang TZ. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 May; 102(5): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874674

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Extraction of retained gallstones from an abscess cavity: a percutaneous endoscopic technique. Author(s): Kelkar AP, Kocher HM, Makar AA, Patel AG. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2001 April; 11(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11330379

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Exudative retinal detachment occurring in a patient with pyogenic liver abscess. Author(s): Ndububa DA, Olateju SO, Famurewa OC, Fadiran OA, Balogun MO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2003 March; 32(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030077

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Facet joint injection: a rare form cause of epidural abscess formation. Author(s): Alcock E, Regaard A, Browne J. Source: Pain. 2003 May; 103(1-2): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749975

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Falciform ligament abscess: report of a case. Author(s): de Melo VA, de Melo GB, Silva RL, Aragao JF, Rosa JE. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2003 January-February; 58(1): 37-8. Epub 2003 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754589

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False positive thallium-201 SPECT imaging in brain abscess. Author(s): Martinez del Valle MD, Gomez-Rio M, Horcajadas A, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Muros de Fuentes MA, Acosta-Gomez MJ, Castaneda M, Llamas-Elvira JM, Arjona V. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2000 February; 73(866): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10884729

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False-positive urine beta-HCG in a woman with a tubo-ovarian abscess. Author(s): Levsky ME, Handler JA, Suarez RD, Esrig ET. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 November; 21(4): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11728769

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Fatal hepatic abscess caused by a fish bone. Author(s): Theodoropoulou A, Roussomoustakaki M, Michalodimitrakis MN, Kanaki C, Kouroumalis EA. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 16; 359(9310): 977. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918943

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Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis brain abscess in an immunocompetent patient. Author(s): Megarbane B, Lebrun L, Marchal P, Axler O, Brivet FG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(6): 702-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200388

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Fatal pneumococcal sepsis from a tuboovarian abscess. Author(s): Felz MW, Apostol CJ. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2004 January-February; 17(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15014056

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Fatal pyothorax: a rare complication of retropharyngeal abscess. Author(s): Singh I, Chanda R, Gupta KB, Yadav SP. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2003 October-December; 45(4): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962462

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Favorable outcome of long-lasting thoracic spondylodiscitis with spinal epidural abscess induced by Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Finsterer J, Mahr K, Paral V. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 January; 96(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602721

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Feasibility of C-arm-supported CT fluoroscopy in percutaneous abscess drainage procedures. Author(s): Froelich JJ, El-Sheik M, Wagner HJ, Achenbach S, Scherf C, Klose KJ. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2000 November-December; 23(6): 423-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11232889

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Female genital coccidioidomycosis (FGC), Addison's disease and sigmoid loop abscess due to Coccidioides immites; case report and review of literature on FGC. Author(s): Chowfin A, Tight R. Source: Mycopathologia. 1999; 145(3): 121-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685446

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Fistula between the hip and a diverticular abscess after revision total hip replacement. Author(s): Johnson MB, Doig SG. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 2000 January; 70(1): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696954

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Fistulotomy and drainage of deep postanal space abscess in the treatment of posterior horseshoe fistula. Author(s): Inceoglu R, Gencosmanoglu R. Source: Bmc Surgery [electronic Resource]. 2003 November 26; 3(1): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641926

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Flare up of tuberculous abscess following stereotactic aspiration--case report. Author(s): Desai K, Bhatjiwale M, Nadkarni T, Goel A. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 March; 42(3): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936060

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Frontal lobe abscess secondary to head trauma and nasal polyposis. Author(s): Bizakis JG, Prassopoulos P, Doxas P, Papadakis CE, Skoulakis CE, Kyrmizakis DE, Helidonis ES. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2000 October; 27(4): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10996499

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Frontal sinus osteoma associated with cerebral abscess formation: a case report. Author(s): Summers LE, Mascott CR, Tompkins JR, Richardson DE. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2001 April; 55(4): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358601

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Fulminant Pasteurella multocida lung abscess in a chronic alcohol abuser: diagnosis using intracavital lavage. Author(s): Hazouard E, Ferrandiere M, Brunereau L, Garot D, Rivoire B, Lanotte P, Lemarie E. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 September; 26(9): 1404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11089779

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Fungal brain abscess in transplant recipients: epidemiologic, microbiologic, and clinical features. Author(s): Baddley JW, Salzman D, Pappas PG. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 2002 December; 16(6): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12437621

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Fusobacterial brain abscess: a review of five cases and an analysis of possible pathogenesis. Author(s): Han XY, Weinberg JS, Prabhu SS, Hassenbusch SJ, Fuller GN, Tarrand JJ, Kontoyiannis DP. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 99(4): 693-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14567605

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Fusobacterium nucleatum hepatic abscess with pylephlebitis associated with idiopathic CD4(+) T lymphocytopenia. Author(s): Etienne M, Gueit I, Abboud P, Pons JL, Jacquot S, Caron F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 January 15; 32(2): 326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11170936

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Gangrenous Richter's hernia with intrasac abscess. Author(s): Bhattacharya K, Ramakrishnan R, Gopalan TR. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2002 October-December; 23(4): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833711

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Gas gangrene pyaemia with myocardial abscess formation--fatal outcome from a rare infection nowadays. Author(s): Keese M, Nichterlein T, Hahn M, Magdeburg R, Karaorman M, Back W, Sturm J, Kerger H. Source: Resuscitation. 2003 August; 58(2): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12909385

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Gas-containing otogenic brain abscess. Author(s): Paolini S, Ralli G, Ciappetta P, Raco A. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 September-October; 58(3-4): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12480240

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Gastric intramural abscess successfully drained during gastroscopy. Author(s): Kiil C, Rosenberg J. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 February; 53(2): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174303

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Gastric pancreatic rest leading to pyogenic liver abscess. Author(s): Friedland S, Yu A, Rouse RV, Wong D, Nino-Murcia M, Soetikno RM. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 September; 56(3): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196792

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Gastric perforation of a left lobe amoebic liver abscess. Author(s): Puspok A, Kiener HP, Susani M, Muller C. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2000 August; 12(8): 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958226

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Gastric wall abscess presenting as a submucosal tumor: case report. Author(s): Chen CH, Yang CC, Yeh YH, Hwang MH. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 June; 57(7): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776056

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Gemella morbillorum deep brain abscess successfully treated with combined stereotactic, medical, and imaging approach. Author(s): Messori A, Bartolucci F, Dini M, Paggi AM, Ricciuti RA, Rychlicki F, Salvolini U. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2002 November; 44(2): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413683

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Giant venous bypass graft abscess at redo coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Tavilla G, Dion RA. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 November; 74(5): 1713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12440645

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Gingival/soft tissue abscess following subepithelial connective tissue graft for root coverage: report of three cases. Author(s): Vastardis S, Yukna RA. Source: J Periodontol. 2003 November; 74(11): 1676-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14682666

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Gluteal abscess caused by perforating rectal cancer: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Shimizu J, Kinoshita T, Tatsuzawa Y, Takehara A, Kawaura Y, Takahashi S. Source: Tumori. 2001 September-October; 87(5): 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11765183

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Gluteal abscess: a manifestation of Pott's spine. Author(s): Kumar R, Chandra A. Source: Neurology India. 2003 March; 51(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865530

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Gonococcal meningitis and intra-abdominal abscess in the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Author(s): Lin MF, Lau YJ, Hu BS, Shi ZY, Lin YH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(5): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11055670

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Gonococcal perianal abscess: re-emergence after cessation of co-trimoxazole. Author(s): Read T, Mijch A, Ostergaard L. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 October; 78(5): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407255

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Gram negative meningitis resulting from rupture of a spinal epidural abscess into the subarachnoid space. Author(s): Lodhi S, Mozaffar T, Sarwari AR. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 November; 50(11): 393-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11126818

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Granulomatous mastitis: an uncommon cause of breast abscess. Author(s): Pouchot J, Foucher E, Lino M, Barge J, Vinceneux P. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 February 26; 161(4): 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11252124

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Group A streptococcal brain abscess. Author(s): Khan MA, Viagappan GM, Andrews J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(2): 159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11233856

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Group a streptococcus spinal epidural abscess during varicella. Author(s): Quach C, Tapiero B, Noya F. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 January; 109(1): E14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773582

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Group F streptococcal bacteremia complicating a Bartholin's abscess. Author(s): DeAngelo AJ, Dooley DP, Skidmore PJ, Kopecky CT. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001; 9(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11368261

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Guinea pig abscess/hypersensitivity model for study of adverse vaccination reactions induced by use of Q fever vaccines. Author(s): Wilhelmsen CL, Waag DM. Source: Comp Med. 2000 August; 50(4): 374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11020154

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Haematogenous brain abscess complicating a case of Austrian syndrome. Author(s): Favre G, Remy V, Martinot M, Hansmann Y, Eisenmann B, Christmann D. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(4): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839159

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Haemophilus aphrophilus brain abscess: a case report. Author(s): Kao PT, Tseng HK, Su SC, Lee CM. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 September; 35(3): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380792

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Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Fusobacterium necrophorum liver abscess: a case report. Author(s): Hwang JJ, Lau YJ, Hu BS, Shi ZY, Lin YH. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 March; 35(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950124

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Healing of a brain abscess by secondary intention. Case report. Author(s): Georgius P, Yu XK, Rosenfeld JV, D'Urso PS. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 99(6): 1091-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705741

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Hemobilia caused by liver abscess due to intrahepatic duct stones. Author(s): Joo YE, Kim HS, Choi SK, Rew JS, Kim HJ, Kim SJ. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(5): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12768396

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Hemoptysis demonstrated on Tc99m-sulfur colloid scanning: a rare complication of amoebic liver abscess. Author(s): Kumar R, Dasan B, Choudhury S, Hadi M, Bandopadhyaya G, Malhotra A. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12213359

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Hemoptysis secondary to fistulisation of Pott's abscess. Author(s): Kanat F, Aydemir Y, Imecik O. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2003 December; 7(12): 1209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677898

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Hepatic abscess after liver transplantation: 1990-2000. Author(s): Tachopoulou OA, Vogt DP, Henderson JM, Baker M, Keys TF. Source: Transplantation. 2003 January 15; 75(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544875

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Hepatic abscess caused by Aspergillus fumigatus infection following splenectomy and immunosuppressive therapy. Author(s): Lee TY, Yang SS, Chen GH, Hwang WL, Lin YH, Hwang JI. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 July; 102(7): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14517590

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Hepatic abscess caused by Brucella US, CT and MRI findings: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Sisteron O, Souci J, Chevallier P, Cua E, Bruneton JN. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 414-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427438

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Hepatic abscess complicating foreign body perforation of the transverse colon. Author(s): Houli N, MacGowan K, Hosking P. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2003 April; 73(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12662242

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Hepatic abscess complicating paratyphoid infection. Author(s): Rajagopal A, Ramasamy R, Mahendran G, Thomas M. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2002 October-December; 23(4): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833705

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Hepatic abscess detected on a three-phase bone scan. Author(s): Herrera M, Silverman ED, Cole RL. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 April; 27(4): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914681

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Hepatic abscess in brucellosis: a case report. Author(s): Kayacetin E, Turegen A, Saritas U. Source: Turk J Gastroenterol. 2003 March; 14(1): 83-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14593546

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Hepatosplenic abscess due to candida infection effectively treated by the intraarterial injection of an antimycotic agent using an implanted reservoir. Author(s): Takayanagi M, Nagayama R, Komaba S, Kurihara H, Kuyama Y, Takikawa H, Miyake K, Kohtake H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(12): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14714263

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Holmes' tremor following midbrain Toxoplasma abscess: clinical features and treatment of a case. Author(s): Pezzini A, Zavarise P, Palvarini L, Viale P, Oladeji O, Padovani A. Source: Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2002 January; 8(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12039428

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Holocord epidural abscess: case report. Author(s): Moghaddam AM, Kilincoglu BF, Atalay B, Caner H, Altinors N. Source: Adv Ther. 2003 November-December; 20(6): 324-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15058749

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Horseshoe ischiorectal abscess originating from dorsal intersphincteric cryptoglandular abscess. Author(s): Engel AF, Eijsbouts Q. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001 May; 192(5): 664. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11333105

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Huge osteoma of the frontoethmoidal sinus with secondary brain abscess. Author(s): Koyuncu M, Belet U, Sesen T, Tanyeri Y, Simsek M. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2000 July; 27(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10808122

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Human mammary abscess caused by Brucella melitensis: a case report. Author(s): Tsironi M, Andriopoulos P, Kalkani M, Asimakopoulos G. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2003 September; 7(3): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14563232

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Iliac osteomyelitis and gluteal muscle abscess caused by Streptococcus intermedius. Author(s): Calza L, Manfredi R, Briganti E, Attard L, Chiodo F. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 May; 50(5): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339259

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Image of the month. Silicone mastitis with abscess. Author(s): Giron GL, Tartter PI. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 March; 139(3): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006895

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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Sixteen-row multislice computed tomography of tuberculous pericardial abscess. Author(s): Cademartiri F, Nieman K, Mollet N, Alfieri O, de Feyter PJ, Krestin GP. Source: Ital Heart J. 2003 August; 4(8): 575-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564988

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Images in clinical medicine. Intraabdominal abscess after acupuncture. Author(s): Studd RC, Stewart PJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 April 22; 350(17): 1763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15103003

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Infectious endocarditis with an abscess around an aortic prosthesis. Author(s): Baguet JP, Chavanon O, Lebrun MA. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2004 February; 90(2): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14729779

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Infective endocarditis with progressive periaortal abscess formation in a previously healthy girl. Author(s): Weidenbach M, Pfeiffer A, Steidel K. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 July; 89(7): 730. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807842

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Interventional radiology case conferences Massachusetts General Hospital. Continuous high-output drainage of hepatic abscess 3 months after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Titton RL, Gryzenia PC, Gervais DA, Arellano RS, Boland GW, Mueller PR. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 April; 180(4): 1079-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646459

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Intestinal antilectin immunoglobulin A antibody response and immunity to Entamoeba dispar infection following cure of amebic liver abscess. Author(s): Ravdin JI, Abd-Alla MD, Welles SL, Reddy S, Jackson TF. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 December; 71(12): 6899-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638778

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Intra-abdominal abscess after laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis. Author(s): Krisher SL, Browne A, Dibbins A, Tkacz N, Curci M. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2001 April; 136(4): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296116

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Intraabdominal abscess managed successfully via the laparoscopic approach. Author(s): Balint A, Batorfi J, Mate M, Sandor J, Romics Jr L, Ihasz M. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 June; 14(6): 593-4. Epub 2000 May 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11265065

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Intracerebral abscess after abutment change of a bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA). Author(s): Scholz M, Eufinger H, Anders A, Illerhaus B, Konig M, Schmieder K, Harders A. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 November; 24(6): 896-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14600471

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Intracerebral abscess formation following embolisation of an internal carotid artery aneurysm using Guglielmi detachable coils. Author(s): Jenkinson MD, Javadpour M, Nixon T, Warnke P. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 August; 145(8): 703-5; Discussion 705-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520552

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Intramedullary abscess of the spinal cord. Author(s): Ersahin Y. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 19(10-11): 777. Epub 2003 September 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680295

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Intramedullary abscess of the spinal cord. Author(s): Chidambaram B, Balasubramaniam V. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 January; 34(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11275786

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Intramedullary histoplasmosis spinal cord abscess in a nonendemic region: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Hott JS, Horn E, Sonntag VK, Coons SW, Shetter A. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2003 April; 16(2): 212-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679679

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Intramural gastric abscess: case history and review. Author(s): Choong NW, Levy MJ, Rajan E, Kolars JC. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 October; 58(4): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560756

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Intraperitoneal abscess after an undetected spilled stone. Author(s): Simopoulos C, Polychronidis A, Perente S, Botaitis S, Zoumpos I. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 June; 14(6): 594. Epub 2000 April 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11265067

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Intraventricular rupture of Nocardia brain abscess--case report. Author(s): Oshiro S, Ohnishi H, Ohta M, Tsuchimochi H. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 July; 43(7): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924598

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Isolated abscess of extraocular muscle in two young boys: clinical and imaging features. Author(s): Varma A, Sharma K, Rathi B, Gupta RK, Malik V. Source: Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 March; 22(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759870

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Isolation of Helcococcus kunzii from a post-surgical foot abscess. Author(s): Riegel P, Lepargneur JP. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 December; 293(6): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14760975

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Jejunal leiomyosarcoma presenting as chronic intra-abdominal abscess. Author(s): Sankar S, Ponnusamy G. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001 November-December; 20(6): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11817782

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Jugular foramen abscess. Author(s): Mirza S, Dutt SN, Irving RM. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 November; 22(6): 973-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698827

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Klebsiella brain abscess in adults. Author(s): Liliang PC, Lin YC, Su TM, Rau CS, Lu CH, Chang WN, Lee TC, Chen HJ. Source: Infection. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339480

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Klebsiella liver abscess. Author(s): Kim DJ, Pratt DS. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 February; 36(2): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544211

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Klebsiella pneumoniae brain abscess in a Taiwanese adult. Author(s): Marcolini J, Nguyen M, Ericsson C. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 April; 44(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099755

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Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing liver abscess in Taiwan. Author(s): Chang SC, Fang CT, Hsueh PR, Chen YC, Luh KT. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2000 August; 37(4): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10974581

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Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in Taiwan is not caused by a clonal spread strain. Author(s): Cheng HP, Chang FY, Fung CP, Siu LK. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 June; 35(2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099340

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Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess, endophthalmitis, and meningitis in a man with newly recognized diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Saccente M. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 December; 29(6): 1570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10585817

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Klebsiella pneumoniae psoas abscess: predominance in diabetic patients and grave prognosis in gas-forming cases. Author(s): Chang CM, Ko WC, Lee HC, Chen YM, Chuang YC. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2001 September; 34(3): 201-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11605812

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Kothari et al.: "An unusual cause of stridor: retropharyngeal cold abscess". Author(s): Yasan H, Dogru H. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2003 December; 19(11): 749; Author Reply 750. Epub 2003 December 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704807

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Lacrimal gland abscess complicating acute sinusitis. Author(s): Patel N, Khalil HM, Amirfeyz R, Kaddour HS. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 August; 67(8): 9179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12880673

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Laparoscopic management of an ovarian abscess complicating in-vitro fertilisation pregnancy. Author(s): Jahan T, Powell MC. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 May; 23(3): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918504

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Left perinephric abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis due to colon perforation. Author(s): Kilic S, Tevfik MR, Ergin H, Baydinc C. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 November; 170(5): 1945. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532819

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Lemierre syndrome variant: necrobacillosis associated with inferior vena cava thrombosis and pulmonary abscesses after trauma-induced leg abscess. Author(s): Razonable RR, Rahman AE, Wilson WR. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 September; 78(9): 1153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962171

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Liver abscess and Aeromonas bacteremia with septic pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Kamano Y, Ohashi H, Kikuchi T, Watanabe K, Kitahara M. Source: Intern Med. 2003 October; 42(10): 1047-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606725

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Liver abscess caused by an infected ventriculoperitoneal shunt: doubtful etiology and time for an alternative to vancomycin. Author(s): Chang WN, Lu CH, Huang CR. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 June; 102(6): 435; Author Reply 436. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12923599

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Liver abscess due to Bacillus cereus: a case report. Author(s): Latsios G, Petrogiannopoulos C, Hartzoulakis G, Kondili L, Bethimouti K, Zaharof A. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 December; 9(12): 1234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14686990

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Liver abscess due to Salmonella enteritidis in a returned traveler with HIV infection: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Vidal JE, da Silva PR, Schiavon Nogueira R, Bonasser Filho F, Hernandez AV. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 March-April; 45(2): 115-7. Epub 2003 May 14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12754581

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Liver abscess formation after transarterial chemoembolization for malignant hepatic tumor. Author(s): Huang SF, Ko CW, Chang CS, Chen GH. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 July-August; 50(52): 1115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845993

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Liver abscess in children: a single institutional experience in southern Taiwan. Author(s): Tsai CC, Chung JH, Ko SF, Liu PM, Su CT, Li WC, Liang CD, Huang LT, Huang CB, Tiao MM. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2003 September-October; 44(5): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964984

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Liver abscess secondary to a broken needle migration--a case report. Author(s): Chintamani, Singhal V, Lubhana P, Durkhere R, Bhandari S. Source: Bmc Surgery [electronic Resource]. 2003 October 07; 3(1): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531934

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Looking back: two cases of abscess of the liver, treated by incision and free drainage. Author(s): Shackleford JH, Lampton L. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2003 March; 44(3): 87-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744148

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Lung abscess caused by Actinomyces odontolyticus. Author(s): Takiguchi Y, Terano T, Hirai A. Source: Intern Med. 2003 August; 42(8): 723-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924500

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Management of Bartholin's duct cyst and gland abscess. Author(s): Omole F, Simmons BJ, Hacker Y. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 July 1; 68(1): 135-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887119

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Managements of complicated otitic abscess. Author(s): Guo YC, Tsai TL, Shiao AS. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 October; 66(10): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14703281

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Melioidosis presenting as spinal epidural abscess. Author(s): Ganesan D, Puthucheary SD, Waran V. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 17(6): 568-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756491

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Metastatic carcinoma of the cervix presenting as a psoas abscess in an HIV-negative woman. Author(s): Devendra K, Tay SK. Source: Singapore Med J. 2003 June; 44(6): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560863

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Metastatic endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to Staphylococcus aureus iliopsoas abscess. Author(s): Voros GM, Pandit R, Griffiths PG. Source: Eye (London, England). 2004 January; 18(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707984

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MR spectroscopy in a cervical abscess. Author(s): Kendi T, Arikan OK, Koc C. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 September; 45(9): 631-3. Epub 2003 July 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898078

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Multilevel epidural abscess formation with paraplegia in a healthy 33-year-old man caused by Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Author(s): Abel R, von Baum H. Source: Infection. 2003 October; 31(5): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556064

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Multiloculated prostate abscess: treatment with transrectal ultrasound guided transrectal needle aspiration and lavage with the saline and antibiotic. Author(s): Somuncu I, Saglam M, Yagci S, Tahmaz L, Tasar M, Ors F. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2003 July-August; 27(4): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823920

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Mycobacterium avium arthritis with extra-articular abscess in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease. Author(s): Lee CW, Sung HD, Choi BM, Kim CW, Jun SJ, Min SJ. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2003 June; 18(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872451

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Mycobacterium avium brain abscess at the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Berger P, Lepidi H, Drogoul-Vey MP, Poizot-Martin I, Drancourt M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 February; 23(2): 1424. Epub 2003 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14689317

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Native aortic valve enterococcal endocarditis with myocardial paravalvular abscess. Author(s): Mieszczanska H, Janicka A, Cunha BA, Lazar J. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2003 July-August; 32(4): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891168

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Necrotising fasciitis of the perineum complicating ischiorectal abscess in childhood. Author(s): Mshelbwala PM, Sabiu L, Ameh EA. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2003 September; 23(3): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571934

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Neonatal brain abscess--potential pitfalls of CT scanning. Author(s): Sidaras D, Mallucci C, Pilling D, Yoxall WC. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 19(1): 57-9. Epub 2002 September 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541089

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Neonatal periappendicular abscess--updated treatment. Author(s): Efrati Y, Peer A, Klin B, Lotan G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 February; 38(2): E5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12596125

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Nocardia asteroides cerebral abscess in a renal transplant recipient: short report. Author(s): Acar T, Arshad M. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2002 December; 102(6): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12561157

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Nocardia brain abscess misinterpreted as cerebral infarction. Author(s): Borm W, Gleixner M. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2003 January; 10(1): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12464546

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Nocardia farcinica as the causative agent in a primary psoas abscess in a previously healthy cattle inspector. Author(s): Smit LH, Leemans R, Overbeek BP. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 May; 9(5): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848762

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Nocardial brain abscess in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Shin JH, Lee HK. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2003 September-October; 27(5): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12932682

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Nocardial cerebral abscess: report of three cases and review of the current neurosurgical management. Author(s): Valarezo J, Cohen JE, Valarezo L, Spektor S, Shoshan Y, Rosenthal G, Umansky F. Source: Neurological Research. 2003 January; 25(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12564122

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Nocardiosis with brain abscess due to an unusual species, Nocardia transvalensis. Author(s): Yorke RF, Rouah E. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 February; 127(2): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562241

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Occult epiphyseal bone abscess: lessons for the unwary. Author(s): Solomon M, Stening M, Macdessi S, Shearman C, Pereira J, Hiew CC, Van der Wall H. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 June; 47(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780449

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Ocular manifestations and complications of pyogenic liver abscess. Author(s): Tan YM, Chee SP, Soo KC, Chow P. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 28(1): 38-42. Epub 2003 November 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14612992

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Omentoplasty for liver abscess complicating perforative colonic diverticulum. Author(s): Zbar AP, Hariharan S, Warner C. Source: Techniques in Coloproctology. 2003 October; 7(3): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635619

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Oncodiagnosis panel: 2002. Primary glial neoplasm or less likely an intracranial abscess. Author(s): Brown PD, Wald JT, McDermott MW, Baumann GS, Cloughesy TF; Oncodiagosis panel, 2002 RSNA Scientific Assembly. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2003 November-December; 23(6): 1591-611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635616

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Orbital abscess following subtenon triamcinolone injection. Author(s): Engelman CJ, Palmer JD, Egbert P. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2004 April; 122(4): 654-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15078688

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Orbital abscess following uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Author(s): Irvine F, McNab AA. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 30(6): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427235

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Orbital cellulitis secondary to tooth bud abscess in a neonate. Author(s): Green LK, Mawn LA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2002 November-December; 39(6): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458850

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Osteomyelitis of the odontoid process associated with meningitis and retropharyngeal abscess--case report. Author(s): Kubo S, Takimoto H, Hosoi K, Toyota S, Karasawa J, Yoshimine T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 October; 42(10): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12416570

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Osteomyelitis of the spine and abscess formation in the left thigh after stent-graft implantation in the superficial femoral artery. Author(s): Brodmann M, Stark G, Pabst E, Lueger A, Tiesenhausen K, Szolar D, Pilger E. Source: Journal of Endovascular Therapy : an Official Journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists. 2000 April; 7(2): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821103

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Ovarian abscess due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Fenkci V, Cevrioglu S, Yilmazer M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(10): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606619

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Pancreatic abscess drainage by gastric biopsy. Author(s): Jang MK, Lee SK, Kim HJ, Bae JS, Song HK, Lee SS, Kim MH, Min YI. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 August; 58(2): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872095

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Paradoxical reaction during treatment of tuberculous brain abscess in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Vidal JE, Cimerman S, Schiavon Nogueira R, Bonasser Filho F, Sztajnbok J, da Silva PR, Lins DL, Coelho JF. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2003 May-June; 45(3): 177-8. Epub 2003 July 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870070

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Pelvic chondrosarcoma in an 18-year-old man masquerading as tuberculous ilipsoas abscess. Author(s): Zacharia TT, Lakhar B, Perumpallichira JJ, Chavhan G. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 September; 47(3): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890255

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Perianal abscess due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae: an unusual case in the post-antibiotic era. Author(s): El-Dhuwaib Y, Ammori BJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 22(7): 422-3. Epub 2003 June 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12827535

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Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia due to a prostatic abscess. Author(s): Fraser TG, Smith ND, Noskin GA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(4): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839158

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Persistent perianal abscess in early infancy as a presentation of autoimmune neutropenia. Author(s): Lejkowski M, Maheshwari A, Calhoun DA, Christensen RD, Skoda-Smith S, Dabrow S. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2003 July-August; 23(5): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847542

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Provocation poliomyelitis: vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis related to a rectal abscess in an infant. Author(s): Bosley AR, Speirs G, Markham NI. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 July; 47(1): 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850168

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Psoas abscess complicating femoral nerve block catheter. Author(s): Adam F, Jaziri S, Chauvin M. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 July; 99(1): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826867

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Psoas abscess twenty-one years after ipsilateral nephrectomy. Author(s): Tez S, Dilmen G, Unsal A, Koktener A, Cimentepe E, Saglam R. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 34(3): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12899219

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Pyogenic psoas abscess: difficulty in early diagnosis. Author(s): Hamano S, Kiyoshima K, Nakatsu H, Murakami S, Igarashi T, Ito H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 71(2): 178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890957

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Quadriplegia caused by cervical epidural abscess: late diagnosis due to iatrogenic sedation and muscular relaxation--case report. Author(s): Shtein A, Elias M. Source: Middle East J Anesthesiol. 1999 October; 15(3): 315-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10932690

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Quiz case of the month. Brodie's abscess type III. Author(s): Karantanas AH, Zibis AH. Source: European Radiology. 2000; 10(9): 1507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10997449

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Radiology case of the month. Chronic headache after trauma. Intracranial epidural abscess. Author(s): Efird T, Ram S, Neitzschman HR. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2004 January-February; 156(1): 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15000206

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Recurrent scleral abscess after uncomplicated cataract extraction. Author(s): Goldstein MH, Lim M, Driebe WT. Source: Cornea. 2004 January; 23(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14701962

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Remote abscess formation during interferon-alpha therapy for viral hepatitis. Author(s): Gogos CA, Starakis JK, Bassaris HP, Skoutelis AT. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 9(6): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848731

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Renal abscess in children: a clinical retrospective study. Author(s): Wang YT, Lin KY, Chen MJ, Chiou YY. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2003 July-August; 44(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674222

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Respiratory failure caused by massive pleural effusion in a patient with deep neck abscess. Author(s): Yamada K, Hashimoto K, Tsubokawa T, Tashiro K, Ohmura S, Taniguchi T, Shibata K. Source: Journal of Anesthesia. 2004; 18(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991477

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Retropharyngeal and mediastinal abscess following adenoidectomy. Author(s): Tuerlinckx D, Bodart E, Lawson G, De Wispelaere JF, De Bilderling G. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2003 September; 36(3): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12910589

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Rupture of tuberculous spinal abscess resulting in tuberculous empyema and chylothorax. Author(s): Prasad RS, Fraser MH, Urquhart GD, McLean AN. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 July; 41(7): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12815373

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Ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the aorta with encapsulated mediastinal abscess after coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Ueno T, Ikeda K, Koga Y. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 July; 51(7): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12892465

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Ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess as a complication of IVF treatment: clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathologic findings. A case report. Author(s): Varras M, Polyzos D, Tsikini A, Antypa E, Apessou D, Tsouroulas M. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 30(2-3): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854869

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Ruptured tuboovarian abscess causing peritonitis in a postmenopausal woman. A difficult diagnosis on imaging. Author(s): De Temmerman G, Villeirs GM, Verstraete KL. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 March-April; 86(2): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839418

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Sacral epidural abscess complicating closed sacral fracture: a case report. Author(s): Chiu SY, Ko PS, Mak YK, Kou SK, Lam JJ. Source: Spine. 2004 February 15; 29(4): E71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094548

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Salmonella typhimurium brain abscess. Author(s): Chadwick D, Mitra T, Sitoh YY. Source: Lancet. 2004 March 20; 363(9413): 947. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043962

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Scrotal abscess originating from appendicitis: a case report. Author(s): Lee YC, Wu WJ, Huang SP, Tsai HN, Chou YH, Huang CH. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003 May; 19(5): 242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12822682

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Septic arthritis of the hip and intrapelvic abscess following intra-articular injection of hylan G-F 20. A case report. Author(s): Morshed S, Huffman GR, Ries MD. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 April; 86-A(4): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15069151

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Spinal abscess after epidural anesthesia: need for more vigilance and better patient advice. Author(s): Ay B, Gercek A, Konya D, Ozgen S. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2004 April; 16(2): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15021300

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Spinal epidural abscess in an afebrile patient. Author(s): Tessman PA, Preston DC, Shapiro BE. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 April; 61(4): 590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15096411

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Spinal epidural abscess: a diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Joshi SM, Hatfield RH, Martin J, Taylor W. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 17(2): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820759

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Splenic abscess: clinical features, microbiologic finding, treatment and outcome. Author(s): Sangchan A, Mootsikapun P, Mairiang P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 May; 86(5): 436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859100

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Subdural empyema and cerebellar abscess due to chronic otitis media. Author(s): Polyzoidis KS, Vranos G, Exarchakos G, Argyropoulou MI, Korantzopoulos P, Skevas A. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2004 February; 58(2): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055872

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Successful treatment of renal abscess with percutaneous needle aspiration in a diabetic patient with end stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. Author(s): Wang IK, Chen YM, Chen YC, Fang JT, Hang CC. Source: Renal Failure. 2003 July; 25(4): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911171

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The EhADH112 recombinant polypeptide inhibits cell destruction and liver abscess formation by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Author(s): Martinez-Lopez C, Orozco E, Sanchez T, Garcia-Perez RM, HernandezHernandez F, Rodriguez MA. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2004 April; 6(4): 367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009028

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The rising incidence of adult acute epiglottitis and epiglottic abscess. Author(s): Berger G, Landau T, Berger S, Finkelstein Y, Bernheim J, Ophir D. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 November-December; 24(6): 374-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608569

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Thyroid abscess associated with a substernal goiter. Case report. Author(s): Lavini C, Natali P, Magni G, Valli R, Morandi U. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 April; 44(2): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813398

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Thyroid abscess: an unusual case secondary to biliary sepsis. Author(s): Mathew J, Goodfellow P, Chadwick DR. Source: Hosp Med. 2003 October; 64(10): 622-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584246

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Treatment of amoebic liver abscess with metronidazole alone or in combination with ultrasound-guided needle aspiration: a comparative, prospective and randomized study. Author(s): Blessmann J, Binh HD, Hung DM, Tannich E, Burchard G. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 November; 8(11): 1030-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629771

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Treatment of pyogenic liver abscess: prospective randomized comparison of catheter drainage and needle aspiration. Author(s): Yu SC, Ho SS, Lau WY, Yeung DT, Yuen EH, Lee PS, Metreweli C. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2004 April; 39(4): 932-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057896

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Tuberculous brain abscess in a patient with hyper IgE syndrome. Author(s): Metin A, Uysal G, Guven A, Unlu A, Ozturk MH. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2004 February; 46(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043676

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Tuberculous paravertebral abscess. Author(s): Martinez V, Rolland E, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Source: Lancet. 2004 February 21; 363(9409): 615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14987886

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Tubo-ovarian abscess in older women: is the woman's age a risk factor for failed response to conservative treatment? Author(s): Halperin R, Levinson O, Yaron M, Bukovsky I, Schneider D. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2003; 55(4): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904694

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Tubo-ovarian abscess occurring 16 years after supracervical hysterectomy. Author(s): Tohya T, Yoshimura T, Onoda C. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003; 11(3): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15022878

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Ubi pus ibi evacua: Staphylococcus aureus pericardial abscess--one more dreadful complication of this pathogen. Author(s): Caeiro JP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 September; 96(9): 839. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513975

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Ultrasound-guided breast abscess aspiration in a difficult case. Author(s): Blaivas M. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2001 April; 8(4): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11282679

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Ultrasound-guided drainage of peritonsillar abscess by the emergency physician. Author(s): Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Duggal S. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 March; 21(2): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671820

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Unilateral hyperlucency and lung abscess in a 20-year-old woman. Author(s): Onuigbo M, Qu X, Obah E. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 September; 95(9): 1109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356128

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Unilateral ovarian abscess caused by Salmonella. Author(s): Tohya T, Yoshimura T, Onoda C. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003; 11(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108868

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Unilateral vocal cord paralysis as a result of a Nocardia farcinica laryngeal abscess. Author(s): Cohen E, Blickstein D, Inbar E, Samra Z, Weinberger M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 March; 19(3): 224-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795598

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Unknown case. Diagnosis: facet joint septic arthritis T12-L1 on the left with extension of the infection into the spinal canal producing a large epidural abscess. Author(s): Glaser JA, El-Khoury GY. Source: Spine. 2001 April 15; 26(8): 991-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11317126

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Unsuccessful treatment with voriconazole of a brain abscess due to Cladophialophora bantiana. Author(s): Fica A, Diaz MC, Luppi M, Olivares R, Saez L, Baboor M, Vasquez P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(11-12): 892-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723373

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Unusual complication--VP shunt coming out per rectum and brain abscess. Author(s): Jindal A, Kansal S, Mahapatra AK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1999 May-June; 66(3): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10798095

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Unusual presentation of amebic liver abscess with thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly. Author(s): Sucak GT, Yagoci M, Karakan T, Haznedar R. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2001; 5(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11285161

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Value of repeated multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in a patient with mitral valve ring abscess and left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Author(s): Wisbar A, Keim MW, Momper R, Eschenbruch EM, Braun B, Hust MH. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2001 July; 14(7): 750-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11447425

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Venous sinus thrombosis after Proteus vulgaris meningitis and concomitant Clostridium abscess formation. Author(s): Bodur H, Colpan A, Gozukucuk R, Akinci E, Cevik MA, Balaban N. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(9): 694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374367

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Vertebral osteomyelitis and paravertebral abscess due to Salmonella oranienburg in a child. Author(s): Akiba T, Arai T, Ota T, Akiba K, Sakamoto M, Yazaki N. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2001 February; 43(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11208007

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Vertebral osteomyelitis and psoas abscess occurring after obstetric epidural anesthesia. Author(s): Lee BB, Kee WD, Griffith JF. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 March-April; 27(2): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11915074

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Vesicocutaneous fistula mimicking an abdominal wall abscess 2 years after radical abdominal hysterectomy. Author(s): Petru E, Herzog K, Kurschel S, Tamussino K, Winter R. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 August; 90(2): 494. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893230

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Videothoracoscopic drainage of mediastinal abscess: an alternative to thoracotomy. Author(s): Chung DA, Ritchie AJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000 May; 69(5): 1573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10881846

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View box case--1. Pyogenic liver abscess. Author(s): Masroor I, Hashmi R. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 January; 52(1): 43-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11963585

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View box case--5. Pyogenic lung abscess. Author(s): Masroor I, Hashmi R. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 May; 52(5): 230-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174501

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Visceral larva migrans syndrome complicated by liver abscess. Author(s): Rayes A, Teixeira D, Nobre V, Serufo JC, Goncalves R, Valadares L, Lambertucci JR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999; 31(3): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10482069

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Voriconazole treatment of fungal scleritis and epibulbar abscess resulting from scleral buckle infection. Author(s): Kim JE, Perkins SL, Harris GJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 121(5): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12742860

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Wegener's granulomatosis mimicking psoas abscess. Author(s): Nossent H, Eggen T. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 1578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12136928

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William John Munro and Munro's abscess, and Franz Kogoj and Kogoj's spongiform pustule. Author(s): Steffen C. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2002 August; 24(4): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142621

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Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis with a liver abscess and metastatic endophthalmitis: report of a case. Author(s): Eriguchi N, Aoyagi S, Horiuchi H, Tamae T, Uchida S, Hiraki M, Nishimura K, Kawabata M, Hamada S. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991520

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Xanthogranulomatous tubo-ovarian abscess resulting from chronic diverticulitis. Author(s): Mesia AF, Lam H, Wallach RC. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2000; 49(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10629378

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Yersinia enterocolitica as a cause of intra-abdominal abscess: the role of iron. Author(s): Pallister C, Rotstein OD. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2001 April; 44(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11308237

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ABSCESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and abscess.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Abscess The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “abscess” (or a synonym): •

A case of retropharyngeal abscess caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Kobe City General Hospital, Japan. [email protected] Source: Kobayashi, K I Haruta, T Kubota, M Nishio, T J-Infect. 2002 May; 44(4): 267-9 0163-4453

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Abscess scintigraphy with 99mTc-human immunoglobulin (IgG) using a one-step labeling method. Author(s): Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical Department, Upton, New York 11973. Source: Oster, Z H Som, P Rhodes, B A Wong, C T Cabahug, C Sacker, D F Wang, G J Meinken, G E Nucl-Med-Biol. 1993 February; 20(2): 225-30 0969-8051

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Abscesses due to mycobacterium abscessus linked to injection of unapproved alternative medication. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. [email protected] Source: Galil, K Miller, L A Yakrus, M A Wallace, R J Mosley, D G England, B Huitt, G McNeil, M M Perkins, B A Emerg-Infect-Dis. 1999 Sep-October; 5(5): 681-7 1080-6040

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Accumulation of some small molecular weight complexes of 99mTc in experimental abscesses. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Ercan, M T Unlenen, E Nucl-Med-Biol. 1994 February; 21(2): 143-9 0969-8051

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with cavitary lesion simulating a lung abscess. Author(s): Department of Cardiorespiratory Physiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, India. [email protected] Source: Chhabra, S K Gupta, R K Indian-J-Chest-Dis-Allied-Sci. 2001 Jul-September; 43(3): 173-6 0377-9343

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Amebic liver abscess: diagnosis and treatment evaluation with MR imaging. Author(s): Department of Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital of Monterrey, Mexico. Source: Elizondo, G Weissleder, R Stark, D D Todd, L E Compton, C Wittenberg, J Ferrucci, J T Radiology. 1987 December; 165(3): 795-800 0033-8419

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Blockade of nitric oxide formation enhances thermal and behavioral responses in rats during turpentine abscess. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Ludwik Rydygier Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland. [email protected] Source: Soszynski, D Neuroimmunomodulation. 2000; 8(4): 188-96 1021-7401

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Brain abscess and glioblastoma identified by combined proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging--two case reports. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Japan. Source: Nakaiso, M Uno, M Harada, M Kageji, T Takimoto, O Nagahiro, S Neurol-MedChir-(Tokyo). 2002 August; 42(8): 346-8 0470-8105

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Chronological change of brain abscess in (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. Source: Akutsu, H Matsumura, A Isobe, T Anno, I Takano, S Itai, Y Nose, T Neuroradiology. 2002 July; 44(7): 574-8 0028-3940

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Clostridium septicum abscess in hepatic metastases: successful medical management. Author(s): Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Source: Thel, M C Ciaccia, D Vredenburgh, J J Peters, W Corey, G R Bone-MarrowTransplant. 1994 April; 13(4): 495-6 0268-3369

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Comparative study of intravenous metronidazole and intramuscular dehydroemetine in amoebic liver abscess. Source: Satpathy, B K Acharya, S K Satpathy, S J-Indian-Med-Assoc. 1988 February; 86(2): 38-40 0019-5847

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Comparative therapeutic efficacy of clinafloxacin in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mouse renal abscess model. Author(s): Department of Infectious Diseases, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. Source: Shapiro, M A Sesnie, J C Desaty, T M Griffin, T J Heifetz, C L J-AntimicrobChemother. 1998 March; 41(3): 403-5 0305-7453

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Corneal stromal abscesses in the horse: a review of 24 cases. Author(s): Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0126, USA. Source: Hendrix, D V Brooks, D E Smith, P J Gelatt, K N Miller, T R Whittaker, C Pellicane, C Chmielewski, N Equine-Vet-J. 1995 November; 27(6): 440-7 0425-1644

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Diagnosis and management of brain abscess. Author(s): Division of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City. Source: Osenbach, R K Loftus, C M Neurosurg-Clin-N-Am. 1992 April; 3(2): 403-20 10423680

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Fatal Candida esophageal abscess and sepsis complicating endoscopic variceal sclerosis. Source: Barthel, J S Sprouse, R F Dix, J D SunderraJanuary, E V Gastrointest-Endosc. 1987 April; 33(2): 107-10 0016-5107

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Gadoteridol dose dependence in MR imaging of a liver abscess model. Author(s): Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, St. Lexington 40536-0098. Source: Runge, V M Kirsch, J E Woolfolk, C Brack, M A Garneau, R A J-Magn-ResonImaging. 1994 May-June; 4(3): 343-50 1053-1807

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Influence of short-chain fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria on procoagulant activity produced by Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis-stimulated leucocytes: possible role in intra-abdominal abscess formation. Author(s): Istituto di Microbiologia Medica, University of Bari Medical School, Italy. Source: Miragliotta, G Mosca, A Minoia, G M Del Prete, R Microbios. 1993; 75(305): 23340 0026-2633

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Is enteric Staphylococcus a causative agent of skeletal muscle abscesses in children? Author(s): Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Source: Visvanathan, R Afr-J-Med-Med-Sci. 1990 March; 19(1): 11-4 0309-3913

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Liver abscess after transcatheter oily chemoembolization for hepatic tumors: incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical outcome. Author(s): Department of Radiology and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea. Source: Song, S Y Chung, J W Han, J K Lim, H G Koh, Y H Park, J H Lee, H S Kim, C Y JVasc-Interv-Radiol. 2001 March; 12(3): 313-20 1051-0443

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Management of brain abscess in children: review of 130 cases over a period of 21 years. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Tekkok, I H Erbengi, A Childs-Nerv-Syst. 1992 October; 8(7): 411-6 0256-7040

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Mediastinal abscess and pneumonia of dental origin. Source: Petrone, J A J-N-J-Dent-Assoc. 1992 Autumn; 63(4): 19-23 0093-7347

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Painful inguinal mass: uncommon presentation of a retroperitoneal abscess. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of Puerto Rico. Source: Rivera Herrera, J L Otheguy, J N Nieves Ortega, J Fortuno, R F Bol-Asoc-Med-PR. 1991 September; 83(9): 402-3 0004-4849

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Pituitary abscess presenting with cranial nerve paresis. Case report and review of literature. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital Hippocration, Thessaloniki, Greece. Source: Somali, M H Anastasiou, A L Goulis, D G Polyzoides, C Avramides, A JEndocrinol-Invest. 2001 January; 24(1): 45-50 0391-4097

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Pituitary abscess: an unusual presentation of “aseptic meningitis”. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA. Source: Schwartz, I D Zalles, M C Foster, J L Burry, V F J-Pediatr-Endocrinol-Metab. 1995 Apr-June; 8(2): 141-6

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Simultaneous onset of pyoderma gangrenosum and bitemporal abscesses of the upper eyelids during a flare of ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Department of Medicine I, University of Ulm, Germany. Source: von Tirpitz, C Buchwald, H J Lang, G K Adler, G Reinshagen, M InflammBowel-Dis. 1998 May; 4(2): 98-100 1078-0998

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Spinal aspergillus abscess in a patient with bronchocentric granulomatosis. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Source: Collier, J Wolfe, R Lerner, R Nathan, S Mohsenifar, Z J-Intensive-Care-Med. 1995 Jan-February; 10(1): 45-8 0885-0666

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Subendocardial abscess as a complication of prolonged central venous access for parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Dr. Charles A. Janeway Child Health Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's. Source: George, R L Cornel, G Can-J-Surg. 1992 February; 35(1): 91-3 0008-428X

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Treatment by aspiration of brain abscesses. Source: Stroobandt, G Zech, F Thauvoy, C Mathurin, P de Nijs, C Gilliard, C ActaNeurochir-(Wien). 1987; 85(3-4): 138-47 0001-6268

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Treatment of hepatic abscesses supplemented by T.C.M.--a comparative observation of therapeutic effects on 64 patients. Source: Zeng, Q H J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1988 September; 8(3): 187-9 0254-6272

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to abscess; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Burdock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ABSCESS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to abscess. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to abscess and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “abscess” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to abscess: •

Abscesses due to mycobacterium abscessus linked to injection of unapproved alternative medication. Author(s): Galil K, Miller LA, Yakrus MA, Wallace RJ Jr, Mosley DG, England B, Huitt G, McNeil MM, Perkins BA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 September-October; 5(5): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511524

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Acute retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses in children. Author(s): Zahraa JN, Al-Boukai AA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 August; 23(8): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12235459

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An epidemiological study on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in superficial abscesses of patients presenting for surgery in a teaching hospital in Khartoum, Sudan.

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Author(s): Mahdi SE, Ahmed AO, Boelens H, Ott A, Abugroun ES, van Belkum A, Zijlstra E, Verbrugh H, Fahal A. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2000 October; 29(2): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11024355 •

An unusual complication of chemotherapy: an abscess in the pterygopalatine fossa. Author(s): Lale AM, Jani PJ, Ellis PD. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 March; 112(3): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624385

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Bacterial scleral abscesses after retinal buckling operations. Pathogenesis, management, and laboratory investigations. Author(s): Folk JC, Cutkomp J, Koontz FP. Source: Ophthalmology. 1987 September; 94(9): 1148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3684232

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Bilateral psoas abscesses following acupuncture. Author(s): Garcia AA, Venkataramani A. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1994 July; 161(1): 90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7941526

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Blockade of nitric oxide formation enhances thermal and behavioral responses in rats during turpentine abscess. Author(s): Soszynski D. Source: Neuroimmunomodulation. 2000; 8(4): 188-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251393

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Cervical epidural abscess following trigger point injection. Author(s): Elias M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1994 February; 9(2): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021535

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Cervical spinal epidural abscess following acupuncture: successful treatment with antibiotics. Author(s): Yazawa S, Ohi T, Sugimoto S, Satoh S, Matsukura S. Source: Intern Med. 1998 February; 37(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9550597

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Clostridial brain abscess and hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Keogh AJ.

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Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1973 January; 49(567): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4354408 •

Clostridium septicum abscess in hepatic metastases: successful medical management. Author(s): Thel MC, Ciaccia D, Vredenburgh JJ, Peters W, Corey GR. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1994 April; 13(4): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7517261

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Considerations on the results of surgical treatment of cerebral abscesses. Author(s): Pellone M, Rubini L, Carteri A. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1975 July-September; 19(3): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1223245

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Cutaneous abscess due to Nocardia after “alternative” therapy for lymphoma. Author(s): Taylor GD, Turner AR. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1985 October 15; 133(8): 767. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4042061

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Electrotherapy for chronic gum and periapical abscesses. Author(s): al-Waili NS. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1989 June; 39(6): 161-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2504959

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Hyperbaric oxygen exposures for intrahepatic abscesses produced in mice by nonsporeforming anaerobic bacteria. Author(s): Hill GB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1976 February; 9(2): 312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1267430

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of refractory peripancreatic abscess associated with severe acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Izawa K, Tsunoda T, Ura K, Yamaguchi T, Ito T, Kanematsu T, Tsuchiya R. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1993 April; 28(2): 284-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8486216

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Iatrogenic Mycobacterium abscessus infection: histopathology of 71 patients. Author(s): Rodriguez G, Ortegon M, Camargo D, Orozco LC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 137(2): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292069

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Images in clinical medicine. Intraabdominal abscess after acupuncture. Author(s): Studd RC, Stewart PJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 April 22; 350(17): 1763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15103003

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Massive cerebral Aspergillus abscess in a leukemic child. Case report. Author(s): Amromin GD, Gildenhorn VB. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1971 October; 35(4): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5289562

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Paraspinal muscle abscess after Chinese Kong Fu practitioner manipulation--a case report. Author(s): Sun HL, Cheng CY. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 1998 June; 36(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9816722

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Peritemporomandibular abscess as a complication of acupuncture: a case report. Author(s): Matsumura Y, Inui M, Tagawa T. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1998 April; 56(4): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9541352

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PO2, pH, and redox potential of experimental abscesses. Author(s): Hays RC, Mandell GL. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1974 October; 147(1): 29-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4612550

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Primary anorectal lymphoma presenting as a perianal abscess in an HIV-positive male. Author(s): Bhama JK, Azad NS, Fisher WE. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2002 March; 28(2): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11884058

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Pyogenic cervical osteomyelitis presenting as a massive prevertebral abscess in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): McGrath H Jr, McCormick C, Carey ME. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 February; 84(2): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3407663

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Retroperitoneal abscess complicated by acupuncture: case report. Author(s): Cho YP, Jang HJ, Kim JS, Kim YH, Han MS, Lee SG. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2003 October; 18(5): 756-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555834

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Soft tissue abscess and osteomyelitis secondary to acupuncture. Author(s): Lin F, Choong P. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2003 September; 73(9): 770. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956798

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Staphylococcus aureus subcutaneous abscess complicating acupuncture: need for implementation of proper infection control guidelines. Author(s): Woo PC, Lau SK, Wong SS, Yuen KY. Source: New Microbiol. 2003 April; 26(2): 169-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12737199

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Subungual abscess: a new ungual side-effect related to docetaxel therapy. Author(s): Vanhooteghem O, Richert B, Vindevoghel A, Vandenbossche L, Vandeveire A, de la Brassinne M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 143(2): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10951175

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The importance of Bi-Digital O-Ring Test in the treatment of multiple hepatic abscesses: a case history. Author(s): Iwasa S, Neves LB, Lopes AC. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2003; 28(3-4): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998058

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Treatment of amebic abscess of the liver. Author(s): Spellberg MA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1969 April; 51(4): 298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4893653

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Treatment of hepatic abscesses supplemented by T.C.M.--a comparative observation of therapeutic effects on 64 patients. Author(s): Zeng QH. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1988 September; 8(3): 187-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3216661

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Value of transrectal ultrasonography for diagnosis and treatment of prostatic abscess. Author(s): Cytron S, Weinberger M, Pitlik SD, Servadio C.

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Source: Urology. 1988 November; 32(5): 454-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3055637

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to abscess; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Appendicitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Boils and Abscesses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diverticular Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Chinese Medicine Dahuang Alternative names: Rhubarb; Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daige San Alternative names: Daige Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Gualou Alternative names: Snakegourd Fruit; Fructus Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hehuanpi Alternative names: Silktree Albizia Bark; Cortex Albiziae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongqi Alternative names: Manyinflorescenced Sweetvetch Root; Radix Hedysari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqi Alternative names: Milkvetch; Radix Astragali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiegeng Alternative names: Platycodon Root; Radix Platycodi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiezi Alternative names: Mustard Seed; Semen Sinapis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiuyi San Alternative names: Jiuyi Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Lingyangjiao Alternative names: Antelope Horn; Cornu Saigae Tataricae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lugen Alternative names: Reed Rhizome; Rhizoma Phragmitis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lurong Alternative names: airy Deer-horn (Hairy Antler); Cornu Cervi Pantotrichu Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pugongying Alternative names: Dandelion; Herba Taraxaci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianhuafen Alternative names: Snakegourd Root; Radix Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wubeizi Alternative names: Chinese Gall; Galla Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Yiyiren Alternative names: Coix Seed; Semen Coicis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuxingcao Alternative names: Heartleaf Houttuynia Herb; Herba Houttuyniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zaojiaoci Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Spine; Spina Gleditsiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhebeimu Alternative names: hunberg Fritillary Bulb; Zhebeimu (Zhe Bei Mu); Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergi Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements Althaea Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Comfrey Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Fenugreek Alternative names: Trigonella foenum-graecum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Marshmallow Alternative names: Althaea officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Marshmallow Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ABSCESS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “abscess” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on abscess, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Abscess By performing a patent search focusing on abscess, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on abscess: •

Anatomical irrigation basin Inventor(s): Blair; Jonathan B. (25242 Buckskin Dr., Laguna Hills, CA 92653) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,697,921 Date filed: August 31, 1995 Abstract: A basin adapted to receive and contain a fluid draining from an irrigated wound or abscess on a portion of a person's body. The basin is anatomically contoured and dimensioned to permit a fluid tight seal between the person's skin and the basin when a potion of the rim of the basin is in juxtaposition with a variety of contoured portions of the body such as the trunk, arm head, finger, neck, and the like. The basin consists of a bowl-like container having unitary construction and having a flat, substantially planar bottom portion. The perimeter of the bottom portion is trilobate, having a plurality of convex curves or lobes around the outer periphery thereof. The lobes are convex, projecting generally outward from the center of the bottom portion, each lobe having a different radius of curvature than the other lobes. The bottom portion of the basin is bounded by a smooth continuous wall projecting upward and slightly outward from the periphery of the bottom portion. Near the superior aspect or top of the wall, the wall curves gracefully outward and upward to form a peripheral rim flange around the top of the basin. The width or lateral extension of the rim flange varies along the periphery of the rim and provides means for holding the basin without exposing fingers to the content of the basin. The outermost edge of the rim flange is shaped to direct the flow of a fluid spilled thereon into the basin under the force of gravity rather than away from the basin as occurs with prior art basins having a recurved rim flange. The basin, which is multi-contoured to adapt to a variety of anatomical topographies, presents an overall shape operable for enabling the nested stacking of a number of such units to reduce storage space. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a surgical basin for collecting wound irrigating fluids and the like, and more specifically to a contoured, anatomically conforming portable basin for catching and containing an irrigation fluid. Emesis and/or kidney basins are commonly used in the hospital environment for collecting emesis, saliva, urine, wound irrigation fluids and the like. Such basins are normally stamped from a single piece of stainless steel or similar durable metal or molded from a suitable elastomer. Such unitary basins are common in the prior art and are generally characterized by a contoured wall and a bottom having a "kidney-shaped" curvature, the curvature permitting the wall and top rim of the basin to be pressed against, and anatomically conform to, certain areas of the body. Such anatomical conformation enables an irrigation fluid injected against a wound on a patient's body to drain into a basin pressed against the skin below the wound. Such a basin is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 1,061,769 to Meinecke. Pierce, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,076, describes a disposable insulated surgical basin. Surprisingly, although such irrigation basins have been employed in trauma care environments for many years, very little innovation has occurred. For example, basins in accordance with the prior art continue to have a "rolled down" or recurved upper skin-contacting rim which forms a more or less fluid-tight seal between the basin rim and the skin when pressed against a potion of the body. Fluid incident upon the rim is directed either into the bowl or towards the outside of the rim

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since the rim is recurved. The apex of the rim of prior art basins is not at the outer periphery of the rim and does not contact the skin. Such rim constructions permit spillage and do not provide means for a person to hold the basin without exposing his/her fingers to the contents of the basin. Accordingly there remains a need for a portable surgical basin for catching irrigation fluids which provides a fluid-tight anatomically conforming seal when the rim of the basin is pressed against the skin. The basin preferably should provide an outer rim which conforms to different portions of the body presenting various anatomical curvatures. Further, the basin should be shaped to enable stacking. In addition, there is also a need for a basin having means for accommodating and stabilizing those smaller portions of the body which are frequently lacerated, such as fingers, the wrists, or hands in a manner wherein the wound being irrigated is suspended over the bottom of the basin and stabilized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05697921__ •

Buffered resorbable internal fixation devices and methods for making material therefore Inventor(s): Gresser; Joseph D. (Brookline, MA), Klibanov; Alexander M. (Newton, MA), Langer; Robert (Newton, MA), Trantolo; Debra J. (Princeton, MA), Wise; Donald L. (Belmont, MA) Assignee(s): Cambridge Scientific, Inc. (belmont, Ma) Patent Number: 6,419,945 Date filed: October 5, 1998 Abstract: An internal fixation device and a bioerodible implantable material useful therefor comprise a bioerodible polymer that produces acidic products or low molecular weight resorbable fragments upon hydrolytic degradation, and a buffering or neutralizing agent in sufficiently high concentration to moderate the rate of change of pH of said bioerodible material during bioerosion. The buffering or neutralizing agent acts to reduce the inflammatory foreign body response generated by the acidic products and reduces the sterile abscess condition that occurs at the site of the bioerodible implant materials of the prior art. Internal fixation devices (IFDs) according to the invention are useful, for example, for the repair, replacement or reconstruction of damaged bone in any area of the body. Excerpt(s): The trend in internal fixation devices for repair of damaged bone is toward the use of resorbable, tissue compatible biopolymers. Biopolymers such as poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactide) (PLA), and copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids, (poly(lactide-co-glycolide) or PLGA) have been used in the production of internal fixation devices, such as screws, pins, and rods to hold bone together following surgery, or to repair broken bones. Other polymers, such as poly(dioxanone) , have also been considered for use in the manufacture of surgical internal fixation devices. However, it has been observed that tissue response to resorbable implants fabricated from these biopolymers is not uniformly acceptable (Bostman, J. Bone and Joint Surg. 73, 148-153 (1991)). The tissue response to biopolymer-based implants has been well documented. Late sterile inflammatory foreign body response (sterile abscess) has been reported in about 8% of fractures repaired with these polymers (Bostman, supra). In a randomized study of 56 open reduction and internal fixation of malleolar fractures of the ankle with metal ASIF screws and plates or with rods of PLGA, two cases of sterile inflammatory wound sinus were observed 3 to 4 months after the operation in the injuries fixed with the polymer rods (Rokkanen et al., Lancet 1, 1422-1425 (1985); Bostman et al., J. Bone and

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Joint Surg., 69-B(4), 615-619 (1987)). Other studies have also documented an inflammatory reaction following implantation of PGA or PLGA fixation devices. The fraction of patients suffering from this reaction ranges from 4.6 to 22.5% (Bostman et al., Clin. Orthop. 238, 195-203 (1989); Bostman et al., Internat. Orthop. 14, 1-8 (1990); Hirvensalo et al., Acta Orthop. Scandinavica, Supplementum 227, 78-79 (1988); Hoffman et al., Unfallchirurgie 92, 430-434 (1989); Partio et al., Acta Orthop. Scandinavica, Supplementum 237, 43-44 (1990); Bostman et al., Internat. Orthop. 14, 1-8 (1990)). The inflammatory reaction is not limited to poly(glycolide) polymers. Internal fixation devices made from poly(lactide) have also been observed to exhibit an inflammatory reaction. Eitenmuller et al. reports that 9 of 19 patients (47.7%) who had fractures of the ankle treated with absorbable plates and screws of poly(lactide) had an inflammatory response. (J. Eitenmuller, A. David, A. Pomoner, and G. Muhyr: "Die Versorgung von Sprunggelenlzsfrakturen unter Verwendung von Platten und Schrauben aus resorbserbarem Polymermaterial", Read at Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Unfallheilkunde, Berlin, Nov. 22, 1989). In vitro studies have been performed to monitor pH changes as well as weight loss and the appearance of lactic acid from screws fabricated from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) with a lactide:glycolide ratio of 85:15. (Vert et al., J. Controlled Release 16, 15-26 (1991)). An induction period of about ten weeks was observed before any significant change in media pH or weight loss occurred. This time period corresponds to the induction periods of seven to twenty weeks noted by clinicians. However, no attempt has been made to alleviate the source of inflammation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06419945__ •

Capsular polysaccharide immunomodulator Inventor(s): Kasper; Dennis L. (Newton Center, MA), Onderdonk; Andrew B. (Westwood, MA), Tzianabos; Arthur O. (Reading, MA) Assignee(s): Brigham & Women's Hospital, Inc. (boston, Ma) Patent Number: 5,679,654 Date filed: September 2, 1994 Abstract: Methods and products for protecting against abscess formation associated with surgery, trauma or diseases that predispose the host to abscess formation are provided. Methods for forming immunomodulators and pharmaceutical compositions relating thereto also are provided. The products useful in the invention are polysaccharides including a repeat unit having a positively charged free amino group and a negatively charged group. The preferred polysaccharide is B. fragilis capsular polysaccharide A. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to immunomodulators and methods for protecting a subject against abscess formation associated with bacterial infection or contamination. A commonly occurring complication associated with leakage of colonic bacteria into the peritoneum is intra-abdominal sepsis and abscess formation. An abscess is an encapsulated collection of bacteria, lymphocytes, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and fibrin that forms in response to bacterial insult or contamination within the peritoneal cavity, such as occurs during a surgical procedure, trauma or diseases Such as appendicitis or cancer. Invasion of the exposed body area by the bacteria may occur in a localized area within the peritoneal cavity, retroperitoneal space, pelvis or other spaces or organs in the body. The infected tissue area remains relatively immune to antibiotics which are unable to penetrate the tissue structures and effectively clear walled-off bacteria. If the abscess is left untreated, it may cause fever, prolonged

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hospitalization, and in some cases mortality. If the abscess ruptures, it will release its bacterial contents into the peritoneal cavity, which can in turn lead to recurring sepsis in these patients. Currently when abdominal surgeries are performed, antibiotics are administered prophylactically as well as post-operatively. However, once an abscess has formed, the major course of action is further surgical intervention to drain the offending abscess. The result is a time-consuming and costly procedure, running on the average of $10,000 per patient. It has been impractical to immunize patients against abscess formation such as in the case of intraabdominal surgery. This traditional approach to treatment or prevention is not possible because there simply are too many strains of bacteria capable of causing abscess formation, and protection against one would not confer protection against another. It furthermore is unsettled whether vaccination and consequent induction of an immune response would confer adequate protection against abscess formation by any particular bacterium. There also exist problems and dangers associated with administering live or attenuated strains of bacteria to humans, further discouraging efforts to produce vaccines containing a large number of different bacteria. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05679654__ •

Cervical barrier shield for female vaginal douche Inventor(s): Dolisi; Frank (Old Brookville, NY) Assignee(s): American Maternity Products, Inc. (old Brookville, Ny) Patent Number: 6,113,580 Date filed: August 27, 1998 Abstract: The female vaginal douche with cervical shield is a unique device with a wide range of health implications. The device is unique because there is no existing device available that offers the ability to cleanse the vaginal mucosa without allowing a forceful flow of fluid, debris, and bacteria (both commensal and pathogenic), into the uterine cervix. At present, when vaginal douching takes place, there is no barrier in place to protect or shield the cervix from this potentially harmful practice. By combining the vaginal douche applicator with an attached cervical shield, access to the uterine cervix will be limited. The limitation theoretically prevents microorganisms from entering the upper female genital tract. Shielding the cervix during vaginal douching has the potential to prevent serious pelvic infections including pelvic inflammatory disease, tuboovarian abscess, endometritis, as well as female factor infertility and potentially life threatening ectopic pregnancy. It is also possible that other unwanted effects such as uncomfortable uterine cramps may be prevented as well. The female vaginal douche with a cervical barrier shield is applied as one unit, and can be either disposable or nondisposable. Once applied, the douche may be utilized in the typical fashion, but with possibly less complicated and unwanted side effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to protective barriers for internal hygiene. Existing vaginal douches include hollow fluid flow applicators for dispensing fluid into a vagina. However, because of the proximity of the vagina to the cervix, leading to the uterus, there is the risk of trans-cervical contamination of the uterus with bacteria, contaminated fluid and/or debris. Serious health risks include infection, sterility, ectopic pregnancies and/or pelvic inflammatory disease. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a uterine cervical shield to a vaginal douche applicator. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06113580__

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Contras agent having an imaging agent coupled to viable granulocytes for use in magnetic resonance imaging of abscess and a method of preparing and using same Inventor(s): Bis; Kostaki G. (Troy, MI), Schneider; David R. (Birmingham, MI) Assignee(s): Wayne State University (detroit, Mi) Patent Number: 5,045,304 Date filed: August 31, 1988 Abstract: A method and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abscess. Granulocytes are separated from whole blood and incubated with an imaging vehicle such as magnetite. The granulocytes encapsulate the imaging vehicle and are suspended in an intravascularly administrable carrier to form the contrast agent. The contrast agent is highly specific for MRI of abscess. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention is that of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). More specifically, this invention relates to a method and reagent for use in magnetic resonance imaging of abscess. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is known as an imaging modality for diagnosing various conditions in a patient. In order to specifically image a particular tissue in the body, it is necessary to direct a contrast agent having paramagnetic or super-paramagnetic properties to the tissue to be imaged. It is known as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,892 to use cross-linked hydrogel materials as contrast agents for imaging gastro-intestinal tract. It is also known as disclosed in Eisenberg et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,669,481 to label red blood cells with chromium for imaging the liver or spleen. It is also known as disclosed in Eisenberg et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,669,481 to use metal chelates, such as Gd-DTPA and nitroxide stable radicals (NSFRs) as contrast agents however these agents are of limited use because of target specificity, toxicity and relatively short duration signal. Heretofore, the ability to determine the nature of abcess in a patient has been accomplished only by computerized tomography and ultra sound. These modalities cannot distinguish an abcess from a neoplastic mass. Because of the non-invasive characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging, it would be useful to image abcesses by magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, it would be advantageous to provide a contrast agent which would target abscess and provide sufficient contrast to distinguish abscess from neoplastic mass. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05045304__

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Direct radiolabeling of antibody against stage specific embryonic antigen for diagnostic imaging Inventor(s): Rhodes; Buck A. (Albuquerque, NM) Assignee(s): Rhomed Incorporated (albuquerque, Nm) Patent Number: 5,346,687 Date filed: January 3, 1992 Abstract: Antibody against stage specific embryonic antigen-1 is radiolabeled by direct means with a radionuclide for use in detection of occult abscess and inflammation. Radiolabeling is accomplished by partial reduction of the disulfide bonds of the antibody using Sn(II), or using other reducing agents followed by the addition of Sn(II), removal of excess reducing agent and reduction by-products, and addition of a specified amount of radionuclide reducing agent, such as stannous tartrate. The resulting product

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may be store frozen or lyophilized, with radiolabeling accomplished by the addition of the radionuclide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and composition for radiolabeling monoclonal antibodies against stage specific embryonic antigen-1 with the radioisotope technetium-99m, and further providing for use of the radiolabeled monoclonal antibody preparation for detection of infections and inflammation. The use of radioisotopes to label proteins is well known. These compositions can be used in in vitro assays; can be administered to the human body to visualize or monitor functioning of various parts of the body or to determine the presence and location of particular antigens, antibodies, hormones or the like; and can be used in the treatment of various disease states. Technetium-99m has been utilized to radiolabel proteins, chelating agents, phosphonate bone scanning compositions and the like by a technique which utilizes sodium pertechnetate wherein the technetium initially is in the +7 state. Technetium-99m is generally available only as sodium pertechnetate. The pertechnetate comes into contact with a reducing agent, such as stannous chloride, for the technetium to be reduced to the +3, +4 or +5 oxidation state. The technetium must be maintained in this reduced state in order to maintain the chemical bond between the technetium molecule and the protein, chelating agent or like substrate being radiolabeled. It is also necessary that the technetiumbe firmly bound to the protein such that the reduced technetium is not transferred to other molecules or other proteins present in the assay, patient's blood or other media in which the radiolabeled substance will be utilized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05346687__ •

Equine strangles vaccine and the method of preparing and using the same Inventor(s): Usdin; Myron G. (Prairie Village, KS) Assignee(s): Coopers Animal Health, Inc. (kansas City, Ks) Patent Number: 4,788,059 Date filed: July 15, 1985 Abstract: A vaccine for immunizing equines against strangles and a method of using the vaccine. The vaccine is made by isolating the causative organism Streptococcus equi (S. equi) from an abscess on a horse showing typical symptoms of strangles, and confirming the identity of the organism through standard biochemical techniques. The isolated S. equi is passed through a suitable growth medium (Todd-Hewitt broth) and two parts per million acriflavine hydrochloride is added. The acriflavine level is increased over a period of approximately eleven weeks to a concentration of about sixteen parts per million to yield an avirulent S. equi while retaining its antigenicity. The method of administering the vaccine consists of inoculating the horse intranasally with the attenuated S. equi. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vaccine for the immunizing of equines against strangles and to a method of using the vaccine. Strangles is a highly contagious disease of horses caused by Streptococcus equi. Although the rate of mortality associated with the disease is low, it is annoying and debilitating and affects large groups of horses, especially when they are associated together in groups at race tracks, horse shows, sales lots and the like. The clinical signs of the disease include a rise in temperature, increased rate of respiration, depression, anorexia, inflammation of nasal mucosa, catarrhal discharge, swelling of lymph nodes, and development of abscesses. The causative organism, Streptococcus equi (S. equi), is very hardy and is capable of surviving for

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months in a stressful environment such as that found in stables and other places where horses are kept. Young horses are more susceptible to infection in view of the fact that older animals are more likely to have been in contact with the disease and developed an immunity to it. Because of the highly contagious nature of the disease, it is difficult to prevent it from spreading among horses that share common quarters. Bacterins effective against S. equi are available and have satisfactory immunizing properties. However, commercially available bacterins which are suspensions of the killed microorganism S. equi contain extraneous protein and carbohydrate fractions, both cellular and extracellular, which are responsible for many side reactions such as purpura, swelling at the site of injection, stiffness in the joints, and transitory glandular swelling with nasal discharge. The side reactions are likely to result in inappetence, debility, loss of condition, and subclinical symptoms of the disease being treated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04788059__ •

Method and apparatus for cleaning teeth and removing plaque Inventor(s): Arnold; Carter H. (317 Rocky Point Rd., Palos Verdes, CA 90274) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,214,871 Date filed: January 23, 1978 Abstract: A fast, efficient, economical method of daily oral hygiene designed for home use to replace the present ineffective methods such as brushing, water flushing, flossing, etc.The method is particularly for removing plaque. A nontoxic and relatively nonabrasive solid material in pellet form is entrained in a stream of liquid, preferably water and discharged as a jet against the teeth and adjacent areas in the mouth. The pellets are of soluble material which preferably is halite and in various sizes generally in the range from 0.010 inches to 0.030 inches at the time of striking the teeth. The pellets strike with a point impact thereby having sufficient energy to remove plaque from the teeth. If any pellets should lodge under the gums they would dissolve thereby preventing a possible abscess. Mechanical apparatus of simplified form can be utilized to entrain the solid particles in the liquid stream. Excerpt(s): 1. Field of the Invention. The field of the invention is that of treatment of the teeth and, more particularly, cleaning of the teeth by removing plaque therefrom. 2. Description of the Prior Art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04214871__

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Method and device for draining abscess Inventor(s): Wilk; Peter J. (185 West End Ave., New York, NY 10023) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,232,440 Date filed: February 26, 1992 Abstract: An assembly for use in drainage of an abscess comprises an outer tubular member provided in a distal end portion with a plurality of longitudinal slits. The distal end portion of the tubular member has a spring bias tending to form the distal end portion into a substantially spherical expanded configuration to anchor the distal end

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portion of the tubular member in an abscess. An inner tubular member or obturator is inserted into the outer tubular member and has a distal end provided with a cutting edge projecting from the outer tubular member. Locking components on the obturator and the outer tubular member serve to maintain the latter in a stretched out cylindrical configuration enabling insertion of the distal end portion into an abscess. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an assembly or device for use in draining an abscess. This invention also relates to an associated method using the device. An abscess is a collection of pus in infected tissue and is often accompanied by inflammation or swelling. To relieve the swelling, a surgeon makes an incision through skin tissues overlying the abscess. Although some pus may be removed immediately from the abscess to reduce the swelling, fluidic matter will continue to accumulate and swelling will recur unless measures are taken to ensure continued drainage from the infected tissues. One procedure for ensuring continued drainage of an abscess involves the use of a tubular member which is closed at a distal end, i.e., the end which is inserted by the surgeon into the abscess. Along a distal portion proximal of the closed distal tip of the tube are provided a plurality of longitudinal slits. The tube is formed at its perforated distal portion with a spring bias tending to form that portion of the tube into a substantially spherical expanded anchoring configuration wherein the slits are opened. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05232440__ •

Method for preventing injection site abscess Inventor(s): Strayer; James G. (Waterloo, NE) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 4,423,035 Date filed: August 10, 1981 Abstract: A method of vaccinating a food producing animal without producing injection site abscess comprising injecting said animal with a vaccine that comprises a bacterin, an effective amount of a compatible adjuvant, an effective amount of a non-antibiotic biocidal compound, and about 30 micrograms per milliliter of gentamicin sulfate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing local abscesses that are often a consequence of certain vaccinations. In particular, injection of bacterins, especially those that contain an adjuvant (for example, aluminum hydroxide) dispose the patient to an abscess at the injection site. Corynebacterium pyogenes is generally found to be the infecting organism. Adjuvants are used in vaccines to slow the diffusion of antigen so that the patient will have time to develop a maximum level of immune response before the entigen is cleared. Examples of typical adjuvants are aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate peanut oil and Freund's complete adjuvant. The preferred amount of adjuvant in each type of vaccine is selected with this goal of maximizing the level of immune response in mind and this amount will be different for each type of vaccine. Of course, an amount of adjuvant that causes less than the maximum response may still be more effective in causing ome improvement in immune response. While an adjuvant may be helpful in maximizing or improving the immune response, it may cause local irritation or tissue damage that will make the injection site more susceptible to development of an abscess. The word "abscess", as used herein, means a septic abscess accompanied by bacterial infection rather than a "sterile" abscess. The latter is a relatively small abscess that is the result of inflammation due to local

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irritation or tissue damage and is not accompanied by such infection. The problem of injection site abscess is particularly acute in the large animal field where careful swabbing of the skin before injection and other prophylactic measures are difficult to economically carry out, as even a few remaining microorganisms can cause the problem. Such abscesses are large masses that cause the animal considerable discomfort and may be accompanied by fever if left untreated. The animal's appetite is reduced and weight gain is substantially diminished, resulting in serious economic less to the farmer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04423035__ •

Method for the treatment of urologic disorders Inventor(s): Bush; Irving M. (Box 365, Burlington, IL 60109) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,822,610 Date filed: August 26, 1987 Abstract: A novel method for the treatment of prostatitis, seminal vesiculitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic abscess, bladder neck hypertrophy, urinary tract infection including urethritis and decreased liquification of semen by administering a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage of guaifenesin, or guaifenesin including zinc sulfate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel method for the treatment of the urologic conditions known as prostatitis (P), seminal vesiculitis (SV), benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostatic abscess (PA), bladder neck hypertrophy (BNH), urinary tract infection (UTI) including urethritis and decreased liquification of semen (DLS). These diseases of the urinary and genital tract of males and females are among the most common diseases (8%) seen in medical practice. They are often recurring, debilitating or persistent and take a great toll in patient morbidity. Many of the symptoms associated with P, SV, BPH, PA, BNH, UTI and DLS are related to the inability of associated organs to drain their mucoid or mucopurulent secretions which may or may not contain bacteria that are often resistent to many antibiotics. This inability to drain has been solved at the present time only through painful massage by the treating physician. Guaifenesin C.sub.10 H.sub.14 O.sub.4 1,2 - Propanediol, 3 (2 methoxyphenoxyl)-3-(o Methoxyphenoxyl)-1,2-propanediol has in the past and at present been used as an expectorant. By increasing respiratory tract fluid (mucus) guaifenesin reportedly reduces the viscosity of tenacious secretions leading to removal of the offending material. Guaifenesin may also reduce respiratory tract adhesiveness and surface tension promoting ciliary action. It therefore has been used in the management of coughs associated with the common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, measles and chronic paranasal sinusitis, all of which are diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04822610__

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Novel use of a radiolabelled antibody against stage specific embryonic antigen for the detection of occult abscesses in mammals Inventor(s): Thakur; Madhukar L. (Cherry Hill, NJ) Assignee(s): Thomas Jefferson University (philadelphia, Pa) Patent Number: 4,917,878 Date filed: May 2, 1988 Abstract: The invention discloses improved reagents containing antibodies against stage specific embryonic antigen-1 antibodies and improved methods for detection of occult abscess and inflammation using the improved reagents. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of radioimaging and more particularly to immunoreagents and methods for detecting neutrophils at the site of occult abscesses. Hidden infections and inflammations or occult abscesses are difficult to detect by conventional methods. Often an infection in the patient is diagnosed by an elevated white cell count or the presence in the blood of a specific pathogen, but the exact location of the infection can not be found by manual examination. X-ray of the patient is usually not helpful because the infection or inflammation is in soft tissue which is not detected by this method. Delay in detecting occult abscesses delays treatment of the condition and increases the risk of exacerbation and spread of the infection or inflammation. New methods of detecting occult abscesses which are not time consuming and which accurately locate the infection or inflammation are needed to overcome the difficulties of detecting these conditions by conventional methods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04917878__

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Tip for a phacoemulsification needle Inventor(s): Thompson; Robert J. (9900 Genesee Ave., San Diego, CA 92037) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,689,040 Date filed: April 29, 1985 Abstract: An improved tip for a phacoemulsification needle having a lumen and a wall; wherein the improved tip comprises an oblique, generally concave face in side view and concentrates the majority of the effective cross-sectional area of the lumen toward the rear. An exemplary embodiment employs a maximum total face angle of 40 degrees with the face further comprising in side view from top to bottom: a first lead-in angle; a second horizontal section at a height of approximately 20-25 percent the needle diameter; and a third section defined as an arc of a circle extending tangential to the second horizontal section and extending to the top wall of the needle wherein the radius of the circle is approximately the distance between the second section and the upper wall. The improved tip is for use on hollow, ultrasonically vibrated needles of the type used for the surgical removal of cataract, abscess, hemorrhage, or other unwanted material. The improved tip is particularly designed to allow for the emulsification and aspiration of the lens of an eye in the lens chamber by increasing operative visability and reducing the incidence of pressure transients and surge, thereby reducing the danger of rupturing the posterior capsule and loss of vitreous. With the improved tip which permits material sculpting and manipulation, phacoemulsification can be accomplished without aid of another instrument.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to an improved tip for a hollow, ultrasonically vibrated needle and more particularly to an improved tip for a phacoemulsification needle such as used in the surgical device shown by U.S. Pat. No. 3,589,363 issued June 29, 1971 to A. Banko and C. D. Kelman for a Material Removal Apparatus and Method Employing High Frequency Vibrations. The aforesaid patent describes an instrument for breaking apart and removing unwanted tissue and material, especially a cataract located in the anterior chamber of the eye, by ultrasonically fragmenting the cataract while simultaneously introducing fluid into the eye chamber and withdrawing the fluid and fragmented cataract particles. Briefly the device described includes a hand piece having an operative needle vibrating in ultrasonic range. The needle shaft is hollow and is in turn surrounded by a tubular sleeve. In operation the needle shaft including the surrounding tubular sleeve are inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye. Irrigation fluid is introduced through the hollow sleeve to provide a replacement for fluid withdrawn or lost from the eye chamber. The removal of fluid and suspended material from the anterior chamber is called aspiration and ideally there is no change in fluid content or anterior chamber pressure as a result of irrigationaspiration. It is highly desirable to emulsify the lens nucleus in situ because removing the nucleus from its original position and emulsifying it elsewhere in the eye creates a high probability of damage to other eye tissue, such as to the iris and corneal endothelium. However, commonly, the lens is not emulsified in situ because of the problems hereinbelow described, particularly the great danger of rupturing the posterior capsule. Basically the eye is separated into two chambers, an anterior and posterior. These elastic, pressure-responsive chambers are separated by a thin, cellophane-like diaphragm called the posterior capsule located behind the lens. If the posterior capsule encounters a sharp instrument, particularly a vibrating needle, it is easily punctured and, once its structural integrity is broken, the posterior capsule generally splits and tears. The result is quite catastrophic. Vitrious humor is lost and lens particles and other material fall into the posterior chamber resulting in many complications, dangers, and difficulties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04689040__ •

Tubular drainage device Inventor(s): Kitchin; Christopher (5098 Rootstown Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,988,340 Date filed: April 26, 1989 Abstract: Drainage device for dental or medical or veterinary purposes. The preferred device, for dental purposes, comprises an elongated tube and a flange near one end (the drainage end) thereof. The flange has suture holes to facilitate suturing to the patient's gum. Representative dimensions for dental purposes are: overall length, 0.25-2 inch; outside diameter of tube, 0.04-0.2 inch; inside diameter of tube, 0.02-0.1 inch; tube wall thickness, 0.01-0.05 inch; diameter of flange, not more than 0.5 inch. The device is made of a biocompatible resilient elastomer. To use, the dentist cuts a hole through the patient's gum to the abscess site in the usual manner, inserts the insertion end of the tube (the end remote from the flange) so that it is at the abscess site and sutures the flange to the patient's gum. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to drainage devices for dental, and use. In particular, this invention relates to a dental abscess drainage device which is capable of being

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sutured to gum of a patient and draining an abscess. Conventional practice for draining a periodontal abscess (i.e., an abscess in the gum or bone adjacent to a tooth) is to make an incision through the gum to the abscess site, insert a drainage tube, commonly either a dam drain or a Penrose drain, and allow the abscess to drain for several days (e.g. three or four days), until the pus has been drained. Only after the abscess has been drained can the dentist treat the site to rid it of infection. The dam drain is not manufactured as a drain, but rather in the form of square sheets of a pharmaceutically acceptable grade of rubber or latex (e.g. "Natsyn" rubber) which may be cut to desired size and rolled into a tube at the dentist's office and inserted into the patient's mouth at the incision site by the dentist. Actually, the primary purpose of the dental dam is simply to keep the incision open until the abscess has drained, rather than to form a device for fashioning into a drainage tube. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04988340__ •

Vivo radioassay process Inventor(s): Goedemans; Wilhelmus T. (Schoorl, NL) Assignee(s): Byk-mallinckrodt Cil B.v. (nl) Patent Number: 4,360,509 Date filed: December 19, 1979 Abstract: There is disclosed an in vivo radioassay process in which a radioactive chelate of indium and an 8-hydroxyquinoline is introduced into a warmblooded animal having an inflammatory reaction in an area in which the chelate would not accumulate to the same extent if the inflammation were not present. The chelate gathers in the inflamed area, for instance, in a body abscess, or other injury, and its location is determined by radio surveying the body by an external imaging technique. Excerpt(s): It is highly desirable to determine the location of inflammatory reactions in warmblooded animals without having to invade the body by surgery or introduction of a mechanical device into the body in the area of the inflammation which is often painful to the patient and whose proper utilization may require a great deal of skill. The present invention is directed to a process in which an inflammatory reaction, for instance, an abscess or other injury, can be located in the body without such invasion of the animal, but, rather, by introducing a radioactive chelate of indium and an 8-hydroxyquinoline into the bloodstream of the animal. After a suitable period, the chelate accumulates not only in certain areas of the body such as the liver and spleen, but, also, in relatively large amounts in any inflamed area present. The body can then be subjected to a radio survey by an external imaging technique to detect the accumulated radioactivity in the location of an inflamed area providing the latter is in a part of the body other than one in which the chelate would normally accumulate to essentially the same extent even in the absence of inflammation. This procedure is relatively rapid and convenient, and avoids the use of external or in vitro tagging procedures which have heretofore been employed for similar purposes. Radiopharmaceutical imaging is a widely practiced procedure for the purpose of making various types of determinations regarding the condition of the body of warmblooded animals. Not only are such procedures advantageous in the veterinary field and in facilitating research in various pharmaceutical areas, but, indeed, an area of wide application is in evaluating or examining the human body. The useful radiopharmaceuticals generally emit gamma photons that can be detected by external imaging to ascertain the location of the radioactive material in the body, but there are limitations in various imaging systems that may restrict the type of radioisotopes that

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can be employed, as well as the manner in which the procedure must be executed. The radioactive substance must be effective in relatively low dosages and have sufficient life and selectivity in depositing in the desired body area in order for the procedure to be successful. With respect to body abscesses their presence and locations have heretofore been determined by labeling blood components in vitro, and then introducing the resulting materials into the body of the animal to be examined by radioassay. This process is highly disadvantageous in that the blood sample must be first withdrawn, the desired component of the blood separated and labelled and then reinjected into the animal in relatively large amounts before the procedures are generally successful. A process of this type is described in, for example, "INDIUM-111-LABELED AUTOLOGOUS LEUKOCYTES IN MAN", Mathew L. Thakur et al., Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Volume 18, No. 10, 1014-1021. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04360509__

Patent Applications on Abscess As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to abscess: •

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE-BASED ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIAL Inventor(s): Abiru, Masao; (Tokyo, JP), Imai, Yohji; (Chiba-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020198283 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: A calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material having superior bioaffinity is provided, which is a temporary root canal filling material to be used in the root canal treatment of teeth, having such roles that, when filled temporarily in the root canal, it stays in an affected part during a predetermined period of time, thereby a root canal being prevented from staining by pathogenic bacteria or exudates, has corrosion resistance, and promotes the remedy of an apical abscess by wound of the root apex portion. The calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material is comprised of 3 to 20% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone and/or polyvinyl methyl ether, 30 to 60% by weight of calcium hydroxide, and 35 to 60 % by weight of water. Further, there is an embodiment in which from 5 to 20 parts by weight of at least one X-ray opacity medium selected from barium sulfate, zirconium oxide, bismuth subnitrate, bismuth trioxide, and bismuth carbonate and/or 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of at least one disinfectant selected from iodoform and iodine is further contained based on 100 parts by weight of the calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material, which is a temporary root canal filling material that is used for a short period of time after root canal preparation, in the root canal treatment of teeth, a pulp tissue is removed with an instrument for root canal preparation such as a reamer or a file,

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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thereby a root canal being prepared into a form in which the root canal filling can be readily achieved, but before a final root canal filling material such as a gutta-percha is filled into the prepared root canal. This calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material has such roles that, when filled temporarily in the root canal, it stays in an affected part during a predetermined period of time, thereby preventing the root canal from staining by pathogenic bacteria or exudates, has corrosion resistance, and promotes the remedy of an apical abscess by wound of the root apex portion. In the dental remedy, there is taken a treatment that, when the remedy of pulp disease or apical periodontitis of teeth is carried out, sphacelus pieces or food pieces within a root canal and dentins within a stained root canal inner wall are removed, and pulpectomy is then carried out. Simultaneously, there is taken a treatment that the root canal is adjusted into a form in which the root canal filling can be readily achieved with an instrument such as a reamer or a file, and a materially stable substance such as guttapercha is filled into the prepared root canal, thereby pathogenic bacteria being prevented from invading as well as the tooth root being kept harmless for a periodontal tissue. This treatment in series is called as a root canal remedy. Now, in order to achieve the root canal treatment, first of all, a dental pulp is removed, and root canal preparation is then performed to enlarge an instrument such as a reamer or a file,. Subsequently, the root canal thus treated is cleaned with a chemical. However, the root canal is complicated, and the number of root canals per tooth is different depending on a site at which the teeth are present, such as a single root canal, two root canals, three root canals, or four root canals. Further, the shape of the root canal varies depending on the individual teeth, including a linear shape, a flat shape, a gutter shape, and a curved shape. For these reasons, even when such a treatment is achieved, there is a fear that bacteria within the root canal and dentinal tubule cannot be removed completely. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions and methods for reducing lung volume Inventor(s): Ingenito, Edward; (Kingston, MA) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20040047855 Date filed: June 17, 2003 Abstract: The invention includes methods for performing non-surgical lung volume reduction in a patient by (a) administering, through the patient's trachea, a composition comprising an enzyme (e.g., a protease, such as a serine protease (e.g., trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, or an MMP); and (b) collapsing a region of the lung, at least a portion of which was contacted by the composition administered in step (a). The patient can have COPD (e.g., emphysema) or their lung can be damaged by a traumatic event. The tissue in the targeted area can also include an abscess or fistula. One can similarly treat other tissues (i.e., non-lung tissues) by exposing those tissues to an enzymecontaining composition (or other composition described herein). These tissues may be those that are obscured from a therapeutic agent by epithelial cells or that will contact an implantable device. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the priority date of U.S. Ser. No. 60/389,731, filed Jun. 17, 2002, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention features compositions and methods for treating patients who have certain lung diseases, such as emphysema. Emphysema, together with asthma and chronic bronchitis, represent a disease complex known as chronic obstructive

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pulmonary disease (COPD). These three diseases are related in that they each cause difficulty breathing and, in most instances, progress over time. There are substantial differences, however, in their etiology, pathology, and prognosis. For example, while asthma and chronic bronchitis are diseases of the airways, emphysema is associated with irreversible, destructive changes in lung parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchioles. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of emphysema; the smoke triggers an inflammatory response within the lung, which is associated with an activation of both elastase and matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs). These enzymes degrade key proteins that make up the tissue network of the lungs (Shapiro et al., Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 160:s29-s32, 1999; Hautamaki et al., Science 277:2002-2004, 1997). In fact, the pathological determinant of lung dysfunction in emphysema is the progressive destruction of elastic tissue, which causes loss of lung recoil and progressive hyperexpansion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Endoscopic wound care treatment system and method Inventor(s): Grutzner, Klaus Uwe; (Gauting, DE), Weidenhagen, Rolf; (Munich, DE) Correspondence: Kinetic Concepts, INC.; Legal Dept - MFG.; P.O. Box 659508; San Antonio; TX; 78265-9508; US Patent Application Number: 20040093026 Date filed: November 7, 2002 Abstract: An endoluminal and intracorporeal negative pressure, wound care treatment, and prophylaxic system 10 and method includes a pressure distributor 40 for placement substantially within an internal organ or tissue abscess 34. A fluidic communication means 22 is provided between the pressure distributor 40 and a negative pressure source 20. A collection canister 24 is provided between the negative pressure source 20 and the pressure distributor 40 for collecting any effluents 36 that may be drawn from the abscess 34 during application of negative pressure. An introducing conduit 44 is provided for introducing the pressure distributor 40 into the abscess 34. A positioning conduit 46 is provided to properly position the pressure distributor 40 within the abscess 34. Negative pressure is applied to the pressure distributor 40 in order to provide negative pressure therapy within the abscess 34. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to endoscopic wound care treatment, and in particular the treatment of perianastomotic abscesses. More specifically this invention relates to an endoluminal and intracorporeal negative pressure abscess, wound care, and prophylaxic treatment system and method. Negative pressure therapy has been utilized for the healing of open wounds and has been commercialized by Kinetic Concepts, Inc. of San Antonio, Tex., by its proprietary V.A.C.RTM. product line. In practice, the application to a wound of negative gauge pressure, typically involves the mechanicallike contraction of the wound with simultaneous removal of excess fluid. In this manner, V.A.C.RTM. therapy augments the body's natural inflammatory process while alleviating many of the known intrinsic side effects, such as the production of edema caused by increased blood flow absent the necessary vascular structure for proper venous return. As a result, V.A.C.RTM. therapy has been highly successful in the promotion of wound closure, healing many wounds previously thought largely untreatable. However, treatment utilizing V.A.C.RTM. therapy has been largely limited to open surface wounds. Treatment of internal wounds, such as internal abscesses, has typically involved more traditional techniques. Other more complicated internal

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conditions, such as anastomotic leakage has been even more problematic to treat. There are a host of intraabdominal sites in which abscesses may occur. In certain endoscopic procedures, such as anterior resection of the rectum, complications may occur leading to anastomotic leakage, which in turn may lead to an abscess formation. Some studies have shown that anastomotic leakage after anterior resection of the rectum occurs anywhere from 4.5% to 18% of the time. Such problems are often aggravated by a physiologic obstruction in the anal region. Accumulation of gases and feces results in movement of this waste material through the path of least resistance, which in most cases, and especially in the case of anastomotic leakage, is out of the colonic lumen and into the abdominal cavity. The backflow into the abdominal cavity leads to a pressure build up next to the anastomosis, which in turn leads to mechanical enlargement of the tissue at the anastomosis and formation of an abscess. Proper healing of the anastomosis is therefore continually impaired. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Epidural catheter dispenser system to contain and control an epidural catheter, maintain epidural catheter sterility and prevent epidural catheter contamination Inventor(s): Simpson, Robert C.; (Tallahassee, FL) Correspondence: Robert J. Mcaughan, JR.; Howrey Simon Arnold & White, Llp; 750 Bering Drive; Houston; TX; 77057-2198; US Patent Application Number: 20030094731 Date filed: November 20, 2001 Abstract: An epidural injection is used in medical procedure to administer medication to a patient's epidural space in the spine, usually to alleviate pain. Although effective in purpose, current medical procedure to administer an epidural injection does contain a flaw that exposes the patient to possible infection, usually manifested as an epidural abscess or bacterial meningitis. A source for infection stems from the manner the epidural catheter, specifically the proximal end not being inserted into the patient, is traditionally handled throughout the procedure--usually freely hanging, susceptible to breaking the sterile field and becoming contaminated. The current invention, an epidural catheter dispenser system, seeks to eliminate this risk of epidural catheter contamination by maintaining the epidural catheter, especially the proximal catheter end, in a sterile dispenser that can be easily manipulated by a physician. The epidural catheter dispenser system defines an inner cavity in which an epidural catheter may be loaded. When ready for use, a distal catheter end is extracted from the dispenser's inner cavity through a dispenser aperture on the dispenser's distal end piece, or top, allowing the physician to direct the epidural catheter into an epidural needle bore and into a patient's epidural space. Because the epidural catheter dispenser system and its epidural catheter contents fit easily into the palm of a physician's hand, the proximal catheter end is permanently in a controlled, contained sterile environment throughout the entire catheter placement procedure until extracted from the dispenser. The current invention minimizes and virtually eliminates the risk of epidural catheter contamination. Thus, the epidural catheter dispenser system provides benefits beyond existing epidural injection procedures including: (1) reduced risk of infection of the patient receiving an epidural injection; (2) easier catheter management for the physician; (3) better control of the medical microenvironment for the physician; and (4) improved medical efficiencies. Excerpt(s): An epidural injection is a medical anesthetic technique whereby medication, typically an anesthetic agent with or without a steroidal component, is administered to a

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patient's spine, specifically in the epidural space. The epidural space consists of the space between a patient's bony spinal vertebrae and the dura mater, or tough outer layer of the spinal cord. Epidural injections are most commonly used to alleviate pain associated with childbirth or nerve root impingement. Nerve roots are bands of nerves extending from the spinal cord in the vertebral canal to the body through intervertebral foramina, or spaces between vertebrae. Nerve roots can become impinged as a result of a bulging, herniated or ruptured intervertebral disc due to compression or wear. Nerve root impingement can also occur as a result of a radiculopathy, bony osteophyte or projection compressing the nerve root. For the administration of an epidural injection, a physician will request the patient to lie in a fetal position, whereby the patient's knees are pulled closely to her chest. This creates a convex curvature for the patient's spine, resulting in the widening of the intervertebral space between each vertebra's spinous process. The physician may then palpate the intervertebral space at the level of the spine in which the epidural injection is desired to be administered to alleviate pain. After locating the precise point to administer the epidural injection, the physician will use an aseptic technique to prep and drape the area and cleanse the area of bacteria to prevent infection. During the prep and drape process, the physician will use iodine and a brush to scrub the skin surface several times. The physician will also drape the local area with sterile cloths, leaving only the small area to administer the epidural uncovered. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of operating for anal fistula Inventor(s): Ohmi, Yoshihiro; (Ibaraki, JP) Correspondence: Westerman, Hattori, Daniels & Adrian, Llp; 1250 Connecticut Avenue, NW; Suite 700; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040069312 Date filed: October 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention comprises a constitution of a method of operating for an anal fistula wherein said anal fistula vanishes away by closing a primary opening of the purulent anal fistula developed round an anus, a constitution of a method of operating or an anal fistula wherein a primary opening is closed and the lower portion of the anal fistula is also cut away at the same time when secondary openings are developed at two portions of the anal fistula developed round an anus, a constitution of a method of operating for an anal fistula wherein a primary opening of the purulent anal fistula developed round an anus is closed and a part of a periproctal abscess is also incised at he same time, a constitution of a method of operating for an anal fistula wherein an internal hemorrhoid and an external hemorrhoid are ligated and cut away and a primary opening of the anal fistula developed in the anus portion is also closed at the same time when the anal fistula having the primary opening and a secondary opening in the anus portion and the internal hemorrhoid and the external hemorrhoid are developed, and a constitution of a method of operating for an anal fistula wherein a primary opening of one anal fistula is closed to be removed and a primary opening of the other anal fistula is also closed to be removed at the same time when the anal fistulas are developed at two portions round an anus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of operating for an anal fistula developed at an anus portion. Heretofore, it has been considered that resection or release of a primary opening through which bacteria invade, an inflamed anal gland between internal and external sphincters, and surrounding tissue is necessary in a

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radical operation for an anal fistula, and therefore the operation has been performed employing incisional surgery such as resection, release. However, there has been a problem that fecal incontinence, soiling, etc. May occur as a secondary disease even by means of the incisional surgery, which is a conventional method of operation for anal fistulas. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Resorbable interbody spinal fusion devices Inventor(s): Gresser, Joseph D.; (Brookline, MA), Klibanov, Alexander M.; (Newton, MA), Langer, Robert S.; (Newton, MA), Lewandrowski, Kai-Uwe; (Brookline, MA), Trantolo, Debra J.; (Princeton, MA), Wise, Donald L.; (Belmont, MA) Correspondence: Weingarten, Schurgin, Gagnebin; & Hayes, Llp; Ten Post Office Square; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20010008980 Date filed: February 16, 2001 Abstract: A resorbable interbody fusion device for use in spinal fixation is disclosed. The device is composed of 25-100% bioresorbable or resorbable material. The interbody fusion device of the invention can be in any convenient form, such as a wedge, screw or cage. Preferably, the resorbable device of the invention is in the shape of a tapered wedge or cone, which further desirably incorporates structural features such as serrations or threads better to anchor the device in the adjoining vertebrae. The preferred device further comprises a plurality of peripheral voids and more desirably a central void space therein, which may desirably be filled with a grafting material for facilitating bony development and/or spinal fusion, such as an autologous grafting material. As the preferred material from which the resorbable interbody fusion device is manufactured is most likely to be a polymer that can produce acidic products upon hydrolytic degradation, the device preferably further includes a neutralization compound, or buffer, in sufficiently high concentration to decrease the rate of pH change as the device degrades, in order to prevent sterile abscess formation caused by the accumulation of unbuffered acidic products in the area of the implant. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/131,716, filed Aug. 10, 1998; and from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/055,291, filed Aug. 13, 1997; Ser. No. 60/074,076, filed Feb. 9, 1998; Ser. No. 60/074,197, filed Feb. 10, 1998, and Ser. No. 60/081,803, filed Apr. 15, 1998, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to the field of interbody spinal fusion devices. In the structure of the spine of vertebrates including humans, the space between adjacent vertebrae is referred to as the interbody space. In normal spines, this space is occupied by the structure commonly referred to as a disc. This intervertebral structure separates and cushions the vertebrae. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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SUCTION CATHETER FOR RAPIDLY DEBRIDING ABSCESSES Inventor(s): UFLACKER, RENAN; (MT. PLEASANT, SC) Correspondence: Cook Group Patent Office; P.O. Box 2269; Bloomington; IN; 47402 Patent Application Number: 20020010416 Date filed: April 14, 1999 Abstract: A medical device 10 particularly adapted for debriding an abscess, phlegmon, or hematoma in a human or veterinary patient, for removing debrided and other materials from the abscess and for draining the abscess first includes a flexible catheter 12 having a longitudinally extending flow lumen 14, a rounded distal tip 16, a side portion 18 extending proximally from the distal tip 16 and an oval or other lateral opening 20, 44 or 46 extending through the side portion 18. The device also includes a cutting cannula 22 positionable in and longitudinally slidable in the flow lumen 14 in the catheter 12. The cannula 22 has an open distal end 24 and a sharp, beveled circumferential cutting edge 26 formed on the open distal end 24, the circumferential cutting edge 26 being disposed perpendicularly to the flow lumen 14 of the catheter 12. Upon movement of the cannula 22 in the flow lumen 14, the cutting edge 26 moves across the lateral opening 20 and cuts any material extending through the lateral opening 20 of the catheter 12. The cannula 22 further has a proximal end 30 opposite the open distal end 24 adapted for the application of suction thereto. The catheter 12 is capable of draining the abscess even when the cutting cannula 22 is not positioned in the flow lumen 14. The device 10 can also include a side arm 40 connected to the proximal end 36 of the catheter 12 in fluid communication with the flow lumen 14 of the catheter 12, and a fitting 42 connecting the side arm 40 to the proximal end 36 of the catheter 12. The fitting 42 can contain a seal element 38 through which the cannula 22 can be passed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of provisional application Ser. No. 60/081,678, filed Apr. 14, 1998. This invention relates generally to medical devices, and more particularly to a device for debriding, aspirating, and draining an abscess present in a human or veterinary patient. A variety of locations within the body of a human or veterinary patient are subject to developing an abscess after the occurrence of infection or contamination at such locations. Contamination can result from structural changes or damage to tissues in the body caused by injury or surgery, or can result from structural irregularities arising naturally within the body. Abscesses often develop in an existing tract or passage within the body, such as in mucus glands, for example, rectal mucus glands. An abscess can perhaps most simply be considered as a sac containing bacteria, body fluids and sera, blood clots, dead or necrotic tissue, and the like. Treatment of an abscess entails debriding the abscess and draining it of such materials contained in it. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with abscess, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the

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“Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on abscess. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning abscess. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ABSCESS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to abscess. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on abscess include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on abscess: •

ABC of Liver, Pancreas and Gall Bladder Source: London, UK: BMJ Publishing Group. 2001. 54 p. Contact: Available from BMJ Publishing Group. BMA Books, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WCIH 9JR. Fax 44 (0)20 7383 6402. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bmjbooks.com. PRICE: Contact publisher for price. ISBN: 0727915312. Summary: Diseases of the liver, pancreas, and biliary system affect a substantial proportion of the world's population and involve doctors and health care workers across many disciplines. Many of these disease produce great misery and distress and are economically important requiring much time off work. This atlas of the liver, pancreas and gallbladder provides an overview of these diseases and enable the busy clinician to keep abreast of advances in diagnosis and management of not only the common but also the rarer, but none the less important, conditions. The atlas includes fourteen chapters: investigation of liver and biliary disease, gallstone disease, acute

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hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, other causes of parenchymal liver disease, portal hypertension and ascites, portal hypertension and encephalopathy, liver tumors, liver abscesses and hydatid disease, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic tumors, liver and pancreatic trauma, and transplantation of the liver and pancreas. Each chapter covers the symptoms, diagnosis, etiology, natural course, and treatment of the disease under consideration. Each chapter is illustrated with full-color diagrams, charts, and clinical photographs. A subject index concludes the book. •

Complaints Particularly Affecting Gingivae Source: in Scully, C. Handbook of Oral Disease: Diagnosis and Management. New York, NY: Thieme New York. 2001. p.274-299. Contact: Available from Thieme New York. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (212) 760-0888, ext 110. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841840874. Summary: This chapter on complaints particularly affecting the gingiva (gums) is from a handbook of oral disease that is intended to be used by all members of the dental team who need a ready office reference. The handbook covers the more common and important soft tissue orofacial disorders and gives clinically relevant aspects of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This chapter covers bleeding, lumps and swellings, red lesions, ulcers, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), congenital epulis (granular cell myoblastoma), chronic hyperplastic gingivitis, chronic marginal gingivitis, desquamative gingivitis, drug-induced gingival hyperplasia (overgrowth), fibrous epulis, giant cell granuloma, gingival cysts in neonates, hereditary gingival fibromatosis, lateral periodontal abscess, Papillo-Lefevre syndrome, pericoronitis, periodontitis, peripheral odontogenic fibroma, plasma cell gingivitis, pregnancy gingivitis and pregnancy epulis, retrocuspid papilla, scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), and tuberose sclerosis. For each condition, the authors note etiology (cause), diagnosis, symptoms, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention (where possible). Much of the information is provided in table or outline format for ease of reference. Full color photographs illustrate the most common conditions. 17 figures. 4 tables. 23 references.

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Handbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery Source: Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2002. 931 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300. Fax (301) 223-2365. PRICE: $79.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0781725860. Summary: This handbook provides a more portable version of the larger textbook with the same title: Colon and Rectal Surgery, 4th Edition. The coverage addresses the entire range of diseases affecting the colon, rectum, and anus. A stepwise approach to treatment guides physicians from evaluation to follow up with incisive coverage of symptoms, testing and diagnosis, preparation, medical and surgical management, and postoperative care. Thirty-three chapters cover anatomy and embryology of the anus, rectum, and colon; physiology of the colon; diet and drugs in colorectal surgery; evaluation and diagnostic techniques; flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy; setting up a colorectal physiology laboratory; analgesia (pain killing) in colon and rectal surgery; hemorrhoids; anal fissure; anorectal abscess; anal fistula; rectovaginal and rectourethral fistulas; anal incontinence; colorectal trauma; management of foreign bodies; disorders of defecation; rectal prolapse, solitary rectal ulcer, syndrome of the descending perineum, and rectocele; pediatric surgical problems; cutaneous conditions;

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colorectal manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV); polypoid diseases; carcinoma (cancer) of the colon; carcinoma of the rectum; malignant tumors of the anal canal; less common tumors and tumorlike lesions of the colon, rectum, and anus; diverticular disease; laparoscopic-assisted colon and rectal surgery; vascular diseases; ulcerative colitis; Crohn's disease and indeterminate colitis; intestinal stomas; enterostomal therapy; and miscellaneous colitides. The handbook includes the same illustrations as the larger text. A subject index concludes the volume. •

Hepatobiliary Diseases: Pathophysiology and Imaging Source: Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. 764 p. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 0632055421. Summary: This textbook aims to familiarize the reader with various imaging modalities, the information they provide, and with the merits of each, in order to facilitate the combined use of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of hepatobiliary (liver and bile tract) diseases. The book includes 47 chapters in seven sections: progress in imaging, anatomy and gross changes in the liver, diffuse liver diseases, vascular disease, space-occupying lesions, other liver diseases, and biliary tract disease. Specific topics include computed tomography (CT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); harmonic ultrasound; anatomy of the liver; acute hepatitis and acute hepatic failure; chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis (liver scarring); fatty liver (steatosis); alcoholic liver disease; iron overload; Wilson's disease; amyloidosis, metabolic diseases, drug-induced and chemical-induced liver injuries; vascular anatomy of the liver and vascular anomalies; portal hypertension (high blood pressure); thrombosis (clotting) affecting the liver; Budd-Chiari syndrome; primary malignant tumors of the liver (liver cancer); benign liver lesions; cysts of the liver; liver abscess; blunt hepatic trauma; parasitic diseases; infections and the liver; transplantation; anatomy of the biliary tract; congenital anomalies and dilatation; Caroli's disease; stone disease (gallstones); biliary tract stenosis; primary sclerosing cholangitis; cholecystitis and Mirizzi syndrome; tumors of the gallbladder; adenomyomatosis and cholesterolosis; Hilar carcinoma; and tumors of the common bile duct and papilla of Vater. Each chapter includes black and white reproductions of imaging techniques and a list of references. The book includes a color plate section and a detailed subject index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “abscess” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “abscess” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “abscess” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com):

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A treatise on the operations of surgery, with a description and representation of the instruments used in performing them: to which is prefixed an introduction on the nature and treatment of wounds, abscesses, and ulcers by Samuel Sharp; ISBN: 0878210261; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878210261/icongroupinterna

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Brain abscess and meningitis; Subarachnoid hemorrhage : timing problems; ISBN: 0387105395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387105395/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosis and treatment of abdominal abscesses by Irving M. Ariel; ISBN: 0683002422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683002422/icongroupinterna

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Expression of Tgf-B Isoforms, Their Receptors and Related Smad Proteins in Brain Pathology: Immuno-Histochemical Studies Focusing on Infarcts, Abscesses and Malignant Gliomas by Ahmad Khaled Ata; ISBN: 9155445098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155445098/icongroupinterna

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Footrot and Foot Abscess of Ruminants by G.G. Riffkin (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849358612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849358612/icongroupinterna

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Instant Reference Medicine: From Abscess to Zoorosis (Teach Yourself) by Publishing Helicon; ISBN: 0340790652; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340790652/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Abscess In order to find chapters that specifically relate to abscess, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and abscess using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on abscess: •

Anorectal Abscess Source: in Corman, M.L.; Allison, S.I.; Kuehne, J.P. Handbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2002. p.150-160. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300. Fax (301) 223-2365. PRICE: $79.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0781725860. Summary: Anorectal abscess, an acute inflammatory process, often is a manifestation of an underlying anal fistula. This chapter on anorectal abscess is from a handbook that addresses the entire range of diseases affecting the colon, rectum, and anus. The authors discuss etiology, age and sex factors, types of abscess, techniques of drainage, and types of infection. For most types of abscess, the authors review the treatment and possible complications. 3 figures.

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Liver Abscesses and Hydatid Disease Source: in Beckingham, I.J., ed. ABC of Liver, Pancreas and Gallbladder. London, UK: BMJ Publishing Group. 2001. p.29-32. Contact: Available from BMJ Publishing Group. BMA Books, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WCIH 9JR. Fax 44 (0)20 7383 6402. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bmjbooks.com. PRICE: Contact publisher for price. ISBN: 0727915312. Summary: Liver abscesses are caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infection. This chapter on liver abscesses and hydatid disease is from an atlas of the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Topics include the etiology, microbiology, clinical features, laboratory investigations, and treatment of pyogenic liver abscesses; the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of amoebic liver abscess; and the presentation, diagnosis, treatment of hydatid disease (caused by the dog tapeworm) in humans. Most patients with pyogenic abscesses will require percutaneous drainage and antibiotics. A cause can be identified in 85 percent of cases of liver abscess, most commonly gallstones, diverticulitis, or appendicitis. The chapter concludes with summary points of the concepts discussed. 8 figures. 4 table. 3 references.

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Renal and Retroperitoneal Abscesses Source: in Graham, S.D., Jr., et al., eds. Glenn's Urologic Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1998. p. 109-116. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: lww.com. PRICE: $199.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397587376. Summary: Renal (kidney) and retroperitoneal abscesses are uncommon clinical entities that often pose a significant diagnostic challenge. This chapter on renal and retroperitoneal abscesses is from an exhaustive textbook on urologic surgery. The authors focus on understanding the anatomy of the retroperitoneal space which they call essential for the classification, diagnosis, and management of renal and retroperitoneal abscesses. The diagnosis of these abscesses requires a high index of suspicion, as they typically present with insidious, nonspecific signs and symptoms. A palpable flank or abdominal mass is present in about half of the cases. The majority of patients diagnosed with renal and retroperitoneal abscesses have underlying, predisposing medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, urinary tract calculi (stones), previous urologic surgery, urinary tract obstruction, polycystic kidney disease, and immunosuppression. Renal and retroperitoneal abscesses are generally lethal if untreated. Treatment options include antimicrobial therapy, percutaneous catheter drainage, and open surgical drainage. The authors review the surgical technique used, including percutaneous drainage, open surgical drainage, and subcapsular nephrectomy. The authors also discuss special considerations, including renal tuberculosis (kidneys are infected with the tuberculosis bacilli), and renal echinococcosis (a parasitic infection). 5 figures. 20 references.

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Abdominal Abscesses and Gastrointestinal Fistulas Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 431-445.

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Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: The development of an intra-abdominal abscess (IAA, infection) occurs as a result of a host response to intra-abdominal bacterial contamination secondary to, or in conjunction with, various pathologic clinical entities. In 60 to 80 percent of cases, IAA is associated with perforated hollow viscera, whether as a result of inflammatory disease such as appendicitis or diverticulitis, or as a consequence of penetrating or blunt trauma to the abdomen. A fistula is any abnormal anatomic connection between two epithelialized surfaces. Compared with fistulas connected to the skin that are obvious, internal fistulas may be difficult to diagnose. This chapter on abdominal abscesses and gastrointestinal fistulas is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include the pathophysiology, bacteriology, management, and expected outcome of abdominal abscesses; and definitions, classifications, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and outcomes associated with gastrointestinal fistulas. A patient care algorithm for the latter is also included. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 11 figures. 8 tables. 115 references. •

Abdominal Abscesses Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 117-121. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter from a gastroenterology textbook covers abdominal abscesses. The authors define abscess as a collection of pus; and abdominal includes intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal sites. Abscesses within viscera (i.e., liver, gallbladder, pancreas) are not considered. Common sites for the occurrence of abscesses include both right and left subphrenic spaces, the pelvis, and intrahepatic space. Topics include the development of abscesses; the organisms usually responsible; characteristic clinical manifestations; subphrenic abscesses; confirming the diagnosis; and treatment options. The principal local manifestations include fever and abdominal pain, accompanied often by abdominal distension and ileus. Profound endotoxemia or bacteremia may result in septic shock. The cornerstone of the effective treatment of an abdominal abscess is adequate drainage of the purulent contents. Antibiotic treatment is therefore adjunctive. Without draining, mortality approaches 90 percent. The general medical condition of the patient with an abdominal abscess must also be closely monitored. Complications of sepsis include disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute tubular necrosis, decreased systemic vascular resistance with shock, and hyperbilirubinemia. The author stresses that these conditions must be recognized and promptly corrected with the appropriate supportive measures, preferably in an intensive care setting. 2 figures. 12 references. (AA-M).

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Hepatic Abscesses and Cysts Source: in Friedman, L.S. and Keeffe, E.B., eds. Handbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone. 1998. p. 373-390.

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Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $73.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443055203. Summary: This chapter on hepatic abscesses and cysts is from a comprehensive handbook in outline format that offers easy access to information on the full range of liver disorders and covers symptoms, signs, differential diagnoses, and treatments. Hepatic abscesses are pyogenic or amebic in nature. Failing to consider the diagnosis or to perform simple imaging may delay the diagnosis and thus increase associated morbidity and mortality. A history of dysentery or diarrhea is present in only 20 percent of patients with an amebic liver abscess. Diagnosis is by hepatic imaging and serology, and treatment is with antibiotics. Pyogenic liver abscess is a life threatening condition resulting from infected blood or bile. Diagnosis is by hepatic imaging, blood cultures, and aspiration of the abscess, and treatment consists of antibiotics and drainage. Worldwide, the most common infective cause of hepatic cysts is Echinococcus granulosus hydatid disease; other causes include simple cysts, tumors, congenital biliary diseases, and polycystic disease. 3 figures. 5 tables. 11 references. (AA-M). •

Liver Abscess Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 2512-2516. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on liver abscess is from a comprehensive gastroenterology textbook that provides an encyclopedic discussion of virtually all the disease states encountered in a gastroenterology practice. In this chapter, the author describes the clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, laboratory findings, natural history, and response to treatment of hepatic abscess. Although there is considerable overlap in these features between amebic (caused by a protozoan parasite) and pyogenic (pusproducing) abscesses, the differences in epidemiology, associated conditions, treatment, and prognosis underscore the need for the physician to distinguish between these entities. Effective patient management depends critically upon prompt and correct definition of the abscess type. The chapter is illustrated with black-and-white imaging studies. 3 figures. 46 references.

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Liver Abscess (Amebic and Pyogenic) Source: in Okuda, K., ed.,et al. Hepatobiliary Diseases: Pathophysiology and Imaging. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. p. 517-532. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 0632055421. Summary: Worldwide, the most common type of liver abscess is amebic abscess, which is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite. In the industrialized coutries, amebic liver abscess is rare, and more liver abscesses are pyogenic (caused by bacterial infection). This chapter on amebic and pyogenic liver abscess is from a textbook that familiarizes the reader with various imaging modalities, the information they provide,

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and the merits of each, in order to facilitate the combined use of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis and management of hepatobiliary (liver and bile tract) diseases. As medicine has progressed, the incidence of pyogenic liver abscess has been reduced, and the primary foci from which infection spreads to the liver have also undergone considerable changes. In developed countries in which there is no amebic dysentery, amebic abscess does occur sporadically, and it is frequently mistaken for pyogenic abscess. With current imaging methods, abscesses are easily detected, and early diagnosis and treatment have vastly improved the prognosis. The mortality rate associated with liver abscess, which was previously 70 percent, has been reduced to less than 10 percent in developed countries. The prognosis largely depends on the primary infection causing the pyogenic liver abscess, and on the complications arising. The most common current source of infection for pyogenic liver abscess is biliary tract disease, particularly cholangitis (gallbladder inflammation), a common complication of gallstones. The author reviews bacteriology, pathogenesis and pathology, epidemiology, clinical features, imaging techniques, treatment options, complications, and prognosis. 13 figures. 1 table. 40 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ABSCESS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on abscess. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on abscess is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “abscess” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on abscess: •

Diverticular Disease and the Older Adult Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Outreach Education. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. Picture of Health, 702 North Blackhawk Avenue, Suite 215, Madison, WI 53705-3357. (800) 757-4354 or (608) 263-6510. Fax (608) 262-7172. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Order number 091395B. Summary: Diverticular disease, including diverticulosis and diverticulitis, occurs when pouches (diverticula) form in the intestines. This videotape on coping with diverticular disease is one in a series of health promotion programs called 'Picture of Health,' produced by the University of Wisconsin. In this program, moderated by Mary Lee and featuring gastroenterologist John Wyman, the common etiology (causes), symptoms, diagnosis, and management of diverticular disease are covered. Dr. Wyman focuses on the role of diet as the major culprit in diverticular disease and also reviews why the

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condition can be difficult to diagnose. Dr. Wyman stresses the preferred term of 'diverticular disease' to connote a degenerative disease process, rather than a finite problem with a simple treatment. Diverticulosis is herniation of the colon lining, resulting in pouch like abnormalities; diverticulitis is what happens when these pouches become inflamed or infected (complications can include hemorrhage and abscess). Although 90 percent of people with diverticular disease have no symptoms, people with symptoms can experience pain (in the left lower abdomen) and chronic inflammation. Dr. Wyman reviews irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and how it differs from diverticular disease, primarily in the symptoms of diarrhea, constipation, and other disorder bowel habits. A high fiber diet results in bulkier stools, more active and stable colonic bacteria, and an increase in bowel diameter (which reduces overall pressure through the colon). Dr. Wyman reiterates the importance of eating high fiber foods, which are on the bottom of the food pyramid and considers whether diet can actually prevent diverticular disease (probably, but it is not yet proven). The program briefly discusses the diagnostic tests used to confirm complications and treatment of diverticular disease. The program includes simple drawings of the intestines and other pictures used to explain the subject matter under discussion. The program concludes by referring viewers to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). •

Colonic and Anorectal Disorders Source: in Schwartz, R.S., ed. Aging and the Elderly: A Review Course of Geriatric Medicine. Seattle, WA: University of Washington School of Medicine. 1992. Tape Number 9, Section 33. Contact: Available from CME Conference Video, Inc. 2000 Crawford Place, Suite 100, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054. (800) 284-8433. PRICE: $549; plus $18.25 shipping and handling; Group Practice Package $150 plus $5.25 shipping and handling. Program Number 053. Summary: This videotape is part of the 16th Annual Symposium on Aging and the Elderly, a continuing medical education (CME) program offered through the University of Washington School of Medicine. This program covers colonic and anorectal disorders, including colorectal neoplasms and benign polyps; diverticular disease; vascular extasia, angiodysplasia, and arteriovenous malformations; infectious colitis; antibioticassociated diarrhea or colitis; ischemic colitis; idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease; drug-induced colitis; radiation-induced colitis; diversion colitis; appendicitis; adhesions; megacolon; volvulus; abdominal; functional bowel syndrome; anorectal disorders, including anal neoplasms, hemorrhoids; anorectal abscess and fistula; and rectal prolapse; and systemic disorders, including diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, myxedema, and amyloidosis. The proceedings include the author's outline of his presentation. The videotape includes the question-and-answer period conducted after the section.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on abscess:

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Teeth Multimedia Kit Source: Fort Atkinson, WI: NASCO. 1993. (anatomical multimedia kit). Contact: Available from NASCO. 901 Janesville Avenue, Fort Atkinson, WI 53538-0901. (414) 563-2446; FAX, (414) 563-8296. PRICE: $298.00. Order Number SB17098UC. Teeth Model Only $263.00 (Order Number SB16061UC). Multimedia Materials only $70.00 (Order number SB17099UC). Summary: This multimedia kit features the Denoyer-Geppert Teeth Model with seven dissectible parts. The model depicts the positions of teeth in the lower right jaw. The healthy incisor divides into two parts; one premolar has an amalgam filling, while another has caries and abscess. A removable bridge is also part of this set. Media materials include a cassette, captioned filmstrip, and printed materials covering topics including the anatomy of a tooth, tooth decay and repair, and oral hygiene. Materials are packed in a convenient portable carrying case with an instructional guide. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ABSCESS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover abscess.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on abscess is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to abscess. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “abscess” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for abscess: •

Risk of sigmoid diverticular abscess perforation high with steroids Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 23, 2004

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Abscesses due to drug-resistant Staph respond to treatment without antibiotics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 22, 2004

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Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype K1 linked with liver abscess Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 29, 2002

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Laparoscopic appendectomy unrelated to increased abscess risk in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 15, 2002

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Percutaneous drainage of Crohn's disease abscess often obviates surgery Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 08, 2002

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Conscious sedation safe in peritonsillar abscess drainage Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 03, 2002

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Brain abscess linked to tongue piercing: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 22, 2001

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Incidence of abscess high in subset of patients after laparoscopic appendectomy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 11, 2001

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Unapproved alternative medication cause of Mycobacterium abscessus outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 06, 1999

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Status migrainosus reported as presentation of brain abscess Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 15, 1999

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S. pneumoniae scrotal abscess seen in an HIV-positive patient Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 11, 1998

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Swallowed Toothpick Caused Abscess Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 09, 1998

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Mycobacterium Abscessus Linked To Contaminated Adrenal Cortex Extract Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 23, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “abscess” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to abscess, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “abscess” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on abscess: •

Bladder Augmentation Source: HIP Report. 11(3): 3-4. Summer 1993.

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Contact: Available from National Association for Continence (NAFC) (formerly Help for Incontinent People, or HIP). P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) BLADDER or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. Summary: Bladder augmentation, sometimes called augmentation cystoplasty, is an operation done to enlarge the bladder so that it can store more urine. This article describes bladder augmentation. Topics covered include the surgical procedure; postoperative care; indications for the procedure; postoperative catheters used; complications of this procedure, including bleeding, abscess, leakage of fluid intraabdominally, or obstruction of the bowels; resumption of normal urine postoperatively; postoperative complications of the bowel or stomach from which the bladder augmentation segment was taken; drug therapy; and restrictions on activities postoperatively.

Academic Periodicals covering Abscess Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to abscess. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering abscess that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 46202 359 696 222 190 47669

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “abscess” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on abscess can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to abscess. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to abscess. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “abscess”:

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•

Abscess

Guides on abscess Abscesses http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/abscesses.html

•

Other guides Cellulitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cellulitis.html Crohn's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/crohnsdisease.html Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diverticulosisanddiverticulitis.html Fistulas http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fistulas.html Immune System and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystemanddisorders.html Tooth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toothdisorders.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to abscess, the following was listed: •

Specific Conditions/Aspects Anal Abscess / Fistula Source: Cleveland Clinic Foundation http://www.clevelandclinic.org/colorectal/pinfo_fistula.htm Bartholin Gland Cyst Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/235.xml Boils Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/boils.html Boils and Carbuncles Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00466 Hidranetis Suppurativa Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/hidradenitis_suppu.html

•

Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on abscess. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

All About Abscesses Contact: California Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS, California AIDS Clearinghouse, 1443 N Martel Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90046, (323) 845-4180, http://www.hivinfo.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses abscesses, including what they are, how they are caused, how they can be treated with hot soaks, and when they need medical attention. It explains how to lower one's risk for getting an abscess and warns never to shoot, squeeze, or cut into or near an abscess. HIV/AIDS hotline numbers for southern and northern California are provided. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “abscess” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for suspected abdominal abscess Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2405&nbr=1631&a mp;string=abscess The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to abscess. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful

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background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to abscess. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with abscess. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about abscess. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “abscess” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “abscess”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “abscess” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “abscess” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on abscess: •

Basic Guidelines for Abscess Abscess Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001353.htm Abscess scan - radioactive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003382.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Abscess Bruising Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm

•

Diagnostics and Tests for Abscess Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Gallium (Ga.) scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003450.htm

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Hemodialysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003421.htm Hyperglycemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm WBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Background Topics for Abscess Birth control Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001946.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Dental hygiene Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001957.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Necrotic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002266.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ABSCESS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acute tubular: A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney

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function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH]

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Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amebic dysentery: A form of dysentery, usually mild, found especially in childhood epidemics in many temperate countries. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-

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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amoeboid: Cells capable of active migration by the throwing out and retraction of pseudopodia. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Anal Fistula: A channel that develops between the anus and the skin. Most fistulas are the result of an abscess (infection) that spreads to the skin. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiodysplasia: Degenerative, acquired lesions consisting of distorted, dilated, thin-walled

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vessels lined by vascular endothelium. This pathological state is seen especially in the gastrointestinal tract and is frequently a cause of upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU]

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Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Apocrine Glands: Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH]

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Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspergillus: A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or

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bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1). A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basidiomycete: A major group of fungi whose diagnostic characteristic is the basidium; includes the rusts, "bracket" fungi, and toadstools. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH]

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Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopolymers: Polymers, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, or polysaccharides formed by any living organism. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone.

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[NIH]

Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH]

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Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbuncle: An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caveolae: Endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of caveolins. [NIH]

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Caveolins: The main structural proteins of caveolae. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified. [NIH] Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted. [NIH] Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections. [NIH]

Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Cefoxitin: Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure. [NIH] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma

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infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Checkup: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer

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period of time. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrosarcoma: A type of cancer that forms in cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen,

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chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH]

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Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colorectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the either the colon or rectum or both. The most frequent malignant tumor in the United States. Etiological factors which increase the risk of colorectal cancer include chronic ulcerative colitis, familial polyposis of the colon, exposure to asbestos, irradiation of the cervix. [NIH] Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1

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to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in

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the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Daptomycin: A lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel

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protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel

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movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulosis: A condition marked by small sacs or pouches (diverticula) in the walls of an organ such as the stomach or colon. These sacs can become inflamed and cause a condition called diverticulitis, which may be a risk factor for certain types of cancer. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges)

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covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dysentery, Amebic: Dysentery resulting from ulcerative inflammation of the bowel, caused chiefly by infection with Entamoeba histolytica. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the liver and other distant sites. [NIH] Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried

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until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]

Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH]

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Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: ERCP. A procedure to x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Enterostomal Therapy: A nurse who cares for patients with an ostomy. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH]

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Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemics: A period of increased prevalence of a particular disease in a population. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Cyst: Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epidural Space: Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epiglottis: Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing. [NIH] Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis. [NIH] Epiphyseal: Pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis. [EU] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH]

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Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Familial polyposis: An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk for colon cancer. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-

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peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fecal Incontinence: Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or

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between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flagellin: A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella. [NIH] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fleroxacin: A third-generation fluoroquinolone derivative with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase which may account for its antibacterial activity. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

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Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frontal Sinus: One of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the frontal bone. [NIH] Frontal Sinusitis: Inflammation of the frontal sinus; in most cases the infection is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. This condition may be acute or chronic. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy, or surgery of the interior of the stomach. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and

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order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a

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nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gutta-Percha: Trans-Polyisoprene. Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute. [NIH] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]

Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal

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condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoid: An enlarged or swollen blood vessel, usually located near the anus or the rectum. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Duct, Common: Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic

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alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis, Chronic: A collective term for a clinical and pathological syndrome which has several causes and is characterized by varying degrees of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation. Specific forms of chronic hepatitis include autoimmune hepatitis, chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis D, indeterminate chronic viral hepatitis, cryptogenic chronic hepatitis, and drug-related chronic hepatitis. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hidradenitis: The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions. [NIH] Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident. Hormonal mechanisms are expected in its pathogenesis. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH]

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Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity

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against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]

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Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Incisive: 1. Having the power or quality of cutting. 2. Pertaining to the incisor teeth. [EU] Incisor: Anything adapted for cutting; any one of the four front teeth in each jaw. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH]

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Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and -

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gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Intussusception: A rare disorder. A part of the intestines folds into another part of the intestines, causing blockage. Most common in infants. Can be treated with an operation. [NIH]

Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the

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posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a

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fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the muscles in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH]

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Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lung volume: The amount of air the lungs hold. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells

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that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macroglia: A type of neuroglia composed of astrocytes. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH]

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Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this

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substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiological Techniques: Techniques used in microbiology. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH]

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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitosporic Fungi: A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group. [NIH]

Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]

Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonucleasesensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU]

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Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]

Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]

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Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

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Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odontoid Process: The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the atlas above. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH]

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Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Ostomy: Surgical construction of an artificial opening (stoma) for external fistulization of a duct or vessel by insertion of a tube with or without a supportive stent. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Ducts: Ducts that collect pancreatic juice from the pancreas and supply it to the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic Pseudocyst: Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in

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different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Paronychia: Inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding the nail. Called also perionychia. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH]

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Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pericoronitis: Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth. [NIH] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodontal Abscess: Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic

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nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH]

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Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pinocytosis: The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles. [NIH] Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [NIH]

Piperacillin-tazobactam: A combination of drugs used to fight infections in people who have cancer. Piperacillin is a synthetic penicillin; tazobactam enhances the effectiveness of piperacillin. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the

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surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Poliomyelitis: An acute viral disease, occurring sporadically and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines. [EU] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior chamber: The space between the back of the iris and the front face of the vitreous; filled with aqueous fluid. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH]

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Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by

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thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudocysts: A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic fluid and tissue debris arising within areas of necrosis or an obstructed smaller duct. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. [NIH] Pseudopodia: A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food. [NIH] Psoas Abscess: Abscess of the psoas muscle resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and

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editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may

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result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radiofrequency ablation: The use of electrical current to destroy tissue. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceuticals: Drugs containing a radioactive substance that are used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and in pain management of bone metastases. Also called radioactive drugs. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectal Prolapse: Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH]

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Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reoperation: A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient. It includes reoperation for reexamination, reoperation for disease progression or recurrence, or reoperation following operative failure. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirators: These enable the wearer to breathe in atmospheres polluted by dust, poisonous vapors, smoke, etc., and are therefore used in certain industries or in warfare; they consist essentially of a mask, a metal frame with outlet and inlet valves, and a socket. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal

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movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH]

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Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scurvy: A deficiency disease due to lack of vitamin C in the diet. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs

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discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Distribution: The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine. [NIH] Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from sex characteristics, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from sex distribution, the number of males and females in given circumstances. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Sicca: Failure of lacrimal secretion, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, failure of secretion of the salivary glands and mucous glands of the upper respiratory tract and polyarthritis. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH]

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Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Sitz Bath: A special plastic tub. A person sits in a few inches of warm water to help relieve discomfort of hemorrhoids or anal fissures. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solitary Rectal Ulcer: A rare type of ulcer in the rectum. May develop because of straining to have a bowel movement. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such

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alterations. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH]

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Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH]

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Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcapsular: Situated below a capsule. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substernal Goiter: A goiter which lies behind the sternum. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppuration: A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus. [NIH]

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Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surgical Wound Infection: Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tapeworm: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the

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generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make

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permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasma: A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. [NIH] Transverse Colon: The part of the colon that goes across the abdomen from right to left. [NIH]

Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is

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no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trismus: Spasmodic contraction of the masseter muscle resulting in forceful jaw closure. This may be seen with a variety of diseases, including tetanus, as a complication of radiation therapy, trauma, or in association with neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tubercular: Of, pertaining to, or resembling tubercles or nodules. [EU] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Turpentine: The concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Mill. (Pinaceae) and other species of Pinus. It contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. (Dorland, 28th ed) Turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research. Turpentine toxicity is of medical interest. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Dictionary 227

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginae: The sheaths of the optic nerve. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH]

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Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU]

Dictionary 229

Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

231

INDEX A Abdominal Pain, 4, 124, 157, 195, 208, 226 Aberrant, 11, 157 Ablation, 45, 157 Acceptor, 157, 205 Acetaldehyde, 157, 159 Acetylcholine, 157, 203 Acidosis, 157, 195 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 121, 157 Acremonium, 157, 169 Acriflavine, 103, 157 Acrylonitrile, 157, 216 Acute renal, 157, 188 Acute tubular, 124, 157 Adaptability, 158, 168 Adenine, 158, 213 Adenocarcinoma, 158, 189 Adenosine, 16, 158, 208 Adenylate Cyclase, 158, 170 Adhesions, 128, 158 Adjuvant, 5, 9, 105, 158, 159 Adrenal Cortex, 132, 158, 174, 211 Adrenal Glands, 158, 160 Adverse Effect, 158, 218 Aerobic, 28, 37, 158, 191, 202, 212 Aerosol, 158, 223 Afferent, 158, 182, 220 Affinity, 23, 158, 163, 219 Affinity Chromatography, 23, 158 Agar, 158, 209 Agarose, 18, 158 Agonists, 20, 159 Airway, 5, 50, 159 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 10, 159 Algorithms, 159, 165 Alimentary, 159, 206 Alkaline, 157, 159, 164, 166 Allergen, 159, 176 Allium, 155, 159 Allograft, 46, 159 Alpha Particles, 159, 213 Alternative medicine, 133, 159 Aluminum, 105, 159 Aluminum Hydroxide, 105, 159 Alveoli, 159, 176 Amebiasis, 3, 9, 10, 14, 18, 22, 159, 199 Amebic dysentery, 9, 126, 159

Amikacin, 37, 159 Amino Acid Sequence, 22, 159, 161, 185 Amino Acids, 159, 171, 181, 186, 207, 210, 212, 218, 222, 225, 226 Amnestic, 160, 200 Amoeboid, 22, 160 Ampicillin, 4, 29, 40, 160, 209 Ampulla, 160, 180 Amyloidosis, 121, 128, 160 Anaerobic, 10, 12, 15, 26, 28, 37, 45, 83, 89, 160, 191, 221 Anaesthesia, 51, 160, 192 Anal, 8, 113, 114, 120, 122, 128, 144, 160, 172, 183, 184, 189, 214, 219 Anal Fissure, 120, 160, 219 Anal Fistula, 114, 120, 122, 160 Analog, 160, 168, 171 Analogous, 10, 160, 225 Anaphylatoxins, 160, 173 Anastomosis, 113, 160 Anatomical, 98, 129, 160, 163, 165, 179, 191, 197, 200, 206, 217, 218 Androgens, 158, 160, 174 Anesthesia, 17, 49, 50, 73, 75, 79, 159, 160, 195, 200 Aneurysm, 31, 62, 160 Angina, 4, 160 Angiodysplasia, 128, 160 Animal model, 13, 26, 161 Ankle, 99, 161, 227 Anomalies, 121, 161 Anorectal, 90, 120, 122, 128, 161 Anorexia, 103, 161, 226 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 161, 169 Anterior chamber, 108, 161, 194 Antiallergic, 161, 174 Antibacterial, 20, 161, 171, 184, 190, 204, 220, 222, 227 Antibodies, 12, 14, 103, 107, 161, 188, 191, 201, 209 Antibody, 14, 15, 28, 32, 62, 102, 103, 107, 158, 161, 172, 188, 191, 192, 195, 201, 213, 218, 220 Antigen, 9, 15, 21, 28, 35, 102, 103, 105, 107, 158, 161, 173, 190, 191, 192, 200, 201, 218 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 161, 173 Anti-infective, 161, 194

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Anti-inflammatory, 11, 20, 161, 174, 176, 186, 211, 217 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 161, 174 Antimicrobial, 15, 29, 52, 89, 123, 161, 171, 184 Antimycotic, 60, 161 Antineoplastic, 162, 174 Antiseptic, 157, 162 Antiviral, 162, 194 Anus, 114, 120, 122, 160, 161, 162, 166, 172, 188, 207, 214 Anxiety, 17, 162 Anxiolytic, 162, 200 Aorta, 74, 162, 174, 190, 228 Aortic Valve, 68, 162 Aphakia, 162, 215 Apocrine Glands, 8, 162, 189 Apoptosis, 19, 30, 162 Appendectomy, 62, 132, 162 Appendicitis, 62, 74, 92, 100, 123, 124, 128, 162 Aqueous, 162, 164, 175, 179, 196, 197, 210 Aqueous fluid, 162, 210 Archaea, 162, 200 Arginine, 160, 162, 203, 226 Arterial, 162, 169, 190, 212, 223 Arteries, 162, 165, 174, 190 Arterioles, 162, 165, 200, 227 Arteriovenous, 128, 162, 200 Arteritis, 52, 162 Artery, 62, 160, 161, 162, 174, 179, 183, 206, 213 Articular, 68, 75, 163 Asbestos, 163, 172 Ascites, 120, 163 Aseptic, 84, 114, 163, 221 Aspergillosis, 82, 163 Aspergillus, 41, 59, 84, 90, 163 Aspiration, 5, 40, 41, 54, 68, 75, 76, 77, 84, 107, 108, 125, 163 Assay, 10, 12, 26, 29, 103, 163, 216, 226 Astrocytes, 163, 198, 200 Astrocytoma, 163, 186 Asymptomatic, 4, 159, 163, 205 Atmospheric Pressure, 163, 190 Atrium, 163, 201, 228 Atrophy, 163, 210 Attenuated, 34, 101, 103, 163 Autodigestion, 163, 205 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 163, 189 Autologous, 115, 163 Autosuggestion, 163, 190

B Bacteremia, 6, 12, 13, 26, 27, 30, 58, 65, 72, 124, 163 Bacteria, 4, 10, 11, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 31, 32, 34, 45, 83, 89, 100, 101, 106, 110, 111, 114, 116, 128, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 175, 178, 179, 180, 183, 185, 187, 191, 199, 200, 202, 212, 218, 220, 221, 223, 224, 227 Bacterial Translocation, 11, 164 Bactericidal, 28, 164, 181 Bacteriostatic, 20, 159, 164, 181 Bacterium, 10, 101, 164, 188, 226 Barium, 8, 110, 164 Barium Sulfate, 110, 164 Basal Ganglia, 164, 166, 186 Base, 110, 158, 164, 185, 195, 223, 226 Basidiomycete, 27, 164 Basophils, 164, 187 Benign, 106, 121, 128, 164, 183, 188, 202, 217 Benign tumor, 164, 183 Beta-Lactamases, 164, 191, 222 Bilateral, 4, 27, 39, 42, 88, 164, 206 Bile, 121, 125, 126, 164, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 188, 189, 195, 197, 211, 221 Bile Acids, 164, 221 Bile Acids and Salts, 164 Bile duct, 165, 170, 180, 188, 211 Biliary, 76, 119, 121, 124, 125, 126, 165, 166, 172, 189, 205 Biliary Tract, 121, 126, 165, 166, 205 Bilirubin, 165, 190 Biochemical, 18, 103, 165, 184, 196 Biological response modifier, 165, 193 Biological Transport, 165, 176 Biopolymers, 99, 165 Biopsy, 71, 165, 207 Biosynthesis, 12, 165, 218 Biotechnology, 24, 38, 133, 139, 165 Bismuth, 110, 165 Bladder, 106, 119, 133, 134, 165, 192, 211, 226, 227, 229 Bloating, 165, 195 Blood Coagulation, 165, 166, 216 Blood Platelets, 165, 224 Blood pressure, 17, 121, 155, 157, 165, 190, 201, 208, 210, 219 Blood vessel, 165, 166, 167, 180, 182, 188, 198, 199, 208, 209, 219, 221, 223, 224, 227 Body Fluids, 116, 165, 166, 177, 219 Body Regions, 165, 171

233

Bone Marrow, 23, 33, 89, 165, 191, 197, 198, 201, 222 Bone metastases, 165, 214 Bone scan, 59, 103, 166 Bowel Movement, 166, 177, 219, 221 Bradykinin, 166, 203 Brain Diseases, 166, 206 Broad-spectrum, 159, 160, 166, 168, 169, 204, 209, 224 Bronchi, 166, 182, 199, 225 Bronchial, 166 Bronchioles, 112, 159, 166 Bronchiseptica, 166, 208 Bronchitis, 106, 111, 166, 170 Bronchopulmonary, 82, 166 Brucellosis, 60, 166 Bypass, 56, 166 C Calcium, 110, 163, 166, 172, 219 Calcium Hydroxide, 110, 166 Calculi, 123, 166 Cannula, 116, 166 Capsules, 12, 13, 166 Carbohydrate, 9, 21, 104, 167, 174, 186, 210 Carbon Dioxide, 167, 184, 215, 228 Carbuncle, 8, 167 Carcinogen, 167, 200 Carcinogenic, 167, 193, 211, 221 Carcinoma, 67, 121, 167 Cardiac, 15, 61, 167, 178, 179, 200, 221 Cardiorespiratory, 82, 167, 200 Cardiovascular, 54, 61, 76, 167 Carotene, 167, 215 Carrier State, 159, 167 Castor Oil, 167, 216 Cataract, 70, 73, 107, 108, 162, 167, 215 Catheter, 5, 6, 24, 49, 72, 76, 113, 116, 123, 167, 180, 194 Catheterization, 167, 194 Caudal, 167, 210 Cause of Death, 10, 14, 167 Caveolae, 16, 167, 168 Caveolins, 167, 168, 171 Cefamandole, 30, 37, 168 Cefazolin, 27, 29, 30, 37, 52, 168 Cefmetazole, 27, 168 Cefoperazone, 28, 168 Cefotaxime, 34, 50, 168 Cefoxitin, 29, 37, 168 Cell Adhesion, 23, 168 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 23, 168 Cell Count, 107, 168

Cell Death, 18, 20, 30, 162, 168, 202 Cell Division, 163, 168, 187, 201, 209 Cell membrane, 23, 165, 167, 168, 209 Cell Membrane Structures, 167, 168 Cell Movement, 18, 168 Cell Respiration, 168, 215 Cell Size, 168, 184 Cellulitis, 5, 70, 92, 144, 168 Central Nervous System, 157, 166, 168, 178, 186, 188, 200, 204, 210 Central Nervous System Infections, 168, 188 Cephalosporins, 4, 164, 169 Cerebellar, 47, 75, 169, 225 Cerebellar Diseases, 169, 225 Cerebellum, 166, 169 Cerebral, 28, 45, 48, 55, 69, 89, 90, 161, 164, 166, 169, 179, 185, 186, 220 Cerebral hemispheres, 164, 169, 186 Cerebral Infarction, 69, 169 Cerebrospinal, 43, 169, 197, 218, 220 Cerebrospinal fluid, 43, 169, 197, 218, 220 Cerebrum, 169 Cervical, 4, 45, 47, 67, 72, 88, 90, 101, 169 Cervix, 67, 101, 169, 172, 177 Character, 169, 175 Checkup, 4, 169 Chelating Agents, 103, 169 Chemoembolization, 66, 84, 169 Chemokines, 13, 170 Chemotactic Factors, 170, 173 Chemotherapy, 15, 52, 88, 89, 169, 170, 189 Chest wall, 170, 224 Chimeras, 23, 170 Chlorophyll, 169, 170, 185 Cholangitis, 45, 126, 170 Cholecystitis, 80, 121, 170 Cholera, 14, 170, 218, 228 Cholera Toxin, 14, 170 Cholesterol, 164, 167, 170, 221 Chondrosarcoma, 71, 170 Chromatin, 162, 170, 181, 198, 220 Chromium, 102, 170 Chromosomal, 11, 170 Chromosome, 12, 170, 187, 197, 225 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 112, 170 Chronic renal, 170, 210, 226 Chymotrypsin, 111, 170 Cicatricial, 171, 189 Cilastatin, 171, 191 Ciliary, 106, 162, 171, 201, 227

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Ciprofloxacin, 15, 28, 171 Cirrhosis, 121, 171, 210, 227 CIS, 171, 215 Clathrin, 171, 180 Clindamycin, 4, 26, 29, 40, 171 Clinical Medicine, 50, 61, 83, 90, 171, 211 Clinical trial, 9, 139, 171, 174, 214 Cloning, 22, 165, 171, 193 Coagulation, 124, 165, 171 Coated Vesicles, 171, 180 Coccidioidomycosis, 54, 171 Cofactor, 171, 212 Colic, 34, 171 Colitis, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 93, 121, 128, 171, 195 Collagen, 172, 183, 209, 217 Collagen disease, 172, 217 Colloidal, 172, 223 Colon, 48, 65, 120, 122, 128, 171, 172, 177, 178, 182, 193, 195, 196, 199, 218, 225, 226 Colonoscopy, 120, 172 Colorectal, 120, 128, 144, 172 Colorectal Cancer, 172 Colorectal Neoplasms, 128, 172 Colorectal Surgery, 120, 172 Commensal, 11, 101, 172 Common Bile Duct, 121, 172, 175, 188 Communis, 167, 172, 216 Complement, 9, 12, 22, 160, 172, 173, 186 Complementary and alternative medicine, 87, 96, 173 Complementary medicine, 87, 173 Compress, 8, 173 Computational Biology, 139, 173 Computed tomography, 61, 121, 173 Computerized axial tomography, 173 Computerized tomography, 102, 173 Conception, 173, 183, 221 Concomitant, 78, 173 Concretion, 166, 173 Cones, 173, 215 Conjunctiva, 173, 193, 195, 217 Connective Tissue, 56, 165, 168, 172, 174, 183, 197, 223 Connective Tissue Cells, 174 Consciousness, 174, 175, 177 Constipation, 128, 174, 195, 208 Contamination, 100, 101, 113, 116, 124, 174, 189 Contraindications, ii, 174 Contrast medium, 164, 174 Control group, 17, 174

Coordination, 169, 174 Cornea, 73, 161, 162, 174, 195, 217, 222 Coronary, 56, 74, 174 Coronary Artery Bypass, 56, 74, 174 Corpus, 174, 211, 228 Corrosion, 110, 111, 174 Cortex, 94, 166, 174, 205 Corticosteroid, 51, 174, 211 Cortisol, 17, 174 Cortisone, 174, 176, 211 Cranial, 84, 169, 175, 182, 188, 204, 205, 207 Craniocerebral Trauma, 175, 188, 224 Curative, 175, 224 Cutaneous, 8, 89, 120, 167, 175, 195, 196 Cyclic, 158, 175, 187, 203 Cyst, 8, 22, 41, 49, 67, 144, 175, 205 Cysteine, 10, 14, 26, 35, 36, 170, 175, 222 Cystic Duct, 172, 175, 188 Cystine, 175 Cytokine, 15, 21, 23, 175 Cytoplasm, 162, 164, 168, 170, 175, 180, 181, 187, 198, 201 Cytotoxicity, 10, 175 D Daptomycin, 32, 175 Defecation, 120, 175 Defense Mechanisms, 23, 175 Degenerative, 15, 19, 128, 160, 175, 188, 215 Dehydration, 5, 6, 170, 175 Deletion, 162, 175 Dementia, 19, 157, 175, 203 Dental Caries, 5, 175 Dentifrices, 159, 176 Dentists, 4, 176 Dentition, 5, 176 Desensitization, 16, 176, 191 Developed Countries, 126, 176 Developing Countries, 10, 176 Dexamethasone, 45, 176 Diabetes Mellitus, 5, 6, 64, 123, 128, 176, 186, 188 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 5, 6, 176 Diagnostic Imaging, 102, 176 Diagnostic procedure, 97, 133, 176 Dialyzer, 176, 188 Diaphragm, 108, 176, 210, 216 Diarrhea, 16, 125, 128, 159, 176, 195 Diastolic, 176, 190 Diffusion, 48, 82, 105, 165, 176, 203

235

Digestion, 22, 159, 164, 166, 176, 194, 197, 207, 221, 227 Digestive system, 176, 185 Diploid, 177, 209 Direct, iii, 4, 24, 98, 102, 113, 171, 177, 186, 190, 201, 206, 211, 214 Disease Progression, 177, 215 Disinfectant, 110, 177, 181 Dispenser, 113, 177 Dissociation, 158, 177 Distal, 104, 105, 112, 113, 116, 174, 177, 178, 212, 215 Diverticula, 127, 177 Diverticulitis, 38, 80, 123, 124, 127, 144, 177 Diverticulosis, 127, 144, 177 Diverticulum, 70, 177 Docetaxel, 91, 177 Dorsal, 60, 177, 210, 220 Dorsum, 177 Douche, 101, 177 Douching, 101, 177 Drug Interactions, 177 Duodenum, 164, 171, 177, 180, 205, 207, 221 Dura mater, 114, 177, 181, 199, 205 Dysentery, 10, 14, 125, 159, 178 Dysentery, Amebic, 14, 178 E Echinococcosis, 123, 178 Echocardiography, 51, 78, 178 Ectopic, 101, 178 Ectopic Pregnancy, 101, 178 Edema, 112, 178, 226 Effector, 15, 16, 157, 172, 178 Efferent, 178, 182, 220 Efficacy, 9, 14, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 50, 83, 168, 178, 191 Ejaculation, 178, 218 Elastic, 108, 112, 178, 219 Electrocoagulation, 171, 178 Electrode, 8, 178 Electrolyte, 5, 16, 174, 178, 200, 219, 226 Electrons, 164, 178, 194, 198, 205, 213 Elementary Particles, 178, 198, 203, 212 Emaciation, 157, 178 Embolus, 178, 192 Embryo, 179, 192 Embryology, 120, 179 Emesis, 98, 179 Emphysema, 111, 170, 179 Empirical, 50, 179

Empyema, 25, 46, 49, 50, 52, 74, 75, 179 Emulsion, 179, 184 Enamel, 175, 179 Encapsulated, 74, 100, 179 Encephalocele, 49, 179 Encephalopathy, 120, 179 Endemic, 22, 170, 179 Endocarditis, 13, 16, 29, 32, 51, 61, 68, 179 Endocardium, 179 Endocrine Glands, 179 Endocytosis, 22, 167, 179 Endogenous, 67, 179 Endophthalmitis, 64, 67, 80, 180 Endoscope, 180 Endoscopic, 8, 51, 52, 83, 112, 172, 180, 185, 200, 218 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 8, 180 Endoscopy, 4, 49, 52, 56, 62, 63, 71, 180 Endosomes, 23, 179, 180 Endothelium, 108, 161, 180, 203 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 180 Endothelium, Vascular, 180 Endothelium-derived, 180, 203 Endotoxemia, 124, 180 Endotoxins, 173, 180 End-stage renal, 170, 180, 210 Enteropeptidase, 180, 226 Enterostomal Therapy, 121, 180 Environmental Health, 138, 140, 180 Enzymatic, 8, 12, 166, 167, 173, 175, 180, 215 Eosinophilia, 180, 182 Eosinophils, 180, 181, 187 Epidemics, 159, 181, 210 Epidemiological, 87, 181, 183 Epidermal, 8, 181, 201 Epidermal Cyst, 8, 181 Epidermis, 181, 213 Epidural, 28, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 88, 113, 181 Epidural Space, 113, 114, 181 Epigastric, 181, 205 Epiglottis, 181 Epiglottitis, 76, 181 Epiphyseal, 69, 181 Episcleritis, 181, 217 Epithelial, 11, 14, 16, 19, 23, 111, 158, 165, 170, 181, 189 Epithelial Cells, 11, 14, 19, 23, 111, 170, 181, 189 Epithelium, 16, 22, 180, 181, 195, 205, 215

236

Abscess

Erythrocytes, 165, 181, 214 Erythromycin, 4, 181 Escalation, 6, 181 Esophageal, 42, 47, 51, 83, 181, 217 Esophageal Varices, 181, 217 Esophagus, 42, 177, 181, 185, 199, 207, 208, 221, 227 Ethanol, 159, 181, 183 Ether, 110, 162, 182 Ethnic Groups, 17, 182 Evacuation, 49, 174, 182 Excitation, 182, 184, 203 Exocrine, 182, 205 Exogenous, 15, 179, 182 Expectorant, 106, 182 Expiration, 182, 215 Extracellular, 13, 104, 163, 174, 179, 182, 183, 219 Extracellular Matrix, 174, 182, 183 Extraction, 52, 73, 162, 182, 215 Extraocular, 63, 182 Extravasation, 6, 182, 188 Extremity, 36, 182, 206 Exudate, 182, 187 Eye socket, 182, 207 F Facial, 4, 6, 44, 182, 206 Facial Expression, 182 Facial Nerve, 44, 182, 206 Familial polyposis, 172, 182 Family Planning, 139, 182 Fasciitis, 47, 68, 182 Fat, 164, 165, 167, 174, 179, 183, 195, 197, 219 Fatal Outcome, 55, 183 Fatty acids, 83, 176, 183 Fatty Liver, 121, 183 Fecal Incontinence, 115, 183, 192 Feces, 113, 174, 183, 221 Femoral, 71, 72, 183 Femoral Artery, 71, 183 Femoral Nerve, 72, 183 Femur, 183 Fermentation, 10, 159, 183 Fetus, 183, 227 Fibrin, 100, 165, 183, 208, 224 Fibrinogen, 183, 224 Fibroblasts, 174, 183 Fibroma, 120, 183 Fibrosarcoma, 183 Fibrosis, 183, 189, 217

Fistula, 30, 54, 79, 111, 114, 115, 124, 128, 144, 183 Fixation, 99, 115, 184 Flagellin, 11, 184 Flagellum, 18, 184 Flatus, 183, 184, 185 Fleroxacin, 26, 184 Flow Cytometry, 10, 184 Fluorescence, 184 Fluorescent Dyes, 184 Fluoroscopy, 54, 184 Flushing, 104, 184 Foramen, 64, 172, 184, 189, 208 Forearm, 165, 183, 184 Fossa, 88, 169, 185 Fovea, 184, 185 Frameshift, 185, 226 Frameshift Mutation, 185, 226 Frontal Lobe, 161, 169, 185 Frontal Sinus, 51, 52, 185 Frontal Sinusitis, 51, 52, 185 Fungus, 169, 171, 185 G Gallbladder, 119, 121, 123, 124, 126, 157, 165, 170, 175, 177, 180, 185 Gangrene, 55, 185 Gangrenous, 55, 185, 218 Gas, 55, 56, 65, 167, 176, 184, 185, 190, 195, 203, 222, 223, 228 Gastric, 4, 56, 63, 71, 159, 163, 185, 207, 217 Gastroenterologist, 127, 185 Gastroenterology, 3, 4, 7, 8, 46, 56, 58, 60, 64, 91, 124, 125, 185 Gastrointestinal, 4, 8, 52, 56, 63, 71, 123, 124, 161, 163, 164, 166, 171, 181, 185, 221, 222, 228 Gastrointestinal tract, 8, 124, 161, 164, 181, 185, 221 Gastroscopy, 56, 185 Gene, 18, 19, 22, 31, 48, 165, 185, 186, 193, 194, 204 Gene Expression, 18, 19, 48, 185 Genetic Code, 185, 204 Genetic Engineering, 165, 171, 186 Genetics, 14, 186 Genital, 54, 101, 106, 171, 186, 227 Genotype, 186, 208 Giardiasis, 186, 199 Gingival Hyperplasia, 120, 186 Gingivitis, 120, 186 Glioblastoma, 82, 186 Glottis, 186, 208

237

Glucocorticoid, 176, 186, 211 Glucose, 170, 176, 186, 187, 188, 193, 217 Glucose Intolerance, 176, 186 Glycine, 164, 186, 203, 218 Glycopeptides, 27, 186 Glycoproteins, 168, 186 Glycoside, 186, 190, 217 Goiter, 187, 222 Gonadal, 187, 221 Gonorrhea, 6, 187 Governing Board, 187, 211 Grade, 109, 187 Graft, 46, 56, 71, 187, 191 Grafting, 56, 74, 115, 174, 187, 192 Gram-negative, 164, 166, 168, 180, 187, 191, 204, 212, 224, 228 Gram-positive, 10, 38, 168, 175, 187, 191, 202, 204, 221 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 175, 187, 204 Granulocytes, 102, 187, 202, 219, 229 Granuloma, 120, 187 Groin, 187, 189, 193 Growth factors, 187, 200 Guanylate Cyclase, 187, 203 Gutta-Percha, 111, 187 Gyrase, 184, 187 H Habitat, 187, 202 Haematemesis, 179, 187 Hair follicles, 187, 229 Haploid, 11, 187, 209 Haptens, 158, 188 Headache, 73, 188, 193, 210 Headache Disorders, 188 Health Promotion, 127, 188 Hearing aid, 62, 188 Heartbeat, 5, 188 Hematoma, 116, 188 Hemodialysis, 75, 156, 176, 188 Hemoglobin, 30, 169, 181, 188 Hemoglobin A, 169, 188 Hemolytic, 183, 188 Hemorrhage, 4, 107, 122, 128, 161, 175, 178, 188, 213, 216 Hemorrhoid, 114, 188 Hepatic Duct, Common, 180, 188 Hepatitis, 120, 121, 188, 189, 228 Hepatitis A, 121, 189 Hepatitis, Chronic, 120, 189 Hepatobiliary, 121, 125, 126, 189 Hepatocellular, 61, 189 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 61, 189

Hepatocytes, 19, 189 Hepatovirus, 189 Hereditary, 43, 120, 189 Heredity, 185, 186, 189 Hernia, 55, 189 Herniated, 114, 189 Heterogeneity, 158, 189 Hidradenitis, 8, 144, 189 Hidradenitis Suppurativa, 8, 189 Hoarseness, 189, 196 Hormonal, 163, 174, 189 Hormone, 174, 189, 193, 194, 199, 202, 211, 216, 219, 224 Hybrid, 14, 23, 189 Hydrogel, 102, 190 Hydrogen, 157, 159, 164, 167, 190, 201, 203, 205, 212 Hydrogenation, 190, 213 Hydrolases, 23, 190, 208 Hydrolysis, 164, 190, 207, 208, 210, 212, 226 Hydrophilic, 190 Hygienic, 177, 190 Hyperbaric, 88, 89, 190 Hyperbaric oxygen, 88, 89, 190 Hyperbilirubinemia, 124, 190, 195 Hypersensitivity, 58, 159, 176, 190, 216 Hypertension, 4, 120, 188, 190, 206, 210, 224, 226 Hypertrophy, 106, 190 Hypnotic, 190, 200 Hypoxic, 190, 199 Hysterectomy, 77, 79, 190 I Iatrogenic, 72, 89, 190 Idiopathic, 55, 128, 189, 190, 213 Ileus, 124, 190 Iliac Artery, 183, 190 Imipenem, 28, 29, 171, 190 Immune response, 10, 14, 31, 34, 101, 105, 158, 161, 174, 175, 188, 191, 217, 222, 227, 228 Immune Sera, 191 Immune system, 13, 21, 163, 191, 227, 229 Immunity, 11, 14, 25, 30, 32, 46, 62, 104, 157, 191, 198, 225 Immunization, 14, 34, 35, 191 Immunodeficiency, 8, 46, 157, 191 Immunofluorescence, 23, 191, 201 Immunogenic, 14, 191 Immunologic, 21, 170, 191 Immunology, 21, 88, 158, 184, 191

238

Abscess

Immunomodulator, 100, 191 Immunosuppression, 15, 123, 191, 198, 204 Immunosuppressive, 59, 186, 191, 217 Immunosuppressive Agents, 191, 217 Immunosuppressive therapy, 59, 191 Immunotherapy, 176, 191 Impairment, 23, 191 Implantation, 15, 71, 100, 173, 192 In situ, 47, 108, 192 In vitro, 11, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 29, 31, 100, 103, 109, 192, 216, 218 In vivo, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 31, 109, 192, 198 Incision, 17, 24, 66, 105, 109, 192, 194, 223, 224 Incisional, 115, 192 Incisive, 120, 192 Incisor, 129, 192 Incontinence, 120, 192 Incubated, 21, 102, 192 Incubation, 192, 208 Incubation period, 192, 208 Indolent, 9, 192 Induction, 14, 21, 100, 101, 160, 192, 195, 214 Infancy, 72, 192 Infantile, 192, 210 Infarction, 41, 169, 192 Infection Control, 91, 192 Inferior vena cava, 65, 192 Infertility, 101, 192 Infestation, 178, 193, 228 Inflammatory bowel disease, 11, 16, 128, 193 Influenza, 106, 193 Infusion, 193, 217 Ingestion, 10, 15, 22, 193, 210 Inguinal, 32, 84, 193 Inhalation, 158, 163, 171, 193, 210 Initiation, 68, 193 Inner ear, 193, 227 Innervation, 182, 183, 193 Inoculum, 13, 16, 193 Inorganic, 193, 202 Insertional, 18, 193 Insight, 13, 23, 193 Insulator, 187, 193 Insulin, 6, 176, 193, 195 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 193 Intensive Care, 5, 6, 55, 124, 193 Interferon, 32, 73, 193, 194

Interferon-alpha, 73, 193, 194 Internal Medicine, 9, 13, 18, 57, 185, 194 Intervertebral, 114, 115, 189, 194, 214 Intestinal, 11, 14, 16, 18, 22, 28, 31, 32, 62, 102, 121, 164, 167, 170, 180, 194 Intestinal Mucosa, 164, 194 Intestine, 11, 19, 164, 166, 172, 194, 196, 221, 229 Intracellular, 10, 21, 23, 29, 171, 192, 194, 199, 203, 219 Intrahepatic, 58, 89, 124, 188, 194 Intramuscular, 17, 83, 194, 206 Intraocular, 180, 194 Intraperitoneal, 63, 124, 194 Intravascular, 124, 194 Intravenous, 6, 83, 156, 193, 194, 206 Intrinsic, 112, 158, 194 Introns, 11, 194 Intubation, 5, 167, 194 Intussusception, 194, 214 Invasive, 8, 9, 14, 22, 24, 102, 191, 194, 198 Involuntary, 183, 194, 219 Iodine, 110, 114, 194 Ions, 164, 169, 177, 178, 190, 194 Ipsilateral, 72, 194 Iris, 108, 161, 174, 194, 210, 227 Irradiation, 172, 195 Irrigation, 98, 108, 195 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 128, 195 Irritants, 178, 195 Ischemic Colitis, 128, 195 J Jaundice, 190, 195 K Kanamycin, 159, 195 Kb, 138, 195 Keratitis, 23, 195 Keratoconjunctivitis, 195, 218 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 195, 218 Keratolytic, 176, 195 Ketamine, 17, 195 Ketoacidosis, 5, 6, 195, 196 Ketone Bodies, 176, 195, 196 Ketosis, 176, 195, 196 Kidney Disease, 123, 138, 196 Kinetics, 16, 196 L Labile, 172, 196 Laceration, 17, 196, 223 Lacrimal, 65, 182, 195, 196, 218 Large Intestine, 172, 177, 194, 196, 214, 219, 229

239

Larva, 79, 196 Larva Migrans, 79, 196 Laryngeal, 78, 196 Laryngitis, 106, 196 Larynx, 54, 60, 181, 186, 196, 222, 225, 229 Lectin, 9, 14, 35, 196, 199 Leiomyosarcoma, 63, 196 Lens, 23, 107, 108, 162, 167, 196, 229 Lesion, 82, 174, 187, 196, 197, 226 Lethal, 10, 123, 164, 196, 216 Lethargy, 6, 196 Leukocytosis, 4, 167, 196 Life cycle, 196 Ligament, 53, 196, 211 Ligands, 168, 196 Lincomycin, 171, 197 Linkages, 12, 188, 197, 223 Lip, 39, 197 Lipid, 28, 167, 193, 197, 200 Lipopolysaccharide, 23, 187, 197 Liquor, 197, 213 Liver cancer, 121, 197 Liver Cirrhosis, 40, 197 Liver Transplantation, 31, 59, 197 Lobe, 54, 56, 98, 161, 169, 197, 206 Localization, 23, 197 Localized, 4, 8, 15, 100, 157, 160, 175, 179, 184, 188, 192, 197, 205, 207, 209, 217, 223, 226 Locomotion, 184, 197, 209, 212 Loop, 54, 189, 197 Lumbar, 17, 183, 197, 212, 220 Lumbar puncture, 17, 197, 220 Lung volume, 111, 197 Lymph, 39, 103, 164, 169, 180, 197, 198, 199, 202, 222 Lymph node, 103, 164, 169, 197, 198, 199, 202 Lymphadenopathy, 39, 197 Lymphatic, 180, 192, 197, 210, 220, 224 Lymphatic system, 197, 220, 224 Lymphocyte Count, 157, 198 Lymphocyte Depletion, 191, 198 Lymphocytes, 50, 100, 157, 161, 191, 197, 198, 220, 224, 229 Lymphoid, 161, 198 Lymphokines, 38, 198 Lymphoma, 89, 90, 198 Lysine, 198, 226 Lytic, 198, 228 M Macroglia, 198, 200

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 82, 83, 102, 121, 198 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 82, 83, 198 Malaise, 5, 166, 198 Malignancy, 39, 44, 198 Malignant, 66, 121, 122, 157, 158, 162, 172, 183, 186, 197, 198, 202 Malignant tumor, 121, 172, 198 Malnutrition, 8, 163, 198 Mammary, 60, 174, 198 Mandible, 4, 198 Manifest, 5, 7, 198 Mastitis, 57, 61, 198, 218 Maxillary, 6, 34, 198, 205 Mediastinitis, 4, 198 Mediastinum, 198, 199 Mediate, 34, 168, 199 Medical Records, 199, 216 Medicament, 159, 199 MEDLINE, 139, 199 Megacolon, 128, 199 Melanin, 195, 199 Membrane Proteins, 167, 199 Memory, 161, 175, 199 Meninges, 168, 175, 177, 199, 220 Meningitis, 28, 51, 57, 64, 70, 78, 84, 113, 122, 199 Menopause, 199, 210 Mental, iv, 9, 138, 140, 175, 177, 199, 212, 226 Mental Health, iv, 9, 138, 140, 199, 212 Mercury, 184, 199 Mesenteric, 164, 199, 210 Mesentery, 199, 208 Metabolic acidosis, 176, 199 Metastasis, 168, 199 Metastatic, 29, 67, 80, 199 Metronidazole, 4, 5, 10, 26, 50, 76, 83, 199 Microbe, 200, 225 Microbiological, 16, 200 Microbiological Techniques, 16, 200 Microbiology, 21, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 76, 78, 88, 123, 200 Microcirculation, 197, 200 Microglia, 19, 20, 163, 200 Microorganism, 104, 171, 200, 206, 229 Micro-organism, 175, 200, 218 Microscopy, 10, 18, 23, 200 Midazolam, 17, 200 Migration, 11, 16, 20, 33, 47, 66, 160, 200

240

Abscess

Milliliter, 105, 200 Mineralization, 166, 200 Mineralocorticoids, 158, 174, 200 Minocycline, 20, 200 Mitochondrial Swelling, 200, 202 Mitosis, 162, 201 Mitosporic Fungi, 163, 201 Mitotic, 177, 201 Mitotic inhibitors, 177, 201 Mitral Valve, 78, 201 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, 68, 201 Mobilization, 11, 201 Molecular, 12, 19, 21, 22, 33, 48, 82, 99, 139, 141, 160, 165, 173, 183, 184, 201, 216 Monitor, 100, 103, 201, 203 Monoclonal, 103, 195, 201, 213 Monoclonal antibodies, 103, 201 Monocytes, 50, 201, 202 Mononuclear, 183, 187, 201 Morphology, 162, 167, 201 Motility, 18, 201 Mucins, 14, 186, 201, 216 Mucociliary, 201, 219 Mucopurulent, 106, 202 Mucosa, 101, 202 Mucus, 106, 116, 178, 182, 201, 202, 226 Multidrug resistance, 22, 202 Muscular Diseases, 202, 206 Mutagenesis, 18, 202 Mutagens, 185, 202 Myalgia, 193, 202 Mycobacterium, 35, 53, 68, 82, 87, 89, 132, 202, 226 Myeloid Cells, 19, 202 Myopia, 202, 214, 215 Myxedema, 128, 202 N Nasal Cavity, 202, 205 Nasal Mucosa, 103, 193, 202 Nebramycin, 202, 224 Neck Muscles, 4, 202 Necrosis, 24, 30, 48, 52, 124, 162, 169, 180, 183, 186, 189, 192, 202, 207, 212 Neonatal, 28, 42, 46, 68, 202 Neoplasm, 70, 202 Nephrectomy, 7, 72, 123, 202 Nephropathy, 196, 203 Nervous System, 62, 68, 158, 168, 169, 203, 207 Neural, 158, 179, 200, 203, 215 Neurologic, 179, 186, 203 Neuromuscular, 157, 203, 206, 226

Neuronal, 20, 203 Neurons, 203, 220 Neurosyphilis, 203, 206 Neurotransmitter, 157, 158, 166, 186, 203, 219, 222 Neutralization, 20, 115, 203 Neutrons, 159, 195, 203, 213 Neutropenia, 72, 203 Neutrophil, 11, 16, 19, 20, 29, 31, 34, 203 Neutrophil Infiltration, 11, 20, 203 Nitric Oxide, 32, 82, 88, 203 Nitrogen, 158, 160, 184, 203 Nuclear, 59, 82, 110, 164, 178, 186, 201, 202, 203, 214, 226 Nuclei, 159, 161, 178, 186, 194, 198, 201, 203, 204, 212 Nucleic acid, 10, 157, 185, 202, 203, 204, 213 Nucleotidases, 190, 204 Nucleus, 23, 108, 161, 162, 164, 170, 175, 178, 181, 198, 201, 203, 204, 212 O Occult, 5, 6, 69, 102, 107, 204 Ocular, 23, 70, 204 Odontoid Process, 70, 204 Ofloxacin, 29, 204 Opacity, 110, 167, 204 Operon, 18, 204, 215 Ophthalmology, 70, 80, 88, 184, 204, 215 Opportunistic Infections, 157, 204 Opsin, 204, 215, 216 Optic Nerve, 204, 205, 215, 217, 227 Oral Health, 5, 204 Oral Hygiene, 104, 129, 204 Orbit, 63, 182, 204, 207 Orbital, 28, 44, 49, 70, 172, 204 Organelles, 171, 175, 201, 204 Orofacial, 120, 204 Orthopedics, 47, 187, 204 Osteomyelitis, 13, 28, 41, 43, 44, 61, 70, 71, 79, 90, 91, 93, 205 Ostomy, 180, 205 Otitis, 5, 40, 75, 93, 205 Otitis Media, 5, 40, 75, 93, 205 Ototoxic, 159, 205 Outpatient, 7, 205 Oxidation, 103, 157, 175, 176, 205 Oxygen Consumption, 205, 215 P Pachymeningitis, 199, 205 Palliative, 205, 224 Palpation, 8, 205

241

Pancreas, 8, 119, 123, 124, 157, 170, 177, 185, 193, 205, 226 Pancreatic, 8, 24, 34, 36, 37, 56, 71, 120, 171, 180, 205, 212 Pancreatic Ducts, 180, 205 Pancreatic Juice, 8, 171, 205 Pancreatic Pseudocyst, 8, 205 Pancreatitis, 24, 89, 93, 120, 205 Papilla, 120, 121, 180, 205 Paralysis, 44, 78, 157, 205, 206, 210, 220 Paranasal Sinuses, 205, 219 Paraparesis, 206 Paraplegia, 67, 74, 206 Parasite, 10, 14, 18, 22, 125, 206, 226 Parasitic, 121, 123, 178, 193, 206, 225 Parasitic Diseases, 121, 206 Parenchyma, 20, 112, 206 Parenteral, 84, 206 Parenteral Nutrition, 84, 206 Paresis, 84, 206 Parietal, 161, 206, 208, 210 Paronychia, 8, 206 Parotid, 39, 44, 47, 206 Paroxysmal, 188, 206, 208, 229 Patch, 16, 206 Pathogen, 9, 11, 13, 22, 27, 77, 107, 192, 193, 206 Pathologic, 46, 124, 157, 162, 165, 166, 174, 190, 206, 211, 220, 222 Pathologic Processes, 162, 206 Pathologies, 19, 207 Pathophysiology, 121, 123, 124, 125, 207 Patient Education, 145, 150, 152, 156, 207 Pelvic, 7, 44, 71, 93, 101, 207, 211, 216 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 101, 207 Pelvis, 100, 124, 157, 190, 192, 196, 197, 207, 216, 227 Penicillin, 29, 82, 160, 207, 209 Peptic, 207, 217 Peptic Ulcer, 207, 217 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 207, 217 Peptide, 10, 35, 170, 180, 190, 207, 210, 211, 212 Peptide Hydrolases, 190, 207 Percutaneous, 5, 7, 24, 29, 45, 47, 49, 52, 54, 75, 123, 132, 207 Perforation, 4, 47, 51, 56, 59, 65, 131, 184, 207, 229 Perianal, 48, 57, 71, 72, 90, 207 Pericoronitis, 120, 207 Perineum, 68, 120, 207 Periodontal Abscess, 109, 120, 207

Periodontal disease, 18, 207 Periodontitis, 111, 120, 186, 207 Periorbital, 27, 34, 207 Peripheral blood, 34, 194, 207 Peripheral Nervous System, 203, 206, 207, 222 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 206, 207 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 8, 208 Peritoneal, 34, 43, 100, 124, 163, 194, 208 Peritoneal Cavity, 100, 163, 194, 208 Peritoneum, 100, 199, 208, 216 Peritonitis, 74, 208, 229 Perivascular, 200, 208 Pertussis, 106, 208, 229 Phagocytosis, 10, 23, 200, 208 Phallic, 184, 208 Pharmacologic, 11, 160, 208, 225 Pharyngitis, 106, 208 Pharynx, 193, 202, 208 Phenotypes, 19, 208 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 190, 208 Phosphorus, 166, 208, 209 Phosphorylation, 10, 209 Photocoagulation, 171, 209 Photoreceptors, 173, 209 Phylogeny, 10, 209 Physical Examination, 4, 6, 169, 209 Physiologic, 17, 113, 165, 176, 209, 214, 225 Physiology, 82, 120, 185, 209 Phytotoxin, 209, 216 Pigment, 165, 209, 215 Pinocytosis, 23, 209 Piperacillin, 29, 209 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 29, 209 Pituitary Gland, 174, 209 Plants, 9, 167, 169, 186, 196, 201, 209, 212, 217, 221, 225 Plaque, 104, 209 Plasma, 16, 120, 161, 168, 180, 183, 186, 188, 200, 209, 218 Plasma cells, 161, 209 Platelet Aggregation, 160, 203, 209 Platelets, 203, 209 Pleura, 209, 210 Pleural, 73, 198, 209, 210 Pleural cavity, 210 Pleural Effusion, 73, 210 Plexus, 183, 210 Pneumonia, 40, 84, 174, 210 Poisoning, 169, 199, 210

242

Abscess

Poliomyelitis, 72, 210 Polyarthritis, 195, 210, 218 Polycystic, 123, 125, 210 Polymers, 99, 165, 210, 212, 222 Polypeptide, 18, 76, 159, 172, 183, 186, 210, 212, 229 Polyposis, 54, 172, 210 Polysaccharide, 12, 13, 21, 34, 37, 100, 158, 161, 210 Portal Hypertension, 120, 121, 210 Portal Vein, 210 Posterior, 30, 38, 54, 107, 108, 160, 169, 177, 195, 202, 205, 210, 216, 217 Posterior chamber, 108, 210 Postmenopausal, 74, 210 Postnatal, 210, 221 Postoperative, 47, 120, 134, 210, 211 Postoperative Complications, 134, 211 Post-traumatic, 17, 188, 211 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 17, 211 Practice Guidelines, 140, 145, 211 Precursor, 178, 180, 211 Prednisolone, 211 Prednisone, 8, 211 Prevalence, 3, 6, 12, 181, 211 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 121, 211 Progesterone, 211, 221 Progression, 15, 161, 211 Progressive, 6, 36, 61, 112, 170, 171, 175, 181, 202, 211 Projection, 114, 175, 204, 211 Promoter, 22, 211 Prophylaxis, 211, 227 Prostate, 49, 68, 211, 225 Prostatitis, 106, 211 Prosthesis, 61, 211 Protease, 30, 111, 211 Protein C, 159, 171, 211, 212 Protein Conformation, 159, 212 Protein S, 103, 165, 181, 185, 212, 224 Proteolytic, 172, 180, 183, 212, 216 Protons, 159, 190, 198, 212, 213 Protozoa, 178, 200, 212, 221, 225 Protozoal, 212 Protozoan, 9, 10, 22, 125, 169, 186, 212, 226 Proximal, 105, 113, 116, 177, 202, 212 Pseudocysts, 8, 212 Pseudomonas, 83, 168, 209, 212, 224 Pseudomonas Infections, 209, 212 Pseudopodia, 160, 212 Psoas Abscess, 33, 46, 65, 67, 69, 72, 79, 80, 88, 212

Psychiatry, 47, 184, 212, 222 Public Health, 9, 140, 212 Public Policy, 139, 212 Publishing, 25, 119, 122, 123, 212 Pulmonary, 30, 65, 165, 166, 213, 228 Pulmonary Artery, 165, 213, 228 Pulmonary Embolism, 65, 213 Pulse, 201, 213 Purines, 213, 218 Purpura, 104, 213 Purulent, 114, 124, 180, 207, 213 Putrefaction, 185, 213 Pyoderma, 84, 213 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 84, 213 Pyogenic, 4, 25, 35, 50, 52, 56, 70, 72, 76, 79, 90, 123, 125, 205, 213, 218 Pyrimidines, 213, 218 Q Quinolones, 22, 213 R Race, 103, 200, 213 Radiation, 84, 128, 164, 178, 184, 190, 191, 195, 199, 213, 214, 226, 229 Radiation therapy, 190, 195, 213, 226 Radiculopathy, 114, 213 Radioactive, 109, 155, 166, 190, 192, 195, 201, 203, 213, 214, 223, 226 Radioactivity, 109, 214 Radiofrequency ablation, 61, 214 Radioisotope, 103, 214 Radiolabeled, 102, 103, 195, 213, 214 Radiological, 4, 70, 207, 214 Radiology, 5, 6, 8, 43, 45, 53, 54, 56, 61, 69, 71, 73, 82, 84, 145, 214 Radiopharmaceuticals, 109, 214 Randomized, 24, 76, 99, 178, 214 Rape, 211, 214 Reagent, 102, 214 Receptor, 10, 16, 19, 161, 214, 219 Recombinant, 9, 12, 35, 37, 76, 214, 227 Recombinant Proteins, 12, 214 Rectal, 57, 72, 116, 120, 122, 128, 214 Rectal Prolapse, 120, 128, 214 Recur, 105, 214 Recurrence, 7, 214, 215 Red blood cells, 102, 181, 188, 214, 217 Refer, 1, 172, 184, 197, 203, 214, 218 Refraction, 202, 214, 220 Refractory, 89, 178, 215 Regimen, 6, 178, 215 Remission, 214, 215 Reoperation, 7, 215

243

Repressor, 204, 215 Resection, 7, 113, 114, 215 Respiration, 103, 167, 201, 215 Respirators, 16, 215 Respiratory distress syndrome, 124, 215 Retina, 46, 173, 196, 202, 204, 215, 216, 229 Retinal, 52, 88, 204, 215, 216, 228 Retinal Detachment, 52, 215 Retinol, 215, 216 Retraction, 160, 215 Retrograde, 216 Retroperitoneal, 24, 84, 91, 100, 123, 124, 158, 216 Retroperitoneal Space, 100, 123, 216 Retrospective, 50, 73, 216 Retrospective study, 50, 73, 216 Reversion, 216, 226 Rheumatoid, 43, 90, 172, 216 Rheumatoid arthritis, 43, 90, 172, 216 Rhinitis, 166, 216, 218 Rhodopsin, 204, 215, 216 Ribonuclease, 201, 216 Ribose, 158, 216 Ricin, 9, 216 Rigidity, 209, 216 Risk factor, 6, 7, 45, 77, 120, 177, 216 Ristocetin, 216, 227 Rod, 164, 180, 212, 216 Rubber, 109, 157, 187, 216 S Saline, 68, 201, 216 Saliva, 98, 216, 217 Salivary, 14, 17, 177, 182, 216, 217, 218, 222 Salivary glands, 177, 182, 216, 217, 218 Sanitation, 10, 217 Saphenous, 174, 217 Saphenous Vein, 174, 217 Saponins, 217, 221 Sclera, 173, 181, 217 Scleritis, 80, 217 Scleroderma, 183, 201, 217 Sclerosis, 83, 120, 172, 217 Sclerotherapy, 41, 217 Screening, 19, 23, 171, 217 Scurvy, 120, 217 Sebaceous, 195, 217, 229 Secretion, 11, 16, 23, 174, 193, 195, 200, 201, 202, 217, 218, 227 Secretory, 14, 16, 217 Sedative, 200, 217 Sediment, 217 Sedimentation, 45, 217

Seizures, 186, 206, 217 Semen, 94, 95, 106, 178, 211, 217 Semisynthetic, 168, 171, 190, 200, 209, 218 Sensory loss, 214, 218 Sepsis, 15, 21, 27, 34, 53, 76, 83, 100, 124, 164, 199, 218 Septic, 15, 48, 65, 75, 78, 105, 124, 163, 218 Septicaemia, 218 Sequencing, 10, 14, 218 Serine, 34, 111, 170, 218, 226 Serology, 3, 125, 218 Serotypes, 11, 218 Serous, 180, 209, 218 Serum, 14, 160, 168, 172, 191, 198, 200, 201, 208, 218 Sex Distribution, 218 Sex Factors, 122, 218 Shock, 15, 124, 180, 218, 225 Shunt, 43, 57, 66, 78, 218 Sicca, 27, 218 Side effect, 101, 112, 158, 168, 218, 225 Sigmoid, 54, 131, 218 Sigmoid Colon, 218 Sigmoidoscopy, 120, 218 Signal Transduction, 167, 219 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 5, 6, 123, 215, 219, 226 Sinusitis, 65, 106, 219 Sitz Bath, 8, 219 Skeletal, 83, 160, 202, 204, 219 Skeleton, 183, 219 Skull, 175, 179, 182, 204, 219, 223 Small intestine, 175, 177, 180, 186, 189, 194, 219, 226 Sneezing, 208, 219 Sodium, 103, 200, 219, 223 Soft tissue, 56, 91, 107, 120, 165, 183, 219 Solitary Rectal Ulcer, 120, 219 Solvent, 181, 219, 226 Sonogram, 219, 225 Sound wave, 219, 225 Spasmodic, 208, 220, 226 Spastic, 195, 220 Specialist, 146, 220 Specificity, 102, 158, 220 Spectrum, 11, 13, 29, 30, 52, 168, 184, 190, 200, 220, 222 Sperm, 160, 170, 220 Spermatozoa, 218, 220 Sphincter, 196, 214, 220

244

Abscess

Spinal cord, 62, 63, 114, 163, 168, 169, 170, 178, 181, 183, 199, 203, 205, 206, 207, 214, 220 Spinal Cord Diseases, 206, 220 Spinal Cord Injuries, 214, 220 Spinal Nerve Roots, 213, 220 Spinal tap, 197, 220 Spinous, 114, 181, 220 Spirochete, 18, 220, 223 Spleen, 102, 109, 160, 164, 197, 198, 220, 221 Splenectomy, 29, 59, 221 Splenomegaly, 78, 221 Spores, 171, 193, 221 Staphylococcal Infections, 13, 221 Steatosis, 121, 183, 221 Steel, 98, 221 Stem Cells, 19, 221 Stenosis, 121, 221, 222 Stent, 71, 205, 221 Stereotactic, 54, 56, 221 Sterile, 99, 105, 113, 114, 115, 163, 221 Sterility, 101, 113, 192, 221 Sternum, 221, 222 Steroid, 45, 164, 174, 217, 221 Stimulus, 178, 182, 193, 221, 224 Stomach, 134, 157, 163, 177, 181, 185, 189, 196, 207, 208, 219, 220, 221, 229 Stool, 172, 192, 195, 196, 221, 223 Streptococcal, 57, 58, 197, 221 Streptococci, 4, 221 Streptococcus, 4, 27, 32, 33, 34, 42, 57, 61, 82, 103, 183, 185, 221 Stress, 4, 6, 17, 37, 174, 184, 195, 216, 222 Stricture, 6, 221, 222 Stridor, 65, 222 Stroma, 195, 206, 222 Stromal, 23, 83, 222 Stupor, 196, 222 Styrene, 216, 222 Subacute, 192, 219, 222 Subarachnoid, 57, 122, 188, 222 Subcapsular, 123, 222 Subclinical, 104, 192, 217, 222 Subcutaneous, 13, 14, 22, 26, 27, 29, 36, 38, 91, 167, 168, 178, 181, 185, 206, 222 Sublingual, 4, 222 Submandibular, 4, 222 Subspecies, 35, 220, 222 Substance P, 181, 216, 217, 222 Substernal Goiter, 76, 222 Substrate, 103, 190, 222

Suction, 116, 222 Sulbactam, 28, 29, 40, 222 Sulfur, 58, 222 Suppression, 174, 222 Suppuration, 4, 222 Suppurative, 8, 168, 180, 185, 189, 223 Surgical Wound Infection, 13, 223 Suspensions, 104, 223 Sweat, 162, 189, 223 Sweat Glands, 162, 223 Symphysis, 211, 223 Symptomatic, 6, 10, 205, 223 Syphilis, 18, 203, 223 Systemic disease, 5, 6, 8, 223 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 172, 201, 223 Systolic, 51, 190, 223 T Tachycardia, 5, 163, 223 Tachypnea, 163, 223 Tapeworm, 123, 223 Technetium, 103, 223 Teichoic Acids, 187, 223 Telangiectasia, 43, 223 Temporal, 49, 188, 223 Tendon, 172, 223 Tenesmus, 178, 223 Tenosynovitis, 36, 223 Tetanus, 223, 226 Tetracycline, 200, 224 Therapeutics, 18, 91, 224 Thermal, 82, 88, 163, 177, 203, 224 Thigh, 25, 28, 71, 183, 187, 224 Thoracic, 54, 56, 79, 176, 198, 209, 224, 229 Thoracotomy, 79, 224 Threonine, 218, 224 Threshold, 190, 224 Thrombin, 183, 209, 212, 224 Thrombocytopenia, 78, 224 Thrombosis, 65, 78, 121, 212, 217, 224 Thymus, 191, 197, 198, 224 Thyroid, 39, 40, 76, 187, 194, 202, 224 Thyroid Gland, 40, 187, 202, 224 Thyroid Hormones, 224 Tinnitus, 205, 224 Tobramycin, 32, 224 Tomography, 18, 198, 224 Tone, 204, 224 Toothache, 4, 225 Topical, 8, 181, 225 Torsion, 192, 225 Toxic, iv, 10, 175, 191, 209, 222, 225, 227

245

Toxicity, 102, 177, 199, 216, 225, 226 Toxicology, 140, 225 Toxins, 161, 180, 192, 201, 225 Toxoplasma, 48, 60, 225 Trace element, 170, 225 Trachea, 111, 166, 182, 196, 199, 208, 222, 224, 225 Transfection, 19, 165, 225 Transfer Factor, 191, 225 Translation, 181, 225 Translocating, 164, 225 Translocation, 11, 23, 164, 181, 225 Transplantation, 42, 55, 59, 89, 120, 121, 170, 191, 198, 225 Transrectal ultrasound, 68, 225 Transverse Colon, 59, 225 Trees, 216, 225 Tremor, 60, 225 Trichomoniasis, 199, 226 Trismus, 5, 226 Trypsin, 111, 171, 180, 226, 229 Tubercular, 39, 226 Tuberculosis, 53, 59, 123, 226 Tunica, 202, 226 Turpentine, 82, 88, 226 TYPHI, 46, 226 Typhimurium, 34, 74, 226 Typhoid fever, 226 U Ulcer, 168, 207, 219, 226, 227 Ulcerative colitis, 84, 121, 172, 193, 211, 213, 226 Ultrasonography, 91, 226 Uraemia, 205, 226 Uranium, 223, 226 Ureters, 226, 227 Urethra, 6, 211, 226, 227 Urethritis, 106, 227 Urinary, 6, 50, 106, 123, 166, 171, 192, 227 Urinary tract, 6, 106, 123, 227 Urinary tract infection, 6, 106, 227 Urinate, 227, 229 Urine, 6, 7, 53, 98, 134, 165, 168, 192, 195, 226, 227 Urogenital, 187, 227 Uterus, 101, 169, 174, 178, 190, 196, 211, 227 Uvea, 180, 227 V Vaccination, 14, 35, 58, 101, 227 Vaccine, 9, 14, 22, 34, 72, 103, 105, 158, 227 Vacuoles, 179, 204, 209, 227

Vagina, 101, 169, 177, 227 Vaginae, 38, 227 Vaginal, 101, 227 Valves, 15, 215, 227 Vancomycin, 25, 31, 66, 227 Varicella, 57, 227 Varices, 49, 227 Varicose, 217, 227 Varicose vein, 217, 227 Vascular, 16, 23, 45, 46, 112, 121, 124, 128, 161, 180, 188, 192, 197, 200, 203, 220, 224, 227 Vascular Resistance, 124, 227 Vasculitis, 205, 227 Vasodilators, 203, 227 Vector, 193, 206, 227 Vein, 160, 162, 192, 194, 203, 206, 210, 217, 227 Vena, 227 Venereal, 223, 228 Venous, 56, 78, 84, 112, 162, 169, 212, 228 Venous blood, 169, 228 Ventricle, 162, 201, 213, 223, 228 Ventricular, 51, 78, 228 Vertebrae, 114, 115, 194, 212, 220, 228 Vertebral, 79, 114, 181, 228 Vertigo, 205, 228 Vesicular, 21, 23, 228 Veterinary Medicine, 16, 83, 139, 228 Vibrio, 170, 228 Vibrio cholerae, 170, 228 Viral, 73, 120, 157, 189, 193, 210, 228 Viral Hepatitis, 73, 120, 189, 228 Virulence, 10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 28, 31, 38, 163, 225, 228 Virulent, 12, 228 Virus, 46, 157, 168, 186, 194, 209, 228 Viscera, 124, 196, 199, 228 Visceral, 79, 196, 208, 228 Visceral Larva Migrans, 196, 228 Viscosity, 106, 228 Visual Acuity, 217, 228 Vitreous, 107, 196, 210, 215, 228, 229 Vitreous Body, 215, 228, 229 Vitreous Humor, 215, 229 Vitro, 11, 12, 20, 31, 65, 110, 229 Vivo, 11, 19, 31, 109, 198, 229 Vocal cord, 78, 186, 229 Void, 115, 229 Volvulus, 128, 229 Vulgaris, 78, 229

246

Abscess

W War, 211, 229 White blood cell, 4, 161, 192, 197, 198, 202, 203, 209, 229 Whooping Cough, 208, 229 Windpipe, 208, 224, 229 Womb, 227, 229 Wound Healing, 168, 229

Wound Infection, 13, 229 X Xenograft, 19, 161, 229 X-ray, 22, 107, 110, 156, 164, 173, 174, 180, 184, 195, 203, 213, 214, 221, 229 Z Zymogen, 170, 211, 229

247

248

Abscess