Weight Loss - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

WEIGHT LOSS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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WEIGHT LOSS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Weight Loss: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83723-6 1. Weight Loss-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on weight loss. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WEIGHT LOSS ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Weight Loss................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 64 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WEIGHT LOSS................................................................................ 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Finding Nutrition Studies on Weight Loss ............................................................................... 151 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 155 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WEIGHT LOSS ......................................................... 159 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 159 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 159 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 160 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 168 General References ..................................................................................................................... 180 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON WEIGHT LOSS ........................................................................... 181 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 181 Dissertations on Weight Loss .................................................................................................... 181 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 187 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND WEIGHT LOSS ...................................................................... 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 Recent Trials on Weight Loss .................................................................................................... 189 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 199 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON WEIGHT LOSS ...................................................................................... 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 Patents on Weight Loss.............................................................................................................. 201 Patent Applications on Weight Loss.......................................................................................... 233 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 265 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON WEIGHT LOSS .......................................................................................... 267 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 267 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 267 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 270 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 277 Chapters on Weight Loss............................................................................................................ 278 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 279 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON WEIGHT LOSS ............................................................................... 281 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 281 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 281 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 294 Bibliography: Multimedia on Weight Loss ................................................................................ 295 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WEIGHT LOSS ............................................................ 297 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 297 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 297 Newsletters on Weight Loss....................................................................................................... 300 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 301 Academic Periodicals covering Weight Loss .............................................................................. 304 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 305 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 305

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U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 305 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 306 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 307 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 311 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 311 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 311 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 313 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 318 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 319 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 319 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 319 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 332 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 335 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 335 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 335 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 335 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 335 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 341 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 343 WEIGHT LOSS DICTIONARY................................................................................................... 345 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 431

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with weight loss is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about weight loss, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to weight loss, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on weight loss. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to weight loss, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on weight loss. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WEIGHT LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on weight loss.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and weight loss, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “weight loss” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Dronabinol As A Treatment for Anorexia Associated With Weight Loss in Patients With AIDS Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management; Vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1995. Contact: Elsevier Science, 655 Ave of the Americas, New York, NY, 10010, (212) 6333971, http://www.elsevier.com. Summary: Dronabinol and its effects on 139 patients with advanced HIV disease are the focus of this article. Patients rate their appetite, mood, and nausea in this random, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. All the patients receiving dronabinol show increased appetite. Mood and nausea improvements are other positive effects as well as weight stabilization. The authors conclude dronabinol is a safe, effective means of

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treating anorexia due to AIDS and recommend a study of prolonged treatment with the drug. •

Weight Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: An International Review of the Literature Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 6(2): 135-142. Fall 1994. Summary: The authors reviewed the existing literature to support the clinical observations of weight loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) despite adequate food intake. To date, eight international studies have focused on nutrition in AD; all have found weight loss. It is not clear whether this weight loss is a component of or a consequence of the disease. Findings suggest systemic, metabolic alterations in AD. The authors believe these alterations require further study to determine their nature and appropriate recognition and management to retard the deteriorating effects of chronic weight loss and malnutrition. Some reports lead to speculation that nutritional strategies may improve cognitive function. 45 references. (AA-M).

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Maintenance of Weight Loss Using Taste and Smell Sensations Source: Journal of Women's Health. 8(1): 109-113. January-February 1999. Contact: Available from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2 Madison Avenue, Larchmont, NY 10538. (914) 834-3100. Fax (914) 834-3582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.liebertpub.com. Summary: The mechanism responsible for matching the intake and expenditure of nutrients in order to maintain body weight is not fully understood. This article reports on a study in which 7 females learned to terminate the act of eating when the pleasantness of flavor of food subsided during a meal. By the end of 1 month, significant weight loss took place in the study group compared with the baseline weight and was maintained throughout the study period of 1 year. The author concludes that focusing on the changes in oronasal sensory signals (taste and smell) during a meal could facilitate weight maintenance. The author discusses behavior modification strategies and calls for additional research investigating the role of taste and smell signals in weight maintenance. 1 figure. 3 tables. 26 references. (AA-M).

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Weight Loss and Senile Dementia in an Institutionalized Elderly Population Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 89(6): 790-792. June 1989. Summary: The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia have a higher incidence of underweight and weight loss than non-demented patients. In a retrospective study, the admission weight and height and the current weight of 36 patients with Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type were compared with those of 31 non-demented patients. Patients with Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia were significantly below minimum acceptable body weight on admission and were significantly below minimum acceptable body weight after an average of 17 months in the institution in comparison with the control group. Additional research is needed to determine whether the weight loss seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia is due to a metabolic aberration inherent in the disease or to management issues in feeding those patients. 28 references. (AA).

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Preventing Precipitous Weight Loss in Demented Patients by Altering Food Texture Source: Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly. 15(3): 43-47. 1996.

Studies

5

Summary: This article describes a study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients who displayed a behavioral intolerance to food texture. A feeding group was designed by a team of speech and language pathologists to assist clients with eating and to evaluate clients for possible feeding tube placement. The project evaluated the effectiveness of the feeding program for weight maintenance and developed guidelines to screen clients for future participation in the feeding group. The study was conducted by retrospectively reviewing patients' charts for weight, height, diet orders, and activities of daily living. Diet progression was rated from a variety of textures (regular diet) to a homogenous or smooth texture (puree). The authors conclude that the physical ability to eat must be considered when patients refuse to eat. Changing the texture of food may enable patients with dementia to eat and maintain their weight through oral intake and may postpone tube feeding. 1 table, 14 references. •

Weight Loss Precedes Dementia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 44(10): 1147-1152. October 1996. Summary: This article describes a study supported by the National Institute on Aging to determine whether the weight loss associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) precedes or follows the dementia. Participants were 134 older community-dwelling men and 165 older community-dwelling women who were followed for 20 years prior to diagnosis as being cognitively intact or having dementia. A repeated measures analysis was used to compare weight changes in those who developed AD with those who remained cognitively intact. Thirty-six men and 24 women were diagnosed with probable or possible AD (mild to moderate), and they were older than those diagnosed as cognitively intact. In age-adjusted analyses, both men and women who were later diagnosed with AD had a significant decrease in weight after the baseline visit, but there was no significant weight loss in men and women who remained cognitively intact. These differences were not explained by lifestyle, depression, or other illnesses. The authors conclude that weight loss may precede mild to moderate dementia; and early weight loss is, therefore, unlikely to be a consequence of AD patients being unable or unwilling to eat. 2 figures, 1 table, 36 references. (AA-M).

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Factors Contributing to Minimizing Weight Loss in Patients With Dementia Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 10(4): 33-38. July-August 1995. Summary: This article discusses Alzheimer's disease patients and factors contributing to minimizing weight loss, the negative effect of dementia symptoms on normal eating patterns and nutritional intake, the eating environment and its effects on food intake, and communication techniques to encourage eating. It introduces interventions to minimize weight loss and discusses staff education and training. It describes Caring Hands, an assisted dining program, which creates a facility culture that emphasizes dining with dignity. According to the author, through caregiver/patient interaction, the program establishes better food intake, greater socializing during mealtime, and fewer behavioral problems. 6 references. (AA-M).

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Weight Loss in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 6(1): 34-38. January-March 1993. Summary: This journal article describes a study that investigated the extent and pathogenesis of weight loss in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Data were collected prospectively for 81 outpatients with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease. All patients had dementia of mild to moderate severity. Over a mean observation period of

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2.9 years, there was a mean absolute weight loss of 1.9 kg and a mean weight loss per year of 0.7 kg. Although statistically significant, the mean weight loss was only 3 percent of initial body weight. Weight loss was significantly associated with a decline in ability to eat independently but was not associated with duration or severity of dementia, overall independence in activities of daily living, hyperactive behavior, or measures of depression. The authors conclude that weight loss is a secondary manifestation and not a core symptom of Alzheimer's disease. 13 references. •

Insight into Wasting May Lead to Better Treatment: Weight Loss Can Damage the Quality of Life of HIV - Positive Patients - and There Is More to the Problem Than Poor Caloric Intake and Severe Illness Source: Journal of the Physicians Association for AIDS Care; Oct. 1994. Contact: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 33 N LaSalle St Ste 2600, Chicago, IL, 60602-2601, (312) 795-4930, http://www.iapac.org. Summary: This journal article focuses on involuntary weight loss or wasting, a common manifestation of HIV infection. It labels excessive basal metabolism, increased neopterin, and inappropriate thyroid function as risk factors identified in a study designed to estimate the influence of clinical, immunologic, and hormonal variables; and body composition on weight loss in 70 adults with AIDS. The article advocates providing HIV-infected individuals with nutritional supplements at the earliest possible stage of AIDS to inhibit the development of wasting syndrome. It examines the therapeutic value of mammalian cell-derived recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGHm) and summarizes findings from growth hormone treatment studies.

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Weight Loss in Alzheimer's Disease and Resting Energy Expenditure (REE): A Preliminary Report Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 45(11): 1414-1415. November 1997. Summary: This letter to the editor briefly summarizes a study that explored the cause of weight loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The participants were 12 patients with probable AD who were hospitalized for a history of weight loss without any other medical complication or nutritional or behavioral disorder. The patients were assessed with measures of daily energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, total body water, cognitive and functional status, and nutritional status. There was no correlation between history of weight loss and REE, daily caloric intake, fat-free mass, or body composition. Severity of dementia was not correlated with either weight loss or REE. In the authors' opinion, these findings suggest that central regulation of body composition, weight, and normal capacity of energy balance may be altered in AD. 1 table, 5 references.

Federally Funded Research on Weight Loss The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to weight loss. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to weight loss. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore weight loss. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for weight loss: •

Project Title: A BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIC APPROACH TO CHILDHOOD OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Epstein, Leonard H.; Professor; Pediatrics; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, Ny 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract) Food is a powerful primary and secondary reinforcer, and obese persons find food more reinforcing than nonobese persons. In addition, obese persons may find alternatives to food less reinforcing than nonobese persons, providing a mechanism to understand why obese persons consume excess calories. The food deprivation that is associated with a calorie reduced diet may increase the reinforcing value of food, paradoxically making it more difficult for some obese persons to maintain the decreased caloric levels needed for weight loss and maintenance. This study is designed to test an innovative program for pediatric obesity based on behavioral economic theory that provides reinforcement for obese children for alternatives to their usual high-fat/low nutrient density eating, reduces access to intake of high-fat foods, and teaches parents to reduce behaviors that may increase the reinforcing value of high-fat foods. One hundred twenty obese children will be randomized to one of two groups, an innovative experimental treatment based on behavioral economic principles, and our standard family-based behavioral intervention program. Children will be followed through 2 years after randomization. Dependent measures will include body mass index, changes in percent overweight, changes in the eating and activity environment, parent control and restriction of food intake, child perception of dietary restriction, caloric and nutrient intake, physical activity, and the reinforcing value of noneating alternatives to high-preference, palatable high-fat/low nutrient density foods. This study will yield important information on new ways to treat pediatric obesity, minimizing dietary restriction and maximizing children learning healthier eating habits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: A WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAM FOR OBESE BLACK WOMEN WITH OA Principal Investigator & Institution: Henderson, Carol J.; Assistant Professor; Nutrition & Lab Technologies; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, Ga 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): African American (AA) women are at increased risk for obesity and the subsequent development of knee OA. A modest weight loss of 510% of baseline weight has been shown to reduce pain, functional disability, and

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improve gait in patients with knee OA. No culturally sensitive comprehensive weight loss programs combining diet and exercise have been developed for AA women with knee OA. We will test the hypothesis that overweight or obese, low socioeconomic (SES), urban AA women with knee OA who participate in a culturally sensitive dietary and physical activity behavior change pilot intervention for 3 months will experience at least a 5% reduction in their baseline body weight. It is also hypothesized that postintervention 6-minute walking distance will improve compared to baseline. Specific Aim 1: To gain an understanding of behavioral and psychosocial determinants of dietary intake, eating patterns, and physical activity, a review of the literature and discussions with researchers, practitioners, and local community leaders will be performed. Specific Aim 2: Conduct exploratory focus groups to qualitatively evaluate factors that influence fruit/vegetable (F&V), fat intake, calorie-containing beverage consumption (CCB), and physical activity. Specific Aim 3: Develop new or modify existing dietary and physical activity-related educational materials and evaluation instruments for use in the pilot weight loss intervention. Specific Aim 4: Conduct focus groups to pre-test the cultural sensitivity and potential salience of intervention messages and materials. Specific Aim 5: Perform a 3-month pilot intervention to assess weight and maximal walking distance and the feasibility of implementing the culturally sensitive weight loss program. Methodology: A pre-post repeated measures design will be implemented in at least 36 overweight or obese AA women with knee OA. Primary outcomes are % weight change from baseline body weight and % change in 6minute maximum walking distance from baseline. Daily walking distance will be determined using pedometers. Other outcomes include dietary, physical activity, pain, functional ability, and stage of change assessment that will be performed at baseline and 3 months. Long-term goals: Conduct a prospective RCT in overweight or obese, low SES, urban AA women with knee OA utilizing the newly developed culturally sensitive weight loss program, and study the longevity of sustained weight loss. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANOREXIA INFLAMMATION

AND

WEIGHT

LOSS

DURING

ACUTE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lennie, Terry A.; None; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Anorexia and accelerated catabolism leading to marked loss of body weight are common manifestations of the systemic inflammatory response to traumatic injury, infection, and cancer. Loss of protein translates into loss of tissue function because body protein has no inactive storage form; thus, extended periods of inflammation have the potential of increasing morbidity and mortality. Much remains unknown about the in vivo interaction of proinflammatory cytokines with other host factors during the acute inflammatory response. This proposed research seeks to examine the interaction among factors believed to alter energy-regulatory systems during acute inflammation. These factors include proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-tumor necrosis factor) which are thought to inhibit normal protein-energy conserving mechanisms, and hormones shown to be involved in long-term energy regulation (namely insulin, leptin, and glucocorticoids). Gender comparison will be made because reproductive hormones may act synergistically with multiple components of the inflammatory response to enhance anorexia and weight loss. An animal model of acute inflammation will be used in which body weight of the animal is normal, or has been experimentally increased or decreased

Studies

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at the time acute inflammation is induced. The interactive relationship of hormones and cytokines to food intake, meal pattern, micronutrient selection, and body weight at key time points following acute inflammation in male and female rats will be characterized. Because insulin, leptin, and glucocorticoid levels vary according to body weight, this approach provides an ideal in vivo method for studying the interaction among gender, hormones, and cytokines to determine their roles in inflammation-induced anorexia. Results of this research will provide information to guide the development of interventions that not only increase energy intake, but also promote maintenance of normal body composition during acute inflammation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BARIATIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

SURGERY:

OUTCOMES

&

IMPACT

ON

Principal Investigator & Institution: Berk, Paul D.; Chief, Division of Liver Diseases; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The increasing prevalence of obesity in the U.S. is well documented by a series of surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. Its 1999-2000 data revealed that a staggering 62.5 % of adult Americans aged = 20 were overweight (BMI >= 25), and 30.5 % were obese (BMI >= 30). Projections suggest that by the year 2025 45% of adult Americans will be frankly obese. The increasing prevalence of obesity has fueled an increase in obesity-associated healthcare costs that reached $100 billion annually (5.7% of our national health expenditure) by 1995, and is surely even greater today. Obesity is associated with markedly increased risks of many comorbidities, of which hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular disease are major contributors to 300,000 obesity related deaths annually. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently emerged as a serious complication of obesity, and its most severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is now the third most common indication for liver transplantation. Medical therapies for obesity are of very limited success. The best results for long term control of weight and of the various co-morbidities of obesity derive from bariatric surgery. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine has a large and innovative bariatric surgery program, which has focused on the development of minimally invasive (laparoscopic) bariatric methods. In this application, we propose to study the efficacy and safety of a novel, two stage surgical treatment of morbid-and super-obesity (BMI = 60) that combines an initial restrictive operation (sleeve gastrectomy) with a subsequent malabsorptive procedure (biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) performed after the loss of ca. 100 Ib, when the patient is a better operative risk. Preliminary data suggest the approach is both effective and safe, with an appreciable reduction in operative morbidity and mortality compared with conventional, open abdominal surgery in this population. The nature of the protocol allows collaborating scientists to conduct virtually unique studies of changes in adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism, hepatic histology, triglyceride accumulation and fibrogenesis, patterns of adipocyte and hepatocyte gene expression, alterations in levels of circulating hormones that modulate hunger and satiety, and changes in regional brain activity in response to food stimuli, that result from extensive weight loss. In a second protocol, effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on short and long term control of weight and NIDDM in obese patients with initial BMIs = 35 will be compared with results of ADA-recommended optimal medical care. By conducting this as a

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cooperative study at multiple sites within the Bariatric Surgery Clinical Research Consortium, the results will make a compelling statement about the optimal approach to control of obesity and NIDDM in this population, that represents an ever-increasing subset of adult Americans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BARIATRIC SURGERY RESEARCH CONSORTIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Flum, David R.; Surgery; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bariatric procedures offer sustained and significant weight reduction with the potential to effect general patient health, comorbid conditions, quality of life and the healthcare system. A Bariatric Surgery Clinical Research Consortium (BSCRC) wilt provide important prospective information about the true impact of the procedure on patients and opportunities to better explore the physiologic mechanisms that result in post-surgical weight loss. The BSCRC will prospectively collect clinical, demographic, epidemiological, laboratory and histological information. In addition to this database the BSCRC will complete the following studies: 1. A cross-sectional examination of the epidemiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and a prospective evaluation of the effect of surgically induced weight loss on the severity NASH and cellular markers of cytotoxic activity. There is a need for epidemiologic information about the prevalence, risk factors for, and impact of fatty liver disease in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. We propose a study to evaluate liver histology in a large group of patients undergoing bariatric procedures. Patients with evidence of NASH by biopsy will undergo subsequent liver biopsy at one year to determine if NASH improves with rapid weight loss. Patients with NASH who improve after weight loss represent an important model for evaluating the cellular mechanisms that are involved in the development of NASH. This study will evaluate markers of oxidative stress and hepatic mitochondrial structure to determine their relationship to NASH during and after rapid, surgical weight loss. 2. A prospective evaluation of the relationship between ghrelin, PYY3-36, appetite and weight loss outcomes after gastric bypass. Ghrelin and PYY3-36 are gutderived peptides that are involved in energy homeostasis principally through their effect on appetite. We propose a prospective study to determine the relationship of ghrelin and weight loss after gastric bypass and to determine if the degree of ghrelin suppression is correlated to hunger suppression and/or the amount of weight lost. This study will determine if inclusion of ghrelin producing cells in the gastric pouch is correlated to worsened weight loss outcomes. Lastly the study will begin to evaluate the relationship of PYY3-36 and ghrelin and determine if it is altered by or in response to the physiologic changes associated with gastric bypass. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BEHAVIOR MAINTENANCE

CHOICE

TREATMENT

PROMOTES

WEIGHT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sbrocco, Tracy; Associate Professor; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): The purpose of this project is to compare the effectiveness of Behavior Choice Treatment (BCT), a new theoretically

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based dietary intervention, with Behavior Therapy in producing sustained behavior changes and weight maintenance over a two-year follow-up. The central hypothesis of the proposed research is that BCT, a cognitive-behavioral treatment for obesity based on principles of behavioral decision theory, can promote continuing weight loss and exercise maintenance over a 24-month follow-up. This hypothesis was formulated based on pilot data that demonstrated that Behavior Choice Treatment was successfully applied to promote continuing weight loss and exercise over 12-month follow-up (Sbrocco et al., 1999). Rather than showing regain at one-year follow-up, subjects in the BCT demonstrated a slow, continual weight loss totaling 22 lbs (10 kg) at follow-up. The objectives of this application are (1) to further evaluate the long-term efficacy of Behavior Choice Treatment compared to traditional behavior therapy among AfricanAmerican women, (2) to extend the follow-up to two years, and (3) to examine the impact of level of calorie prescription in promoting long-term weight maintenance. Two hundred forty African-American women from churches in Washington, D.C, will participate in 1 of 3 13-session treatments (BCT with 1800 kcal; BT with 1200 kcal; BT with 1800 kcal) and will be assessed using a multi-modal battery to evaluate treatment process and outcome (post, 3, 6, 12, 18, & 24 month follow-ups). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BEHAVIORAL & PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY OF ADOLESCENT OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Berkowitz, Robert I.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAR-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity is a serious and growing health problem in America's youth. The prevalence of adolescent obesity, for example, increased from 11% to 13% in the past 5 years and shows no signs of abating. This increase has been accompanied by a dramatic rise in type 2 diabetes and other health complications. The goal of this renewal application is to continue efforts to improve the treatment of obese adolescents. In a study conducted during the past 36 months, we found that the addition of the weight loss medication sibutramine to a comprehensive program of diet and exercise significantly increased the induction of weight loss compared with behavioral treatment alone (7.9 kg vs. 3.4 kg, respectively). This renewal application builds on these findings by addressing two additional issues. First, we wish to show that the use of a 1200-1500 kcal/day liquid-meal replacement will induce significantly greater weight losses during the first 16 weeks of treatment than will a conventional diet of 1200-1500 kcal/day comprised of self-selected table foods with the same calorie goal. This result has been obtained in several studies of adults but has never been tested in adolescents. Second, we wish to show that long-term use of a liquid meal replacement will significantly improve the maintenance of weight loss from weeks 17-52, compared with the prescription of a conventional diet with the same calorie goal. The liquid meal replacement will facilitate the induction and maintenance of weight loss by providing participants with portion-controlled servings of a fixed calorie value. This stimulusnarrowing approach would appear to be an excellent antidote to the super-sized servings of high fat, high sugar foods found in America today. Participants in this study will be 110 teens (about 66% female), who are 13 to 17 years old, and have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 to 44 kg/m 2. The proposed study is the first randomized controlled trial to examine methods of improving the maintenance of weight loss in obese teens. We believe that the long-term use of liquid meal replacement will produce the best results obtained to date in this largely neglected population.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Blumenthal, James A.; Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): High Blood Pressure (HBP) is a major health problem in the United States, with most adults >35 years of age exhibiting BP above optimal levels. Persons with HBP exhibit subclinical vascular disease, which is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Although pharmacologic treatments have proven to be successful in reducing HBP in many patients, drug therapy is not always successful and may be associated with iatrogenic effects that compromise compliance and impair quality of life. Furthermore, abnormalities associated with HBP, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, may persist or may even be exacerbated by anti-hypertensive medications. Thus, there continues to be a need to develop behavioral treatments for reducing HBP. There is now good reason to believe that diet and exercise may be one such approach. The study proposed in this application will build upon our previous work in which we demonstrated that exercise, especially when combined with a behavioral weight loss program, resulted in clinically significant BP reductions. In addition, feeding studies have demonstrated that a diet high in low fat dairy products as well as fruits and vegetables (i.e., the DASH diet) may significantly reduce BP without weight loss. The present application seeks to extend these findings by (a) evaluating the efficacy of the DASH diet in a free-living situation; (b) considering the DASH diet alone and in combination with a cognitive-behavioral weight loss program including aerobic exercise; (c) examining the impact of diet and exercise on cardiac, metabolic, and vascular function, and (d) following patients for one year to determine the longer term impact of the interventions on BP, body weight, and cardiovascular function. One hundred twenty men and women with HBP will be randomly assigned to the DASH diet alone, the DASH diet combined with a behavioral weight loss program, or to a usual care control condition. Before and after 4 months of treatment, patients will undergo assessments of BP and measures of arterial stiffness, endothelial function, baroreflex control, body composition, insulin resistance, systemic hemodynamics, and left ventricular structure and function. Twelve month follow-up will assess maintenance of benefit. The data generated from this study will have important clinical significance by determining the extent to which the DASH diet, alone and combined with caloric restriction and exercise, may lower BP and improve associated risk factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BENEFITS & HAZARDS OF KETOGENIC LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Karanja, Njeri; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): Low-carbohydrate, high-fat, high-protein diets promoted by books, the Internet and other media are among the most enduring weightloss diets in the US and Europe. The public favors these diets because they include popular energy-rich foods like meat and cheese while at the same time promising to produce rapid weight loss. Without an evidence-based understanding the consequences

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of these diets, health care providers may find it difficult to evaluate these diets in advising clients who are choosing to use them to reduce weight in large numbers. The goal of this pilot project is to establish methodology for studying these diets in a clinical trial setting. A group of 24 overweight participants with BMIs between 27 and 39.9 Kg/m~ will be studied in a parallel group design for six weeks of controlled feeding and six weeks of follow-up. After screening, participants will be allocated to either a low-carbohydrate diet similar to the one marketed by Dr. Robert Atkins, or to an energy-matched, high carbohydrate, low fat diet similar to the combination diet used in the DASH study for six weeks. Participants will receive all foods and beverages in the General Clinical Research Center at Oregon Health Sciences University during the controlled feeding phase. Participants will first consume a standard American diet for one week to stabilize their energy requirements and acclimate to the demands of the study. This run-in week will be followed by a six-week period when participants consume either the Atkins diet or the DASH diet. Follow-up consists of following these same diets in the home setting for an additional six weeks. Measures of interest include markers of oxidative damage, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (lipids, blood pressure insulin, glucose), bone health, energy expenditure, substrate utilization and body composition. We will also conduct focus groups and individual interviews during the period when participants follow these diets at home to gain an understanding of how these diets affect the quality of their lives. This study will provide us with many tools to evaluate a variety of ways that low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets affect adherence, body weight and body composition, energy metabolism, and several markers of chronic diseases which may be affected by the altered nutrient intake. It will provide insights as to the nature of these changes, the time course of the changes, and variability of these measures. We will use information gained in this pilot study to design more comprehensive studies that evaluate these alternative diets in a more rigorous fashion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BENEFITS & RISKS OF POPULAR WEIGHT LOSS DIETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gardner, Christopher D.; Asst. Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): BACKGROUND: Obesity is the single most significant nutrition-related health issue of the new millennium. Several "medical experts" have designed and promoted weight loss diets that dramatically differ from one another, and from the USDA Dietary Guidelines. These diets have gained surprisingly widespread and persistent popularity among Americans, despite a lack of evidence supporting their claims. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a preliminary/feasibility study for an intended full-scale study that will examine health outcomes (e.g. benefits, risks, success) of three popular weight loss diets with very different macronutrient composition, and compare them to a "usual care" dietary approach to weigh loss represented by the macronutrient distribution of the USDA Food Pyramid. We will investigate behavioral and physiological factors that influence adherence and retention to these diet plans. DESIGN: In this preliminary/feasibility study, 48 overweight women will be randomly assigned to one of four diets for 1 year - Atkins (extremely low carbohydrate), Zone (low-carbohydrate, high protein), Ornish (very low fat), and USDA/Food Pyramid (high carbohydrate/moderate-low fat) - and collect data on behavioral and physiological factors. These specific diets have been selected for their wide range of carbohydrate intake (from very-low to very-high carbohydrate: Atkins 18 years with a SBP > 140 mmHG and a DBP > 90 mmHG (unless the individual self-identifies as a diabetic or with a history of a heart attack, then SBP> 130 mmHG, DBP > 85 mmHG) will be conveniently selected from specified community sites. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups that are stratified by use or non-use of antihypertension medication: Group A--home telemonitoring plus usual care; or Group B--usual care only. Participants in Group A will receive usual care plus weekly telemonitoring for 12 months and 15 sessions of telecounseling which provide information about lifestyle modifications in accordance with JNC-VI guidelines. The proposed intervention is intended to increase the saliency of the hypertension for participants, provide a cue to take action and assist them to learn about what actions to take. Data (change in blood pressure from baseline, dietary habits, physical activity level, weight loss, alcohol intake, compliance with an antihypertensive medication regimen, and contact with a primary care provider) will be collected at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months. Analysis will include a general mixed linear model approach to repeated measures MANOVA and structural equation growth curve modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NURSING HOME FACTORS AND WEIGHT LOSS IN RESIDENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Collier, Eric J.; Social and Behavioral Sciences; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proportion of the United States (U.S.) population who will be older than age 65 is projected to increase from 13 to 20%, reaching 69.4 million individuals, by 2030. Projections indicate that as many as 3 million of these elderly persons (vs. today's 1.5 million) will need some formal type of costly institutionalized care by 2030. The poor quality of care in the nation's NHs has been widely addressed. The prevalence of malnutrition and dehydration has received substantial attention in the literature. Malnutrition and dehydration, if left untreated or undiagnosed, is associated with the following adverse outcomes: (1) unintentional, and in some cases life-threatening, weight loss; (2) greater rates of acute infections; (3) increased incidence of pressure ulcers; (4) higher rates of costly acute care hospitalization; (5) reduced functional status and, (6) in the most serious of circumstances, premature death. The primary goal of this proposal is to describe and analyze the prevalence of malnutrition and/or dehydration (measured by weight loss) for a sample of California nursing homes (NHs, n = approximately 1,600 NHs). The study will entail secondary analyses of facility, resident, financial and staffing-related

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variables that are available in nine databases maintained by (or derived from) four wellestablished state and federal programs. The target variables and the hypothesized relationships among the various independent and dependent variables are depicted in Figure 1 on page 9 of this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITIONAL HEALTH INFORMATION CD ROM FOR COLLEGE WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Budman, Simon H.; Inflexxion, Inc. Newton, Ma 02464 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: We propose development of an interactive, multimedia program, RightStart, designed to provide health information targeted to freshmen women in their first semester at college. Intense dieting and weight loss practices among college women are reaching nearly "epidemic" proportions affecting physiological, psychological and behavioral functioning of college women. This, in turn, adversely impacts physical and emotional health, academic performance and college retention rates. RightStart focuses on primary and secondary prevention of disordered eating, but does not attempt to treat the diagnosable disorder. The program contains components related to healthy exercise, general nutrition, self-esteem, body image and other areas associated with establishing healthy attitudes toward weight, body image and healthy behaviors. RightStart is selfpaced and self-directed, which allows each person to explore the program environment and visit the areas of the virtual campus in ways that are of greatest interest to that unique user. The product speaks to increased interest in the potential of multimedia technology to impact public health, although few projects have been empirically tested for effectiveness. Phase 11 entails final production of the multimedia program and a comprehensive field test at two university campuses across the country. The field test also includes assessment of the program's acceptance, satisfaction, and safety. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The commercial impact of this project is very promising. Student affairs offices at universities and colleges around the country are under pressure to deal with a virtual "epidemic" of disordered eating practices engaged in by young college women. These practices result in an increase in physical and emotional health problems, decreased academic performance, and college retention rates. A relatively inexpensive, self- administered computer-based product, which has been shown to empirically reduce risk in a high risk population, should be highly marketable to universities and colleges around the country. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN HIV POSITIVE HISPANIC DRUG ABUSERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Forrester, Janet; Family Medicine & Cmty Health; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Progressive weight loss and wasting are common in HIV disease. The causes of wasting in HIV infection included reduced dietary intake, malabsorption and ineffective metabolism of nutrients. It is likely that the causes of wasting differ between drug abusers and non-drug abusers because of differences in diet and metabolism. There is little information on the natural history of HIV infection, including nutritional status and wasting, in HIV-positive drug abusers. This project will study the nutritional

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status and causes of wasting in HIV-positive drug abusers in the Hispanic community. Emphasis will be placed on the early stages of injection when malnutrition is most amenable to correction. Recruitment of women will receive high priority. Three groups will be studied: Hispanic HIV-positive drug abusers, Hispanic HIV-negative drug abusers and Hispanic HIV-positive non-drug abusers. The three groups will be followed every 6 months for three years during which they will be examined for changes in nutritional, immunological, and clinical status. Periodic measures of dietary intake, body composition, energy expenditure, serum vitamin levels, immunologic status, gastrointestinal function, functional status, and quality of life will be taken as the clinical course of the disease is tracked. Identify the causes of weight loss and wasting at different periods in the course of HIV disease progression will help in the design of targeted nutrition interventions that are appropriate to the drug abusing, HIV-infected population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OBESITY AND NEURAL CONTROL IN SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Philip L.; Professor of Pulmonary Medicine; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-JAN-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Sleep disordered breathing is characterized by upper airway obstruction and hypoventilation during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common form of sleep disordered breathing, and is due to recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep. The major risk factors for the development of sleep disordered breathing are obesity, male gender, and increasing age. The precise mechanism for upper airway obstruction and hypoventilation during sleep are unknown. Currently, it is believed that these events are due to alterations in mechanical factors or neuromuscular control precipitated by obesity. It is our overall hypothesis that obesity is associated with progressive defects in reflex mechanisms that lead to upper airway obstruction and hypoventilation during sleep. Moreover, we have evidence that weight loss ameliorates sleep disordered breathing, and we now wish to determine whether this improvement is due to restoration of reflex control mechanisms in the human and to determine the neurohumoral mechanisms in a murine model of the syndrome. In a series of cross sectional and longitudinal experiments, we will examine the effects of obesity on upper airway and ventilatory function, and its modulation by weight loss. In Specific Aim 1, we hypothesize that the response in upper airway pressure-flow relationships to electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve is more effective (a) when the locus of collapse is in the oropharyngeal region and (b) in patients with a lower body mass index. In Specific Aim 2, we hypothesize that a defect in reflex responses to nasal pressure and CO2 exists in (a) patients with obstructive sleep apnea vs. normal controls, and (b) that this defect depends upon the degree of obesity. In Specific Aim 3, we hypothesize that weight loss will restore reflex responses to nasal pressure and CO2. In Specific Aim 4, we hypothesize that (a) changes in neuroventilatory control with weight loss requires an intact leptin axis, and (b) the protective effect of leptin is enhanced in females vs. males. This proposal develops and utilizes methods specifically to quantitate the mechanical and neuromuscular basis for disturbances in upper airway neuromuscular control in humans (Specific Aims 1-3). Complementary experiments in a murine model are proposed in order to probe neurohumoral mechanisms responsible for alterations in ventilatory control (Specific

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Aim 4). The proposed studies are designed to elucidate the pathophysiologic basis and to explore novel treatments for sleep disordered breathing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DYSFUNCTION

OBESITY,

ADIPOCYTOKINES,

AND

ENDOTHELIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gokce, Noyan; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The obesity epidemic has become a major public health problem in this country with unprecedented exposure of individuals to cardiovascular risk. There is growing urgency to understand mechanisms of obesityrelated cardiovascular disease and the beneficial effects of weight modification. The overall objective is to investigate the relationships between obesity, vascular endothelial dysfunction, adipocyte metabolism, and oxidative stress, and the effect of weight loss on these parameters. The vascular endothelium regulates vasomotor tone, platelet activity, and inflammation through the synthesis and elaboration of paracrine factors such as endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation and platelet inhibition are impaired in atherosclerosis and associated risk factors, possibly due to increased vascular oxidative stress and reduced NO bioactivity. Loss of normal vascular endothelial function supports a local vasospastic, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory milieu, and is linked to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, stroke, and unstable angina. There is growing recogition that metabolic activity of adipose tissue, through release of proatherogenic factors, may play a pathophysiologic role in mechanisms of vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. No prior study has examined the effect of obesity and weight loss interventions on adipocyte and vascular endothelial function. This project proposes in specific aim 1: to characterize the relationship between overweight or obesity and vascular endothelial dysfunction, in specific aim 2: to determine whether weight reduction and risk factor modification improves vascular endothelial function and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and in specific aim 3: to examine the metabolic role of adipose tissue for vascular dysfunction, and investigate the effects of weight loss on adipocyte expression of proatherogenic factors. The proposed studies have the potential to provide important insights into mechanisms of obesity -associated cardiovascular disease and examine whether weight loss mediates its cardioprotective action via phenotypic modification of adipocyte and vascular endothelial function. The proposed project takes advantage of Boston Medical Center's NIH funded Center for Obesity Research (C.O.R.E) and a tightly integrated Nutrition and Weight Loss Center. In addition, the investigators bring a unique combination of expertise that will greatly enhance the project's ability to address these important clinical questions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OBESITY, BODY IMAGE AND WEIGHT MAINTENANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sarwer, David B.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) This application for a Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) is an initial submission by a new

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investigator. The goal of this award is to provide me with further training in the field of obesity. As part of this training, I have proposed mentoring in the following areas: 1) behavioral treatment of obesity; 2) cognitive behavioral treatment of body image dissatisfaction in obese persons; 3) body composition analysis; and 4) nutrition. In addition, I would like to receive additional training in the conduct of clinical trials. The proposal builds upon my research in body image dissatisfaction of plastic surgery patients and bridges it with my developing interest in the treatment of obesity. Over the past decade, obesity has become a significant public health problem. Almost one-fourth of Americans are now obese, as judged by a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or greater. Weight losses of as little as 5%-10% of initial weight, which are the typical result of behavior modification programs, are thought to improve the health complications of obesity. The great majority of obese persons, however, regain at least one-third of their weight loss in the year following treatment. Thus, improving the maintenance of weight loss remains one of the greatest challenges in the field of obesity. One area of study that maybe related to successful long-term weight maintenance is body image. Obese persons frequently report that dissatisfaction with their appearance and body image is a primary motivation for weight loss. Furthermore, body image dissatisfaction increases during weight regain. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body image following weight loss may enhance obese persons' body image and prevent weight regain by changing beliefs about successful long-term weight control. The research has two specific aims. The first is to compare long-term changes in weight and body image over 92 weeks in obese women with a BMI 40kg/m2) before and after bariatric surgery. Preoperative psychosocial status of these patients will be compared to that of patients in the body image trial to determine if psychosocial status, including body image, worsens with increasing weight. Pre- and postoperative psychosocial status in the bariatric surgery patients also will be compared to see if surgically induced weight loss is associated with improvements in psychosocial health. These studies have been selected to further develop my knowledge of the treatment of obesity, and the training program has been designed to facilitate my development as an independent investigator in the field of obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OBESITY, NITRIC OXIDE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, NA SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Flack, John M.; Professor; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: We propose a 39-week clinical study in healthy, normotensive, overweight (BMI equal to or more than 25 kg/m[2]) African American men and women aged 45 years and older that, after an initial screening and eligibility period (4 weeks), will be conducted in three phases. Phase 1 (9 weeks) begins the isocaloric 100 mmol dietary sodium diet phase. After the initial 3 weeks, a six-week period of 100 mmol/d sodium supplementation will be administered to determine salt sensitivity. Phase 2 (8 weeks) will maintain the 100 mmol sodium dietary intake and will additionally add a weight loss component to attain weight loss of about 1.5 - 2 pounds/week. Phase 3 (18 weeks) will consist of a two-period crossover trial consisting of randomization to the treatment sequence of dietary sodium supplementation of 100 mmol/d (6 weeks) followed by placebo (6 weeks) or vice versa. A 6-week placebo washout period will separate the two active periods. The 100 mmol sodium/weight loss diet from phase 2 will be maintained during this treatment phase. The difference in BP between the end of the sodium and placebo periods will determine salt sensitivty after weight loss. The overarching study

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hypothesis is that obesity-related salt sensitivity is attributable, in large degree, to oxidative-stress mediated reductions in nitric oxide [NO] availability. The destruction of NO is linked to obesity-related elevations of non-esterified fatty acids, leptin, and reninangiotensin-aldosterone system activity - all of which are known to increase oxidative stress. Genetic variation in the angiotensin converting enzyme, specifically homozygosity for the insertion [I] polymorphism, will predict higher levels of salt sensitivity, oxidative stress, and lesser NO production. Environmental stressors interact with obesity to augment salt sensitivity. We further hypothesize that the degree of reversibility of salt sensitivity will closely parallel weight loss-induced reductions in oxidative stress. The primary specific aim of the study is to determine the main and interactive effects of stressors, obesity, and genetic variation of the ACE and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) genotypes on oxidative stress and salt sensitivity and, after weight loss, to re-examine these effects as well as to link changes in oxidative stress to persistence of salt sensitivity between study phases 2 and 3. This study will provide important new insights into the pathophysiology of salt sensitivity in African Americans who are at high risk for development of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY OF SODIUM, WEIGHT AND CVD Principal Investigator & Institution: Cook, Nancy R.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Sodium reduction and weight loss lead to decreased blood pressure (BP). Among hypertensives, BP lowering leads to decreased risk of MI, stroke, and cardiovascular death. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised about increased numbers of cardiovascular events among individuals with low sodium intake or large weight changes. The proposed prospective observational follow-up of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) will include cardiovascular events among the 4, 507 surviving participants from the ten clinical centers involved in Phases I and II of TOHP. Phase I was a randomized trial of the effects of seen nonpharmacologic interventions, including sodium reduction and weight loss, on BP over 18 months of follow-up with 2,182 participants. Phase II examined the effects of sodium reduction and weight loss on BP over a longer 36-month period in a randomized 2X2 factorial design with 2,382 participants. During follow-up in Phases I and II of TOHP, several measures of both weight and sodium excretion were carefully obtained on all participants. The proposed prospective observational follow-up will specifically examine whether these values, with an emphasis on average level of sodium excretion and weight changes are predictive of later cardiovascular disease. The follow-up will be conducted centrally by mail from the Division of Preventive Medicine, which served as the Coordinating Center for Phases I and II, and which has been very successful in conducting such large-scale studies by mail. Information on cardiovascular events subsequent to the trial periods will be collected through June, 2003, representing an average follow-up of approximately fourteen years from the end of Phase I and eight years from the end of Phase II. This cohort provides a unique resource to address the impact in a normotensive population of salt restriction and weight change on subsequent cardiovascular events. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OPTIMIZING LIFESTYLE ADJUSTMENT IN WEIGHT LOSS SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalarchian, Melissa A.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although surgery is the treatment of choice for severe obesity, very little is known about the relationship of lifestyle factors to patient outcomes after operation. This Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) describes integrated training and research plans designed to prepare the candidate to pursue research on helping patients achieve optimal weight loss and lifestyle adjustment after bariatric surgery. A model of treatment is presented in which an intervention targeting behavioral (eating, activity, and compliance) and psychosocial factors (e.g., symptoms of binge eating and personality style) is expected to impact weight loss, health-related quality of life, and overall well-being. Advanced training in genetic and environmental influences on severe obesity, an expanded working knowledge of how surgeons treat severely obese patients, and consolidation of skills in longitudinal research methodology will assist in refining and developing this model. The research plan involves prospectively tracking weight-related variables, eating and activity, compliance and satisfaction, and psychosocial factors over time among a group severely obese patients undergoing surgery for weight loss (Study 1), and using the data to inform the development and evaluation of a lifestyle intervention geared to optimizing outcomes after operation (Study 2). The comprehensive lifestyle intervention will encompass 1) encouraging healthy eating habits, 2) increasing physical activity, 3) enhancing psychosocial adjustment. Adaptations to treatment will accommodate the unique needs of bariatric surgery patients. Specifically, a modular treatment format will address patients' changing needs in the preoperative, postoperative, and longer-term adjustment phases. Additionally, the intervention will be developed for delivery one-on-one at routine clinic visits with supplemental contact via the Internet. The data collected will contribute to the preparation of an R01 application that will involve conducting a full-scale randomized clinical trial to evaluate the modular, computer-aided lifestyle intervention. Future work may focus on adding adjunctive treatment components such as weight loss medication, the effects of which have not been adequately studied in bariatric surgery patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INFECTION

PATHOGENESIS

OF

FILAMENTOUS

INFLUENZA

VIRUS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, Paul C.; Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: We have recently shown that the specific amino acids in the M1 and M2 proteins of influenza A virus are important genetic determinants of filamentous virus morphology. In addition, we have demonstrated that the host cell cytoskeletal complex is an important cellular determinant of filamentous virus formation. The objectives of this proposal expand upon these recent observations and focus on determining the cell biological dynamics associated with filamentous influenza virus entry, and on the pathogenic potential of filamentous influenza virus as it relates to spread of infection and severity of disease. In specific aim 1, experiments are described to address specific

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questions relating to the mechanisms of filamentous virus attachment and entry. Employing radiolabeled and fluorochrome-labeled viral filaments, we will quantitatively examine whether viral filament entry occurs by partial or complete endocytosis or possibly by a phagocytosis-like mechanism. Membrane fusion assays will be used to determine pH requirements and extent of cell fusion of viral filaments. Live cell video microscopy, confocal and electron microscopy will be used to follow the fate of internalized viral filaments and examine whether budding viral filaments can mediate cell-to-cell spread of infection. In specific aim 2, we will focus on the pathogenic potential of filamentous influenza virus. Using primary human nasopharyngeal organ and epithelial cultures we will determine whether infection is restricted to a subpopulation of epithelial cells and determine whether filamentous virus strains have enhanced ciliopathic and tissue damaging capabilities. Using a fluorochrome-based binding assay, we will assess whether viral filaments can enhance bacterial binding to the mucosal epithelium. Using the mouse and ferret animal models, we will compare in vivo the pathogenic potential of genetically similar variants of influenza A/Udorn virus, which differ only in morphology. Pathogenic criteria that will be assessed include: i) the 50 percent minimal infectious dose, ii) tissue specific viral loads iii) tissue-specific histopathology, and iv) rates of weight loss recovery. In the animal studies, we will examine whether filamentous strains promote a descending spread of infection, from an initial localized infection in the nasal tract to the lower respiratory tract. These studies will set the foundation for establishing further determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and severity of disease in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PERCEPTION OF RISK AND BEHAVIOR IN THE ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, Donald H.; Ctr/Hlth Policy Law & Mgmt; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This application was initially submitted as an R29 FIRST Award, and is being re-submitted as an R01 in response to Program Announcement, PA-97-065 (NIA) entitled, "Social Cognition and Aging." The goal of this project is to determine how individual risk perceptions influence health behaviors among the near-elderly (51-61) and decisions regarding wealth holdings among the elderly (70+). Among the near-elderly, the following health behaviors will be studied: the use of preventive services (mammography, prostate screening, and cholesterol screening), weight loss and exercise. The preventive services are designed to reduce mortality from cancer and heart disease. Weight loss and exercise are both preventive measures as well as mitigators of harm that results from health shocks. Expanding the use of these preventive and mitigating measures are important to reduce morbidity and mortality from heart disease and cancer. Among the elderly, the behavior of interest relates to asset accumulation/dissaving, specifically focusing on housing decisions. The specific decisions will be selling a house, and changes in housing wealth holdings. The two decisions will be analyzed because housing assets likely have fewer measurement errors, and because housing is the major component of wealth for most elderly persons. Housing decisions are important from a policy perspective because they may represent precautionary savings to finance long-term care, a substantial risk the elderly face. The proposed conceptual model is an extension of the common Bayesian learning model whereby prior risk perceptions are updated on the basis of information. Our model holds that updated risk perceptions, in turn, influence behavior. Risk perceptions will be estimated as enodogenous explanatory variables simultaneously

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with health behaviors among the near-elderly and housing decisions among the elderly. The panel structure of the data bases to be used (4 waves of Health and Retirement Study; 3 waves of Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old) will allow for the modeling of behaviors in time 3 or 4 as a function of changes in risk perceptions regarding longevity and of needing nursing home care between waves 1 and 2 and 1 and 3. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POLYCYSTIC ADOLESCENTS

OVARIAN

SYNDROME

IN

OVERWEIGHT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoeger, Kathleen M.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Polycystic Overy Syndrome (PCOS) is a broadspectrum disease characterized by chronic anovulation and androgen excess, affecting 48% of women. Onset of the disorder is recognized to occur around the time of puberty but is often not diagnosed until adulthood. More than half of women with PCOS are obese, and insulin resistance appears to be an important part of its underlying pathophysiology. Long-term consequences in PCOS are now recognized to include increased risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This has led to an interest in reduction of insulin resistance as a long-term treatment strategy. This reduction in insulin resistance can be accomplished by weight reduction or by insulin sensitizers such as metformin. To date, however, there are limited data on the effectiveness of insulin sensitizers and no data on the impact of weight reduction in adolescents with PCOS. Adolescence is a time of tremendous physical and psychosocial change. Obesity in adolescence is often predictive of lifelong obesity. The constellation of hirsutism, irregular bleeding, and obesity, often seen in adolescents with PCOS, could potentially have lifelong social and health consequences. A successful weight reduction strategy with improvement in insulin sensitivity at the onset of the symptoms of PCOS could have substantial long-term health benefits. The applicant hypothesizes that weight loss and metformin in the overweight adolescent with PCOS can reduce insulin resistance and improve the symptoms and metabolic profile associated with PCOS. Accordingly, a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial comparing metformin and intensive lifestyle modification is proposed to gather preliminary data on the rate of ovulation, changes in testosterone and insulin and impact on cardiovascular risk of weight reduction and metformin as compared to placebo in a total of 30 subjects. Data obtained from this pilot trial on recruitment rates, drop-out, compliance, and estimated treatment effect sizes will be used to refine power calculations for a large-scale randomized trial focused on a comparison of metformin and weight reduction in obese adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREMIER MAINTENANCE TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Appel, Lawrence J.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Overweight/obesity is the second leading cause of death in the US, and is growing in prevalence at an alarming rate. Control of overweight/obesity is increasingly recognized as a high national priority because of its

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contribution to cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors and ultimately to CVD itself. The short-term success of behavioral interventions for weight loss has been repeatedly documented. Unfortunately, because weight re-gain is extremely common, a disappointingly, small proportion of individuals achieve long-term weight control. Of the factors that are associated with sustained weight loss, one of the most important is continued intervention with frequent contacts. We propose a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial [Weight Loss Maintenance Trial (MAINTENANCE)] to determine the effects of two innovative behavioral interventions, each designed to maintain frequent contacts, compared to a usual care control group. Overweight and obese individuals (60% women, -40% African Americans) who are taking medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or type 2 diabetes will enter a 6-month, weight loss program. Those individuals who lose at least 4 kg (N = 800) will then be randomized into one of three groups: a Personal Contact (PC) Intervention that provides monthly personal contacts with a trained interventionist, primarily via telephone; an Interactive Technology (IT) Intervention that provides frequent contacts through a state-of-the-art interactive webbased program supplemented by other communication technologies; or Usual Care (UC). The primary outcome will be weight change from the end of the initial weight loss program to the end of the 30-month weight maintenance intervention period. Other outcomes will include weight change in subgroups, prevalence of CVD risk factors, measures of behavior change, and cost of implementation. For each outcome, the PC and IT interventions will be compared to UC and, if different from UC, to each other. To successfully combat the obesity epidemic, clinicians and health care systems must have options that are effective and feasible and that can be provided to large numbers of individuals. The purpose of this proposal is to develop and test two such interventions, which, if effective, should complement ongoing efforts to stem the obesity epidemic and ultimately prevent obesity-related CVD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREMIER MAINTENANCE TRIAL(MAINTENANCE) Principal Investigator & Institution: Svetkey, Laura P.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Overweight/obesity is the second leading cause of death in the US, and is growing in prevalence at an alarming rate. Control of overweight/obesity is increasingly recognized as a high national priority because of its contribution to cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors and ultimately to CVD itself. The short-term success of behavioral interventions for weight loss has been repeatedly documented. Unfortunately, because weight re-gain is extremely common, a disappointingly, small proportion of individuals achieve long-term weight control. Of the factors that are associated with sustained weight loss, one of the most important is continued intervention with frequent contacts. We propose a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial [Weight Loss Maintenance Trial (MAINTENANCE)] to determine the effects of two innovative behavioral interventions, each designed to maintain frequent contacts, compared to a usual care control group. Overweight and obese individuals (approximately 60% women, approximately 40% African Americans) who are taking medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or type 2 diabetes will enter a 6-month, weight loss program. Those individuals who lose at least 4 kg (N = 800) will then be randomized into one of three groups: a Personal Contact (PC) Intervention that provides monthly personal contacts with a trained interventionist, primarily via telephone; an Interactive Technology (IT) Intervention that provides frequent contacts through a state-

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of-the-art interactive web-based program supplemented by other communication technologies; or Usual Care (UC). The primary outcome will be weight change from the end of the initial weight loss program to the end of the 30-month weight maintenance intervention period. Other outcomes will include weight change in subgroups, prevalence of CVD risk factors, measures of behavior change, and cost of implementation. For each outcome, the PC and IT interventions will be compared to UC and, if different from UC, to each other. To successfully combat the obesity epidemic, clinicians and health care systems must have options that are effective and feasible and that can be provided to large numbers of individuals. The purpose of this proposal is to develop and test two such interventions, which, if effective, should complement ongoing efforts to stem the obesity epidemic and ultimately prevent obesity-related CVD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT IN PRESCHOOL MINORITY CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Fitzgibbon, Marian L.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the U.S. is over 10 percent. Overweight in childhood is linked to overweight in adulthood, as well as earlier morbidity and mortality. This strongly suggests the need for primary prevention and intervention in children. Furthermore, in contrast to the disappointing weight loss outcome data for adults, weight loss studies with children report far more effective results. The inclusion of a parent in the intervention appears to contribute to the success. Thus, it seems vital that a successful overweight prevention and intervention program must include both children and parents. Finally, studies indicate that early prevention and intervention efforts may be particularly important for minority populations. For example, the prevalence of overweight among minority women approaches a staggering 50 percent compared to 33 percent for White women. Children often acquire a genetic predisposition toward overweight and model their eating patterns after their parents. Therefore, it follows that minority children from families where one or both parents are overweight are at greatest risk for becoming overweight themselves. The proposed research was designed to address the needs of the Black and Hispanic communities, focusing on intervention with preschool aged children. Twenty-four Head Start sites will be randomly assigned to intervention or no-intervention conditions. Of these 24 sites, 12 will serve a predominantly Black population, and 12 will serve a predominantly Hispanic population. The investigators anticipate enrolling an average of 35 Black or Hispanic children and parents per site. Parents and children will participate in health screenings at baseline, following the intervention, and 12 and 24 months later. The intervention consists of a 16-week nutrition and activity based weight control program that includes parental participation. The no-intervention control group will receive the standard curriculum provided by the Head Start preschool program. It is expected that children in the intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in the primary outcome measure, percent ideal body weight for height (%IBWH), as well as dietary fat intake; and an increase in dietary fiber and fruit and vegetable intake. It is expected that the parent intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in body mass index; decreased dietary fat; and increased dietary fiber, fruit and vegetable intake, physical

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activity, nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, and support for healthy eating. These changes will be seen following the intervention and at 12 and 24 months later. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRIMARY CARE OFFICE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Pamela D.; None; Lsu Pennington Biomedical Research Ctr 6400 Perkins Rd Baton Rouge, La 70808 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Approximately 55% of the American Population is either overweight or obese. African American women in particular are at significant risk for becoming obese with as many as 49% currently qualifying for obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30). Low-income, African American women appear less likely to engage in dietary and activity habits associated with weight maintenance and cultural factors may influence their acceptance of excessive body weight. Furthermore, traditional weight loss approaches have been minimally effective with low-income, African American women. Focus group research suggest that African-American women may be responsive to prevention programs which focus on the health b3enefits of weight management and which employ culturally sensitive educational materials. Preliminary research also suggests that a patient centered motivational intervention which uses messages targeted at patient's motivational level, knowledge and perceived barriers may enhance preention efforts. Primary care physicians who provide routine medical care to lowincome, African American women are in a unique position to offer preventive services to deter weight gain and promote maintenance of weight loss. This randomized, two arm treatment study will use culturally sensitive educational materials by trained primary care physicians. It will compare physicians directed education (standard care group) to another group who receive customized education plus patient centered messages by primary care physicians. It will attempt to determine a physician delivered patient centered intervention is more effective than standard cre in regard to prevention of weight gain and achievement of weight loss at 6 months. It will also examine whether the groups differ in regard to weight maintenance at 12 and 18 months follow up. It is hypothesized that patients in the patient centered group will demonstrate less weight gain, more weight loss at 6 months, greater maintenance of weight loss at 12 and 18 months as well as dietary and physical activity improvement throughout the observation period than patients receiving standard care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: PROFILE-BASED, INTERNET-LINKED, OBESITY PREVENTION TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Going, Scott B.; Professor; Nutritional Sciences; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The increasing prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities and the limited success of previous weight loss/maintenance interventions argues the need for new approaches to prevent obesity. Peri-menopausal women are t high risk to develop overweight and obesity. Around that period, physiological and behavioral factors contribute to changes in energy expenditure which promote energy surfeit and progressive gain of total and abdominal fat, often exacerbated by loss of lean tissue Thus, we propose to develop and test an innovative individualized weight loss/maintenance program for overweight peri-menopausal women, driven by frequent

52 Weight Loss

assessment of subjects' biopsychosocial profiles (allowing timely intervention response to individual needs), and delivered through extensive use of new communication technologies (primarily and Internet-CD-ROM hybrid package) which have been largely unexplored in behavioral and biological research. To this end, overweight/obese perimenopausal (aged 45 to 55 years) women will be randomized to intervention (n=50) or control (n=50) after completing a 3-month core curriculum exercise, diet, and cognitivebehavior therapy. After a 3 months transition with computer training (intervention group only), intervention (15 months) will proceed via the internet only, except for laboratory measurements (intervention and control groups). Increased physical activity (approximately 1500 kcal/week), healthy eating and modest calorie restriction with adequate nutrients will be targeted, with special emphasis on promotion of self-directed behavior. Biopsychosocial "weight loss profiles" will be monitored through questionnaires on the web site and used to individualize intervention, respond to change needs, and assess their relationship with changes in body weight and composition measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. We contend the internet/web site technology represents a potentially low cost and effective means for providing the continuous education, encouragement and social support to foster sustained behavior change and weight loss/maintenance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATORY RESPONSES TO POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Seeley, Randy J.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: After a period of involuntary overfeeding where calories are provided in excess of caloric expenditure, animals profoundly reduce food intake while body weight and adipes mass increase. Once the overfeeding regimen is terminated, animals continue to have suppressed food intake until body weight decreased to the level of controls. This ability of the body to suppress food intake and fac8litate its own weight loss represents an important regulatory response that is critical for the appropriate regulation of body weight. while we know a great deal about the neurobiological underpinnings of the regulatory responses to underfeeding, almost nothing is known about the endocrine or neuronal changes that mediate the hypohagic response to overfeeding. The hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that the increase in body adipose mass produced by overfeeding results I high levels of two important negative feedback hormones, insulin and leptin. These two hormones gain access to the central nervous system and act to alter the balance between two opposing hypothalamic neuropeptides. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure while corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) causes the opposite, decreas4ed food intake and increased energy expenditure. Consequently, increased insulin and leptin are hypothesized to activate the hypothalamic CRH system while inhibiting thehypothalamic NPY system and thereby shift the balance of these two neuropeptides to produce low food intake and weight loss. To test this hypothesis, peripheral levels of insulin and leptin will be determined by radioimmunoassay while gene expression for hypothalmic NPY and CRH will be determined using in situ hybridization and content analysis of microdissected hypothalamic nuclei during and after an involuntary overfeeding regimen. To assess the role of elevated insulin and leptin in the behavioral and hypothalmic changes that occur during overfeeding in normal rats to rats with a genetic mutation that render them insensitive to the central effects of insulin and leptin (the obsess Zucker rat). To assess the role of activation of the

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CRH system, the effect of CRH receptor antagonists on the hypophagia that follows a period of overfeeding will be determined. Finally, the possibility that some of the same hypothalmic responses that mediate the hypophagia induced by overfeeding might mediate tumor-induced anorexia will be determined by measuring hypothalamic changes in hypophagic tumor-bearing rats. The experiments in this proposal are critical to a complete understanding of body weight regulation and may suggest novel therapeutic strategies for obesity that involve triggering or mimicking the regulatory responses that mediate weight loss after overfeeding. Additionally, if the serious complications of anorexia and body weight loss associates with some tumors and AIDS are produced by inappropriate activation of the regulatory responses to overfeeding, it would suggest therapeutic strategies that block or antagonize these hypothalamic neuropeptide systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESISTANCE TRAINING FOR THE PREVENTION OF OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Washburn, Richard A.; Associate Professor; Energy Balance Laboratory; University of Kansas Lawrence Lawrence, Ks 66045 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity is associated with numerous co-morbidities, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and some cancers. Weight loss is difficult; therefore interventions to prevent the development of obesity are warranted. In this project we will evaluate the potential of resistance training (RT) to prevent the development of obesity in healthy, sedentary, overweight, young (18-25 yrs) college men and women, an accessible group at high risk for becoming obese. RT offers an innovative approach to obesity prevention that differs in concept from. Unlike aerobic exercise, RT results in a minimal increase in energy expenditure during exercise, but may result in significant increases in total daily energy expenditure resulting from increased resting metabolic rate (RMR) mainly as a result of increased fat-free mass (FFM). The efficacy of the RT protocols recommended as part of adult fitness programs to alter FFM and RMR is unknown. Therefore; this research project will determine the level of RT necessary to induce increases in muscle mass and RMR, which may, in turn be associated with weight maintenance or loss. All RT will be supervised and verified by the research team. We will compare changes in FFM and RMR elicited by 24 weeks of RT conducted as recommended by ACSM (1 set, 3 d/wk, resistance 8-12 repetitions maximum (RM), 9 exercises) with a higher intensity RT program (1 set, 3 d/wk, resistance 3-6 RM, 9 exercises) in a volunteer sample of 108 young adults (36 men, 72 women) matched on muscle mass and randomly assigned to the RT protocols or a nonexercise control condition within gender. Fat-free and muscle mass (DEXA), RMR (indirect calorimetry), and muscular strength (1-RM) will be assessed at baseline, and at 12 and 24 weeks. Dietary intake (24hr. recall) will be assessed monthly. If our pilot project proves successful, i.e., our RT program results in clinically significant increases in RMR, we will propose a larger and longer (18 m) randomized trial to assess the efficacy of RT for weight loss or prevention of weight gain. This trial will employ a complete energy balance model including detailed assessments of total energy intake and expenditure using state-of-the-science techniques (doublylabeled water, wholeroom calorimetry, visual plate waste), and will investigate potential mechanisms, such as changes in protein turnover and sympathetic nervous system activity, that may be associated with increased RMR resulting from RT. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE MAINTENANCE

OF

HOME

ENVIRONMENT

IN

WEIGHT

LOSS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorin, Amy A.; Miriam Hospital Providence, Ri 02906 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed study examines the impact of an intensive weight loss program on untreated spouses and the home environment. Prior studies of weight control treatment have focused their assessments exclusively on the individual participant. This assessment strategy may underestimate the positive effects of weight control treatment and may miss important environmental predictors of weight loss outcomes. In the proposed study, 480 Look AHEAD participants and their spouses will be recruited from 3 clinical sites (Brown University, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Minnesota). Participants and spouses will be assessed at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Information on participants' weight, height, and demographics will be obtained from the Coordinating Center. In addition, participants will complete measures of dietary intake and physical activity (if not included in the core assessments) and social support. Spouses' weight and height will be measured and they will complete assessments of dietary intake and physical activity. Spouses will also be the primary reporter of the home environment and will complete measures of food availability, food storage, and amount of exercise equipment in the home. Our primary analysis will examine whether untreated spouses of intervention participants lose more weight than untreated spouses of standard care participants. Our secondary analyses will examine whether changes in participants' weight and weight-related behaviors from baseline to 1-year are correlated with changes on the same measures in spouses over the same time period. We will also examine whether more change is observed in the home environments of intervention participants than standard care participants and whether these changes predict participant and spouse weight loss. Finally, we will explore whether changes in the home environment mediate the relationship between participant and spouse weight loss. The data collected in the ancillary study will provide new information about the reach of behavioral weight loss treatment and about the role of the home environment in weight loss. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SECRETED PROTEIN FROM ADIPOCYTES AND PREADIPOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Brooks, Cydney C.; Adipogenix, Inc. 801 Albany St, S112 Boston, Ma 021192511 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity is a well-established risk factor for a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. While weight loss is the most effective treatment of type 2 diabetes, current methods for reducing weight are typically insufficient for long-term weight loss. The mission of AdipoGenix, Inc. is to discover, develop, and license novel therapeutics acting at the level of the fat cell for the treatment of obesity and related disorders. Targets for use in drug discovery in the area of obesity are lacking, particularly at the level of the fat cell. Ideal targets are specific to the cell in question. In adipose tissue this would translate to differentiation-specific and depot-specific targets, especially those prominent in visceral adipocytes or preadipocytes, since the accumulation of visceral (mesenteric and omental) fat carries a greater risk of morbidity and mortality than peripherally distributed (subcutaneous) fat. Adipocytes are known to secrete a number of factors having autocrine, paracrine,

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and/or endocrine functions, and in many instances these factors are secreted at considerably different levels by preadipocytes. These secretion factors may represent valid targets in drug discovery, through either an interference with their natural function, or through modulation of their secretion levels. We will therefore identify targets through the comprehensive detection of depot- and differentiation-dependent secreted proteins and peptides using human adipocytes and preadipocytes from omental, mesenteric, and subcutaneous depots. We will use HPLC to compare protein and peptide secretion levels between each cell type and depot. We will test the effects of several exogenous agents relevant to obesity on the secretion levels of proteins and peptides that meet certain criteria across patient populations. Through the work proposed here, we expect to identify targets that are secreted in a depot- and differentiation-specific manner for subsequent use in the development of assays designed to measure secretion levels. This work will therefore produce commercially viable targets, assays, and eventual lead compounds for development into anti-obesity drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SELF-MONITORED MANAGEMENT

PHYSICAL

ACTIVITY

FOR

WEIGHT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, Karen E.; Temple University 406 Usb, 08345 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application for a Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K01) is a re-submission by a new investigator. The goal of the award is to provide the investigator further training in the fields of obesity and community health nursing. As part of this training, the investigator will receive mentoring and pursue academic study in the following areas: 1) etiology and complications of obesity; 2) behavioral treatment of obesity; 3) community health nursing; 4) conduct of clinical trials; 5) exercise physiology; 6) biostatistics; and 7) nutrition. The proposal builds on a background in cardiovascular research, clinical study of weight loss maintenance, and community-based activities. Recent data show that 61% of US adults are overweight or obese. As a result, there is an epidemic of obesity-related health problems such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, and high blood pressure. Losses of only 5% to 10% of body weight significantly improve health, and individuals in programs that modify diet and lifestyle typically achieve weight losses of this magnitude. Unfortunately, the great majority of people cannot maintain the loss. Regular exercise is crucial to the maintenance of weight loss, but most individuals have problems with adherence due to a variety of barriers to exercise. Typical barriers are lack of time, lack of childcare, and lack of access to facilities. The goal of the proposed research is to improve the maintenance of weight loss by increasing physical activity in a low-income, primarily African American population that participates in a community-based behavioral weight loss program. All participants (n=152) will be treated with a 20-week weight reduction program followed by 52 weeks of maintenance. At the outset of the study, subjects will be randomized to one of two physical activity conditions. The research has two specific aims: The first is to compare at week 72 the maintenance of weight loss and physical activity adherence in individuals who are prescribed a standard structured exercise program of walking (Condition 1) versus a lifestyle activity intervention self-monitored via pedometer (Condition 2). Adherence will be determined by obtaining a common measure of physical activity across both conditions using accelerometers. The second aim is to

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compare short- (week 20) and long-term (week 72) differences between the two conditions in measures of physical (serum lipids, glucose/insulin ratio, interleukin-6, Creactive protein, resting blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness) and psychosocial health (mood, quality of life). This study has been selected to further develop the investigator's knowledge of the treatment of obesity using principles of community health nursing, and the training has been designed to facilitate the investigator's development as an independent clinical scientist studying innovative ways of reducing cardiovascular risks within urban communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION--EFFECTS OF WEIGHT LOSS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosen, Raymond C.; Psychiatry; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, Nj 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent and a frequent source of distress. Despite the well-documented association between diabetes and sexual dysfunction, no sexual function data will be collected in the main Look AHEAD trial. Accordingly, the current application aims to provide ancillary data regarding sexual and hormonal function in 600 (300 male, 300 female) participants in the main trial. Approximately 125 subjects will be recruited at each of 5 sites (Miriam Hospital, St. Lukes-Roosevelt, the University of Alabama, the University of Pennsylvania, and Johns Hopkins University) during the first two years of the trial. Three key research questions are addressed: (i) The prevalence and distribution of sexual problems among male and female diabetics in the Look AHEAD trial will be evaluated at baseline, particularly the association between sexual functioning and other health characteristics of the sample (e.g. baseline BMI, hemoglobin A lc, fitness level). Hormonal levels at baseline will similarly be related to sexual function. (ii) The principal hypothesis for the proposed study is that male and female patients in the Look AHEAD weight loss/special intervention condition will have improved sexual function compared to controls. Secondary analyses will examine the effects on sexual functioning of changes in BMI, fitness level, improved glycemic control, and sex hormone alterations associated with the weight loss intervention. (iii) Finally, the proposed sub-study will investigate the relationship between changes in sexual function and quality of life outcomes. It is hypothesized that diabetic patients with improved sexual function will have significant improvements in mood state and overall quality of life. Taken together, these analyses will provide unique data on the prevalence and distribution of sexual and hormonal problems in diabetic men and women, the association of these problems to other demographic and health characteristics, and the effects of the special intervention condition on sexual and hormonal function in these patients. Additionally, the proposed study will provide data on the relationship between sexual function outcomes and other key measures of mood state and quality of life in the main Look AHEAD trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SKELETAL MUSCLE PROTEIN METABOLISM IN HEART FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Toth, Michael J.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The PI's short-term goal is to obtain the training required to complete the proposed studies. His long-term goal is to become an independent researcher and to

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develop his own research program investigating the mechanism of weight loss and skeletal muscle atrophy in healthy and diseased elderly. During this award, the PI will gain experience in several laboratory and clinical research techniques associated with the measurement of skeletal muscle protein metabolism in humans using stable isotopes, arterio-venous balance and skeletal muscle biopsy methodologies. The mentoring team and the facilities available within the College Of Medicine are an ideal environment for the training of junior scientists. Patients with chronic heart failure frequently experience skeletal muscle atrophy which limits functional Capacity by reducing muscular strength and endurance. Moreover, muscle atrophy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The primary goal of the proposed studies is to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the loss of skeletal muscle mass in patients with chronic heart failure. The primary hypothesis is that increased skeletal muscle protein Catabolism in the postabsorptive state and reduced skeletal muscle protein anabolism in the postprandial state promotes skeletal muscle atrophy in heart failure patients. We will measure skeletal muscle protein balance (i.e., difference between synthesis and breakdown) using a combination of arteriovenous balance and stable isotope tracer techniques under postabsorptive (24 hour fast) and simulatedpostprandial conditions (euglycemic hyperinsulinemia with concomitant hyperaminoacidemia) in cachectic and noncachectic heart failure patients and healthy controls. We will assess skeletal muscle protein balance during these experimental manipulations to probe for defects in postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein balance that may contribute to skeletal muscle atrophy. In this design, noncachectic heart failure patients will serve as a diseased control group and healthy controls as a non-diseased control group. The secondary goal is to measure and compare the synthesis rate of skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain between heart failure patients and healthy controls and examine its relationship to reduced muscular strength in heart failure patients. Our secondary hypothesis is that reduced synthesis of myosin heavy chain in heart failure patients will be related to reduced muscular strength. The fractional synthetic rate of myosin heavy chain will be assessed by measuring the incorporation of [1,2- 13C2]leucine into skeletal muscle protein. These experiments will provide new information regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength in heart failure patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SLEEP APNEA IN LOOK AHEAD PARTICIPANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Foster, Gary D.; Associate Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Weight loss is a frequently recommended treatment for obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The empirical support for this recommendation is lacking. Based on descriptive studies, weight loss appears to improve but not abolish sleep disordered breathing. Moreover, the degree of improvement in OSA is quite variable and not directly proportional to weight loss. The lack of randomized trials, the study of predominantly male samples, and the absence of follow-up evaluations leave physicians and patients unsure about the utility of weight loss treatment in obese OSA patients. The research proposed in this application will assess the effects of weight loss on sleep disordered breathing in 120 obese, Type 2 diabetics with OSA (RDI greater than or equal to 15) who are randomly assigned to either weight loss (n=60) or usual care (n=60) treatments within the context of the Look AHEAD study. Home polysomnography studies will be performed before treatment

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and at 1 and 2 years. Among the 60 weight loss subjects, we will assess the relative importance of changes in neck and abdominal fat in explaining the variability of changes in sleep disordered breathing after weight loss. Finally, we will examine the relationship between changes in sleep-disordered breathing and changes in blood pressure after weight loss in the 60 weight loss participants. Specifically, this research will: 1) determine the efficacy of a weight loss program in reducing sleep disordered breathing in obese Type 2 diabetics; 2) identify sources of variability in sleep disordered breathing associated with weight loss; and 3) examine the role of sleep disordered breathing in mediating changes in blood pressure associated with weight loss. The results of this study will provide an empirical basis for making recommendations about the effectiveness of weight loss in Type 2 diabetics with OSA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRENGTH TRAINING FOLLOWING GASTRIC BYPASS FOR OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Geliebter, Allan; St. Luke's-Roosevelt Inst for Hlth Scis Health Sciences New York, Ny 10019 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): As the incidence of obesity rises dramatically in the United States, more and more severely obese individuals are undergoing surgical treatment to reduce body weight and associated risk factors. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is now the most common operation to treat morbid obesity in the US. However, little is known about the effects of RYGB on body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE). The main objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the composition of weight loss following surgery, 2) whether protein supplementation and strength training can limit the expected reduction of lean mass and REE. The study candidates will be morbidly obese women with a body mass index (BMI) of 40-56 kg/m2, be 18 - 49 y.o. and premenopausal. Except for severe obesity, they will be relatively healthy with a history of diet failure. They will be sedentary except for walking. There will be 36 study participants who, after stratifying by race, will be randomly assigned to three treatment groups (n = 12): 1) standard postoperative nutritional counseling only, 2) protein supplementation and standard postoperative nutritional counseling, or 3) protein supplementation plus strength training and standard postoperative nutritional counseling. The protein supplementation will begin shortly after surgery and increase from 40 g/day to 80 g/d at 4 weeks. Strength training will begin 8 weeks postoperation, to allow for adequate wound healing, and will consist of twice weekly progressive resistance training for upper and lower body for a period of 12 weeks. A battery of test measurements following a 12 h overnight fast will be conducted prior to surgery and repeated postoperatively at 8 and 20 weeks. These tests will include measurement of REE and body composition using underwater weighing, air displacement (BODPOD), dual xray absorptiometry (DEXA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), isotope dilution (D20), sodium bromide, and regional anthropometrics. There also will be assessments of arm and leg strength. Additionally, there will be measures of fasting glucose and body weight related hormones insulin, leptin, cortisol, and the recently discovered ghrelin. The predictions are that during the dramatic weight loss after surgery, the loss of some lean tissue, which could adversely impact skeletal muscle and vital organs, will be reduced by enhanced protein intake and weight training. There also may be greater conservation of REE and bone density. Plasma glucose and hormones should all decrease, especially with exercise, except for ghrelin, which should increase. The findings should improve understanding of surgical weight

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loss in morbidly obese patients and have clinical applications in the postoperative care of such patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STUDIES OF REGIONAL FAT DISTRIBUTION AND ENERGY BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Weigle, David S.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: The studies in this application are designed to better understand the regulation of body fat mass and the mechanisms determining body fat distribution in humans. Three Specific Aims are proposed: 1. To determine whether experimentallyinduced or spontaneous variations in plasma leptin levels predict subsequent changes in body composition. The protocols employed will also elucidate the mechanism by which high carbohydrate diets induce satiety and weight loss, and the mechanism of involuntary weight loss in the elderly. 2. To examine the relationships among central body fat redistribution, changes in adipogenic gene expression, and atherogenic changes in plasma lipids and insulin sensitivity. The model for this work will be the body fat redistribution that occurs in subjects receiving aggressive antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. 3. To determine whether changes in uncoupling protein (UCP) gene expression act to attenuate diet-induced changes in body fat mass. This study will use the technology developed for Specific Aim 2 to ascertain whether muscle and fat UCP expression change in parallel with energy expenditure following experimental weight gain and weight loss in human subjects. The applicant has successfully trained several young physician investigators in patient-oriented and basic research, and a plan to continue doing so is presented. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STUDY OF HEALTH OUTCOMES OF WEIGHT-LOSS (SHOW) Principal Investigator & Institution: Kahn, Steven E.; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (Revised Abstract) Overweight and obesity are major health problems in the United States, affecting more than 50% of adults. The long-term consequences of being overweight or obese include increased mortality and increased morbidity from a variety of associated disease states. Short-term weight loss has been demonstrated to ameliorate obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, observational studies have raised concerns about negative effects of weight loss and weight cycling over the long term, including increased mortality. Look AHEAD (Action For Health in Diabetes) is a 2-armed randomized controlled clinical trial studying overweight and obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes at 16 clinical centers. Approximately 5,000 volunteers with type 2 diabetes aged 45-75 years with body mass index > 25 kg/m will be recruited, including approximately equal numbers of men and women and at least 33% participants from ethnic minority groups. The primary objective of Look AHEAD is to examine the long-term health effects of an intensive Lifestyle Intervention designed to achieve and maintain weight loss by decreased caloric intake and increased physical activity. The Lifestyle intervention is implemented with individual supervision and group sessions and aims to achieve at least a 7% decrease in weight from baseline and 175 minutes per week in physical

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activity on average and to sustain these goals. This program will be compared to a control condition involving a program of Diabetes Support and Education. The primary hypothesis is that the incidence rate of the first post-randomization occurrence of a composite outcome, which includes cardiovascular death (including fatal myocardial infarction and stroke), non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke, over a planned follow-up period of up to 11.5 years will be reduced among participants assigned to the Lifestyle Intervention compared to those assigned to Diabetes Support and Education. The study is projected to have 90% probability of detecting an 18% difference in this primary outcome between the 2 groups. A composite secondary outcome of all deaths, CVD events, and CVD procedures has been defined. Additional outcomes include: diabetes control and complications, fitness, general health, healthrelated quality of life, and psychological outcomes. The cost and cost effectiveness of the Lifestyle Intervention relative to Diabetes Support and Education will be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TELEHEALTH DELIVERY OF A WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAM IN DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lovejoy, Jennifer C.; Associate Professor; Nutrition; Bastyr University 14500 Juanita Dr Ne Kenmore, Wa 98028 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are emerging epidemics in the U.S. Weight loss improves diabetes outcomes and reduces the need for anti-diabetic medication. However, implementation of behavioral weight loss programs in a primary care setting has proven to be a challenge. Internet-based weight loss programs have been shown to be effective, however, access to personal computers is limited among elderly and low-income populations. Additionally, computers require a degree of technical sophistication and access to the Internet poses a barrier for a significant portion of the at-risk diabetes population. A solution is required that offers the benefits of Internet-based weight loss programs without the technical challenges or cost. The overall goal of this study is to explore the human engineering issues of a homebased telehealth system, Healthium, utilizing an interactive television system over a broadband connection. The telehealth system to be tested support audio and video communications (synchronous or asynchronous), medical reminders, physiological monitoring (e.g. body weight) and diagnostic devices (e.g. glucometers), on screen health status tracking, patient education (audio, text and multimedia), and interactive health surveys. The program will be based on Internet-aided behavioral weight loss programs previously developed by the investigators. The proposed project will demonstrate how a diet and exercise program can be conducted with patients in their home via a television set and using the TV remote control. If the content can be successfully transposed from a PC/Internet environment to an interactive television platform, we would be able to demonstrate a convenient, intuitive and inexpensive way to conduct large-scale interventions related to obesity and nutrition. This could lead to a viable public health care initiative for prevention of obesity-associated chronic diseases. The Specific Aims to be addressed in this proposal are: 1) To transfer a successful Internet-based weight loss program onto the Healthium interactive platform and further develop the intervention for use in patients with Type 2 diabetes. 2) To conduct focus groups to determine consumer acceptance of the convenience and intuitiveness of the Healthium interface. 3) To perform a pilot study in patients with Type 2 diabetes to determine whether the Healthium interface improves weight loss and diabetes outcomes relative to standard clinic-based treatment.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE TREATMENT OF BINGE EATING DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Crow, Scott J.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Research over the last few decades has shown that a sub-group of overweight individuals have an abnormal eating pattern best characterized by discrete binge eating episodes. The presence of binge eating episodes in obese individuals is associated with increased rates of psychopathology, social dysfunction, early onset obesity, and greater severity of obesity. However, recent research suggests that binge eating can be effectively treated in obese individuals using certain forms of psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral techniques, and certain antidepressant drugs, strategies that have also been shown to be useful in suppressing binge eating in individuals of normal weight with bulimia nervosa. Certain self-help techniques have also been shown to be quite useful in improving binge eating symptoms and in encouraging healthy eating behavior in individuals with disordered eating. Our research groups have demonstrated the utility of a self-help manual in working with individuals with bulimia nervosa and most recently the utility of a group self-help approach in targeting binge eating behavior in overweight individuals with binge eating. Therefore, as an extension of our prior research, and given the preliminary data that will be reported in the application, we propose to study the utility of treatments targeting binge eating in obese individuals who binge eat through a random assignment, parallel study wherein subjects who satisfy inclusion criteria will be assigned to one of 6 conditions: 1) manual-based self-help targeting binge eating without therapist involvement; 2) supervised manual-based self-help; 3) group self-help therapy, without contact with a psychotherapist; 4) group therapy delivered partially through videotapes and partially with therapist leadership; 5) a traditional therapist-led group psychotherapy, and 6) a wait list control to control for the effects of time and the non-specific effects of being involved in the protocol. Of note, the materials presented in the five treatment arms will be essentially identical, but are written for self-help vs. audio-visual vs. therapy presentation based on the treatment assignment. This protocol is not designed to test a weight loss strategy, but instead to focus on strategies for bingeeating. Such strategies could then be administered in combination with, or sequentially with, various weight loss strategies (e.g., behavioral, pharmacologic) in those who are overweight. Treatments for weight loss are currently undergoing significant evolution with the introduction of two new pharmacologic agents in the last 18 months. We believe that to attempt to address both strategies for binge eating and strategies for weight loss in this study would make it overly complex. The result of this study could inform the design of trials to treat both binge-eating and promote weight loss. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TREATMENT FOR OBESITY AND BINGE EATING DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Grilo, Carlos M.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application seeks funds to conduct a study of cognitive behavioral and behavioral weight loss treatments for obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED). The proposed study builds directly upon the findings of

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the initial project that examined the efficacy of fluoxetine treatment and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the relative efficacy of the treatments alone and in combination for patients with BED (balanced 2 x 2 factorial design). CBT produced significant and clinically meaningful improvements in the behavioral (binge eating), cognitive (attitudinal features of eating disorders), and associated psychological (depression) features of BED, but not for the physical problem of obesity. In the 2 x 2 factorial design: (1) CBT was superior to treatment without CBT, treatment with fluoxetine was not superior to treatment without fluoxetine, and no interaction between treatments occurred; (2) Specific comparisons among specifc treatments revealed that fluoxetine was not superior to placebo, CBT + Placebo and CBT + Fluoxetine were similar, and CBT + Placebo and CBT + Fluoxetine were superior to Fluoxetine-only and Placebo-only. Findings suggest that CBT has efficacy for the behavioral, cognitive, associated psychological features of BED. The strong association between BED and obesity, and the major health risks associated with obesity highlight the need for developing interventions that also reduce weight. It remains uncertain whether behavioral weight loss (BWL) has efficacy for producing weight loss in BED or for reducing binge eating and its associated features. The proposed study involves a comparison of three treatment conditions: (1) CBT; (2) BWL, and (3) a sequential (twopart) treatment consisting of CBT followed by BWL. Assessments will occur at baseline, bimonthly during treatment, and 6-and 12-months post-treatment. The primary specific aim is to test the relative efficacy of CBT, BWL, and a sequential treatment consisting of CBT followed by BWL. Secondary aims are to (1) explore predictors and processes of change during the acute treatment and follow-up period, and (2) examine whether (a) BWL ("dieting") after the CBT produces weight loss, and (b) weight regain (if it occurs following BWL) is accompanied/followed by reoccurrence of binge eating, attitudinal features of eating disorders, psychological distress, or psychiatric disturbances. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WEIGHT CONNECTION: WEIGHT LOSS MAINTANANCE USING THE WEB Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Lee M.; Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Despite widespread recognition of the increasing prevalence and medical sequelae of obesity, efforts to reverse these trends have met with limited success. Although 75 percent of obese individuals who enter a weight loss program are initially successful, more than 90 percent of these individuals regain the lost weight within 5 years, leading to renewal or even exacerbation of cardiopulmonary and vascular disease risks. The focus of this proposal is the prevention of weight regain in obese individuals after successful weight loss. The best predictor of weight loss maintenance is the duration and intensity of patient-provider contact, irrespective of practitioner specialty or the nature of the intervention. However, the high costs of intensive interventions over an extended period limit optimal management to a small number of patients. The hypothesis underlying the proposed study is that some of the benefits of intensive patient-provider interaction can be achieved in a cost-efficient manner through creative use of electronic communication. We propose to develop a three-part, web-based program ("WeightConnection") that includes mechanisms for (1) ongoing, patient selfmonitoring and graphical feedback about weight, eating and exercise behavior, (2) individual, electronic consultative advice from a weight counselor and (3) on-line group-based therapy and peer-to-peer communication. Our goals for this intervention

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are to achieve several benefits of intensive patient-provider interaction that appear to underlie successful weight loss maintenance, including sustained patient motivation, diminished attrition rates, and timely relapse management. Each component of the proposed program is designed to promote these goals by providing personal guidance, educational opportunities and psychological support. We will initially test and refine the WeightConnection program with a small group of patient volunteers recruited from MGH Weight Center patients. Thereafter, we will examine whether this intervention improves the success of a standard group-based program in maintaining weight loss. We will conduct a randomized, controlled study in 30-40 patients, comparing the combination of the WeightConnection program and standard therapy vs. standard therapy alone. The results of this pilot study, including effects on weight maintenance and patient retention, preliminary subgroup analysis and careful assessment of patient usage and feedback, will be used to design a more definitive study of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of electronic communication for prevention of recurrent weight gain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WEIGHT LOSS IN OBESE BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Djuric, Zora; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Obesity has been shown to be associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Survival time is decreased and recurrence rates are increased with greater obesity. Whether or not weight loss can have favorable effects on prognosis in obese breast cancer survivors is not known, and that is the ultimate question we would like to ask. As a first step, effective methods for weight loss need to be established in this population. We started a pilot study with internal funds develop an individualized approach towards weight loss in obese breast cancer survivors, and preliminary data is encouraging. We would like to be able to extend this study for a full 18 months and analyze the blood samples that are being collected for markers of cancer risk. Forty eight obese cancer survivors have been enrolled. At baseline, a psychiatric evaluation was obtained for each women and questionnaires on diet, health, exercise and psychosocial factors were administered. Since we are asking women to make large lifestyle changes, we would like to extend the intervention for a full year (instead of 6 months) and add a 6-month follow-up point to examine maintenance of weight loss. A better understanding of the influence of behavioral factors on weight loss should help us design a successful larger study with recurrence as the endpoint. As a secondary aim, we propose to analyze the blood samples collected for markers of cancer risk which are expected to be affected by weight loss: oxidative DNA damage, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF-binding protein 3. The extent of changes in these markers will be compared with other plasma measures that are known to be affected by weight loss: leptin, glucose, lipids and triglyceride levels. This study should be useful to determine certain psychosocial are associated with extent of weight loss, and in turn whether weight loss is associated with changes in selected markers of breast cancer risk. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WEIGHT LOSS MOTIVATIONS AND LONG-TERM WEIGHT LOSS Principal Investigator & Institution: Klem, Mary L.; Assistant Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Obesity and overweight affect one half of all American adults. Excess body weight has been found to be associated with an increased risk of several medical conditions including cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and certain cancers. Behavioral treatments have demonstrated successful shortterm weight loss, though long-term results are quite poor. The primary aim of the present study is to improve long-term weight loss by focusing on the primary motivations for weight loss (health and/or appearance) during treatment. Recent research suggests that dissatisfaction with weight loss upon completion of a weight loss program is associated with weight regain. Pilot data suggest that focusing on motivations for weight loss affects satisfaction with weight loss. Thus, a secondary aim of the proposed study is to investigate whether satisfaction with weight loss is a mediator of weight loss maintenance. Participants (N=180) will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) Control, a standard behavioral weight loss treatment; (2) Appearance, the standard treatment plus an emphasis on physical appearance changes; (3) Health, the standard treatment plus an emphasis on health changes; and (4) Combined, the standard treatment with both a health and an appearance emphasis. All subjects will receive 6 months of treatment and will complete assessments at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Primary outcome is weight change from 6 to 18 months. The proposed research is important because it seeks to examine three innovative weight loss treatment approaches designed to improve long-term weight loss, which is the major challenge in obesity treatment. If investigates whether taking the focus off actual pounds lost and emphasizing primary motivations for weight loss affects satisfaction with short-term weight loss and/or long-term success at weight loss. Thus, the results of the proposed study could potentially have a positive impact on the clinical treatment of obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “weight loss” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for weight loss in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Anti-gamma interferon and anti-interleukin-6 antibodies affect staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced weight loss, hypoglycemia, and cytokine release in Dgalactosamine-sensitized and unsensitized mice. by Matthys P, Mitera T, Heremans H, Van Damme J, Billiau A.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173128

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Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. by Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S, Ebbets-Reed D, Erickson MR, Yen FT, Bihain BE, Lodish HF.; 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29372

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Weight loss maintenance in women two to eleven years after participating in a commercial program: a survey. by Gosselin C, Cote G.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=48152

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with weight loss, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “weight loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for weight loss (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 41-year-old man with fatigue, weight loss, hypercalcemia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Author(s): Hamilton BP, Daly BD, Furlong M. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2002 July; 324(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120822&dopt=Abstract

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A 75-year-old man with fever, diarrhea, weight loss and a mid-esophageal mass. Author(s): Weber T, Kirchgatterer A, Kronabethleitner G, Hobling W, Mannhalter C, Chott A, Knoflach P. Source: Endoscopy. 2002 August; 34(8): 678. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173096&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case with diarrhoea, hypotension, wasting and weight loss. Author(s): Chiam P, Tavintharan S, Poulose V, Fock KM. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 October-December; 48(4): 304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571390&dopt=Abstract

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A correlation method for weight loss after gastroplasty. Author(s): Lointier PH, Verdier PH, Verdier A. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2003 June; 13(3): 460-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841913&dopt=Abstract

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A new approach to multicultural item generation in the development of two obesityspecific measures: the Obesity and Weight Loss Quality of Life (OWLQOL) questionnaire and the Weight-Related Symptom Measure (WRSM). Author(s): Niero M, Martin M, Finger T, Lucas R, Mear I, Wild D, Glauda L, Patrick DL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 April; 24(4): 690-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017412&dopt=Abstract

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A nutritional education program could prevent weight loss and slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Riviere S, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Voisin T, Reynish E, Andrieu S, Lauque S, Salva A, Frisoni G, Nourhashemi F, Micas M, Vellas B. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753499&dopt=Abstract

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A personal perspective on the needs of the weight loss surgery patient. Author(s): Sorensen RD. Source: Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 2003 April-June; 26(2): 150-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744595&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of the impact of weight loss and the systemic inflammatory response on quality of life in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Scott HR, McMillan DC, Brown DJ, Forrest LM, McArdle CS, Milroy R. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 June; 40(3): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781428&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial of an acupressure device for weight loss. Author(s): Allison DB, Kreibich K, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1995 September; 19(9): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8574276&dopt=Abstract

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A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. Author(s): Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou DD. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 133(2): 411-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566476&dopt=Abstract

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A young woman with massive weight loss, neuropathy and cardiopathy. Author(s): Moschovitis A, Kobel DE, Calderoni A. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2002 May 18; 132(19-20): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148081&dopt=Abstract

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Accuracy of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in measuring changes in body composition during severe weight loss. Author(s): Cox-Reijven PL, van Kreel B, Soeters PB. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 March-April; 26(2): 120-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873761&dopt=Abstract

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Adiponectin levels do not change with moderate dietary induced weight loss and exercise in obese postmenopausal women. Author(s): Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, Elahi D. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 September; 27(9): 1066-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917712&dopt=Abstract

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African immigrant with weight loss and disseminated skin lesions. Author(s): Hasse B, Kronenberg A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 September 1; 37(5): 692-3, 726-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12942402&dopt=Abstract

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Albumin concentrations are primarily determined by the body cell mass and the systemic inflammatory response in cancer patients with weight loss. Author(s): McMillan DC, Watson WS, O'Gorman P, Preston T, Scott HR, McArdle CS. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(2): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759282&dopt=Abstract

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Altering therapy of type II diabetes mellitus from insulin to tolazamide increases blood pressure in spite of weight loss. Author(s): Schmitt JK, Johns SB. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 May; 8(5 Pt 1): 520-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662230&dopt=Abstract

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American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Author(s): Jakicic JM, Clark K, Coleman E, Donnelly JE, Foreyt J, Melanson E, Volek J, Volpe SL; American College of Sports Medicine. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001 December; 33(12): 2145-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740312&dopt=Abstract

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An 82-year-old woman with weight loss and eosinophilia. Author(s): Hanson LC, Dent G. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995 October; 43(10): 1161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7560710&dopt=Abstract

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An 8-year old boy with recurrent macroscopic hematuria, weight loss, and kidney failure. Author(s): Kemper MJ, Bergstrasser E, Pawlik H, Gaspert A, Neuhaus TJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 March; 142(3): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640387&dopt=Abstract

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An African male with cough, haemoptysis, weight loss and hypercalcaemia: TB or not TB? Author(s): Al-Mobeireek AF, Arafah M, Siddiqui N. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 October; 20(4): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412704&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of weight loss with the biliopancreatic diversion of Larrad: absolute failures or relative successes? Author(s): Sanchez-Cabezudo Diaz-Guerra C, Larrad Jimenez A. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 April; 12(2): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975222&dopt=Abstract

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Angiotensinogen genotype and blood pressure responses to reduced dietary NaCl and to weight loss. Author(s): Kotchen TA. Source: Hypertension. 1998 September; 32(3): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9740602&dopt=Abstract

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Angiotensinogen genotype, sodium reduction, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: trials of hypertension prevention, phase II. Author(s): Hunt SC, Cook NR, Oberman A, Cutler JA, Hennekens CH, Allender PS, Walker WG, Whelton PK, Williams RR. Source: Hypertension. 1998 September; 32(3): 393-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9740601&dopt=Abstract

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Anorexia and weight loss in older persons. Author(s): Morley JE. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 February; 58(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586850&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotics for weight loss, osteolysis, hepatic and adrenal tumours. Author(s): Spyridonidis A, Otto F, Kraft A, von Kalle C. Source: Lancet. 2002 May 25; 359(9320): 1828. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044379&dopt=Abstract

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Are low-fat diets better than other weight-reducing diets in achieving long-term weight loss? Author(s): Schooff M. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 February 1; 67(3): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588072&dopt=Abstract

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Are smaller weight losses or more achievable weight loss goals better in the long term for obese patients? Author(s): Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Mayer RR. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1998 August; 66(4): 641-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735580&dopt=Abstract

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Are soft tissue composition of bone and non-bone pixels in spinal bone mineral measurements by DXA similar? Impact of weight loss. Author(s): Svendsen OL, Hendel HW, Gotfredsen A, Pedersen BH, Andersen T. Source: Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2002 January; 22(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003104&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctor. I've been fighting obesity all my life. I'm a 62-year-old woman and every five years or so I lose about 20 pounds, then slowly gain it back. I've heard that this “yo-yo” pattern of weight loss, weight gain, weight loss, may be more dangerous than just staying heavy. Should I give up trying to lose weight? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2001 January; 11(5): 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136512&dopt=Abstract

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Association between a polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor and weight loss in teenage girls. Author(s): Westberg L, Bah J, Rastam M, Gillberg C, Wentz E, Melke J, Hellstrand M, Eriksson E. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 June; 26(6): 789-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007749&dopt=Abstract

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Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Author(s): Bruun JM, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 May; 148(5): 535-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720537&dopt=Abstract

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Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype with blood pressure sensitivity to weight loss. Author(s): Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Hooper WC, Harrison KW, Philipp CS, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Folmar S, Johnson KC; TONE Cooperative Research Group. Trial Of Nonpharmacologic interventions in the Elderly. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 October; 144(4): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360157&dopt=Abstract

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Association of weight loss and weight fluctuation with mortality among Japanese American men. Author(s): Iribarren C, Sharp DS, Burchfiel CM, Petrovitch H. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 September 14; 333(11): 686-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7637745&dopt=Abstract

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Associations between weight loss-induced changes in plasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T(3) concentration, and resting metabolic rate. Author(s): Pelletier C, Doucet E, Imbeault P, Tremblay A. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2002 May; 67(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961215&dopt=Abstract

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Associations of weight loss and changes in fat distribution with the remission of hypertension in a bi-ethnic cohort: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Author(s): Juhaeri, Stevens J, Chambless LE, Nieto FJ, Jones D, Schreiner P, Arnett D, Cai J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 March; 36(3): 330-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634024&dopt=Abstract

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Audio weight loss program curbs obesity. Author(s): Merisalo LJ. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2000 October 3; 11(20): 1-2, 5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865894&dopt=Abstract

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Autonomic nervous system activity in weight gain and weight loss. Author(s): Arone LJ, Mackintosh R, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Hirsch J. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1995 July; 269(1 Pt 2): R222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7631897&dopt=Abstract

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Bariatric surgery. An option for long-term weight loss. Author(s): Craig J. Source: Diabetes Self Manag. 2002 September-October; 19(5): 14, 17-8, 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561752&dopt=Abstract

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Bariatric weight loss surgery: patient education, preparation, and follow-up. Author(s): Garza SF. Source: Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 2003 April-June; 26(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744590&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral choice treatment promotes continuing weight loss: preliminary results of a cognitive-behavioral decision-based treatment for obesity. Author(s): Sbrocco T, Nedegaard RC, Stone JM, Lewis EL. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999 April; 67(2): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224737&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral strategies to improve long-term weight loss and maintenance. Author(s): Wing RR. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 1999 April; 82(4): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228337&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effect of hormone replacement therapy on weight loss in obese menopausal women. Author(s): Chmouliovsky L, Habicht F, James RW, Lehmann T, Campana A, Golay A. Source: Maturitas. 1999 August 16; 32(3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10515671&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy on weight loss, depressive symptoms, and eating patterns in obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters. Author(s): Alger SA, Malone M, Cerulli J, Fein S, Howard L. Source: Obesity Research. 1999 September; 7(5): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509604&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study. Author(s): Dessein PH, Shipton EA, Stanwix AE, Joffe BI, Ramokgadi J. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 July; 59(7): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873964&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of weight loss in overweight patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathies. Author(s): Morales E, Valero MA, Leon M, Hernandez E, Praga M. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 February; 41(2): 319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552492&dopt=Abstract

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Benefits of a dietary intervention on weight loss, body composition, and lipid profile after renal transplantation. Author(s): Lopes IM, Martin M, Errasti P, Martinez JA. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1999 January; 15(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918055&dopt=Abstract

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Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. Author(s): Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999 February; 67(1): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028217&dopt=Abstract

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Benefits of sustained moderate weight loss in obesity. Author(s): Pasanisi F, Contaldo F, de Simone G, Mancini M. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 December; 11(6): 401-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055705&dopt=Abstract

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Benefits of weight loss in the treatment of obesity. Author(s): Blackburn GL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 March; 69(3): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075314&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-adrenergically mediated thermogenic and heart rate responses: effect of obesity and weight loss. Author(s): Blaak EE, van Baak MA, Kester AD, Saris WH. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1995 April; 44(4): 520-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723676&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-oxidation of linoleate in obese men undergoing weight loss. Author(s): Cunnane SC, Ross R, Bannister JL, Jenkins DJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 73(4): 709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273844&dopt=Abstract

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Beyond calories and fat grams: am I deserving of successful weight loss? Author(s): Popkess-Vawter S, Turner J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2001 April; 17(4): 362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369184&dopt=Abstract

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Biexponential model for predicting weight loss after gastric surgery for obesity. Author(s): Livingston EH, Sebastian JL, Huerta S, Yip I, Heber D. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2001 December; 101(2): 216-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735279&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral sciatic nerve entrapment due to weight loss. Author(s): Lee R, Fann AV, Sobus K. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1998 September; 95(4): 153-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9757623&dopt=Abstract

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Binge status as a predictor of weight loss treatment outcome. Author(s): Sherwood NE, Jeffery RW, Wing RR. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1999 May; 23(5): 485-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10375051&dopt=Abstract

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Blood pressure and pulse pressure during long-term weight loss in the obese: the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Intervention Study. Author(s): Sjostrom CD, Peltonen M, Sjostrom L. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 March; 9(3): 188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323444&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition and energy expenditure after weight loss following bariatric surgery. Author(s): Benedetti G, Mingrone G, Marcoccia S, Benedetti M, Giancaterini A, Greco AV, Castagneto M, Gasbarrini G. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 April; 19(2): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763909&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition and muscle constituents during weight loss: studies in obese patients following gastroplasty. Author(s): Wadstrom C, Backman L, Forsberg AM, Nilsson E, Hultman E, Reizenstein P, Ekman M. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2000 June; 10(3): 203-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932257&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition and source of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Author(s): Gahtan V, Goode SE, Kurto HZ, Schocken DD, Powers P, Rosemurgy AS. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 1997 June; 7(3): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9730546&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition assessment in extreme obesity and after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery. Author(s): Das SK, Roberts SB, Kehayias JJ, Wang J, Hsu LK, Shikora SA, Saltzman E, McCrory MA. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 June; 284(6): E1080-8. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604503&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition changes in Caucasian and African American children and adolescents with obesity using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements after a 10-week weight loss program. Author(s): Figueroa-Colon R, Mayo MS, Aldridge RA, Winder T, Weinsier RL. Source: Obesity Research. 1998 September; 6(5): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9738547&dopt=Abstract

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Body fat distribution in white and black women: different patterns of intraabdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue utilization with weight loss. Author(s): Weinsier RL, Hunter GR, Gower BA, Schutz Y, Darnell BE, Zuckerman PA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 November; 74(5): 631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684531&dopt=Abstract

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Body image perception in relation to recent weight changes and strategies for weight loss in a nationally representative sample in the European Union. Author(s): McElhone S, Kearney JM, Giachetti I, Zunft HJ, Martinez JA. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 1999 March; 2(1A): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933634&dopt=Abstract

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Body image: appearance orientation and evaluation in the severely obese. Changes with weight loss. Author(s): Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O'Brien PE. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 February; 12(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868302&dopt=Abstract

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Body mass index, weight loss and energy intake of old Danish nursing home residents and home-care clients. Author(s): Beck AM, Ovesen L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2002 March; 16(1): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985754&dopt=Abstract

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Body weight loss and maintenance with physical activity and diet. Author(s): Doucet E, Tremblay A. Source: Coronary Artery Disease. 1998; 9(8): 495-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9847981&dopt=Abstract

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Body weight loss as an indicator of breast cancer recurrence. Author(s): Marinho LA, Rettori O, Vieira-Matos AN. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2001; 40(7): 832-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859982&dopt=Abstract

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Body weight loss increases plasma and adipose tissue concentrations of potentially toxic pollutants in obese individuals. Author(s): Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Mauriege P, Despres JP, Tremblay A. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 October; 24(10): 1272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093288&dopt=Abstract

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Bone marrow changes in anorexia nervosa are correlated with the amount of weight loss and not with other clinical findings. Author(s): Abella E, Feliu E, Granada I, Milla F, Oriol A, Ribera JM, Sanchez-Planell L, Berga LI, Reverter JC, Rozman C. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 October; 118(4): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375646&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density (BMD) in obesity effect of weight loss. Author(s): Gossain VV, Rao DS, Carella MJ, Divine G, Rovner DR. Source: J Med. 1999; 30(5-6): 367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10851569&dopt=Abstract

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Brain glucose metabolism in anorexia nervosa and affective disorders: influence of weight loss or depressive symptomatology. Author(s): Delvenne V, Goldman S, De Maertelaer V, Wikler D, Damhaut P, Lotstra F. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 May 16; 74(2): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204511&dopt=Abstract

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Bupropion for weight loss: an investigation of efficacy and tolerability in overweight and obese women. Author(s): Gadde KM, Parker CB, Maner LG, Wagner HR 2nd, Logue EJ, Drezner MK, Krishnan KR. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 September; 9(9): 544-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557835&dopt=Abstract

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Bupropion SR enhances weight loss: a 48-week double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Author(s): Anderson JW, Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Gadde KM, McKenney J, O'Neil PM. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 July; 10(7): 633-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12105285&dopt=Abstract

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Bupropion SR vs. placebo for weight loss in obese patients with depressive symptoms. Author(s): Jain AK, Kaplan RA, Gadde KM, Wadden TA, Allison DB, Brewer ER, Leadbetter RA, Richard N, Haight B, Jamerson BD, Buaron KS, Metz A. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 October; 10(10): 1049-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376586&dopt=Abstract

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Caloric intake, not carbohydrate or fat consumption, determines weight loss. Author(s): Fleming RM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 January; 114(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543299&dopt=Abstract

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Can changes in plasma insulin concentration explain the variability in leptin response to weight loss in obese women with normal glucose tolerance? Author(s): Carantoni M, Abbasi F, Azhar S, Schaaf P, Reaven GM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 March; 84(3): 86972. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084563&dopt=Abstract

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Can sustained weight loss in overweight individuals reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus? Author(s): Moore LL, Visioni AJ, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Finkle WD, Ellison RC. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 May; 11(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10784242&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac parasympathetic activity is increased by weight loss in healthy obese women. Author(s): Rissanen P, Franssila-Kallunki A, Rissanen A. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 October; 9(10): 637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595781&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiopulmonary adaptation to exercise after acute weight loss in severely obese subjects. Author(s): Boni E, Giustina A, Borra E, Bussi AR, Grassi V. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995 August; 50(4): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7550204&dopt=Abstract

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Case records of the Children's Hospital of Michigan: a 15-year-old with vomiting and weight loss. Author(s): Knapp JF, Sethuraman U, Stewart G, Mahajan P, Rosenberg N. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 August; 17(4): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493835&dopt=Abstract

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CD-ROM nutrient analysis database assists self-monitoring behavior of active duty Air Force personnel receiving nutrition counseling for weight loss. Author(s): Heetderks-Cox MJ, Alford BB, Bednar CM, Heiss CJ, Tauai LA, Edgren KK. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 September; 101(9): 1041-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11573756&dopt=Abstract

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Change in intra-abdominal adipose tissue volume during weight loss in obese men and women: correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometric measurements. Author(s): Kamel EG, McNeill G, Van Wijk MC. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 May; 24(5): 607-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849583&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in abdominal subcutaneous fat water content with rapid weight loss and long-term weight maintenance in abdominally obese men and women. Author(s): Laaksonen DE, Nuutinen J, Lahtinen T, Rissanen A, Niskanen LK. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 June; 27(6): 677-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833111&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation resulting from weight loss in obese men and women: is there an important contribution of leptin? Author(s): Doucet E, St Pierre S, Almeras N, Mauriege P, Richard D, Tremblay A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 April; 85(4): 1550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10770196&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in lipid levels with percent of weight loss in morbid obesity. Author(s): Pizzocri P, Koprivec D, Folli F, Vedani P, Marchi M, Paganelli M, Pontiroli AE. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2001 October; 11(5): 649-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594114&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects. Author(s): Skov AR, Toubro S, Bulow J, Krabbe K, Parving HH, Astrup A. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1999 November; 23(11): 1170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578207&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in resting energy expenditure after weight loss in obese African American and white women. Author(s): Foster GD, Wadden TA, Swain RM, Anderson DA, Vogt RA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925117&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic diarrhea and weight loss in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Ehrenpreis E. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 1999 August 1; 21(4): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428118&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking for weight loss or control among adolescents: gender and racial/ethnic differences. Author(s): Fulkerson JA, French SA. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2003 April; 32(4): 306-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667735&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating leptin levels and weight loss in Alzheimer's disease patients. Author(s): Power DA, Noel J, Collins R, O'Neill D. Source: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2001 March-April; 12(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173891&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical evaluation for cancer in patients with involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms. Author(s): Hernandez JL, Riancho JA, Matorras P, Gonzalez-Macias J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 1; 114(8): 631-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798450&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical indicators associated with unintentional weight loss and pressure ulcers in elderly residents of nursing facilities. Author(s): Gilmore SA, Robinson G, Posthauer ME, Raymond J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995 September; 95(9): 984-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7657913&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical measures of obesity and weight loss in men. Author(s): Egger G, Dobson A. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 March; 24(3): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757630&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical significance of weight loss in cancer patients: rationale for the use of anabolic agents in the treatment of cancer-related cachexia. Author(s): Langer CJ, Hoffman JP, Ottery FD. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2001 January; 17(1 Suppl): S120. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428126&dopt=Abstract

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Closure of the “non-healing wound” corresponds with correction of weight loss using the anabolic agent oxandrolone. Author(s): Demling R, De Santi L. Source: Ostomy Wound Manage. 1998 October; 44(10): 58-62, 64, 66 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866597&dopt=Abstract

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Clozapine weight gain, plus topiramate weight loss. Author(s): Dursun SM, Devarajan S. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2000 March; 45(2): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742883&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive appraisals of dietary transgressions by obese women: associations with self-reported eating behavior, depression, and actual weight loss. Author(s): Smith CF, O'Neil PM, Rhodes SK. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1999 March; 23(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193867&dopt=Abstract

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Collagen metabolism in obesity: the effect of weight loss. Author(s): Rasmussen MH, Jensen LT, Andersen T, Breum L, Hilsted J. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1995 September; 19(9): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8574277&dopt=Abstract

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Combination of diet, exercise and intermittent treatment of cimetidine on body weight and maintenance of weight loss. A 42 months follow-up study. Author(s): Birketvedt GS, Thom E, Bernersen B, Florholmen J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 July-August; 6(4): 699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208394&dopt=Abstract

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Comments on: Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies, Andreyev et al., Eur J Cancer 1998, 34, pp. 503-509. Author(s): Bozzetti F. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1998 December; 34(13): 2132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10070324&dopt=Abstract

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Commercial weight loss products and programs: what consumers stand to gain and lose. A public conference on the information consumers need to evaluate weight loss products and programs. Author(s): Cleland R, Graybill DC, Hubbard V, Khan LK, Stern JS, Wadden TA, Weinsier R, Yanovski S, Gross WC, Daynard M. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2001 January; 41(1): 45-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152047&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of methods for assessing body composition changes during weight loss. Author(s): Weyers AM, Mazzetti SA, Love DM, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002 March; 34(3): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880815&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of obese NIDDM and nondiabetic women: short- and long-term weight loss. Author(s): Guare JC, Wing RR, Grant A. Source: Obesity Research. 1995 July; 3(4): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8521149&dopt=Abstract

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Composition of postnatal weight loss & subsequent weight gain in preterm infants. Author(s): Singhi S, Sood V, Bhakoo ON, Ganguly NK, Kaur A. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1995 April; 101: 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751046&dopt=Abstract

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Computerized weight loss intervention optimizes staff time: the clinical and cost results of a controlled clinical trial conducted in a managed care setting. Author(s): Wylie-Rosett J, Swencionis C, Ginsberg M, Cimino C, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Caban A, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Martin T, Lewis J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 October; 101(10): 1155-62; Quiz 1163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678486&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent reductions of serum leptin and lipids during weight loss in obese men with type II diabetes. Author(s): Halle M, Berg A, Garwers U, Grathwohl D, Knisel W, Keul J. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 August; 277(2 Pt 1): E277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10444423&dopt=Abstract

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Contour surgery in the patient with great weight loss. Author(s): Pitanguy I, Gontijo de Amorim NF, Radwanski HN. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2000 November-December; 24(6): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246427&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of diet, tumour volume and patient-related factors to weight loss in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Author(s): Fordy C, Glover C, Henderson DC, Summerbell C, Wharton R, Allen-Mersh TG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1999 May; 86(5): 639-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10361185&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of body image dissatisfaction among overweight women seeking weight loss. Author(s): Matz PE, Foster GD, Faith MS, Wadden TA. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002 August; 70(4): 1040-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182267&dopt=Abstract

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Cough, fever and weight loss in a young male. Author(s): Summer R, Zacks J, Ieong M, O'Regan A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 June; 19(6): 1210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108878&dopt=Abstract

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Culturally-sensitive weight loss program produces significant reduction in weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol in eight weeks. Author(s): Ard JD, Rosati R, Oddone EZ. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2000 November; 92(11): 515-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152083&dopt=Abstract

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Current management of cancer-associated anorexia and weight loss. Author(s): Jatoi A Jr, Loprinzi CL. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 2001 April; 15(4): 497-502, 508; Discussion 508-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346935&dopt=Abstract

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CYP2E1 activity before and after weight loss in morbidly obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Author(s): Emery MG, Fisher JM, Chien JY, Kharasch ED, Dellinger EP, Kowdley KV, Thummel KE. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 August; 38(2): 428-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883487&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased energy and phosphorylation status in the liver of lung cancer patients with weight loss. Author(s): Leij-Halfwerk S, Dagneli PC, Kappert P, Oudkerk M, Sijens PE. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2000 June; 32(6): 887-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898308&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed chronic diarrhea and weight loss possibly due to ticlopidine therapy. Author(s): Mansoor GA, Aziz K. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 July-August; 31(7-8): 870-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9220049&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatitis, glossitis, stomatitis, cheilitis, anemia and weight loss: a classic presentation of pancreatic glucagonoma. Author(s): Povoski SP, Zaman SA, Ducatman BS, McFadden DW. Source: W V Med J. 2002 January-February; 98(1): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11941895&dopt=Abstract

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Dermolipectomies following weight loss after surgery for morbid obesity. Author(s): Fotopoulos L, Kehagias I, Kalfarentzos F. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2000 October; 10(5): 451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054251&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of weight loss following ileogastrostomy. Author(s): Su W, Jones PJ, Cleator IG, Phang PT, Birmingham CL. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1996 May; 20(5): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8696428&dopt=Abstract

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Developing weight loss interventions for African-American women: elements of successful models. Author(s): Bronner Y, Boyington JE. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002 April; 94(4): 224-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991335&dopt=Abstract

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Development of the Impact of Weight Loss Scale (IWLS): a psychometric study in a sample of men with HIV/AIDS. Author(s): Wagner GJ, Rabkin JG. Source: Aids Care. 1999 August; 11(4): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10533539&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and hypertension in severe obesity and effects of gastric bypass-induced weight loss. Author(s): Sugerman HJ, Wolfe LG, Sica DA, Clore JN. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2003 June; 237(6): 751-6; Discussion 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796570&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes disease stage predicts weight loss outcomes with long-term appetite suppressants. Author(s): Khan MA, St Peter JV, Breen GA, Hartley GG, Vessey JT. Source: Obesity Research. 2000 January; 8(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678258&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity and weight loss. Author(s): Tremble J, Donaldson D. Source: J R Soc Health. 1999 June; 119(2): 73-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11042994&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes, weight loss, and depression. Author(s): Papp JP, Larry JA, Mazzaferri EL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 March 15; 31(3): 41-2, 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596008&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of weight loss in the elderly. Author(s): Gazewood JD, Mehr DR. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 July; 47(1): 19-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673603&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and weight loss. Author(s): Ortega RM, Andres P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 64(5): 823-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901809&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake and resting energy expenditure in relation to weight loss in unselected cancer patients. Author(s): Bosaeus I, Daneryd P, Svanberg E, Lundholm K. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 August 1; 93(3): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433403&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake, resting energy expenditure, weight loss and survival in cancer patients. Author(s): Bosaeus I, Daneryd P, Lundholm K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 November; 132(11 Suppl): 3465S-3466S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421871&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary treatment and long-term weight loss and maintenance in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Hensrud DD. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 November; 9 Suppl 4: 348S-353S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707564&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary weight loss decreases serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in obese adults. Author(s): Harp JB, Henry SA, DiGirolamo M. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 October; 10(10): 985-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376578&dopt=Abstract

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Dieting and weight loss: the energy perspective. Author(s): Foreyt JP, Goodrick GK. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2001 January; 59(1 Pt 2): S25-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255800&dopt=Abstract

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Dieting for weight loss: associations with nutrient intake among women. Author(s): Neumark-Sztainer D, French SA, Jeffery RW. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 November; 96(11): 1172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8906143&dopt=Abstract

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Dieting readiness test fails to predict enrollment in a weight loss program. Author(s): Fontaine KR, Wiersema L. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 June; 99(6): 664. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10361523&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotropin and cortisol before and after weight loss. Author(s): Yanovski JA, Yanovski SZ, Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 June; 82(6): 1874-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177399&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in diagnostic approach between family physicians and other specialists in patients with unintentional body weight loss. Author(s): Lin HW, Li CM, Lee YC, Lee LT, Leung KK. Source: Family Practice. 1999 December; 16(6): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10625131&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in insulin resistance do not predict weight loss in response to hypocaloric diets in healthy obese women. Author(s): McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Carantoni M, Schaaf P, Reaven G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 February; 84(2): 578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10022419&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in mechanisms between weight loss-sensitive and -resistant blood pressure reduction in obese subjects. Author(s): Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Source: Hypertens Res. 2001 July; 24(4): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510749&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of IL-1ra on sickness behavior and weight loss induced by IL-1 in rats. Author(s): Bluthe RM, Beaudu C, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Source: Brain Research. 1995 April 17; 677(1): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7606464&dopt=Abstract

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Differential health benefits of weight loss in upper-body and lower-body obese women. Author(s): Kanaley JA, Andresen-Reid ML, Oenning L, Kottke BA, Jensen MD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 January; 57(1): 20-6. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 1993 June; 57(6): 953. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8416660&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiated long-term effects of intentional weight loss on diabetes and hypertension. Author(s): Sjostrom CD, Peltonen M, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Source: Hypertension. 2000 July; 36(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904007&dopt=Abstract

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Distinct effects of aerobic exercise training and weight loss on glucose homeostasis in obese sedentary men. Author(s): Dengel DR, Pratley RE, Hagberg JM, Rogus EM, Goldberg AP. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1996 July; 81(1): 318-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8828680&dopt=Abstract

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Do polymorphisms of apoB, LPL or apoE affect the hypocholesterolemic response to weight loss? Author(s): Kee F, Young IS, Poirier O, McMaster D, McCrum E, McGeough J, Patterson CC, Dallongeville J, Cambien F, Evans AE. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 November; 153(1): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058706&dopt=Abstract

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Does exercise without weight loss improve insulin sensitivity? Author(s): Ross R. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 March; 26(3): 944-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610063&dopt=Abstract

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Does long-term use of sibutramine (Meridia) result in continued weight loss in shortterm responders? Author(s): Stevenson JH, Trojian T, Jackson EA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 December; 50(12): 1084. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742615&dopt=Abstract

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Does megestrol acetate down-regulate interleukin-6 in patients with cancerassociated anorexia and weight loss? A North Central Cancer Treatment Group investigation. Author(s): Jatoi A, Yamashita J, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2002 January; 10(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777191&dopt=Abstract

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Does normalization of prolactin levels result in weight loss in patients with prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas? Author(s): Yermus R, Ezzat S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 April; 56(4): 562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966752&dopt=Abstract

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Does weight loss improve incontinence in moderately obese women? Author(s): Subak LL, Johnson C, Whitcomb E, Boban D, Saxton J, Brown JS. Source: International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2002; 13(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999205&dopt=Abstract

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Does weight loss maintenance become easier over time? Author(s): Klem ML, Wing RR, Lang W, McGuire MT, Hill JO. Source: Obesity Research. 2000 September; 8(6): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011910&dopt=Abstract

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Dose reduction of chemotherapeutic agents after weight loss. Author(s): O'Marcaigh AS, Gilchrist GS. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1997 April; 20(2): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9124199&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-response effect of walking exercise on weight loss. How much is enough? Author(s): Bond Brill J, Perry AC, Parker L, Robinson A, Burnett K. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 November; 26(11): 1484-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439651&dopt=Abstract

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Dyspnoea, anorexia and weight loss in a 74 year old man. Author(s): Heaney LG, Gleadhill IC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1997 June; 10(6): 1412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9192952&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expenditure after weight stabilization in hyperinsulinemic subjects. Author(s): Luscombe ND, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Farnsworth E, Wittert G. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 May; 27(5): 582-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704402&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of acarbose on weight maintenance after dietary weight loss in obese subjects. Author(s): Hauner H, Petzinna D, Sommerauer B, Toplak H. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2001 December; 3(6): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903414&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. Author(s): Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Gallagher KI, Napolitano M, Lang W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 September 10; 290(10): 1323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966123&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of meals with milk on body iron stores and improvement of dietary habit during weight loss in female rhythmic gymnasts. Author(s): Kawano Y, Ishizaki S, Sasamoto S, Katoh Y, Kobayashi S. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 October; 48(5): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656214&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of protein intake on bone mineralization during weight loss: a 6-month trial. Author(s): Skov AR, Haulrik N, Toubro S, Molgaard C, Astrup A. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 June; 10(6): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055318&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of surgical weight loss on free radical and antioxidant balance: a preliminary report. Author(s): Kisakol G, Guney E, Bayraktar F, Yilmaz C, Kabalak T, Ozmen D. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 December; 12(6): 795-800; Discussion 800-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568184&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of surgically-induced weight loss on leukocyte indicators of chronic inflammation in morbid obesity. Author(s): Cottam DR, Schaefer PA, Shaftan GW, Velcu L, Angus LD. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 June; 12(3): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082883&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss in congestive heart failure from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy on electrocardiographic QRS voltage. Author(s): Madias JE, Agarwal H, Win M, Medepalli L. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 January 1; 89(1): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779533&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss on bone metabolism: comparison of vertical banded gastroplasty and medical intervention. Author(s): Guney E, Kisakol G, Ozgen G, Yilmaz C, Yilmaz R, Kabalak T. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2003 June; 13(3): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841898&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss on muscle lipid content in morbidly obese subjects. Author(s): Gray RE, Tanner CJ, Pories WJ, MacDonald KG, Houmard JA. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 284(4): E726-32. Epub 2002 December 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488242&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss on postprandial lipemia and low-density lipoprotein receptor binding in overweight men. Author(s): James AP, Watts GF, Barrett PH, Smith D, Pal S, Chan DC, Mamo JC. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 February; 52(2): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601621&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss on QT dispersion in obesity. Author(s): Gupta AK, Xie B, Thakur RK, Maheshwari A, Lokhandwala Y, Carella MJ. Source: Indian Heart J. 2002 July-August; 54(4): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462668&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss on T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell function in elite athletes. Author(s): Imai T, Seki S, Dobashi H, Ohkawa T, Habu Y, Hiraide H. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002 February; 34(2): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828233&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss on VLDL-triglyceride and apoB-100 kinetics in women with abdominal obesity. Author(s): Mittendorfer B, Patterson BW, Klein S. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 284(3): E549-56. Epub 2002 December 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12475754&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and body composition in free-living overweight women. Author(s): Meckling KA, Gauthier M, Grubb R, Sanford J. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2002 November; 80(11): 1095-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489929&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. Author(s): Sondike SB, Copperman N, Jacobson MS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 March; 142(3): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640371&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of energy-restricted diets containing increased protein on weight loss, resting energy expenditure, and the thermic effect of feeding in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Luscombe ND, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Parker B, Wittert G. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 April; 25(4): 652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11919120&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of exercise and weight loss on hypertension. Author(s): Beilin LJ, Burke V, Puddey IB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 August 20; 290(7): 887; Author Reply 887-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928461&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of exercise and weight loss on hypertension. Author(s): Yeo S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 August 20; 290(7): 886; Author Reply 886-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928460&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of exercise and weight loss on hypertension. Author(s): McCarthy WJ, Arpawong TE, Dietsch BJ, Yancey AK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 August 20; 290(7): 885; Author Reply 886-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928458&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of exercise and weight loss on hypertension. Author(s): Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Bacon SL, Hinderliter A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 August 20; 290(7): 885-6; Author Reply 886-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928457&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of identical weight loss on body composition and features of insulin resistance in obese women with high and low liver fat content. Author(s): Tiikkainen M, Bergholm R, Vehkavaara S, Rissanen A, Hakkinen AM, Tamminen M, Teramo K, Yki-Jarvinen H. Source: Diabetes. 2003 March; 52(3): 701-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606511&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Author(s): Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1833-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684363&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of moderate weight loss on anginal symptoms and indices of coagulation and fibrinolysis in overweight patients with angina pectoris. Author(s): Hankey CR, Lean ME, Lowe GD, Rumley A, Woodward M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 56(10): 1039-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373626&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of obesity and weight loss on soluble CD40L levels. Author(s): Desideri G, Ferri C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684355&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of rapid weight loss on mood and performance among amateur boxers. Author(s): Hall CJ, Lane AM. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 December; 35(6): 390-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726472&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of short-term modest weight loss on fasting and post-prandial lipoprotein sub-fractions in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Author(s): Ybarra J, James RW, Makoundou V, Bioletto S, Golay A. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2001 December; 27(6): 701-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852380&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of walking or resistance training on weight loss maintenance in obese, middle-aged men: a randomized trial. Author(s): Borg P, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Fogelholm M, Pasanen M. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 May; 26(5): 676-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032753&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of weight loss on changes in insulin sensitivity and lipid concentrations in premenopausal African American and white women. Author(s): Gower BA, Weinsier RL, Jordan JM, Hunter GR, Desmond R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 76(5): 923-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399261&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of sibutramine for weight loss in obese patients with hypertension well controlled by beta-adrenergic blocking agents: a placebocontrolled, double-blind, randomised trial. Author(s): Sramek JJ, Leibowitz MT, Weinstein SP, Rowe ED, Mendel CM, Levy B, McMahon FG, Mullican WS, Toth PD, Cutler NR. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 January; 16(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840225&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic comparison of weight loss in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Author(s): Kumanyika SK, Espeland MA, Bahnson JL, Bottom JB, Charleston JB, Folmar S, Wilson AC, Whelton PK; TONE Cooperative Research Group. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 February; 10(2): 96-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836455&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly. Author(s): Huffman GB. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 February 15; 65(4): 640-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871682&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise and weight loss in obese postmenopausal women. Author(s): Otters HB, Roelofs PD, Verhagen AP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1778; Author Reply 1778. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684351&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise training, without weight loss, increases insulin sensitivity and postheparin plasma lipase activity in previously sedentary adults. Author(s): Duncan GE, Perri MG, Theriaque DW, Hutson AD, Eckel RH, Stacpoole PW. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 March; 26(3): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610001&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise-induced weight loss preferentially reduces abdominal fat. Author(s): Mayo MJ, Grantham JR, Balasekaran G. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 February; 35(2): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569205&dopt=Abstract

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Ex-smoker with productive cough, weight loss, and draining lesion. Author(s): Irwin RS. Source: Chest. 2002 November; 122(5): 1837-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426289&dopt=Abstract

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Factors associated with low body mass index and weight loss in nursing home residents. Author(s): Blaum CS, Fries BE, Fiatarone MA. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1995 May; 50(3): M162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7743402&dopt=Abstract

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Factors associated with weight loss in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Guyonnet S, Nourhashemi F, Ousset PJ, Micas M, Ghisolfi A, Vellas B, Albarede JL. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 1998; 2(2): 107-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993577&dopt=Abstract

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Factors differentiating women and men who successfully maintain weight loss from women and men who do not. Author(s): Dohm FA, Beattie JA, Aibel C, Striegel-Moore RH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2001 January; 57(1): 105-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211279&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing energy intake and body weight loss after gastric bypass. Author(s): Bobbioni-Harsch E, Huber O, Morel P, Chassot G, Lehmann T, Volery M, Chliamovitch E, Muggler C, Golay A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 June; 56(6): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032656&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing left ventricular systolic function in nonhypertensive morbidly obese patients, and effect of weight loss induced by gastroplasty. Author(s): Alpert MA, Terry BE, Lambert CR, Kelly DL, Panayiotou H, Mukerji V, Massey CV, Cohen MV. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1993 March 15; 71(8): 733-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8447274&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing participation in worksite smoking cessation and weight loss programs: the Healthy Worker Project. Author(s): Lando HA, Jeffery RW, McGovern PG, Forster JL, Baxter JE. Source: Am J Health Promot. 1993 September-October; 8(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10146403&dopt=Abstract

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Factors of weight loss in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea. Author(s): Beaugerie L, Carbonnel F, Carrat F, Rached AA, Maslo C, Gendre JP, Rozenbaum W, Cosnes J. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology : Official Publication of the International Retrovirology Association. 1998 September 1; 19(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732066&dopt=Abstract

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Factors that influence weight loss in the puerperium. Author(s): Schauberger CW, Rooney BL, Brimer LM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 March; 79(3): 424-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1738527&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of preoperative resting energy expenditure in predicting weight loss after gastroplasty. Author(s): Camerini G, Adami GF, Marinari GM, Campostano A, Ravera G, Scopinaro N. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 September; 9(9): 589-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557840&dopt=Abstract

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Familial Cushing's disease with severe weight loss occurring in late childhood. Author(s): Cameron FJ, Warne GL. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 February; 33(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9069050&dopt=Abstract

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Family versus individually oriented intervention for weight loss in Mexican American women. Author(s): Cousins JH, Rubovits DS, Dunn JK, Reeves RS, Ramirez AG, Foreyt JP. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1992 September-October; 107(5): 549-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1410236&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal postmortem weight loss in utero. Author(s): Sebire NJ. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 January; 110(1): 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504950&dopt=Abstract

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Fever, weight loss and night sweat on corticosteroid therapy for COPD. Author(s): Schreiber J, Greinert U, Rusch-Gerdes S, Lotz W, Schlaak M, MullerQuernheim J. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1999 NovemberDecember; 66(6): 559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10575346&dopt=Abstract

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Fever, weight loss, and night sweats: infection or malignancy? Author(s): Winter AJ, Wiselka MJ, Wilde JT, Radcliffe KW. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 December; 74(6): 439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195055&dopt=Abstract

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Fever, weight loss, and pancytopenia in an elderly man. Author(s): Kemp WE, Tisdale J. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1994 March; 87(3): 101-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8035592&dopt=Abstract

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Fevers, weight loss, and bilateral peripheral infiltrates in a young man. Author(s): Lee FE, Caracta CF, Fine A, Berk JL. Source: Chest. 1999 April; 115(4): 1181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208226&dopt=Abstract

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FFAs and QT intervals in obese women with visceral adiposity: effects of sustained weight loss over 1 year. Author(s): Corbi GM, Carbone S, Ziccardi P, Giugliano G, Marfella R, Nappo F, Paolisso G, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 May; 87(5): 2080-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994344&dopt=Abstract

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Financial status does not predict weight loss after bariatric surgery. Author(s): Durkin AJ, Bloomston M, Murr MM, Rosemurgy AS. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 1999 December; 9(6): 524-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638475&dopt=Abstract

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Five year results of a prospective very low calorie diet or conventional weight loss programme in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Paisey RB, Frost J, Harvey P, Paisey A, Bower L, Paisey RM, Taylor P, Belka I. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 April; 15(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972741&dopt=Abstract

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Fluctuating widespread erythematosquamous eruption and weight loss. Author(s): O'Brien TJ, Mason GH. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1994; 35(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7998901&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoride release, weight loss and erosive wear of modern aesthetic restoratives. Author(s): Yip HK, Lam WT, Smales RJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1999 September 11; 187(5): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520545&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine improves insulin sensitivity in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus independently of weight loss. Author(s): Maheux P, Ducros F, Bourque J, Garon J, Chiasson JL. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1997 February; 21(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043962&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine induced weight loss: a pilot study in postpartum women. Author(s): Barak Y, Lampl Y, Achiron A, Sarova-Pinhas I, Elizur A. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 1995; 32(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7622348&dopt=Abstract

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Flushing away the fat. Weight loss during trials of orlistat was significant, but over half was due to diet. Author(s): Garrow J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 September 26; 317(7162): 830-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9748171&dopt=Abstract

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Food provision as a strategy to promote weight loss. Author(s): Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 November; 9 Suppl 4: 271S-275S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707553&dopt=Abstract

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Four worksite weight loss programs with high-stress occupations using a meal replacement product. Author(s): Winick C, Rothacker DQ, Norman RL. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2002 February; 52(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872791&dopt=Abstract

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Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (whistling face syndrome) and cranio-vertebral junction malformation producing dysphagia and weight loss. Author(s): Song HR, Sarwark JF, Sauntry S, Grant J. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1996; 24(5): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933572&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of binge eating disorder in an outpatient weight loss clinic. Author(s): Kalman D, Cascarano H, Krieger DR, Incledon T, Woolsey M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 May; 102(5): 697-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008996&dopt=Abstract

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Gallbladder motility and lithogenesis in obese patients during diet-induced weight loss. Author(s): Zapata R, Severin C, Manriquez M, Valdivieso V. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 February; 45(2): 421-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711462&dopt=Abstract

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Gallstone formation and rapid weight loss: pounds for stones? Author(s): Lipsky H, Barkin JS. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 July; 88(7): 1128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8317422&dopt=Abstract

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Gallstones in obesity and weight loss. Author(s): Erlinger S. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2000 December; 12(12): 1347-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192327&dopt=Abstract

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Gallstones in patients with morbid obesity. Relationship to body weight, weight loss and gallbladder bile cholesterol solubility. Author(s): Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JH, Brewer WH, Moore EW. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1993 March; 17(3): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8385075&dopt=Abstract

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Garcinia cambogia for weight loss. Author(s): Firenzuoli F, Gori L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 July 21; 282(3): 234; Author Reply 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10422988&dopt=Abstract

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Garcinia cambogia for weight loss. Author(s): Schaller JL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 July 21; 282(3): 234; Author Reply 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10422987&dopt=Abstract

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Garcinia cambogia for weight loss. Author(s): Badmaev V, Majeed M, Conte AA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 July 21; 282(3): 233-4; Author Reply 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10422986&dopt=Abstract

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Gastro-oesophageal reflux in obese subjects: influence of overweight, weight loss and chronic gastric balloon distension. Author(s): Mathus-Vliegen EM, Tygat GN. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 November; 37(11): 1246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465720&dopt=Abstract

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Gastroplasty for obesity: long-term weight loss improved by vagotomy. Author(s): Kral JG, Gortz L, Hermansson G, Wallin GS. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1993 January-February; 17(1): 75-8; Discussion 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8447144&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk factors among participants in a weight loss programme. Author(s): Kotchen JM, Cox-Ganser J, Wright CJ, Kotchen TA. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1993 March; 17(3): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8385074&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in the response of plasma leptin concentrations to weight loss in obese older individuals. Author(s): Nicklas BJ, Katzel LI, Ryan AS, Dennis KE, Goldberg AP. Source: Obesity Research. 1997 January; 5(1): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061717&dopt=Abstract

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Gender, age, usual weight, and tobacco use as predictors of weight loss in patients with lung cancer. Author(s): Brown JK. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 1993 April; 20(3): 466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8388561&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic variation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene (Pro12Ala) affects metabolic responses to weight loss and subsequent weight regain. Author(s): Nicklas BJ, van Rossum EF, Berman DM, Ryan AS, Dennis KE, Shuldiner AR. Source: Diabetes. 2001 September; 50(9): 2172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522688&dopt=Abstract

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Ghrelin and gastric bypass: is there a hormonal contribution to surgical weight loss? Author(s): Cummings DE, Shannon MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 July; 88(7): 29993002. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843132&dopt=Abstract

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Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with cardiac syncope and weight loss. Author(s): Odeh M, Oliven A. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1994 November; 120(11): 1283-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7917215&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose utilization in morbidly obese subjects before and after weight loss by gastric bypass operation. Author(s): Burstein R, Epstein Y, Charuzi I, Suessholz A, Karnieli E, Shapiro Y. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1995 August; 19(8): 558-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489026&dopt=Abstract

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Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in human lymphocytes: effects of insulin, obesity and weight loss. Author(s): Tu KY, Ju HS, Pettit F, Shive W, Topek NH, Matthews R, Matthews K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 February 6; 207(1): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7857262&dopt=Abstract

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Glycogen storage: illusions of easy weight loss, excessive weight regain, and distortions in estimates of body composition. Author(s): Kreitzman SN, Coxon AY, Szaz KF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 July; 56(1 Suppl): 292S-293S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1615908&dopt=Abstract

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Gradual and rapid weight loss: effects on nutrition and performance in male athletes. Author(s): Fogelholm GM, Koskinen R, Laakso J, Rankinen T, Ruokonen I. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1993 March; 25(3): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8455453&dopt=Abstract

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Greater than predicted decrease in energy expenditure during exercise after body weight loss in obese men. Author(s): Doucet E, Imbeault P, St-Pierre S, Almeras N, Mauriege P, Despres JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 July; 105(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617720&dopt=Abstract

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Grouping participants for tailored work-site weight loss programs: a signal detection approach. Author(s): Hagihara A, Tarumi K, Nobutomo K. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 April; 41(4): 269-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920970&dopt=Abstract

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Health risks, past usage, and intention to use weight loss products in normal weight women with high and low body dysphoria. Author(s): Whisenhunt BL, Williamson DA, Netemeyer RG, Andrews C. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 2003 June; 8(2): 114-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880188&dopt=Abstract

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Heart rate variability in obesity and the effect of weight loss. Author(s): Karason K, Molgaard H, Wikstrand J, Sjostrom L. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 April 15; 83(8): 1242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215292&dopt=Abstract

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Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: electrocardiographic changes during the early phase of refeeding. Author(s): Swenne I. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 April; 89(4): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830458&dopt=Abstract

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Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and dispersion. Author(s): Swenne I, Larsson PT. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 March; 88(3): 304-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229042&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic insulin clearance increases after weight loss in obese children and adolescents. Author(s): Escobar O, Mizuma H, Sothern MS, Blecker U, Udall JN Jr, Suskind RM, Hilton C, Vargas A. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1999 May; 317(5): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334114&dopt=Abstract

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Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) revealed after weight loss. Author(s): Cruz-Martinez A, Bort S, Arpa J, Palau F. Source: European Neurology. 1997; 37(4): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9208274&dopt=Abstract

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Histoplasma endocarditis on a stenosed aortic valve presenting as dysphagia and weight loss. Author(s): Wilmshurst PT, Venn GE, Eykyn SJ. Source: British Heart Journal. 1993 December; 70(6): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8280527&dopt=Abstract

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History of intentional and unintentional weight loss in a population-based sample of women aged 55 to 69 years. Author(s): French SA, Jeffery RW, Folsom AR, Williamson DF, Byers T. Source: Obesity Research. 1995 March; 3(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719962&dopt=Abstract

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Hormone sensitive lipase expression and adipose tissue metabolism show gender difference in obese subjects after weight loss. Author(s): Kolehmainen M, Vidal H, Ohisalo JJ, Pirinen E, Alhava E, Uusitupa MI. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 January; 26(1): 6-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791141&dopt=Abstract

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How effective are traditional dietary and exercise interventions for weight loss? Author(s): Miller WC. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 August; 31(8): 1129-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10449014&dopt=Abstract

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How much weight loss is sufficient to overcome major co-morbidities? Author(s): Deitel M. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2001 December; 11(6): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775560&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperinsulinemia and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in obesity: effects of weight loss. Author(s): Emdin M, Gastaldelli A, Muscelli E, Macerata A, Natali A, Camastra S, Ferrannini E. Source: Circulation. 2001 January 30; 103(4): 513-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157715&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperinsulinism and weight loss in obese children. Author(s): Kiortsis DN, Tsatsoulis A. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 December; 158(12): 1011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592086&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperphagia and weight loss during fluoxetine treatment. Author(s): Fichtner CG, Braun BG. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 December; 28(12): 1350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7696724&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertension: therapeutic approach to weight loss, exercise, and salt intake. Author(s): Butler RN, August P, Ferdinand KC, Phillips RA, Roccella EJ. Source: Geriatrics. 1999 May; 54(5): 42, 45-6, 49-50 Passim Contd. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10365185&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral weight loss treatments--another metareanalysis. Author(s): Kirsch I. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996 June; 64(3): 517-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698945&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological effects of low-fat diets with and without weight loss. Author(s): Santos MS, Lichtenstein AH, Leka LS, Goldin B, Schaefer EJ, Meydani SN. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 April; 22(2): 174-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672714&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of body weight and weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Hecker KD, Kris-Etherton PM, Zhao G, Coval S, St Jeor S. Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 1999 November; 1(3): 236-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122716&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of significant weight loss on maximal oxygen uptake in obese children and adolescents. Author(s): Sothern MS, Loftin M, Blecker U, Udall JN Jr. Source: Journal of Investigative Medicine : the Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2000 November; 48(6): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11094863&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of smoking status on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Wilson K, Clark H, Hotz S, Dent R. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 March; 55(3): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11160177&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of weight loss on the metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Case CC, Jones PH, Nelson K, O'Brian Smith E, Ballantyne CM. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2002 November; 4(6): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406040&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of learned resourcefulness to weight loss and early success during maintenance: preliminary evidence. Author(s): Kennett DJ, Ackerman M. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 1995 May; 25(2): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7659632&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of weight loss definition in the prognostic evaluation of non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Buccheri G, Ferrigno D. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001 December; 34(3): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714541&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement in co-morbidities following weight loss from gastric bypass surgery. Author(s): Dhabuwala A, Cannan RJ, Stubbs RS. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2000 October; 10(5): 428-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054247&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after significant weight loss: case report. Author(s): Uwaifo GI, Fallon EM, Calis KA, Drinkard B, McDuffie JR, Yanovski JA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 June; 96(6): 626-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938797&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of weight loss and metabolic effects of vertical banded gastroplasty by an added duodenal switch procedure. Author(s): Yashkov YI, Oppel TA, Shishlo LA, Vinnitsky LI. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2001 October; 11(5): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594110&dopt=Abstract

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Improvements in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipoprotein lipids after aerobic exercise plus weight loss in obese, hypertensive middle-aged men. Author(s): Dengel DR, Hagberg JM, Pratley RE, Rogus EM, Goldberg AP. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1998 September; 47(9): 1075-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751236&dopt=Abstract

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Improvements in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function (HOMA) with weight loss in the severely obese. Homeostatic model assessment. Author(s): Dixon JB, Dixon AF, O'Brien PE. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2003 February; 20(2): 127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581264&dopt=Abstract

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Inactivity and weight loss: effective criteria to identify frailty. Author(s): Chin A Paw MJ, de Groot LC, van Gend SV, Schoterman MH, Schouten EG, Schroll M, van Staveren WA. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2003; 7(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679841&dopt=Abstract

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Incorporation of non esterified fatty acids into QUICKI is not relevant in obese subjects during diet inducing weight loss. Author(s): Bastard JP, Jan V, Maachi M, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Laville M, Hainque B. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2002 September; 28(4 Pt 1): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12442072&dopt=Abstract

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Increase in plasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss in humans is related to in vitro subcutaneous adipocyte basal lipolysis. Author(s): Imbeault P, Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Despres JP, Tremblay A, Mauriege P. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 November; 25(11): 1585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753575&dopt=Abstract

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Increase in plasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss is associated with the reduction of fasting insulin levels in men but not in women. Author(s): Imbeault P, Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Despres JP, Mauriege P, Tremblay A. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 April; 51(4): 482-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912558&dopt=Abstract

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Increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid binding protein (FABPC) content is directly related to weight loss and to changes in fat oxidation following a very low calorie diet. Author(s): Blaak EE, Glatz JF, Saris WH. Source: Diabetologia. 2001 November; 44(11): 2013-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719832&dopt=Abstract

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Increased dietary protein modifies glucose and insulin homeostasis in adult women during weight loss. Author(s): Layman DK, Shiue H, Sather C, Erickson DJ, Baum J. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 133(2): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566475&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing dietary supervision can reduce weight loss in oral cancer patients. Author(s): Dawson ER, Morley SE, Robertson AG, Soutar DS. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 41(1-2): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094631&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dexamethasone and weight loss on the regulation of serum leptin levels in obese individuals. Author(s): Lerario DD, Ferreira SR, Miranda WL, Chacra AR. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2001 April; 34(4): 479-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285459&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of distribution of lean body mass on resting metabolic rate after weight loss and weight regain: comparison of responses in white and black women. Author(s): Byrne NM, Weinsier RL, Hunter GR, Desmond R, Patterson MA, Darnell BE, Zuckerman PA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 77(6): 1368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791611&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of weight loss programmes on walking speed and relative oxygen cost (%VO2max) in obese women during walking. Author(s): Larsson UE, Mattsson E. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003 March; 35(2): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691339&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin resistance precedes weight loss in adults without diabetes : the Rancho Bernardo Study. Author(s): Wedick NM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wingard DL, Addy CL, Barrett-Connor E. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 June 15; 153(12): 1199-205. Erratum In: Am J Epidemiol 2002 April 15; 155(8): 781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11415955&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-leptin-visceral fat relation during weight loss. Author(s): Yip I, Go VL, Hershman JM, Wang HJ, Elashoff R, DeShields S, Liu Y, Heber D. Source: Pancreas. 2001 August; 23(2): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484922&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive lifestyle intervention combined with the choice of pharmacotherapy improves weight loss and cardiac risk factors in the obese. Author(s): Frost G, Lyons F, Bovill-Taylor C, Carter L, Stuttard J, Dornhorst A. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 August; 15(4): 287-95; Quiz 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153502&dopt=Abstract

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Intentional weight loss and 13-year diabetes incidence in overweight adults. Author(s): Will JC, Williamson DF, Ford ES, Calle EE, Thun MJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 August; 92(8): 1245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144977&dopt=Abstract

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Intentional weight loss and death in overweight and obese U.S. adults 35 years of age and older. Author(s): Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Thompson TJ, Williamson DF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 4; 138(5): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614090&dopt=Abstract

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Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Author(s): Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M, Flanders D, Pamuk E, Byers T. Source: Diabetes Care. 2000 October; 23(10): 1499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023143&dopt=Abstract

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Interface pressure and shear stress changes with amputee weight loss: case studies from two trans-tibial amputee subjects. Author(s): Sanders JE, Fergason JR, Zachariah SG, Jacobsen AK. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 2002 December; 26(3): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562072&dopt=Abstract

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Interpreting incomplete data in studies of diet and weight loss. Author(s): Ware JH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 May 22; 348(21): 2136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761370&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for weight loss and weight gain prevention among youth: current issues. Author(s): Fulton JE, McGuire MT, Caspersen CJ, Dietz WH. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2001; 31(3): 153-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286354&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions to increase long-term exercise adherence and weight loss. Author(s): Macera CA. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2000 October; 10(4): 306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086763&dopt=Abstract

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Involuntary weight loss and the nonhealing wound. Author(s): DeSanti L. Source: Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 2000 January-February; 13(1 Suppl): 11-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11061713&dopt=Abstract

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Involuntary weight loss in elderly individuals: assessment and treatment. Author(s): Moriguti JC, Moriguti EK, Ferriolli E, de Castilho Cacao J, Iucif N Jr, Marchini JS. Source: Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina. 2001 March; 119(2): 72-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276170&dopt=Abstract

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Involuntary weight loss in older outpatients: incidence and clinical significance. Author(s): Wallace JI, Schwartz RS, LaCroix AZ, Uhlmann RF, Pearlman RA. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1995 April; 43(4): 329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7706619&dopt=Abstract

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Involuntary weight loss without specific symptoms: a clinical prediction score for malignant neoplasm. Author(s): Hernandez JL, Matorras P, Riancho JA, Gonzalez-Macias J. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003 September; 96(9): 649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925720&dopt=Abstract

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Is the relationship between adipose tissue and waist girth altered by weight loss in obese men? Author(s): Pare A, Dumont M, Lemieux I, Brochu M, Almeras N, Lemieux S, Prud'homme D, Despres JP. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 September; 9(9): 526-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557833&dopt=Abstract

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Is weight loss a cure for type 2 diabetes? Author(s): Tayek JA. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 February; 25(2): 397-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815518&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated peroneal nerve palsy complicating weight loss due to anterior pituitary hypofunction. Author(s): Ishii K, Tamaoka A, Matsuno S, Shoji S. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 March; 10(2): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603296&dopt=Abstract

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Japanese family with parkinsonism, depression, weight loss, and central hypoventilation. Author(s): Tsuboi Y, Wszolek ZK, Kusuhara T, Doh-ura K, Yamada T. Source: Neurology. 2002 April 9; 58(7): 1025-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940687&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of correlation between diarrhea and weight loss in HIV-positive outpatients in Houston, Texas. Author(s): Mosavi AJ, Hussain MF, DuPont HL, Mathewson JJ, White AC Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995 July; 21(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7560836&dopt=Abstract

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Latin-American trial of orlistat for weight loss and improvement in glycaemic profile in obese diabetic patients. Author(s): Halpern A, Mancini MC, Suplicy H, Zanella MT, Repetto G, Gross J, Jadzinsky M, Barranco J, Aschner P, Ramirez L, Matos AG. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2003 May; 5(3): 180-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681025&dopt=Abstract

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Lean body mass changes in cancer patients with weight loss. Author(s): Mcmillan DC, Watson WS, Preston T, Mcardle CS. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2000 December; 19(6): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104590&dopt=Abstract

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Leflunomide-associated weight loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Coblyn JS, Shadick N, Helfgott S. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 May; 44(5): 1048-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11352235&dopt=Abstract

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Left ventricular mass and systolic function in human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients after weight loss. Author(s): Umana E, Panayiotou H, Ramsey KA, Bikkina M, Massey CV, Alpert MA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 November 1; 86(9): 1040-3, A11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053726&dopt=Abstract

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Leisure-time activity is an important determinant of long-term weight maintenance after weight loss in the Sibutramine Trial on Obesity Reduction and Maintenance (STORM trial). Author(s): van Baak MA, van Mil E, Astrup AV, Finer N, Van Gaal LF, Hilsted J, Kopelman PG, Rossner S, James WP, Saris WH; STORM Study Group. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885699&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin and its relation to weight loss, ob gene expression and the acute-phase response in surgical patients. Author(s): Moses AG, Dowidar N, Holloway B, Waddell I, Fearon KC, Ross JA. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 April; 88(4): 588-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298630&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin levels are appropriate for body mass index in older men who experience involuntary weight loss. Author(s): Yukawa M, McCormick WC, Rajan S, Matsumoto AM, Wallace JI, Pearlman RA, Weigle DS. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 September; 50(9): 1566-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383156&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin levels are associated with fat oxidation and dietary-induced weight loss in obesity. Author(s): Verdich C, Toubro S, Buemann B, Holst JJ, Bulow J, Simonsen L, Sondergaard SB, Christensen NJ, Astrup A. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 August; 9(8): 452-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500525&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin responses to weight loss in postmenopausal women: relationship to sexhormone binding globulin and visceral obesity. Author(s): van Rossum EF, Nicklas BJ, Dennis KE, Berman DM, Goldberg AP. Source: Obesity Research. 2000 January; 8(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678256&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin, insulin and TNF-alpha in weight loss. Author(s): Xenachis C, Samojlik E, Raghuwanshi MP, Kirschner MA. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 December; 24(11): 865-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817710&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin-induced weight loss is not solely mediated by anorexia. Author(s): Dotsch J, Meissner U, Rascher W. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 January; 148(1): 11-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534351&dopt=Abstract

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Lessons from obesity management programmes: greater initial weight loss improves long-term maintenance. Author(s): Astrup A, Rossner S. Source: Obesity Reviews : an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 May; 1(1): 17-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119640&dopt=Abstract

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Lethal weight loss: the focus shifts to signal transduction. Author(s): Tracey KJ. Source: Science's Stke [electronic Resource] : Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment. 2002 April 30; 2002(130): Pe21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983938&dopt=Abstract

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Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 2. Recommendations on obesity and weight loss. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Author(s): Leiter LA, Abbott D, Campbell NR, Mendelson R, Ogilvie RI, Chockalingam A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9 Suppl): S7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333848&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid profile in the severely obese: changes with weight loss after lap-band surgery. Author(s): Dixon JB, O'Brien PE. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 September; 10(9): 903-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226139&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid profiles of obese children and adolescents before and after significant weight loss: differences according to sex. Author(s): Sothern MS, Despinasse B, Brown R, Suskind RM, Udall JN Jr, Blecker U. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2000 March; 93(3): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728514&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoprotein responses to weight loss and weight maintenance in high-risk obese subjects. Author(s): Ditschuneit HH, Frier HI, Flechtner-Mors M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 March; 56(3): 264-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960302&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term changes in energy expenditure and body composition after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery. Author(s): Das SK, Roberts SB, McCrory MA, Hsu LK, Shikora SA, Kehayias JJ, Dallal GE, Saltzman E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816767&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of weight loss on pharmaceutical costs in obese subjects. A report from the SOS intervention study. Author(s): Agren G, Narbro K, Naslund I, Sjostrom L, Peltonen M. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 February; 26(2): 184-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850749&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up after gastric surgery for morbid obesity: preoperative weight loss improves the long-term control of morbid obesity after vertical banded gastroplasty. Author(s): van de Weijgert EJ, Ruseler CH, Elte JW. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 1999 October; 9(5): 426-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605898&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet: a randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine. Author(s): Apfelbaum M, Vague P, Ziegler O, Hanotin C, Thomas F, Leutenegger E. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 February; 106(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230747&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term maintenance of weight loss: current status. Author(s): Jeffery RW, Drewnowski A, Epstein LH, Stunkard AJ, Wilson GT, Wing RR, Hill DR. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2000 January; 19(1 Suppl): 5-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10709944&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term medication use and weight loss maintenance: an observational study. Author(s): Womble LG, Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Sarwer DB, Rothman RA. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 October; 9(10): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595785&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Author(s): Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 February; 10(2): 78-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836452&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure. Author(s): Sharma AM. Source: Current Hypertension Reports. 2002 February; 4(1): 11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790285&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Author(s): Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, Lee IM, Appel LJ, Smith West D, Milas NC, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Belden L, Bragg C, Millstone M, Raczynski J, Brewer A, Singh B, Cohen J; Trials for the Hypertension Prevention Research Group. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 January 2; 134(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11187414&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term weight loss with sibutramine: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Wirth A, Krause J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 September 19; 286(11): 1331-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11560538&dopt=Abstract

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Loss of total body potassium during rapid weight loss does not depend on the decrease of potassium concentration in muscles. Different methods to evaluate body composition during a low energy diet. Author(s): Krotkiewski M, Landin K, Mellstrom D, Tolli J. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 January; 24(1): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702758&dopt=Abstract

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Low serum leptin level in colon cancer patients without significant weight loss. Author(s): Arpaci F, Yilmaz MI, Ozet A, Ayta H, Ozturk B, Komurcu S, Ozata M. Source: Tumori. 2002 March-April; 88(2): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088256&dopt=Abstract

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Low-back pain in morbidly obese patients and the effect of weight loss following surgery. Author(s): Melissas J, Volakakis E, Hadjipavlou A. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2003 June; 13(3): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841899&dopt=Abstract

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Low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Author(s): Finer N. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 November; 9 Suppl 4: 290S-294S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707556&dopt=Abstract

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Low-carbohydrate diets and realities of weight loss. Author(s): Bray GA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684366&dopt=Abstract

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Lower dosages of phentermine-fenfluramine given in the afternoon: five cases with significant weight loss. Author(s): Katz DA, Maloney MJ, Sutkamp JC, McConville BJ. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999 May; 25(4): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202659&dopt=Abstract

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Maintenance of weight loss after obesity treatment: is continuous support necessary? Author(s): Leibbrand R, Fichter MM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 November; 40(11): 1275-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384323&dopt=Abstract

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Maintenance of weight loss: a needs assessment. Author(s): DePue JD, Clark MM, Ruggiero L, Medeiros ML, Pera V Jr. Source: Obesity Research. 1995 May; 3(3): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7627772&dopt=Abstract

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Malaise, weight loss, and respiratory symptoms. Author(s): Hadi HA, Arnold AG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 January; 78(915): 55, 58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796880&dopt=Abstract

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Man with weight loss, fever, cough, and an abnormal spleen. Author(s): Ayi BS, Smith PW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 September 15; 37(6): 805-6, 831-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12955655&dopt=Abstract

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Management of hyperemesis gravidarum: the importance of weight loss as a criterion for steroid therapy. Author(s): Moran P, Taylor R. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2002 March; 95(3): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865170&dopt=Abstract

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Managing weight loss with nutritional supplements. Author(s): Vazquez E. Source: Posit Aware. 1998 March-April; 9(2): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11365227&dopt=Abstract

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Markers of chronic inflammation and obesity: a prospective study on the reversibility of this association in middle-aged women undergoing weight loss by surgical intervention. Author(s): Laimer M, Ebenbichler CF, Kaser S, Sandhofer A, Weiss H, Nehoda H, Aigner F, Patsch JR. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 May; 26(5): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032750&dopt=Abstract

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Massive weight loss restores 24-hour growth hormone release profiles and serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels in obese subjects. Author(s): Rasmussen MH, Hvidberg A, Juul A, Main KM, Gotfredsen A, Skakkebaek NE, Hilsted J, Skakkebae NE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 April; 80(4): 140715. Erratum In: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995 August; 80(8): 2446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7536210&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of percent body fat during weight loss in obese women. Comparison of four methods. Author(s): Funkhouser AB, Laferrere B, Wang J, Thornton J, Pi-Sunyer FX. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000 May; 904: 539-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10865801&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring the effect of sibutramine for weight loss. Author(s): Ransom T, Ur E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 January 23-30; 287(4): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11798360&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring the prevalence of weight loss. The quality indicator process at Iowa Veterans Home. Author(s): Feilmann A. Source: Health Care Food & Nutrition Focus. 2000 October; 17(2): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143159&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of weight loss after surgery for clinically severe obesity. Author(s): Flancbaum L. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 1999 December; 9(6): 516-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638474&dopt=Abstract

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Medical nutrition therapy for the prevention and treatment of unintentional weight loss in residential healthcare facilities. Author(s): Splett PL, Roth-Yousey LL, Vogelzang JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 352-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616259&dopt=Abstract

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Medication cost savings associated with weight loss for obese non-insulin-dependent diabetic men and women. Author(s): Collins RW, Anderson JW. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1995 July; 24(4): 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7479627&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic and weight loss effects of long-term dietary intervention in obese patients: four-year results. Author(s): Flechtner-Mors M, Ditschuneit HH, Johnson TD, Suchard MA, Adler G. Source: Obesity Research. 2000 August; 8(5): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968732&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic changes following sibutramine-assisted weight loss in obese individuals: role of plasma free fatty acids in the insulin resistance of obesity. Author(s): McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Kim HS, Reaven GM. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 July; 50(7): 819-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436188&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic consequences of weight loss on glucose metabolism and insulin action in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Williams KV, Kelley DE. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2000 June; 2(3): 121-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11220547&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic response to weight loss. Author(s): Weinsier R, Hunter G, Schutz Y. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 March; 73(3): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237948&dopt=Abstract

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Metformin for weight loss in pediatric patients taking psychotropic drugs. Author(s): Morrison JA, Cottingham EM, Barton BA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 159(4): 655-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925306&dopt=Abstract

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Metformin induced anorexia and weight loss. Author(s): Wong LL, Wong TC. Source: Hawaii Med J. 2003 May; 62(5): 104-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806790&dopt=Abstract

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Modifications of alpha-tocopherol and fatty acid concentrations in blood and adipose tissue of obese patients during a weight loss programme. Author(s): Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Lepage S, Therond P, Bastard JP, Hainque B, Turpin G, Legrand A, Delattre J, Bruckert E. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 1999 February; 9(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726106&dopt=Abstract

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Modifications of blood pressure and IGF-I levels after weight loss in obesity. Author(s): Dall'Aglio E, Salimbeni I, Rocci A, Mazzoni S, Corradi F, Cattadori E, Visioli S, Banchini A, Valenti G, Ceda GP. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(10 Suppl): 107-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508940&dopt=Abstract

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Modifications of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors after weight loss induced by laparoscopic gastric banding. Author(s): Bacci V, Basso MS, Greco F, Lamberti R, Elmore U, Restuccia A, Perrotta N, Silecchia G, Bucci A. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 February; 12(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868304&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring and preventing weight loss. Author(s): Saccone B. Source: Provider. 2000 April; 26(4): 49-50, 52-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183397&dopt=Abstract

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Motivations for exercise and weight loss among African-American women: focus group results and their contribution towards program development. Author(s): Young DR, Gittelsohn J, Charleston J, Felix-Aaron K, Appel LJ. Source: Ethnicity & Health. 2001 August-November; 6(3-4): 227-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11696933&dopt=Abstract

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msJAMA: Appearance vs health as motivators for weight loss. Author(s): Cheskin LJ, Donze LF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 November 7; 286(17): 2160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694161&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle fiber type is associated with obesity and weight loss. Author(s): Tanner CJ, Barakat HA, Dohm GL, Pories WJ, MacDonald KG, Cunningham PR, Swanson MS, Houmard JA. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 June; 282(6): E1191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006347&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle UCP-3 mRNA levels are elevated in weight loss associated with gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma in humans. Author(s): Collins P, Bing C, McCulloch P, Williams G. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 February 1; 86(3): 372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875702&dopt=Abstract

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Naltrexone treatment restores menstrual cycles in patients with weight loss-related amenorrhea. Author(s): Genazzani AD, Petraglia F, Gastaldi M, Volpogni C, Gamba O, Genazzani AR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1995 November; 64(5): 951-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7589640&dopt=Abstract

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Nasal continuous positive airway pressure and weight loss improve swallowing reflex in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Okada S, Ouchi Y, Teramoto S. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2000; 67(4): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940807&dopt=Abstract

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Nasal CPAP and weight loss in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Author(s): Rauscher H, Formanek D, Popp W, Zwick H. Source: Thorax. 1993 May; 48(5): 529-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8322241&dopt=Abstract

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Neck circumference a good predictor of raised insulin and free androgen index in obese premenopausal women: changes with weight loss. Author(s): Dixon JB, O'Brien PE. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 December; 57(6): 769-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460327&dopt=Abstract

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Neurocognitive function in HIV-infected patients with low weight and weight loss. Author(s): Dolan S, Montagno A, Wilkie S, Aliabadi N, Sullivan M, Zahka N, Sherman JC, Grinspoon S. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2003 October 1; 34(2): 155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526204&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychological consequences of extreme weight loss and dietary restriction in patients with anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Mathias JL, Kent PS. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998 August; 20(4): 548-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892058&dopt=Abstract

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Night eating syndrome is associated with depression, low self-esteem, reduced daytime hunger, and less weight loss in obese outpatients. Author(s): Gluck ME, Geliebter A, Satov T. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 April; 9(4): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331430&dopt=Abstract

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No effect of the Trp64Arg beta(3)-adrenoceptor gene variant on weight loss, body composition, or energy expenditure in obese, caucasian postmenopausal women. Author(s): Rawson ES, Nolan A, Silver K, Shuldiner AR, Poehlman ET. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 June; 51(6): 801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037740&dopt=Abstract

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Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: association with obesity and insulin resistance, and influence of weight loss. Author(s): Luyckx FH, Lefebvre PJ, Scheen AJ. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2000 April; 26(2): 98-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10804323&dopt=Abstract

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Nonproductive cough, weight loss and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Author(s): Loddenkemper R, Schoenfeld N. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1994 June; 49(3): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8087117&dopt=Abstract

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Normal dexamethasone suppression in obese binge and nonbinge eaters with rapid weight loss. Author(s): Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA, Gwirtsman HE, Bernat A, Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 March; 76(3): 675-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8445025&dopt=Abstract

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Normative beliefs of health behavior professionals regarding the psychosocial and environmental factors that influence health behavior change related to smoking cessation, regular exercise, and weight loss. Author(s): Love MB, Davoli GW, Thurman QC. Source: Am J Health Promot. 1996 May-June; 10(5): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10163307&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and Alzheimer's disease: an European funded program to prevent weight loss in demented aged persons. Author(s): Vellas B, Riviere S. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 1998; 2(2): 96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993574&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional assessment, intervention, and evaluation of weight loss in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Brown JK, Radke KJ. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 1998 April; 25(3): 547-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568609&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency in an adolescent patient presenting with anemia, weight loss, and poor school performance. Author(s): Middleman AB, Emans SJ, Cox J. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1996 July; 19(1): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8842864&dopt=Abstract

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Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life. Author(s): Rejeski WJ, Focht BC, Messier SP, Morgan T, Pahor M, Penninx B. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2002 September; 21(5): 419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211508&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity and disease management: effects of weight loss on comorbid conditions. Author(s): Anderson JW, Konz EC. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 November; 9 Suppl 4: 326S-334S. Review. Erratum In: Obes Res. 2003 January; 11(1): Following Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707561&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity and lower urinary tract function in women: effect of surgically induced weight loss. Author(s): Bump RC, Sugerman HJ, Fantl JA, McClish DK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 August; 167(2): 392-7; Discussion 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1497041&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity and weight loss in obstructive sleep apnea: a critical review. Author(s): Strobel RJ, Rosen RC. Source: Sleep. 1996 February; 19(2): 104-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8855032&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity and weight loss in polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Hoeger K. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 28(1): 85-97, Vi-Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293006&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity and weight loss. Author(s): D'Eramo-Melkus G. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1997 July-August; 1(3): 243-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238947&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity, adiposity, and lengthening of the QT interval: improvement after weight loss. Author(s): Carella MJ, Mantz SL, Rovner DR, Willis PW 3rd, Gossain VV, Bouknight RR, Ferenchick GS. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1996 October; 20(10): 938-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8910099&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity, weight loss, and health. Author(s): Robison JI, Hoerr SL, Strandmark J, Mavis B. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1993 April; 93(4): 445-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8454814&dopt=Abstract

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Oesophageal cancer and cachexia: the effect of short-term treatment with thalidomide on weight loss and lean body mass. Author(s): Khan ZH, Simpson EJ, Cole AT, Holt M, MacDonald I, Pye D, Austin A, Freeman JG. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 March 1; 17(5): 677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641516&dopt=Abstract

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Oligoarthritis in an elderly woman with diarrhoea and weight loss. Author(s): Hepburn AL, Kaye SA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 July; 77(909): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423607&dopt=Abstract

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On a low calorie diet, are there separate and discrete effects of negative energy balance and weight loss on blood pressure? Author(s): Esler M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2003 February; 21(2): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569252&dopt=Abstract

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On call. I m a healthy 44-year-old man. I ve always been heavy, but eight months ago I started a diet and exercise program. I ve lost 26 pounds and I feel great. Now that I'm thinner, I thought it would be a good time to buy more life insurance, but a friend warned me that if I report the weight loss my premiums might go up. Why in the world should getting healthier cost me money? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2001 November; 6(4): 8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724704&dopt=Abstract

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Opioid dysregulation after biliopancreatic diversion: effect of naloxone on preprandial and postprandial growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH release in surgically induced weight loss. Author(s): Mancini A, Bianchi A, Tacchino RM, Perrelli M, Milardi D, Gentilella R, Giampietro A, Fusco A, Valle D, De Marinis L. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 April; 50(4): 382-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288030&dopt=Abstract

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Opposite regulation of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by weight loss. Author(s): Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Kristensen K, Richelsen B. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 June; 10(6): 499-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055326&dopt=Abstract

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Oral ganciclovir systemic exposure is enhanced in HIV-infected patients with diarrhea and weight loss. Author(s): Mouly S, Aymard G, Diquet B, Caulin C, Bergmann JF. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2000 August 1; 24(4): 344-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015151&dopt=Abstract

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Oral health problems and involuntary weight loss in a population of frail elderly. Author(s): Sullivan DH, Martin W, Flaxman N, Hagen JE. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1993 July; 41(7): 725-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8315182&dopt=Abstract

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Oral health problems and significant weight loss among community-dwelling older adults. Author(s): Ritchie CS, Joshipura K, Silliman RA, Miller B, Douglas CW. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000 July; 55(7): M366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898252&dopt=Abstract

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Organ/body weight loss with aging: evidence for co-ordinated involution. Author(s): Spencer RP. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1996 February; 46(2): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8692044&dopt=Abstract

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Orlistat and weight loss. Author(s): McCarthy WJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 March; 71(3): 846-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702185&dopt=Abstract

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Orlistat and weight loss. Author(s): Lekkerkerker JF, Diemont WL, Koopmans PP. Source: Lancet. 1998 October 31; 352(9138): 1473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9808020&dopt=Abstract

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Orlistat and weight loss. Author(s): McCarthy WJ. Source: Lancet. 1998 October 31; 352(9138): 1473; Author Reply 1474. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9808019&dopt=Abstract

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Orlistat maintains biliary lipid composition and hepatobiliary function in obese subjects undergoing moderate weight loss. Author(s): Trouillot TE, Pace DG, McKinley C, Cockey L, Zhi J, Haeussler J, Guerciolini R, Showalter R, Everson GT. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 June; 96(6): 1888-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421247&dopt=Abstract

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Orlistat--a novel weight loss therapy. Author(s): Lucas KH, Kaplan-Machlis B. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 March; 35(3): 314-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261530&dopt=Abstract

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Overweight, weight loss, and risk of coronary heart disease in older women. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Author(s): Harris TB, Ballard-Barbasch R, Madans J, Makuc DM, Feldman JJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 June 15; 137(12): 1318-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8333413&dopt=Abstract

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Paradoxical weight loss with extra energy expenditure at brown adipose tissue in adolescent patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Satomura S, Yokota I, Tatara K, Naito E, Ito M, Kuroda Y. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 October; 50(10): 1181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586490&dopt=Abstract

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Partitioned weight loss and body composition changes during a mountaineering expedition: a field study. Author(s): Tanner DA, Stager JM. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1998 Fall; 9(3): 143-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990186&dopt=Abstract

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Pathologic quiz case: an 85-year-old woman with weight loss and pruritus. Author(s): Parwani AV, Gilkey FW, Ali SZ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 May; 127(5): E263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708931&dopt=Abstract

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Pathology case of the month. Abdominal pain and weight loss in a young adult. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Author(s): Sun W, Veillon DM, Nordberg ML, Nawas S, Cotelingam JD. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2002 November-December; 154(6): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517023&dopt=Abstract

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Pegylated human recombinant leptin (PEG-OB) causes additional weight loss in severely energy-restricted, overweight men. Author(s): Hukshorn CJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 771-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663271&dopt=Abstract

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Percentage of weight loss: a basic indicator of surgical risk in patients with chronic peptic ulcer. 1936. Author(s): Studley HO. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2001 July-August; 16(4): 141-3; Discussion 140-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11680474&dopt=Abstract

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Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase G-148A genetic variant and weight loss in obese women. Author(s): Peters WR, MacMurry JP, Walker J, Giese RJ Jr, Comings DE. Source: Obesity Research. 2003 March; 11(3): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634439&dopt=Abstract

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Phenylpropanolamine appears not to promote weight loss in patients with schizophrenia who have gained weight during clozapine treatment. Author(s): Borovicka MC, Fuller MA, Konicki PE, White JC, Steele VM, Jaskiw GE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 April; 63(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000209&dopt=Abstract

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Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome? Author(s): Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Sherwood NE, Tate DF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 October; 78(4): 684-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522725&dopt=Abstract

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Physical activity in free-living, overweight white and black women: divergent responses by race to diet-induced weight loss. Author(s): Weinsier RL, Hunter GR, Schutz Y, Zuckerman PA, Darnell BE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 76(4): 736-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324285&dopt=Abstract

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Pickwickian syndrome and indications for surgically induced weight loss. Author(s): Sugerman HJ, Felton WL 3rd. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1995 July-August; 40(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8545813&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma acylation-stimulating protein, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin before and after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Author(s): Faraj M, Havel PJ, Phelis S, Blank D, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 88(4): 1594602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679444&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. Author(s): Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, Purnell JQ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 May 23; 346(21): 1623-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023994&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma kinetics of a chylomicron-like emulsion in normolipidemic obese women after a short-period weight loss by energy-restricted diet. Author(s): Oliveira MR, Maranhao RC. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 September; 51(9): 1097-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200752&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma leptin and the cholesterol saturation of bile are correlated in obese women after weight loss. Author(s): Mendez-Sanchez N, Gonzalez V, King-Martinez AC, Sanchez H, Uribe M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163661&dopt=Abstract

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Prader-Willi syndrome: effects of weight loss on sleep-disordered breathing, daytime sleepiness and REM sleep disturbance. Author(s): Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Kales A, Vela-Bueno A. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1995 July; 84(7): 813-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549304&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive value of early weight loss in obesity management with orlistat: an evidence-based assessment of prescribing guidelines. Author(s): Rissanen A, Lean M, Rossner S, Segal KR, Sjostrom L. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 January; 27(1): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532161&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of complication and suboptimal weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a series of 188 patients. Author(s): Perugini RA, Mason R, Czerniach DR, Novitsky YW, Baker S, Litwin DE, Kelly JJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2003 May; 138(5): 541-5; Discussion 545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742960&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of weight loss during radiation therapy. Author(s): Beaver ME, Matheny KE, Roberts DB, Myers JN. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 December; 125(6): 645-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743469&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of weight loss in adults with topiramate-treated epilepsy. Author(s): Ben-Menachem E, Axelsen M, Johanson EH, Stagge A, Smith U. Source: Obesity Research. 2003 April; 11(4): 556-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690085&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and predictors of HIV-associated weight loss in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Batterham MJ, Garsia R, Greenop P. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 November; 13(11): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437893&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of gallstone formation in morbidly obese patients undergoing rapid weight loss: results of a randomized controlled pilot study. Author(s): Wudel LJ Jr, Wright JK, Debelak JP, Allos TM, Shyr Y, Chapman WC. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2002 January; 102(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11792152&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of weight loss in dementia with comprehensive nutritional treatment. Author(s): Keller HH, Gibbs AJ, Boudreau LD, Goy RE, Pattillo MS, Brown HM. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 July; 51(7): 945-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834514&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study. Author(s): Anker SD, Negassa A, Coats AJ, Afzal R, Poole-Wilson PA, Cohn JN, Yusuf S. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 29; 361(9363): 1077-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672310&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic markers for diet-induced weight loss in obese women. Author(s): Astrup A, Buemann B, Gluud C, Bennett P, Tjur T, Christensen N. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1995 April; 19(4): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7627252&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of intentional weight loss and mortality in never-smoking overweight US white women aged 40-64 years. Author(s): Williamson DF, Pamuk E, Thun M, Flanders D, Byers T, Heath C. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 June 15; 141(12): 1128-41. Erratum In: Am J Epidemiol 1995 August 1; 142(3): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7771451&dopt=Abstract

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Protein-energy malnutrition and involuntary weight loss: nutritional and pharmacological strategies to enhance wound healing. Author(s): Collins N. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July; 4(7): 1121-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831338&dopt=Abstract

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Psychobehavioral response and weight loss prediction in a hospital-based weight reduction program. Author(s): Tseng MC, Lee YJ, Chen SY, Lee MB, Lin KH, Chen PR, Lai JS. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 October; 101(10): 705-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517045&dopt=Abstract

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Psychopathological status and interpersonal functioning following weight loss in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Author(s): Guisado JA, Vaz FJ, Alarcon J, Lopez-Ibor JJ Jr, Rubio MA, Gaite L. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 December; 12(6): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568191&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial consequences of weight loss following gastric banding for morbid obesity. Author(s): Kinzl JF, Traweger C, Trefalt E, Biebl W. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2003 February; 13(1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630623&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life after lap-band placement: influence of time, weight loss, and comorbidities. Author(s): Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O'Brien PE. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 November; 9(11): 713-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707538&dopt=Abstract

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Radiation arteritis following treatment for Wilms' tumor: an unusual case of weight loss. Author(s): Ghosh AK, Lundstrom CE, Edwards WD. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2002 February; 7(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083729&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized crossover study of 40% vs. 55% carbohydrate weight loss strategies in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic women of 130200% ideal body weight. Author(s): Peterson CM, Jovanovic-Peterson L. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1995 August; 14(4): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568114&dopt=Abstract

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Rational approach to patients with unintentional weight loss. Author(s): Bouras EP, Lange SM, Scolapio JS. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2001 September; 76(9): 923-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11560304&dopt=Abstract

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Recombinant variant of ciliary neurotrophic factor for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized, dose-ranging study. Author(s): Ettinger MP, Littlejohn TW, Schwartz SL, Weiss SR, McIlwain HH, Heymsfield SB, Bray GA, Roberts WG, Heyman ER, Stambler N, Heshka S, Vicary C, Guler HP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1826-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684362&dopt=Abstract

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Recommendations for reporting weight loss. Author(s): Deitel M, Greenstein RJ. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2003 April; 13(2): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760387&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent diarrhoea and weight loss associated with cessation of smoking in a patient with undiagnosed coeliac disease. Author(s): Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ. Source: Gut. 2001 October; 49(4): 588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559659&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent diarrhoea and weight loss associated with cessation of smoking in undiagnosed coeliac disease. Author(s): Jolobe O. Source: Gut. 2002 April; 50(4): 582; Author Reply 582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889083&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced testosterone levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with weight loss and low weight. Author(s): Huang JS, Wilkie SJ, Dolan S, Gallafent JH, Aliabadi N, Sullivan MP, Grinspoon S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 February 15; 36(4): 499-506. Epub 2003 January 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567309&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction in fat intake is not associated with weight loss in most women after breast cancer diagnosis: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Rock CL, Thomson C, Caan BJ, Flatt SW, Newman V, Ritenbaugh C, Marshall JR, Hollenbach KA, Stefanick ML, Pierce JP. Source: Cancer. 2001 January 1; 91(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148556&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Author(s): Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R, Cioffi M, D'Andrea F, Molinari AM, Giugliano D. Source: Circulation. 2002 February 19; 105(7): 804-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854119&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy after exercise and weight loss in overweight patients with mild hypertension. Author(s): Hinderliter A, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Babyak M, Waugh R, Georgiades A, Blumenthal JA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 June 24; 162(12): 1333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076231&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of visceral adipose tissue during weight loss. Author(s): Doucet E, St-Pierre S, Almeras N, Imbeault P, Mauriege P, Pascot A, Despres JP, Tremblay A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 April; 56(4): 297-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11965505&dopt=Abstract

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Reductions in visceral fat during weight loss and walking are associated with improvements in VO(2 max). Author(s): Lynch NA, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, Dennis KE, Goldberg AP. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2001 January; 90(1): 99104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133898&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of weight loss to changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins in obese women. Author(s): Andersen RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Vogt RA, Weinstock RS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 August; 62(2): 350-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625342&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between changes in serum leptin levels and blood pressure after weight loss. Author(s): Itoh K, Imai K, Masuda T, Abe S, Tanaka M, Koga R, Itoh H, Matsuyama T, Nakamura M. Source: Hypertens Res. 2002 November; 25(6): 881-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484512&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of a large weight loss to long-term weight change among young and middle-aged US women. Author(s): Field AE, Wing RR, Manson JE, Spiegelman DL, Willett WC. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 August; 25(8): 1113-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11477495&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of co-morbidities of obesity to weight loss and four-year weight maintenance/rebound. Author(s): Hensrud DD, Weinsier RL, Darnell BE, Hunter GR. Source: Obesity Research. 1995 September; 3 Suppl 2: 217S-222S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8581780&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of physical activity to eating behaviors and weight loss in women. Author(s): Jakicic JM, Wing RR, Winters-Hart C. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002 October; 34(10): 1653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370568&dopt=Abstract

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Resistin and adiponectin expression in visceral fat of obese rats: effect of weight loss. Author(s): Milan G, Granzotto M, Scarda A, Calcagno A, Pagano C, Federspil G, Vettor R. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 November; 10(11): 1095-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429872&dopt=Abstract

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Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Ryan AS, Pratley RE, Elahi D, Goldberg AP. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1995 September; 79(3): 818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567523&dopt=Abstract

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Responses to hypothetical high risk situations: do they predict weight loss in a behavioral treatment program or the context of dietary lapses? Author(s): Drapkin RG, Wing RR, Shiffman S. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1995 September; 14(5): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7498114&dopt=Abstract

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Restored insulin inhibition on insulin secretion in nondiabetic severely obese patients after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. Author(s): Pereira JA, Claro BM, Pareja JC, Chaim EA, Astiarraga BD, Saad MJ, Muscelli E. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 April; 27(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698955&dopt=Abstract

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Restored insulin sensitivity but persistently increased early insulin secretion after weight loss in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, Wide L, Lithell H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 September; 80(9): 2586-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673399&dopt=Abstract

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Results of the Diet, Exercise, and Weight Loss Intervention Trial (DEW-IT). Author(s): Miller ER 3rd, Erlinger TP, Young DR, Jehn M, Charleston J, Rhodes D, Wasan SK, Appel LJ. Source: Hypertension. 2002 November; 40(5): 612-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411452&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of COPD-associated weight loss using the anabolic agent oxandrolone. Author(s): Yeh SS, DeGuzman B, Kramer T; M012 Study Group. Source: Chest. 2002 August; 122(2): 421-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171812&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factor modification through weight loss enhanced with pharmacotherapy. Author(s): Eisenberg D. Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2002 January; 4(1): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772422&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors associated with peri- and postmenopausal bone loss: does HRT prevent weight loss-related bone loss? Author(s): Sirola J, Kroger H, Honkanen R, Sandini L, Tuppurainen M, Jurvelin JS, Saarikoski S. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 2003 January; 14(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577182&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss. Author(s): Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Heinig MJ, Cohen RJ. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 September; 112(3 Pt 1): 607-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949292&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcopenia, weight loss, and nutritional frailty in the elderly. Author(s): Bales CW, Ritchie CS. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002; 22: 309-23. Epub 2002 January 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055348&dopt=Abstract

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Self-efficacy targeted treatments for weight loss in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Dennis KE, Tomoyasu N, McCrone SH, Goldberg AP, Bunyard L, Qi BB. Source: Sch Inq Nurs Pract. 2001 Fall; 15(3): 259-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871584&dopt=Abstract

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Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Author(s): Heshka S, Greenway F, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, Miller-Kovach K, Xavier Pi-Sunyer F. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 September; 109(4): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10996578&dopt=Abstract

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Serum insulin but not leptin is associated with spontaneous and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion in normal volunteers with and without weight loss. Author(s): Manglik S, Cobanov B, Flores G, Nadjafi R, Tayek JA. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1998 September; 47(9): 1127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751243&dopt=Abstract

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Serum leptin changes during weight loss in obese diabetic subjects with and without microalbuminuria. Author(s): Verrotti A, Basciani F, De Simone M, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Source: Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2001 October; 14(5): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806469&dopt=Abstract

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Serum leptin concentrations and satiety in Parkinson's disease patients with and without weight loss. Author(s): Evidente VG, Caviness JN, Adler CH, Gwinn-Hardy KA, Pratley RE. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2001 September; 16(5): 924-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11746624&dopt=Abstract

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Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in cancer patients are discontinuous and correlate with weight loss. Author(s): Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Bellantone R, Pacelli F, Cascino A, Sgadari A, Battaglia F, Piccioni E, Scambia G, Doglietto GB, Rossi Fanelli F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 December; 30(12): 1107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122326&dopt=Abstract

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Severe weight loss: the predominant clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in India. Author(s): Hira SK, Dupont HL, Lanjewar DN, Dholakia YN. Source: Natl Med J India. 1998 November-December; 11(6): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10083790&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of weight loss with or without low-intensity exercise training on fat metabolism in obese men. Author(s): van Aggel-Leijssen DP, Saris WH, Hul GB, van Baak MA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 March; 73(3): 523-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237927&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term moderate weight loss and resistance training do not affect insulinstimulated glucose disposal in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Joseph LJ, Trappe TA, Farrell PA, Campbell WW, Yarasheski KE, Lambert CP, Evans WJ. Source: Diabetes Care. 2001 November; 24(11): 1863-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679448&dopt=Abstract

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Sibutramine is effective for weight loss and diabetic control in obesity with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Finer N, Bloom SR, Frost GS, Banks LM, Griffiths J. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2000 April; 2(2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11220522&dopt=Abstract

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Sibutramine is safe and effective for weight loss in obese patients whose hypertension is well controlled with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): McMahon FG, Weinstein SP, Rowe E, Ernst KR, Johnson F, Fujioka K; Sibutramine in Hypertensives Clinical Study Group. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 January; 16(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840224&dopt=Abstract

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Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Author(s): Bray GA, Blackburn GL, Ferguson JM, Greenway FL, Jain AK, Mendel CM, Mendels J, Ryan DH, Schwartz SL, Scheinbaum ML, Seaton TB. Source: Obesity Research. 1999 March; 7(2): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102256&dopt=Abstract

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Significant improvement in HbA1c in a morbidly obese type 2 diabetic patient after gastric bypass surgery despite relatively small weight loss. Author(s): Khateeb NI, Roslin MS, Chin D, Khan N, Anhalt H. Source: Diabetes Care. 1999 April; 22(4): 651. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189552&dopt=Abstract

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Similar weight loss with low-energy food combining or balanced diets. Author(s): Golay A, Allaz AF, Ybarra J, Bianchi P, Saraiva S, Mensi N, Gomis R, de Tonnac N. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 April; 24(4): 492-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805507&dopt=Abstract

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Single-stage abdominoplasty and mastopexy after weight loss following gastric banding. Author(s): Rhomberg M, Pulzl P, Piza-Katzer H. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2003 June; 13(3): 418-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841904&dopt=Abstract

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Skeletal muscle apoptosis and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Agusti AG, Sauleda J, Miralles C, Gomez C, Togores B, Sala E, Batle S, Busquets X. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 August 15; 166(4): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186825&dopt=Abstract

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Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in association with insulin resistance, obesity, and weight loss. Author(s): Kelley DE, Goodpaster B, Wing RR, Simoneau JA. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 December; 277(6 Pt 1): E1130-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10600804&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep disturbance and obesity: changes following surgically induced weight loss. Author(s): Dixon JB, Schachter LM, O'Brien PE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 January 8; 161(1): 102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146705&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and weight loss attempts in overweight and normal-weight adolescents. Author(s): Strauss RS, Mir HM. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 September; 25(9): 1381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571603&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium reduction and weight loss for elderly patients with hypertension. Author(s): Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 September 9; 280(10): 885-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739970&dopt=Abstract

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Stages of change and weight loss among rural African American women. Author(s): Hawkins DS, Hornsby PP, Schorling JB. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 January; 9(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346668&dopt=Abstract

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Subcutaneous abdominal, but not femoral fat expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is related to plasma PAI-1 levels and insulin resistance and decreases after weight loss. Author(s): Mavri A, Alessi MC, Bastelica D, Geel-Georgelin O, Fina F, Sentocnik JT, Stegnar M, Juhan-Vague I. Source: Diabetologia. 2001 November; 44(11): 2025-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719834&dopt=Abstract

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Substance use and weight loss tactics among middle school youth. Author(s): Garry JP, Morrissey SL, Whetstone LM. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 January; 33(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474199&dopt=Abstract

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Successful long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss: one program's experience. Author(s): Daly A, Konz EC, Soler N, Anderson JW, Yergler C, Carpenter P. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 December; 100(12): 1456. Erratum In: J Am Diet Assoc 2001 February; 101(2): 180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138435&dopt=Abstract

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Successful losers. The habits of individuals who have maintained long-term weight loss. Author(s): Klem ML. Source: Minn Med. 2000 November; 83(11): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126481&dopt=Abstract

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Successful weight loss maintenance. Author(s): Wing RR, Hill JO. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2001; 21: 323-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11375440&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of insulin secretion is associated with weight loss and altered macronutrient intake and preference in a subset of obese adults. Author(s): Velasquez-Mieyer PA, Cowan PA, Arheart KL, Buffington CK, Spencer KA, Connelly BE, Cowan GW, Lustig RH. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 February; 27(2): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587002&dopt=Abstract

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Sustain weight loss to downregulate inflammation. Author(s): SoRelle R. Source: Circulation. 2002 February 19; 105(7): E9075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854136&dopt=Abstract

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Technical skills for weight loss: preliminary data from a randomized trial. Author(s): Katz DL, Chan W, Gonzalez M, Larson D, Nawaz H, Abdulrahman M, Yeh MC. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 June; 34(6): 608-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052021&dopt=Abstract

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The battle against deceptive weight loss ads. Author(s): Gross WC. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2001 January; 41(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152045&dopt=Abstract

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The Challenge study: theory-based interventions for smoking and weight loss. Author(s): King CM, Rothman AJ, Jeffery RW. Source: Health Education Research. 2002 October; 17(5): 522-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408197&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of body weight and weight loss on thyroid volume and function in obese women. Author(s): Sari R, Balci MK, Altunbas H, Karayalcin U. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 August; 59(2): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12864805&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of high-, moderate-, and low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Author(s): Fleming RM. Source: Preventive Cardiology. 2002 Summer; 5(3): 110-8. Erratum In: Prev Cardiol 2002 Fall; 5(4): 203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091753&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of orlistat-induced weight loss, without concomitant hypocaloric diet, on cardiovascular risk factors and insulin sensitivity in young obese Chinese subjects with or without type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Tong PC, Lee ZS, Sea MM, Chow CC, Ko GT, Chan WB, So WY, Ma RC, Ozaki R, Woo J, Cockram CS, Chan JC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 November 25; 162(21): 2428-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437401&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of participation in a weight loss programme on short-term health resource utilization. Author(s): van Walraven C, Dent R. Source: Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2002 February; 8(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882100&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of pegylated recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB) on weight loss and inflammatory status in obese subjects. Author(s): Hukshorn CJ, van Dielen FM, Buurman WA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Campfield LA, Saris WH. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 April; 26(4): 504-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075577&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of rate and extent of weight loss on urea salvage in obese male subjects. Author(s): Faber P, Johnstone AM, Gibney ER, Elia M, Stubbs RJ, Roger PL, Milne E, Buchan W, Lobley GE. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 90(1): 221-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844395&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of rate of weight loss on erythrocyte glutathione concentration and synthesis in healthy obese men. Author(s): Faber P, Johnstone AM, Gibney ER, Elia M, Stubbs RJ, Duthie GG, Calder AG, Lobley GE. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2002 May; 102(5): 569-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980577&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of weight loss on renal function in patients with severe obesity. Author(s): Chagnac A, Weinstein T, Herman M, Hirsh J, Gafter U, Ori Y. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2003 June; 14(6): 1480-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761248&dopt=Abstract

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The energy cost of walking before and after significant weight loss. Author(s): Foster GD, Wadden TA, Kendrick ZV, Letizia KA, Lander DP, Conill AM. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1995 June; 27(6): 888-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658951&dopt=Abstract

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The enigma of increased non-cancer mortality after weight loss in healthy men who are overweight or obese. Author(s): Nilsson PM, Nilsson JA, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Lindgarde F. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2002 July; 252(1): 70-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074741&dopt=Abstract

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The feasibility of using Internet support for the maintenance of weight loss. Author(s): Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro SJ, Gold EC. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 January; 26(1): 103-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799651&dopt=Abstract

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The key to curbing unintentional weight loss lies in identifying the problem. Author(s): Woods T. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616260&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between weight loss and all-cause mortality in older men and women with and without diabetes mellitus: the Rancho Bernardo study. Author(s): Wedick NM, Barrett-Connor E, Knoke JD, Wingard DL. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 November; 50(11): 1810-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410899&dopt=Abstract

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The relevance of weight loss for survival and quality of life in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer treated with palliative chemotherapy. Author(s): Persson C, Glimelius B. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 November-December; 22(6B): 3661-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552973&dopt=Abstract

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The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostasis. Author(s): Layman DK. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 261S-267S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514305&dopt=Abstract

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The systemic inflammatory response, weight loss, performance status and survival in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Author(s): Scott HR, McMillan DC, Forrest LM, Brown DJ, McArdle CS, Milroy R. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 July 29; 87(3): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177792&dopt=Abstract

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The triad of weight loss, fever and night sweating: isolated bone marrow tuberculosis, a case report. Author(s): Sari R, Bayindir Y, Sevinc A, Bahceci F, Ozen S. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 August; 14(4): 420-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420863&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid function studies in patients with unintentional weight loss. Author(s): Zimmerman D. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2002 February; 77(2): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838658&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid hormones before and after weight loss in obesity. Author(s): Reinehr T, Andler W. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 October; 87(4): 320-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244007&dopt=Abstract

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Topiramate and weight loss in patients with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Author(s): Brown RO, Orr CD, Hanna DL, Williams JE, Dickerson RN. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 July; 22(7): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126216&dopt=Abstract

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Topiramate produced weight loss following olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia. Author(s): Levy E, Margolese HC, Chouinard G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 November; 63(11): 1045. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469686&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment with cabergoline is associated with weight loss in patients with hyperprolactinemia. Author(s): Korner J, Lo J, Freda PU, Wardlaw SL. Source: Obesity Research. 2003 February; 11(2): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582229&dopt=Abstract

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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum levels, weight loss and tissue oxygenation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Pitsiou G, Kyriazis G, Hatzizisi O, Argyropoulou P, Mavrofridis E, Patakas D. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 August; 96(8): 594-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195840&dopt=Abstract

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Uncoupling protein-3 gene expression: reduced skeletal muscle mRNA in obese humans during pronounced weight loss. Author(s): Esterbauer H, Oberkofler H, Dallinger G, Breban D, Hell E, Krempler F, Patsch W. Source: Diabetologia. 1999 March; 42(3): 302-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096782&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding tumor-induced weight loss. Author(s): Guenter P, Ferguson M, Thrush K, Voss AC. Source: Medsurg Nursing : Official Journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses. 2002 October; 11(5): 215-25; Quiz 226-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830744&dopt=Abstract

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Unexplained weight loss and a palpable abdominal mass in a middle aged woman. Abdominal tuberculosis. Author(s): Hawkes ND, Thomas GA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 May; 77(907): 341, 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320284&dopt=Abstract

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Unexplained weight loss and arterial thromboses. Author(s): Matfin G, Patel NV, Adelman HM. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1998 March 15; 33(3): 35-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9522832&dopt=Abstract

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Unintentional weight loss in long-term care: predictor of mortality in the elderly. Author(s): Ryan C, Bryant E, Eleazer P, Rhodes A, Guest K. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 July; 88(7): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7597475&dopt=Abstract

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Unintentional weight loss in the United States. Author(s): Meltzer AA, Everhart JE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 November 15; 142(10): 1039-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485049&dopt=Abstract

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Unintentional weight loss: diagnosis and prognosis. The first prospective follow-up study from a secondary referral centre. Author(s): Lankisch P, Gerzmann M, Gerzmann JF, Lehnick D. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001 January; 249(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168783&dopt=Abstract

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Updated review on the benefits of weight loss. Author(s): Vidal J. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 December; 26 Suppl 4: S25-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457296&dopt=Abstract

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Upright body position and weight loss improve respiratory mechanics and daytime oxygenation in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Author(s): Hakala K, Maasilta P, Sovijarvi AR. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 2000 January; 20(1): 50-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651792&dopt=Abstract

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Ureteropelvic junction obstruction presenting as early satiety and weight loss. Author(s): Tebyani N, Candela J, Patel H, Bellman G. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 1999 July-August; 13(6): 4456. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479012&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary recovery of lactulose compared to D-xylose absorption kinetics in HIV patients with diarrhea and weight loss. Author(s): Carlson SJ, Webster C, Craig RM. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 December; 42(12): 2599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440644&dopt=Abstract

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Use of prescription weight loss pills among U.S. adults in 1996-1998. Author(s): Khan LK, Serdula MK, Bowman BA, Williamson DF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 February 20; 134(4): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182838&dopt=Abstract

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Use of very low-calorie diet in preoperative weight loss: efficacy and safety. Author(s): Pekkarinen T, Mustajoki P. Source: Obesity Research. 1997 November; 5(6): 595-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449145&dopt=Abstract

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Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. Author(s): Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 March 7; 285(9): 1172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231746&dopt=Abstract

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Using the minimum data set to predict weight loss in nursing home residents. Author(s): Corbett CF, Crogan NL, Short RA. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2002 November; 15(4): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444584&dopt=Abstract

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Value conflict: the lived experiences of women in treatment for weight loss. Author(s): Lopez KM. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1997 November-December; 18(6): 603-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416043&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in lipid levels in morbidly obese patients operated with the LAP-BAND adjustable gastric banding system: effects of different levels of weight loss. Author(s): Busetto L, Pisent C, Rinaldi D, Longhin PL, Segato G, De Marchi F, Foletto M, Favretti F, Lise M, Enzi G. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2000 December; 10(6): 569-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11175968&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in the practice of dose reduction of chemotherapeutic agents after weight loss or amputation. Author(s): O'Marcaigh AS, Betcher DL, Gilchrist GS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 1995 May; 17(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7749769&dopt=Abstract

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Variations in plasma soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors after diet-induced weight loss in obesity. Author(s): Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Vidal H, Hainque B. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2000 October; 2(5): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225749&dopt=Abstract

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Vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity: weight loss at short and long-term follow up. Author(s): Ramsey-Stewart G. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1995 January; 65(1): 4-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7818421&dopt=Abstract

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Very low calorie diet-induced weight loss reverses exaggerated insulin secretion in response to glucose, arginine and glucagon in obesity. Author(s): Numata K, Tanaka K, Saito M, Shishido T, Inoue S. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1993 February; 17(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8384164&dopt=Abstract

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Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Author(s): Saris WH. Source: Obesity Research. 2001 November; 9 Suppl 4: 295S-301S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707557&dopt=Abstract

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Virologic, immunologic, and immune activation markers as predictors of HIVassociated weight loss prior to AIDS. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Author(s): Lyles RH, Tang AM, Smit E, Mellors JW, Margolick JB, Visscher BR, Phair JP, Graham NM. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 1999 December 1; 22(4): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634201&dopt=Abstract

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Visceral fat accumulation in obese subjects: relation to energy expenditure and response to weight loss. Author(s): Leenen R, van der Kooy K, Deurenberg P, Seidell JC, Weststrate JA, Schouten FJ, Hautvast JG. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1992 November; 263(5 Pt 1): E913-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1443124&dopt=Abstract

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Visceral fat accumulation in relation to sex hormones in obese men and women undergoing weight loss therapy. Author(s): Leenen R, van der Kooy K, Seidell JC, Deurenberg P, Koppeschaar HP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 June; 78(6): 1515-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8200956&dopt=Abstract

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Visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome: effects of weight loss. Author(s): Busetto L. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 June; 11(3): 195-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590996&dopt=Abstract

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VLCD-induced weight loss improves heart rate variability in moderately obese Japanese. Author(s): Akehi Y, Yoshimatsu H, Kurokawa M, Sakata T, Eto H, Ito S, Ono J. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2001 May; 226(5): 440-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393172&dopt=Abstract

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Voluntary and involuntary weight loss: associations with long term mortality in 9,228 middle-aged and elderly men. Author(s): Yaari S, Goldbourt U. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 September 15; 148(6): 546-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9753009&dopt=Abstract

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Vomiting and weight loss. Author(s): Vazifdar K, Nagral A, Krishnamurthy S, Nagral S. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 April; 73(858): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156133&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss after Swedish Adjustable Gastric Banding: relationships to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Gazzaruso C, Giordanetti S, La Manna A, Celsa M, De Amici E, Turpini C, Catona A, Fratino P. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2002 December; 12(6): 841-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568192&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and body-composition changes in men and women infected with HIV. Author(s): Forrester JE, Spiegelman D, Tchetgen E, Knox TA, Gorbach SL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 76(6): 1428-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450913&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and bone mineral content. Author(s): Westerterp KR. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 June; 10(6): 559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055333&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and disease progression in HIV infection. Author(s): Wheeler DA. Source: Aids Read. 1999 August; 9(5): 347-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737124&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and early and late complications--the international experience. Author(s): O'Brien PE, Dixon JB. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 December; 184(6B): 42S-45S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527350&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and gain in athletes. Author(s): Rankin JW. Source: Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002 August; 1(4): 208-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831697&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and increased mortality: epidemiologists blinded by observations? Author(s): Astrup A. Source: Obesity Reviews : an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 February; 4(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608521&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and plasma ghrelin levels. Author(s): Geliebter A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 24; 347(17): 1379-81; Author Reply 1379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400098&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and plasma ghrelin levels. Author(s): Camilleri M, Cremonini F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 24; 347(17): 1379-81; Author Reply 1379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400097&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and plasma ghrelin levels. Author(s): Rubino F, Gagner M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 24; 347(17): 1379-81; Author Reply 1379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397203&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and survival in HIV-positive patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Tang AM, Forrester J, Spiegelman D, Knox TA, Tchetgen E, Gorbach SL. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2002 October 1; 31(2): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394802&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and wasting in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Grinspoon S, Mulligan K; Department of Health and Human Services Working Group on the Prevention and Treatment of Wasting and Weight Loss. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(Suppl 2): S69-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652374&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and weight maintenance, ambulatory blood pressure and cardiac autonomic tone in obese persons with the metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Laaksonen DE, Laitinen T, Schonberg J, Rissanen A, Niskanen LK. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2003 February; 21(2): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569268&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss causes increased mortality: cons. Author(s): Yang D, Fontaine KR, Wang C, Allison DB. Source: Obesity Reviews : an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 February; 4(1): 9-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608523&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss causes increased mortality: pros. Author(s): Sorensen TI. Source: Obesity Reviews : an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 February; 4(1): 3-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608522&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss counseling revisited. Author(s): Serdula MK, Khan LK, Dietz WH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1747-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684339&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss improves neurovascular and muscle metaboreflex control in obesity. Author(s): Trombetta IC, Batalha LT, Rondon MU, Laterza MC, Kuniyoshi FH, Gowdak MM, Barretto AC, Halpern A, Villares SM, Negrao CE. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2003 September; 285(3): H974-82. Epub 2003 April 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714324&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mechanisms and implications. Author(s): Agust AG, Gari PG, Sauleda J, Busquets X. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002; 15(5): 425-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406664&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss in early stage of Huntington's disease. Author(s): Djousse L, Knowlton B, Cupples LA, Marder K, Shoulson I, Myers RH. Source: Neurology. 2002 November 12; 59(9): 1325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427878&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Chen H, Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 May; 53(5): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731005&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss increases soluble leptin receptor levels and the soluble receptor bound fraction of leptin. Author(s): Laimer M, Ebenbichler CF, Kaser S, Sandhofer A, Weiss H, Nehoda H, Aigner F, Patsch JR. Source: Obesity Research. 2002 July; 10(7): 597-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12105280&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss practices among Malaysian adults. Author(s): Wai-Theng Kong, Siew-Siang Chua, Syireen Alwi. Source: Asia Pac J Public Health. 2002; 14(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862414&dopt=Abstract

•

Weight loss practices of college wrestlers. Author(s): Oppliger RA, Steen SA, Scott JR. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2003 March; 13(1): 29-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660404&dopt=Abstract

•

Weight loss readiness in middle-aged women: psychosocial predictors of success for behavioral weight reduction. Author(s): Teixeira PJ, Going SB, Houtkooper LB, Cussler EC, Martin CJ, Metcalfe LL, Finkenthal NR, Blew RM, Sardinha LB, Lohman TG. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2002 December; 25(6): 499-523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462956&dopt=Abstract

•

Weight loss requires attention. Author(s): Malat B, Pettis DH, Judge-Ellis T. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 September; 10(9): 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400306&dopt=Abstract

•

Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. Author(s): Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, Kolotkin RL, Miller-Kovach K, Pi-Sunyer FX. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1792-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684357&dopt=Abstract

•

Weight loss, fever and a swollen elbow joint in a hemodialysis patient--a case of tuberculous arthritis. Author(s): Singh A, Webb AT. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 May; 59(5): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12779104&dopt=Abstract

•

Weight loss-induced plasticity of glucose transport and phosphorylation in the insulin resistance of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Williams KV, Bertoldo A, Kinahan P, Cobelli C, Kelley DE. Source: Diabetes. 2003 July; 52(7): 1619-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829624&dopt=Abstract

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Why lose weight? Reasons for seeking weight loss by overweight but otherwise healthy men. Author(s): Hankey CR, Leslie WS, Lean ME. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 June; 26(6): 880-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037662&dopt=Abstract

•

Year-long weight loss treatment for obese patients with type II diabetes: does including an intermittent very-low-calorie diet improve outcome? Author(s): Wing RR, Blair E, Marcus M, Epstein LH, Harvey J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 October; 97(4): 354-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942937&dopt=Abstract

•

Young man with progressive weight loss, fevers, and a hilar mass. Author(s): Sadikot RT, Milstone AP, Christman JW. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 November; 78(925): 690-1, 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496331&dopt=Abstract

•

Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Gadde KM, Franciscy DM, Wagner HR 2nd, Krishnan KR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1820-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684361&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WEIGHT LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and weight loss.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Weight Loss The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “weight loss” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on weight loss: •

Bariatric surgery. An option for long-term weight loss. Source: Craig, J Diabetes-Self-Manag. 2002 Sep-October; 19(5): 14, 17-8, 20-1 0741-6253

•

Benefits of sustained moderate weight loss in obesity. Author(s): Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. [email protected] Source: Pasanisi, F Contaldo, F de Simone, G Mancini, M Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2001 December; 11(6): 401-6 0939-4753

•

Effect of weight loss on QT dispersion in obesity. Author(s): Thoracic and Cardiovascular Institute and Sparrow Hospital Weight Management Center, Michigan State University, USA. [email protected] Source: Gupta, A K Xie, B Thakur, R K Maheshwari, A Lokhandwala, Y Carella, M J Indian-Heart-J. 2002 Jul-August; 54(4): 399-403 0019-4832

•

Effect of weight loss plans on body composition and diet duration. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, PO Box 26901-CHB 469, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA. Source: Landers, Patti Wolfe, Megan M Glore, Stephen Guild, Ralph Phillips, Lindsay JOkla-State-Med-Assoc. 2002 May; 95(5): 329-31 0030-1876

•

Effects of weight loss on leptin, sex hormones, and measures of adiposity in obese children. Author(s): Institute for Sport Sciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria. [email protected] Source: Sudi, K M Gallistl, S Borkenstein, M H Payerl, D Aigner, R Moller, R Tafeit, E Endocrine. 2001 April; 14(3): 429-35 0969-711X

•

Ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Source: Evid-Rep-Technol-Assess-(Summ). 2003 March; (76): 1-4 1530-440x

•

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to weight loss in mice following diet restriction, activity or separation stress: effects of tyrosine. Author(s): Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew UniversityHadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Avraham, Y Hao, S Mendelson, S Berry, E M Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 October; 5(5): 327-35 1028-415X

•

Impact of weight loss on the metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Case, C C Jones, P H Nelson, K O'Brian Smith, E Ballantyne, C M Diabetes-ObesMetab. 2002 November; 4(6): 407-14 1462-8902

•

Leptin, insulin and TNF-alpha in weight loss. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, UMDNJ, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA. Source: Xenachis, C Samojlik, E Raghuwanshi, M P Kirschner, M A J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2001 December; 24(11): 865-70 0391-4097

•

Lessons from obesity management programmes: greater initial weight loss improves long-term maintenance. Author(s): Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark. [email protected]

Nutrition 153

Source: Astrup, A Rossner, S Obes-Revolume 2000 May; 1(1): 17-9 1467-7881 •

Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life. Author(s): Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA. [email protected] Source: Rejeski, W J Focht, B C Messier, S P Morgan, T Pahor, M Penninx, B HealthPsychol. 2002 September; 21(5): 419-26 0278-6133

•

Prevalence and predictors of HIV-associated weight loss in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia. [email protected] Source: Batterham, M J Garsia, R Greenop, P Int-J-STD-AIDS. 2002 November; 13(11): 744-7 0956-4624

•

Steps to soulful living (steps): a weight loss program for African-American women. Author(s): Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon 97227-1098, USA. [email protected] Source: Karanja, N Stevens, V J Hollis, J F Kumanyika, S K Ethn-Dis. 2002 Summer; 12(3): 363-71 1049-510X

•

The effect of high-, moderate-, and low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Author(s): Section of Preventive Cardiology, The Camelot Foundation at The Fleming Heart & Health Institute, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68114, USA. [email protected] Source: Fleming, Richard M Prev-Cardiol. 2002 Summer; 5(3): 110-8 1520-037X

•

Weight loss following vertical banded gastroplasty: intermediate results of a prospective study. Author(s): Nutrition Support and Morbid Obesity Clinic, Surgical Department, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece. [email protected] Source: Kalfarentzos, F Kechagias, I Soulikia, K Loukidi, A Mead, N Obes-Surg. 2001 June; 11(3): 265-70 0960-8923

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “weight loss” (or a synonym): •

Bariatric surgery. An option for long-term weight loss. Source: Craig, J Diabetes-Self-Manag. 2002 Sep-October; 19(5): 14, 17-8, 20-1 0741-6253

•

Benefits of sustained moderate weight loss in obesity. Author(s): Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. [email protected] Source: Pasanisi, F Contaldo, F de Simone, G Mancini, M Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2001 December; 11(6): 401-6 0939-4753

•

Effect of weight loss on QT dispersion in obesity. Author(s): Thoracic and Cardiovascular Institute and Sparrow Hospital Weight Management Center, Michigan State University, USA. [email protected] Source: Gupta, A K Xie, B Thakur, R K Maheshwari, A Lokhandwala, Y Carella, M J Indian-Heart-J. 2002 Jul-August; 54(4): 399-403 0019-4832

•

Effects of weight loss on leptin, sex hormones, and measures of adiposity in obese children. Author(s): Institute for Sport Sciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria. [email protected]

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Source: Sudi, K M Gallistl, S Borkenstein, M H Payerl, D Aigner, R Moller, R Tafeit, E Endocrine. 2001 April; 14(3): 429-35 0969-711X •

Ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: clinical efficacy and side effects. Source: Evid-Rep-Technol-Assess-(Summ). 2003 March; (76): 1-4 1530-440x

•

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to weight loss in mice following diet restriction, activity or separation stress: effects of tyrosine. Author(s): Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew UniversityHadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Avraham, Y Hao, S Mendelson, S Berry, E M Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 October; 5(5): 327-35 1028-415X

•

Impact of weight loss on the metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Case, C C Jones, P H Nelson, K O'Brian Smith, E Ballantyne, C M Diabetes-ObesMetab. 2002 November; 4(6): 407-14 1462-8902

•

Leptin, insulin and TNF-alpha in weight loss. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, UMDNJ, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA. Source: Xenachis, C Samojlik, E Raghuwanshi, M P Kirschner, M A J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2001 December; 24(11): 865-70 0391-4097

•

Lessons from obesity management programmes: greater initial weight loss improves long-term maintenance. Author(s): Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Astrup, A Rossner, S Obes-Revolume 2000 May; 1(1): 17-9 1467-7881

•

Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life. Author(s): Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA. [email protected] Source: Rejeski, W J Focht, B C Messier, S P Morgan, T Pahor, M Penninx, B HealthPsychol. 2002 September; 21(5): 419-26 0278-6133

•

Prevalence and predictors of HIV-associated weight loss in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia. [email protected] Source: Batterham, M J Garsia, R Greenop, P Int-J-STD-AIDS. 2002 November; 13(11): 744-7 0956-4624

•

Steps to soulful living (steps): a weight loss program for African-American women. Author(s): Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon 97227-1098, USA. [email protected] Source: Karanja, N Stevens, V J Hollis, J F Kumanyika, S K Ethn-Dis. 2002 Summer; 12(3): 363-71 1049-510X

•

The effect of high-, moderate-, and low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Author(s): Section of Preventive Cardiology, The Camelot Foundation at The Fleming Heart & Health Institute, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68114, USA. [email protected] Source: Fleming, Richard M Prev-Cardiol. 2002 Summer; 5(3): 110-8 1520-037X

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•

Weight loss following vertical banded gastroplasty: intermediate results of a prospective study. Author(s): Nutrition Support and Morbid Obesity Clinic, Surgical Department, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece. [email protected] Source: Kalfarentzos, F Kechagias, I Soulikia, K Loukidi, A Mead, N Obes-Surg. 2001 June; 11(3): 265-70 0960-8923

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to weight loss; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Provitamin a Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin a Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html

•

Minerals Carnitine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10012,00.html Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Creatine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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•

Food and Diet Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blood Type Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diet Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Energy Bars Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gluten-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meal Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Special Diets Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sports Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Dean Ornish Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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The Pritikin Diet Program Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Zone Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WEIGHT LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to weight loss. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “weight loss” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Ephedra and Ephedrine for Weight Loss and Athletic Performance Enhancement: Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects Source: Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration. 2003. 6 p. Contact: Available from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2101 East Jefferson Street, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 594-1364. PRICE: Free. AHRQ Publication No. 03-E022. Summary: This Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, funded by the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, addresses research questions regarding the efficacy of herbal ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance through a comprehensive literature review and synthesis of evidence. The report assesses the safety of these products through a review of clinical trials, as well as meta-analyses where appropriate. In

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addition, the ephedra- and ephedrine-related adverse events reports on file with the Food and Drug Administration, published case reports, and reports to a manufacturer of ephedra-containing products are reviewed. The report is divided into four major sections: reporting the evidence, methodology, findings, and future research.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to weight loss and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “weight loss” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to weight loss: •

A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Allison DB, Gadbury G, Schwartz LG, Murugesan R, Kraker JL, Heshka S, Fontaine KR, Heymsfield SB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 514-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700612&dopt=Abstract

•

A randomized controlled trial of a moderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Author(s): McManus K, Antinoro L, Sacks F. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 October; 25(10): 1503-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673773&dopt=Abstract

•

Alternative treatments for weight loss: a critical review. Author(s): Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Heshka S, Mentore JL, Heymsfield SB. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2001 January; 41(1): 1-28; Discussion 39-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152041&dopt=Abstract

•

An acute clinical trial evaluating the cardiovascular effects of an herbal ephedracaffeine weight loss product in healthy overweight adults. Author(s): Kalman D, Incledon T, Gaunaurd I, Schwartz H, Krieger D. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 October; 26(10): 1363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12355332&dopt=Abstract

•

An herbal supplement containing Ma Huang-Guarana for weight loss: a randomized, double-blind trial. Author(s): Boozer CN, Nasser JA, Heymsfield SB, Wang V, Chen G, Solomon JL.

Alternative Medicine 161

Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 March; 25(3): 316-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319627&dopt=Abstract •

Body image disturbance in obese outpatients before and after weight loss in relation to race, gender, binge eating, and age of onset of obesity. Author(s): Sorbara M, Geliebter A. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 May; 31(4): 416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948646&dopt=Abstract

•

Bone minerals changes in obese women during a moderate weight loss with and without calcium supplementation. Author(s): Jensen LB, Kollerup G, Quaade F, Sorensen OH. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 January; 16(1): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149478&dopt=Abstract

•

Bone turnover and density in obese premenopausal women during moderate weight loss and calcium supplementation. Author(s): Shapses SA, Von Thun NL, Heymsfield SB, Ricci TA, Ospina M, Pierson RN Jr, Stahl T. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 July; 16(7): 1329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450709&dopt=Abstract

•

Chitosan for weight loss and cholesterol management. Author(s): Shields KM, Smock N, McQueen CE, Bryant PJ. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2003 July 1; 60(13): 1310-2, 1315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901030&dopt=Abstract

•

Comment: regulatory environment for dietary supplements and botanicals targeted to weight loss. Author(s): Lewis CJ. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2001 January; 41(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152046&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary fat intake, supplements, and weight loss. Author(s): Dyck DJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee. 2000 December; 25(6): 495-523. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11187927&dopt=Abstract

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•

Does using the Internet facilitate the maintenance of weight loss? Author(s): Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, DiGiulio M, Casey Gold B, Moldovan C, Ramirez E. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 September; 26(9): 1254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187404&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Parker B, Noakes M, Luscombe N, Clifton P. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 March; 25(3): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874925&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of capsaicin on substrate oxidation and weight maintenance after modest bodyweight loss in human subjects. Author(s): Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 651-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129472&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary protein quality and fatty acid composition on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic triglyceride fatty acid synthesis in obese cats undergoing rapid weight loss. Author(s): Ibrahim WH, Szabo J, Sunvold GD, Kelleher JK, Bruckner GG. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2000 May; 61(5): 566-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10803654&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. Author(s): Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, Giugliano D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 9; 289(14): 1799-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684358&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of weight loss plans on body composition and diet duration. Author(s): Landers P, Wolfe MM, Glore S, Guild R, Phillips L. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 May; 95(5): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12043107&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of weight loss on body composition and pulmonary function. Author(s): De Lorenzo A, Petrone-De Luca P, Sasso GF, Carbonelli MG, Rossi P, Brancati A.


Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1999; 66(5): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10516536&dopt=Abstract •

Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, Maglione M, Mojica WA, Suttorp MJ, Rhodes SL, Jungvig L, Gagne J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 March 26; 289(12): 1537-45. Epub 2003 Mar 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672771&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated homocysteine levels with weight loss after Lap-Band surgery: higher folate and vitamin B12 levels required to maintain homocysteine level. Author(s): Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O'Brien PE. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 February; 25(2): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410823&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated homocysteine with weight loss. Author(s): Dixon JB. Source: Obesity Surgery : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery and of the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2001 October; 11(5): 537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594089&dopt=Abstract

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Ephedra and ephedrine: modest short-term weight loss, at a price. Author(s): Worley C, Lindbloom E. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 July; 52(7): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841963&dopt=Abstract

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From Atkins to Zone: the truth about high-fat, high-protein diets for weight loss. Author(s): Vigilante KC, Flynn MM. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2000 November; 83(11): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11107763&dopt=Abstract

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Glutamine-antioxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Shabert JK, Winslow C, Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1999 November-December; 15(11-12): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10575661&dopt=Abstract

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Group exercise reduces depression in obese women without weight loss. Author(s): Hayward LM, Sullivan AC, Libonati JR. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 February; 90(1): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10769900&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic injury in 12 patients taking the herbal weight loss AIDS Chaso or Onshido. Author(s): Adachi M, Saito H, Kobayashi H, Horie Y, Kato S, Yoshioka M, Ishii H. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 September 16; 139(6): 488-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13679326&dopt=Abstract

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Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trial. Author(s): Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, Solomon JL, Blanchard D, Nasser JA, Strauss R, Meredith T. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 May; 26(5): 593-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032741&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of a combination of herbs on appetite suppression and weight loss in rats. Author(s): Talpur NA, Echard BW, Manohar V, Preuss HG. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2001 June; 3(3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11412282&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dietary protein and lipid on weight loss in obese ovariohysterectomized cats. Author(s): Szabo J, Ibrahim WH, Sunvold GD, Dickey KM, Rodgers JB, Toth IE, Boissonneault GA, Bruckner GG. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2000 May; 61(5): 559-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10803653&dopt=Abstract

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Is weight loss in obese premenopausal women associated with a decline in bone mass? Author(s): Barker ME, Blumsohn A. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2002 April; 17(4): 746-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918232&dopt=Abstract

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L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Author(s): Villani RG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PA.


Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2000 June; 10(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861338&dopt=Abstract •

Long-term effects of weight loss and dietary sodium reduction on incidence of hypertension. Author(s): He J, Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Klag MJ. Source: Hypertension. 2000 February; 35(2): 544-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10679495&dopt=Abstract

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Making good decisions about diet: weight loss is not weight maintenance. Author(s): Blackburn GL. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 November; 69(11): 864-5, 869. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430971&dopt=Abstract

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Misconceptions and misleading information prevail--less regulation does not mean less danger to consumers: dangerous herbal weight loss products. Author(s): Sardina J. Source: J Law Health. 1999-00; 14(1): 107-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11187364&dopt=Abstract

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Modified rice bran beneficial for weight loss of mice as a major and acute adverse effect of Cisplatin. Author(s): Endo Y, Kanbayashi H. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2003 June; 92(6): 300-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787263&dopt=Abstract

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Popular weight loss diets. Health and exercise implications. Author(s): Riley RE. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1999 July; 18(3): 691-701, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410849&dopt=Abstract

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Pound for pound? Comparing the costs incurred by subjects following four commercially available weight loss programmes. Author(s): Hart K, Greenwood H, Truby H. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2003 October; 16(5): 365. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516383&dopt=Abstract

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Quick weight loss: sorting fad from fact. Author(s): Roberts DC.

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Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 December 3-17; 175(11-12): 637-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837873&dopt=Abstract •

Ready-to-eat cereal used as a meal replacement promotes weight loss in humans. Author(s): Mattes RD. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 December; 21(6): 570-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480804&dopt=Abstract

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Relative weight, weight loss efforts and nutrient intakes among health-conscious vegetarian, past vegetarian and nonvegetarian women ages 18 to 50. Author(s): Barr SI, Broughton TM. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 November-December; 19(6): 781-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194532&dopt=Abstract

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Role of weight loss and polyunsaturated fatty acids in improving metabolic fitness in moderately obese, moderately hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Kriketos AD, Robertson RM, Sharp TA, Drougas H, Reed GW, Storlien LH, Hill JO. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 October; 19(10): 1745-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593093&dopt=Abstract

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Steps to soulful living (steps): a weight loss program for African-American women. Author(s): Karanja N, Stevens VJ, Hollis JF, Kumanyika SK. Source: Ethn Dis. 2002 Summer; 12(3): 363-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148707&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical and metabolic effects of rapid weight loss in obese pet cats and the influence of supplemental oral L-carnitine. Author(s): Center SA, Harte J, Watrous D, Reynolds A, Watson TD, Markwell PJ, Millington DS, Wood PA, Yeager AE, Erb HN. Source: J Vet Intern Med. 2000 November-December; 14(6): 598-608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110381&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Author(s): Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 July; 27(7): 840-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821971&dopt=Abstract


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The effectiveness of popular, non-prescription weight loss supplements. Author(s): Egger G, Cameron-Smith D, Stanton R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 December 6-20; 171(11-12): 604-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10721343&dopt=Abstract

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The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2003; 33(3): 213-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656641&dopt=Abstract

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The safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical and herbal caffeine and ephedrine use as a weight loss agent. Author(s): Greenway FL. Source: Obesity Reviews : an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 August; 2(3): 199-211. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120105&dopt=Abstract

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Treating unintentional weight loss nutrition options: an important piece of the HIV puzzle. Author(s): DeTommaso D. Source: Posit Aware. 2002 July-August; 13(4): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171038&dopt=Abstract

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Use of nonprescription weight loss products: results from a multistate survey. Author(s): Blanck HM, Khan LK, Serdula MK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 August 22-29; 286(8): 930-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509057&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients. Author(s): Andersen T, Fogh J. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2001 June; 14(3): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424516&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women. Author(s): Conceicao de Oliveira M, Sichieri R, Sanchez Moura A. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620529&dopt=Abstract

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Weight loss in cancer and Alzheimer's disease is mediated by a similar pathway. Author(s): Knittweis J. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 August; 53(2): 172-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10532714&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to weight loss; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cirrhosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diverticular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysphagia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com


Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Deficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Acu-diet Alternative names: Dr. Bahr's acu-diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Belly Bean Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Chinese Diet for Weight Loss Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D.


Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Dragon's Way Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html Meta Fitness Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Numbers Diet Alternative names: Jean Simpson's Numbers Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html Oriental 7-day Quick Weight-off Diet Alternative names: Oriental Diet Oriental diet plan Oriental diet system Oriental Miracle Diet Oriental quick weight loss diet Oriental quick weight loss plan Oriental 7-day diet Oriental 7-day miracle diet Oriental 7-day plan 7 miracle diet 7 Oriental diet 7 Oriental food plan 7 Oriental miracle diet 7 Oriental quick weight loss diet 7 Oriental reducing diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Supershape Psychological Conditioning System Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Weigh Down Workshop Alternative names: Weight Down Workshop approach Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/w.html Weight No More Alternative names: Body Mind and Spirit Diet; Weight No More approach to weight loss; Weight No More program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/w.html

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Zone Diet Alternative names: Zone-favorable diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/z.html •

Herbs and Supplements 5-htp Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-htp (5-hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com 5-hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 7-keto Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amino Acids Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com B-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bee Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Beta-carotene Alternative names: b-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betacarotenum Alternative names: b-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Blue-green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Caffeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Cardec Dm Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chitosan Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10016,00.html Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dha Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dhea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10022,00.html Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra (ma Huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Ephedra Sinensis Alternative names: Ephedra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epinephrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garcinia Cambogia Alternative names: Citrin, Gambooge Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gla (gamma-linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glucomannan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10030,00.html Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guaraná Alternative names: Paullinia cupana Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guggul Alternative names: Commiphora mukul Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gugulipid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10033,00.html Herbal Decongestant Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,949,00.html Horsetail Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10105,00.html Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com


Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ma Huang Alternative names: Ephedra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Medium-chain Triglycerides Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Orlistat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phentermine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenylpropanolamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pregnenolone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Psyllium Alternative names: Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,814,00.html Pyruvate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pyruvate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rosiglitazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (ssris) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Selegiline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sibutramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com St. John's Wort Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,824,00.html Thyroid Hormones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-beta-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON WEIGHT LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to weight loss. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “weight loss” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on weight loss, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Weight Loss ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to weight loss. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Comparative Study of Three Weight Loss Programs: Physical Exercise, Psychoeducation, and Combined Physical Exercise/psychoeducation by Kraslin, Harvey A., Edd from Clark University, 1989, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8920374

•

A Comparison of Different Exercise Prescriptions Combined with a Low-fat Ad Libitum Diet: Effects on Weight Loss, Health-related Variables and Psychological Well-being in Premenopausal Overweight Women by Brill, Janet Bond; Phd from University of Miami, 2001, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008195

•

A Comparison of Holistic and Behavioral Group Approaches in Facilitating Weight Loss, Personality Change and Self-concept Change in Adult Women by Wolf, Patricia Rice, Edd from New Mexico State University, 1982, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8302113

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•

A Comparison of Instructional Methods for Weight Loss and Curriculum Comprehension in Women by Jones, Katherine S., Phd from Arizona State University, 1997, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9721011

•

A Programmatic Evaluation of the Pathways to a Sensible Weight Loss Program by Stratton, Kathryn Elise, Psyd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, G.s.a.p.p., 1988, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8813672

•

A Study of Weight Loss in Nursing Personnel by Gordon, Marva Loretta, Phd from St. John's University (new York), 1983, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8408622

•

A Weight Loss Program for Overweight Adolescent Girls and Its Effects on Selfconcept by Welch, Robert Neil, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1971, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7205499

•

An Outcome Study of Two Short-term Weight Loss Methods: Bibliotherapy and Interpersonal Growth Group Therapy by Rucker, John Paul, Edd from Texas Tech University, 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2697461

•

Continual Monitoring: a Theoretical Model of the Weight Loss Maintenance Process by Hamilton, Doreen Ruth, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1988, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8916688

•

Coping As a Predictor of Weight Loss: the Use of Hypothetical High-risk Situations by Drapkin, Rita Gail, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1990, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9028442

•

Dead-weight Loss from Tax-induced Distortion of Capital Mix by Jeremias, Ronald Alan, Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1980, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8005217

•

Education and Self-efficacy As Predictors of Weight Loss among Older Obese Females (older Women) by Vaiani, Livia Lee, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1991, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9130059

•

Effectiveness of a Self-administered Assertiveness Training Manual As a Component of a Counselor-directed Weight Loss Program (obesity, Bibliotherapy) by Mishou, Lucretia Virginia, Edd from University of Maine, 1985, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8614146

•

Effects of Client Perceived Need and the Balance Sheet Procedure on Commitment to Weight Loss by Billings Tenney, Meribeth, Phd from The University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1987, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8810309

•

Effects of Exercise in Cool Water on Body Weight Loss and Thermoregulation of Women. by Sheldahl, Lois Marie, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1978, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7902647

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Effects of Exercise on Dietary Induced Weight Loss by Cesare, William F., Edd from Boston University, 1985, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8602335

Dissertations 183

•

Effects of Moderate Altitude and Weight Loss on Exercise Performance and Hemoglobin Concentration in Adult Males. by Pavlisko, Jon Joseph, Phd from The University of Utah, 1974, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7421244

•

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss by Dehydration and Starvation on Performance of Heat Acclimatized Subjects under Heat Stress (110 Degrees F.) As Determined by Selected Psychomotor, Strength, Mental, and Physiological Parameters by Williams, William Redden, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1967, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6802252

•

Evaluation of a Problem-solving Approach to Weight Loss. by Black, David Randall, Phd from Stanford University, 1978, 573 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7905820

•

Hardiness and Coping Strategies of Adults in Weight Loss Programs by Hanson, Carolyn Schmidt, Phd from University of Florida, 1995, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9607517

•

Health Related Quality of Life and Health Care Utilization: a Pilot Study with Women in a Behavioural Weight Loss Program by Toews, Helen Patricia; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2003, 404 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76126

•

Hormonal, Metabolic, and Skeletal Muscle Adaptations Following Weight Loss: Effect of Dietary Fat Type by Calsbeek, Dean Joseph; Phd from Colorado State University, 2003, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092659

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Identity Transformation due to Weight Loss by Granberg, Ellen Marie; Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2001, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038808

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Logoanalysis As a Group Treatment for Existential Vacuum and Weight Loss in Obese Women by Horton, Robert Craig, Phd from University of Southern California, 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2688741

•

Marital Influences on the Successful Maintenance of Weight Loss: Family-systems and Cognitive-behavioral Analyses by Tirado, Mildred Catalina, Phd from Columbia University, 1984, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8427486

•

Mexican American College Women's Beliefs, Attitudes and Practices Related to Weight Loss by Gonzalez, Matiana Clarissa; Edd from The University of Texas at Austin, 2000, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3004412

•

Newman's Theory of Health As Expanding Consciousness in Women Maintaining Weight Loss by Berry, Diane Cheryl; Phd from Boston College, 2002, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053652

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Obesity and Weight Loss in Weight Watchers: a Study of Deviance and Resocialization by Wernick, Sarah, Phd from Columbia University, 1973, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7329875

•

Perceived Changes in the Quality of Life after Weight Loss/gastric Restriction Surgery by Andrelis, Jo Ann; Phd from Capella University, 2002, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037361

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Perceptions of Desirable Body Size: Implications for Worksite Health Promotion (weight Loss) by Goldfein, Kristan Dana, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1993, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9400562

•

Physical, Psychological, Behavioral and Family Factors Predicting Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance in Morbidly Obese Children and Adolescents (obesity, Childhood Obesity) by Miller, Lisa Alison, Phd from Depaul University, 1991, 325 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9136823

•

Predicting Adherence to a Weight Loss Regimen Using the Neo Personality Inventory - Revised by Galluccio Richardson, Roberta M.; Phd from Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2003, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082848

•

Predicting Success in a Behavior Modification Weight Loss Program Using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory by Ayoob, Keith-thomas, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1983, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404081

•

Predictors of Attrition in a Predominantly Caucasian Middle-class Clinic-based Weight Loss Program by Rabinowitz, Dena C.; Phd from St. John's University (new York), 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3035742

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Psychological Predictors/moderators of Weight Loss Outcome by Ardito, Diane Anita; Phd from Yeshiva University, 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077174

•

Relationship between Weight Loss and Body Image in Obese Individuals Seeking Weight Loss Treatment by Reas, Deborah Lynn; Phd from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069730

•

Relationship of Self-efficacy, Locus of Control and Weeks in Program to Weight Loss Outcomes by Weyer, Mary Gleason, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1988, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8900484

•

Relationship of Weight Loss to Selected Physiological, Strength, and Motor Performance Measures of College Boxers by Virgets, Thomas Claude, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1985, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8519422

•

Rigid and Flexible Control of Eating: Prospective Relation to Weight Loss and Maintenance by Timko, C. Alix; Phd from Drexel University, 2003, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076565

•

Shedding the Obese Role: a Three-year Study of Twenty Obese Females, Ages 13-53, Who Had Surgery for Weight Loss (gastric Bypass, Intestinal Bypass) by Wrobel, Sylvia Burroughs, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1989, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9014238

•

Successful Intentional Weight Loss among Mexican-american Women Dieters: Educational Implications for Success by Lichten, Joanne V., Phd from Texas A&m University, 1989, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9015533

Dissertations 185

•

Successful Maintenance of Weight Loss in Women (weight Loss Maintenance) by Pilcher, Linda Sue, Phd from Washington University, 1991, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9134397

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The Correlates of Long-term Weight Loss in Females Following a 26-day Weight Education Program by Bratton, Susan Query, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1990, 344 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9101440

•

The Difference in Cognitive and Emotional Coping Skills Used by Successful and Unsuccessful Weight Loss Maintainers by Rudolph, Marie Joanne, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1995, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9539860

•

The Effect of Different Reinforcement Schedules on the Maintenance of Weight Loss with Retarded Overweight Adults Previously Exposed to a Behavioral Weight Reduction Treatment Package. by Rotatori, Anthony Francis, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1977, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7719782

•

The Effect of Frequency of Therapist Contact and Client Locus-of-control on Weight Loss. by Voogt, Robert Dale, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1978, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7813750

•

The Effect of Relaxation and Mental Imagery on Perceived Self-efficacy, Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Eating and Exercise Behavior (eating Behavior, Relaxation Training) by Smith, Ruth Anne Seaman, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1991, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9222764

•

The Effect of Support Groups upon Weight Loss and Self-concepts of Participants in a Multi-dimensional Weight Reduction Program. by Dobbins, Susan Jane, Edd from Indiana University, 1977, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7727024

•

The Effects of a Lottery Reinforcement Strategy on Client Self-monitoring in Two Weight Loss Programs by Noelting, Dale Carlon, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1987, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8809182

•

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Slow-speed Strength Training on Body Composition and Weight Loss in Obese Women by Silver, Francine J.; Phd from Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2002, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3036299

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The Effects of Training in Decision-making on an Individual's Locus-of-control and Ability to Lose Weight (weight Loss) by Ishee, Allyson Scoggin, Phd from Mississippi State University, 1991, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9131217

•

The Impact of Strength Training on the Neuromuscular Function and Physical Performance of Obese Elderly Women after Weight Loss by Kim, Jae Hee; Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 2003, 45 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091265

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The Implementation of an Interpersonal Coping Skills Programme to Facilitate Weight Loss by Vigna, Carlo M; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK53169

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The Influence of a Special Camp Program for Obese Boys on Weight Loss, Selfconcept and Body Image by Rohrbacher, Richard, Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1971, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7126732

•

The Life Change Process: Weight Loss and Other Enterprises of Personal Transformation, with Particular Emphasis on Hypnosis, Behavior Modification, and Scientology. by Straus, Roger Austin, Phd from University of California, Davis, 1977, 323 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7727412

•

The Management of Privacy Boundaries after Weight Loss by Beavers, Lynnda Sue, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1996, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9709178

•

The Physiological Effects of Rapid Weight Loss among Wrestlers by Elfenbaum, Louis, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1966, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6702436

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The Process of Personal Change: a Case Study of Adults Who Have Maintained Weight Loss by Ross, Susan Tucker, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1985, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8518727

•

The Relationship and Predictive Ability of Self-efficacy and Locus of Control among Females in a Weight Loss Health Education Intervention (promotion) by Lindsay, Gordon Bangerter, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1984, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8426434

•

The Relationship of Locus of Control on Weight Loss and Maintenance of Weight Loss by Rothstein, Sandra J., Edd from Florida Atlantic University, 1986, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8612855

•

The Relationship of Sense of Coherence, Depression, Functional Ability, and Comorbidity to Weight Loss in Residents of Long Term Care Facilities by Cole, Catherine Sue; Dnsc from The Catholic University of America, 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047132

•

The Relationship of Social Support Contracting to Worksite Weight Control (weight Loss, Obesity Treatment) by Wynne, Kathleen Louise, Edd from University of South Carolina, 1986, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8704657

•

The Relationship of Success in a Weight Loss - Fitness Program and Locus of Control of Reinforcement by Langley, Thomas Donald, Edd from University of South Carolina, 1983, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8319270

•

The Relationship of Weight Loss in an Obesity Treatment Program to Expectancy of Success and to Selected Attribution Constructs by Niemeier, Dianne Frances, Phd from University of Southern California, 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f91110

•

The Relationship of Weight Loss to Strength Changes in Obese Adult Females by Pargman, David, Phd from New York University, 1966, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6704904

Dissertations 187

•

The Role of Attributional Style in Predicting Success at Continuing and Maintaining Weight Loss by Steinberg, Naomi, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1990, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9104974

•

The Role of Cognitive Thought Processes in the Maintenance of Weight Loss (obesity, Relapse) by Herb, Ellyn D., Phd from The Fielding Institute, 1985, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8602957

•

The Role of Learning and Motivation in Change: a Case Study of Females Who Were Involved in Weight Loss Programs by Rahe, Sandra Jean, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1991, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9133313

•

The Role of Patient Preference for Treatment Type in the Modification of Weight Loss Behavior by Fuller, Thomas Charles, Phd from Michigan State University, 1988, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8900038

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The Use of Computer Technology in Teaching Weight Loss by Sartor, Martha Ray, Phd from The University of Mississippi, 1990, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120292

•

Use of Behavioral Stage-of-change and Preference for Weight Loss Interventions As a System for Client-matching Treatment of Obesity by Ostendorf, Wendy R., Edd from University of Sarasota, 1999, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9929538

•

Weight Loss and Associated Energy Expenditure of American Shad Alosa Sapidissima, Wilson during the Freshwater Spawning Migration by Glebe, Brian Douglas; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35719

•

Weight Loss and Lean Body Weight Maintenance (exercise, Diet, Weight Training) by Ballor, Douglas Leroy, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1986, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8702677

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Weight Loss Effects on Growth, Maturation, Growth-related Hormones, Protein Nutrition Markers, and Body Composition of Adolescent Wrestlers by Roemmich, James Norman, Phd from Kent State University, 1994, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9509438

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Weight Loss Maintenance in a Multicomponent Behavioral Treatment of Obesity by Barger, Sharon Ann, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1987, 383 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8712405

•

What Are the Food Behaviors, Attitudes, and Beliefs in Relation to Body Size and Weight Loss of Postpartum Urban Working Black American Women? by Claywilliams, Gaynelle; Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 2002, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042335

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND WEIGHT LOSS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning weight loss.

Recent Trials on Weight Loss The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to weight loss.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Comparison of Nutritional Supplements in Preventing Weight Loss in Patients With Cancer Condition(s): adult solid tumor; Cachexia; Lymphoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Nutritional supplements may help prevent loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of two nutritional supplements in preventing loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue in patients who have stage III or stage IV solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00053053

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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•

Cyproheptadine and Megestrol in Preventing Weight Loss in Children With Cachexia Caused By Cancer or Cancer Treatment Condition(s): Cachexia; childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma; childhood brain tumor; childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; childhood solid tumor; hematopoietic and lymphoid cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): CCOP - H. Lee Moffitt Research Base; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Cyproheptadine and megestrol may improve appetite and help prevent weight loss in children with cancer. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study the effectiveness of cyproheptadine and megestrol in improving appetite and preventing weight loss in children who have cachexia caused by cancer or cancer treatment. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00066248

•

Effects of Leptin Treatment on Weight Loss Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Rockefeller University Purpose - Excerpt: This is a double blind placebo controlled clinical study designed to determine the effects of leptin on the changes that occur in the body during weight loss achieved by a very low calorie diet. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050791

•

Etanercept in Treating Cancer-Related Weight Loss and Lack of Appetite in Patients With Advanced Cancer Condition(s): unspecified adult solid tumor, protocol specific; Anorexia; Cachexia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Etanercept is a substance that is being studied as a treatment for lack of appetite and weight loss in patients who have cancer. It is not yet known if etanercept is effective in improving cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of etanercept in treating cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite in patients who have advanced cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00046904

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Genetics, Metabolism and Weight Loss in Older, Obese Veterans Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service Purpose - Excerpt: This study is designed to determine whether sequence variation in the lipoprotein lipase (LPQ) gene affects the amount of weight loss and metabolic responses during a hypocaloric diet treatment for overweight and obese (BMI=25-35 kg/m2), older (50-65 yrs), sedentary veterans. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018330

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The Effect of Weight Loss and Exercise on Knee Osteoarthritis Condition(s): Osteoarthritis, Knee Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate whether a program of weight loss and exercise can help individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061490

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A Comparison of Two Caloric Supplements in the Prevention of Weight Loss in Patients with AIDS Who Take Daily Multivitamin and Mineral Supplements Condition(s): HIV Infections; HIV Wasting Syndrome Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare a caloric supplement containing peptides and mediumchain triglycerides, a caloric supplement containing whole protein and long-chain triglycerides, and no caloric supplement for the prevention of weight loss in individuals with AIDS who take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001077

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Comparison of Megestrol and/or Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Enriched Nutritional Supplement in Treating Patients With Cancer-Related Weight Loss and Lack of Appetite Condition(s): Anorexia; Cachexia Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients.

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Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Cancer Institute of Canada; North Central Cancer Treatment Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Megestrol and /or an omega-3 fatty acid -enriched nutritional supplement may improve cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite. It is not yet known whether megestrol alone, an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched nutritional supplement alone, or a combination of both is most effective in treating cancer-related weight loss and loss of appetite. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of megestrol with or without an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched nutritional supplement to that of the omega-3 fatty acid-enriched nutritional supplement alone in treating patients who have cancer-related weight loss and lack of appetite. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031707 •

Dose/Response of Exercise on Long Term Weight Loss Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Obesity Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine the dose-response of exercise on long-term weight loss in overweight adult women. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006315

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Effectiveness of Atkins diet for weight loss Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution has sold over 10 million copies and has been on the New York Times best seller list for 158 weeks. This and other lowcarbohydrate diets, such as the ZONE, Sugar Busters, and the Carbohydrate Addicts Diet, have attracted much popular attention but little scientific evaluation. Given the widespread use of these diets, it seems prudent to evaluate them both for safety and efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of two different weight control programs over the course of 52 weeks. These two programs are 1) the Atkins' New Diet Revolution, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet, and 2) Brownell's LEARN Program, a high carbohydrate, low fat diet based on behavior modification. Specifically, this study will compare short-term changes in weight, food intake, blood chemistries and mood in adult males (n=10) and females (n=10) who are randomized to either the Atkins' Diet or the LEARN Program for a period of one year. During this year, they will be under medical supervision. We will examine the effect of the two weight loss plans on changes in lipids, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and ketones, and eating behavior. This is a feasibility study and thus the data will ultimately be used to design a large randomized trial with adequate statistical power.

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006193 •

Megestrol to Limit Weight Loss and Improve Quality of Life in Treating Patients With Head and Neck Cancer Condition(s): lip and oral cavity cancer; Head and Neck Cancer; Oropharyngeal Cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Megestrol helps improve appetite. It is not yet known if megestrol is effective in limiting weight loss caused by cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of megestrol in limiting weight loss and improving quality of life in patients who have head and neck cancer and are undergoing radiation therapy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006799

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Motivations for weight loss Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This study tests the effects of emphasizing different motivations for wanting to lose weight on weight loss maintenance in women. At the start of the study, participants will be weighed and will complete questionnaires about their health, weight history, eating and exercise habits, body satisfaction and mood. Participants will then be randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Participants in all 4 groups will receive information on topics related to eating and exercise, and will receive calorie and fat intake goals, and exercise goals. The 4 treatments will differ in the emphasis given to various reasons for wanting to lose weight. At 6, 12 and 18 months after enrollment, participants will again have weights measured and fill out questionnaires. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011115

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MRI Derived Organ & Tissue Mass Changes with Weight Loss - Ancillary to Look AHEAD Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus, noninsulin dependent; Heart Diseases; Myocardial Infarction; Diabetes Mellitus Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

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Purpose - Excerpt: To investigate the composition and nature of weight loss and weight maintenance during the Look AHEAD trial. Also, to model changes in resting energy expenditure and changes in cardiac structure and function associated with weight loss. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031200 •

Obesity Treatment in a Managed Care Setting Condition(s): Obesity; Weight Loss Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of two different delivery formats for weight management in a managed care setting. Mailbased weight counseling and phone-based weight counseling will be compared to each other and a control condition. Primary outcomes are participation rates in programs, weight change, and cost. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00062985

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Treating Patients With Advanced Cancer Who Have Significant Weight Loss Condition(s): Leukemia; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Cancer and Leukemia Group B Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Omega-3 fatty acids are used by the body for energy and tissue development and may be an effective treatment for patients with advanced cancer who are unable to maintain their body weight. PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids in treating patients with advanced cancer who have significant weight loss. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003077

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A Phase II, Parallel Group, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thalidomide in Reducing Weight Loss in Adults With HIV Wasting Syndrome Condition(s): HIV Infections; HIV Wasting Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Celgene Corporation

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Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the safety, antiviral and anti-TNF-alpha activity, and preliminary efficacy of thalidomide in reducing weight loss in patients with HIV wasting syndrome. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002127 •

A Study of Megestrol Acetate Alone or in Combination with Testosterone Enanthate Drug in the Treatment of HIV-Associated Weight Loss Condition(s): HIV Infections; HIV Wasting Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To test the hypothesis that the predominant accrual of fat rather than lean body mass (LBM) that occurs during treatment of HIV-associated wasting with megestrol acetate may be improved by treatment with megestrol acetate and testosterone enanthate in combination. Body wasting is an increasingly frequent AIDSdefining condition in individuals infected with HIV. Increasing caloric intake fails to consistently restore lean tissue patients with HIV associated weight loss. Megestrol acetate has been shown to stimulate appetite and weight gain in subjects with cancer and in those with HIV associated weight loss. However, the weight gained during treatment with megestrol acetate was predominantly or exclusively fat. An important factor is the preferential increase in body fat seen in both of these studies may have been due to hypogonadism that occurs as a result of treatment with megestrol acetate, a progestational agent. Hypogonadism is associated with an increase in body fat and a decrease in LBM. Concomitant testosterone replacement should substantially increase the amount of LBM accrued during megestrol acetate therapy. This study will determine whether anabolic potential can be realized when caloric intake is increased in the absence of concomitant hypogonadism. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001079

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A Study to Evaluate High Protein Supplementation in HIV-Positive Patients with Stable Weight Loss Condition(s): HIV Infections; HIV Wasting Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether a high-quality protein food supplement will help HIV-positive patients maintain, and possibly gain, muscle mass. Many HIV-positive patients lose weight that they are then unable to regain. This may be because patients are not eating enough protein or are not eating the right kinds of protein. The protein eaten in foods (such as meat, eggs, or beans) may not be able to make up for the amount of protein lost due to HIV infection. This study gives

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patients high-quality protein food supplements to help them maintain and/or gain weight. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000925 •

A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Nandrolone Decanoate in Women with HIVAssociated Weight Loss Condition(s): HIV Infections; HIV Wasting Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if giving nandrolone decanoate (a hormonal drug) will cause weight gain in HIV-positive women who have HIVassociated weight loss (wasting). Wasting has become an AIDS-defining condition. In the past, most studies that examined wasting treatments were limited to men. However, it appears that wasting in HIV-positive men is linked to levels of testosterone (a hormone which affects men's bodies more than women's). This study has been designed for women only, in order to best treat wasting in HIV-positive women. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000854

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Docetaxel With or Without Infliximab in Treating Weight Loss, Loss of Appetite, and Fatigue in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): Anorexia; Cachexia; Fatigue; Non-small cell lung cancer; Quality of Life Study Status: This study is suspended. Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Infliximab may improve cancer-related weight loss, lack of appetite, and fatigue. It is not yet known whether docetaxel is more effective with or without infliximab in preventing weight loss and fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of docetaxel with or without infliximab in preventing weight loss, loss of appetite, and fatigue in patients who have advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00040885

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Exercise Adherence in a Behavioral Weight Loss Program Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Obesity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To develop intervention strategies that improve long-term exercise adherence in obese adults in in order to improve long-term weight loss. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005743

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NEW DAY: Nutrition, Exercise, Weight loss, Diabetes And You Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Obesity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This clinical trial examines whether the addition of individual sessions of a motivational intervention to a state-of-the art behavioral group weight loss intervention for overweight women with Type 2 diabetes improves the weight losses and glycemic control outcomes. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007800

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Obese Patients with or without Comorbidities Condition(s): Obesity; Weight Loss Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Sanofi-Synthelabo Purpose - Excerpt: To assess the effects of weight loss and weight maintenance over a period of two years when prescribed with a hypocaloric diet in obese patients with or without comorbidities Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029861

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Oxandrolone Compared With Megestrol in Preventing Weight Loss in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Cancer Condition(s): Quality of Life; weight changes; unspecified adult solid tumor, protocol specific Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): CCOP - Wake Forest University Research Base; National Cancer Institute (NCI)

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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Oxandrolone and megestrol may help prevent weight loss and improve quality of life in patients with cancer. It is not yet known whether oxandrolone is more effective than megestrol in preventing weight loss and improving quality of life in patients who are receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of oxandrolone with that of megestrol in preventing weight loss and improving quality of life in patients who are receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00070148 •

Peer-Based Skills Training to Enhance Teen Weight Loss Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Obesity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the efficacy of peer-based skills training to enhance weight control and improve psychosocial functioning in overweight adolescents. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00024830

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Study of Two Complementary and Alternative Medical Treatments for Maintenance of Weight Loss Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The goal of this study is to pilot test in a group of overweight-obese individuals the feasibility and acceptability and indications of efficacy of two CAM treatments, qigong, and acupressure-TAT, for improving long term maintenance of weight loss. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069732

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The use of the Internet to facilitate weight loss and maintenance. Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This project is assessing the effectiveness of using the Internet as a tool to facilitate the maintenance of weight lost in a behavioral weight control program. Participants attend a standard behavioral weight control intervention via Interactive

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Television and after 6 months are randomly assigned to one of three groups; a control group, an in-person weight maintenance group and a maintenance group that meets over the Internet. This research project is being conducted in Vermont. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00008827 •

Weight Loss Maintenance Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus, noninsulin dependent; Hypertension Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the effectiveness of continuous patient contact on weight loss maintenance. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054925

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “weight loss” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON WEIGHT LOSS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “weight loss” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on weight loss, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Weight Loss By performing a patent search focusing on weight loss, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on weight loss: •

Adrenergically-mediated weight loss product Inventor(s): Llewellyn; William Charles (P.O. Box 1162, Sound Beach, NY 11789) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,531,162 Date filed: July 30, 2002 Abstract: This invention discloses a new and unique combination of octopamine, yohimbine, bergenin and decaffeinated green tea extract useful as an oral supplement for increasing weight loss in humans. Excerpt(s): Prior art relating to this invention concerns distinct areas previously not combined to create new and useful formula sets regarding a solid-dosage form of a weight loss product. This invention relates a new and unique combination of octopamine, yohimbine, bergenin and decaffeinated green tea extract useful for increasing weight loss. Octopamine is a naturally-occurring catecholamine structurally related to norephinephrine, and has been proven in in-vitro studies to be a potent selective beta-3 agonist (C R Acad Sci III 1993;316(5):519-23). Beta-3 receptors can be found in both human white and brown adipose tissues, and play an important role in lipolysis and thermogenesis in our bodies. They are vastly more important than previously thought by scientists, who often had difficulty in the past discerning the contribution of each beta-receptor subtype (1,2 and 3) without having agents selective for each to investigate. Various techniques were devised to try, but for a long time reports were not in favor of beta-3 receptors having much of a role in humans. It was not until a study conducted with ephedrine in 1995, however, that surprising new data started to arise in support of a beta-3-mediated pathway to fat loss. Using beta blocking agents investigators were able to demonstrate that beta-3 agonist activity likely accounted for at least 40% of the thermogenesis induced by this popular weight loss drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531162__

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Adult-onset diabetes treatment method Inventor(s): Lazarus; Douglas D. (17 Winter St., Apt. 17, Watertown, MA 02472) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,562,379 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: Methods of inducing weight loss and treating adult-onset diabetes in a mammal in need thereof by administering to the mammal Momordica lectin or pokeweed mitogen chloroform precipitatable fraction. Lectin pharmaceutical compositions are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treating adult onset diabetes by administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a lectin capable of inducing a decline in food intake and inducing hypoglycemia. The present invention also relates to methods of inducing weight loss by administering an effective amount of

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a lectin capable of inducing a decline in food intake and repeating the administering step to maintain the decline in food intake. In particular, the present invention relates to methods of treating adult-onset diabetes and inducing weight loss with the mixture of lectins known as pokeweed mitogen and the bitter pear melon lectin. Adult-onset Type II diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in this country. Because it is exacerbated by obesity, treatment of this disease is often two-pronged, using drugs to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations and diet therapy to promote weight loss. However, current hypoglycemia drugs are not always effective, and adherence to diet therapy is generally poor. Lectins are a general class of proteins that bind to carbohydrates. The binding of these lectins to carbohydrates that are part of cell membrane receptors can result in cell activation. This is particularly well characterized with cells of the immune system. Lectins are widely used to stimulate immune function in in vitro studies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562379__ •

Antistatic resin composition Inventor(s): Watabe; Teruhide (Fukushima-ken, JP), Arai; Shiro (Fukushima-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,528,567 Date filed: May 3, 2001 Abstract: An anionic surfactant having a thermal weight loss initiation temperature of at least 250.degree. C. is incorporated with a thermoplastic resin comprising a graft copolymer formed by graft-polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer onto a rubber trunk polymer obtained by emulsion polymerization using a carboxylic acidtype surfactant. As a result, it is possible to obtain an antistatic resin composition which can be effectively produced on an industrial scale and can provide a shaped product excellent in permanent antistatic property and free from haze or discoloration even when processed under severe processing conditions. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 application of PCT/JP99/06100, filed Nov. 2, 1999. The present invention relates to an improvement in resin composition having permanent antistatic property. As plastics generally have a large electrical resistivity and a strong chargeability, static electricity induced thereon by contact, friction, peeling, etc., is difficult to dissipate and thus attracts dust and dirt, thus resulting in troubles, such as impaired appearance on shaped articles, sheets, films and fibers formed from the plastics. For obviating these drawbacks, the following methods, roughly classified, have been investigated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528567__

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Apparatus and method for determining weight loss of a heated material Inventor(s): Troxler; Robert Ernest (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC) Patent Number: 6,579,500 Date filed: June 25, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for accurately determining weight loss of a sample during heating in a furnace. The method includes

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the steps of placing a sample in a heated furnace, heating the sample while measurements of sample weight are made, determining rate function from the sample weight measurements, producing a weight loss correction factor using the rate function and using the weight loss correction factor to obtain a corrected weight loss for the sample. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with accurately weighing heated materials, and is especially applicable to a pyrolysis furnace and to the measurement of weight loss in such a furnace. Certain industrial processes require accurate measurement of the weight or mass of a material before it is in a state of thermal equilibrium. In some cases, it is necessary to achieve accuracy on the order of tenths of a gram with samples larger than 3 kg. For example, the construction industry requires the measurement of asphalt content for quality control purposes. Asphalt is a mixture of asphalt binder and aggregate and is used heavily in the construction of roads. The mechanical properties of this mixture depend on many parameters, such as the asphalt binder content by weight and the gradation of the aggregate. In order to measure the quality of these materials, the contractor needs a process to separate the binder from the aggregate. In the past, there have been several accepted methods to obtain this information. Two such methods involved chemical solvents and nuclear isotopes. The nuclear asphalt content gauge can be used to accurately measure the binder content of asphalt in just a few minutes. Although this method is fast, the drawback is that gradation analysis cannot be obtained. Chemical solvents can give both asphalt content and gradation analysis. However this method is laborious, time consuming, and the waste solvent poses environmental problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579500__ •

Buffing tools and methods of making Inventor(s): Weber; Robert J. (Hickory, NC) Assignee(s): Jason Incorporated (Conover, NC) Patent Number: 6,595,843 Date filed: October 31, 2000 Abstract: A buff is made from a non-woven fabric where the fibers are first carded and formed into a fairly thick fleece. The fleece is passed over a topographical surface on, for example, a moving belt or a drum. The fleece is subject to a bow-tie hydroentanglement process where many fine jets of water entangle the fibers on the topographical surface. Excess water is vacuumed from the system. The fabric is dried and chemically treated. With the fabric a variety of buffing tools are made, in wheel, belt or roll form. Tests against standard and mill treatment buffs show a remarkably lower fabric weight loss percentage and lower or normal operating temperatures. The fabric has exceptional mechanical strength having a tensile strength in excess of 650 N/50 mm according to DIN 29073/3. Preferably the fabric has a tensile strength of at least 1,000 N/50 mm in the machine direction and in excess of 900 N/50 mm in the cross direction according to such DIN. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally as indicated to a buffing tools and methods of making such tools, and more particulary to buffing tools having improved fabric or cloth greatly enhancing the efficiency, useful life, and productivity of the tool. Buffing tools probably are embodied most commonly in the form of a wheel. The wheel includes one or more discs or plates providing an arbor hole. The cloth or fabric is secured to and

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projects radially from the discs. The projecting edge of the fabric is the working face of the tool. Several layers or plys of fabric may be provided for each wheel and the fabric may be folded, bunched, puckered, or pleated so that the fabric edge zig-zags back and forth at the face, and the working face of the tool may be substantial axially wider than the discs or plates, from which the fabric projects. The wheels may be stacked on arbors with or without spacers to form buffing rolls or units which are mounted to the required axial length. The rolls may be of substantial axial length. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06595843__ •

Cathodic electrocoating compositions polyisocyanate crosslinking agent

containing

hydroxyl-carbonate

blocked

Inventor(s): Gam; Allisa (Troy, MI) Assignee(s): E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,607,646 Date filed: September 12, 2001 Abstract: An improved aqueous cathodic electrocoating composition having a binder of an epoxy-amine adduct and a blocked polyisocyanate crosslinking agent; wherein the improvement is the use of a hydoxyl-carbonate blocked polyisocyanate crosslinking agent. Electrodeposited finishes are formed that have reduced weight loss when heated to cure. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a cathodic electrocoating composition and in particular to a cathodic electrocoating composition containing a blocked polyisocyanate cross-linking agent which significantly reduces bake-off loss occurring from the coating film during cure. The coating of electrically conductive substrates by an electrodeposition process, also called an electrocoating process, is a well known and important industrial process. Electrodeposition of primers to metal automotive substrates is widely used in the automotive industry. In this process, a conductive article, such as an autobody or an auto part, is immersed in a bath of a coating composition of an aqueous emulsion of film forming polymer and the article acts as an electrode in the electrodeposition process. An electric current is passed between the article and a counter-electrode in electrical contact with the coating composition, until a coating of a desired thickness is deposited on the article. In a cathodic electrocoating process, the article to be coated is the cathode and the counter-electrode is the anode. Film forming resin compositions used in the bath of a typical cathodic electrodeposition process also are well known in the art. These resins typically are made from polyepoxide resins which have been chain extended and then an adduct is formed to include amine groups in the resin. Amine groups typically are introduced through a reaction of the resin with an amine compound. These resins are blended with a crosslinking agent usually a blocked polyisocyanate and then neutralized with an acid to form a water emulsion which is usually referred to as a principal emulsion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607646__

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Chemical composition for aiding the absorption, binding and elimination of undigested fat Inventor(s): Naranjo; Eduardo M. (5009 SW. 71st Pl., Miami, FL 33155), Diaz; Jose A. (2950 Jackson Ave., Coconut Grove, FL 33133) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,447,812 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: A composition and method for reducing cholesterol, facilitating weight loss and aiding in the maintenance of a stable weight in humans, wherein the composition includes at least one preferred embodiment comprising a mixture of oat bran generally in an amount of about 83% to 85% by weight, glucosamine HCL generally in an amount about 6% to 8% by weight, glucomannan generally in an amount of 5% to 6% by weight, an amount of apple pectin or other fruit or vegetable pectin generally in an amount of about 2% by weight. Stearic acid may also be included in the composition in an amount of generally about 1% to 2% by weight of the composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a chemical composition and a method for reducing cholesterol as well accomplishing weight loss in humans, whereby a human ingests the chemical composition in recommended dosages prior to eating a meal, and thereby facilitates the binding of undigested fat to a fibrous agent for rapid elimination from the human body. In this day and age, many people's lifestyles have become less physically active. A natural result of a sedentary lifestyle is the tendency to gain weight. Indeed, it is commonly thought that many people are now over-weight with obesity being a growing problem. Due to this trend, countless efforts have been made to help people control their weight. As a few examples, many have proclaimed to have won the "battle of the bulge" with a specific diet program or a particular exercise program. Others have explored hypnosis and other mechanisms for controlling the appetite of an individual. Still others in the scientific arena have formulated sugar substitutes and are pursuing fat substitutes as methods to reduce the caloric intake of an individual hopefully, without sacrificing the taste of otherwise highly fattening foods. While these efforts are generally capable of aiding many in their fight to lose weight or to maintain a desired weight, many are in general, ineffective or simply not practical. For example, some good meaning souls have tried in earnest to follow a particular diet plan but eventually, fall off the plan lacking will-power to continue for weeks and months at a time. This is equally true of those who try hypnosis and similar weight-loss gimmicks. Finally, some view sugar substitutes as being tasteless or worse, as carrying an intolerable health risk, given that some studies have linked them to carcinogens and/or the formation of brain tumors. It has been appreciated in recent years that the fat content of foods eaten are a major culprit behind human weight gain. For example, regardless of the type of fat present in a food product, fat has the highest caloric value per gram-about 9 calories per gram--of any food group. It is understood that the body tends to store fat for future use, rather than to utilize it immediately, and this factor helps lead to weight-gain. However, in recent years it has been recognized, that there is a connection between the amount of fat stored in the body and the level of cholesterol in the body. A diet high in fat is more likely to result in the development of higher cholesterol levels. As cholesterol has been indicated as a factor in arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries, the risk for heart disease and/or a heart attack is elevated when a diet high in fat is followed. Unfortunately, fat also makes many food items more tasty--whether butter on bread, dressings on salads, sour cream on potatoes, or frosting on cake--and are therefore, difficult to eliminate entirely from one's diet. Thus, fat usually finds its

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way into the body. Once it does so, a healthy body automatically secretes lipase, an enzyme that accelerates synthesis of fats, i.e., breaking down the fat molecule. The majority of all fats in foods are present in "triglyceride form", which the body seeks to break down by removing the glycerol molecule from the triglyceride and thereby, release the free fatty acids. Once this occurs, the body is well on its way to absorbing the fat and likely, storing same instead of utilizing it for energy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447812__ •

Composition that regulates and diminishes appetite and methods relating thereto Inventor(s): Mann; Morris A. (21669 N. 57th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,468,988 Date filed: February 29, 2000 Abstract: A balanced composition of complex carbohydrate, protein, simple sugars, and lipids in the weight proportion of 3:2:1:1 substantially reduces appetite, even though the caloric composition is very low (about 240 cal per serving). This composition substantially facilitates weight loss, and increases exercise tolerance. It is designed for oral administration. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to appetite suppression and, more specifically, to a composition of a complex carbohydrate, protein, simple sugar and lipid in a proportion of about 3:2:1:1, which increases satiation, thereby resulting in a reduction of food and caloric intake and leading to a decrease in weight. Obesity caused by excessively high caloric intake and accumulation of surplus fat often leads to various types of degenerative diseases. Dieting, bariatrics, and cytotherapy are of major concern to patients who suffer from obesity-caused diseases, as well as to healthy people who, for cosmetic reasons, wish to control their caloric intake and thereby modify their appearance. Dieting often requires that significant limitations be placed on caloric intake, and the amount of fat and carbohydrates consumed are invariably diminished in a successful dietary plan. However, most diets invariably fail because of a lack of satiation on the part of the dieting individual who is accustomed to a higher caloric intake. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a low calorie composition capable of inducing satiation for a substantial period of time. This invention fulfills these needs and provides other related advantages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06468988__

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Compositions containing compounds with adrenergic activity and vegetable extracts of Crataegus and gingko biloba for the treatment of overweight and obesity Inventor(s): Stankov; Bojidar M. (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Ambros Pharma S.R.L. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 6,447,818 Date filed: October 10, 2000 Abstract: Compositions containing compounds with adrenergic activity and an extract of Crataegus standardized in flavonoids, combined with an extract of Gingko biloba standardized in flavonglucosides in appropriate weight ratios are suitable for

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pharmaceutical administration or as food supplements for the treatment of weight loss and obesity in humans. The formulations are appropriate for the administration of the active ingredients in a form that increases patient compliance and the efficacy of the therapeutic or dietary intervention, but reduces the untoward effects of the compounds with adrenergic activity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions for the treatment of overweight and obesity. The management of body weight is a complex phenomenon that generally varies according to nutritive equilibrium. The amount of energy introduced with the intake of food and that used by the organism for the maintenance of vital functions (metabolism, respiration, thermoregulation, movement etc.) determines the energetic balance, which, if positive for long-term periods, inevitably leads to increased body weight and obesity. a) The loss of weight, obtained by a low-calorie diet, gives rise, as a defense mechanism, to an exacerbated attraction for food, especially carbohydrates which are transformed into fat by the organism. Subsequently, the temporary weight loss is replaced by a fast and often uncontrolled weight increase. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447818__ •

Comprehensive pharmacologic therapy for treatment of obesity Inventor(s): Hinz; Martin C. (1150 - 88th Ave. W., Duluth, MN 55808) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,548,551 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: The comprehensive pharmacologic therapy for treatment of obesity is a procedure which involves the administration of a desired therapeutic range of Diethylpropion and/or Phentermine in combination with a SSRI medication and nutritional supplementation for brief and long durations which may be 12 months or more. The preferred procedure involves the administration of drugs in combination which are identified as: Citalopram (Celexa) and Phentermine; Citalopram (Celexa) and Diethylpropion; Citalopram (Celexa), Phentermine, and Diethylpropion. In addition nutritional supplementation such as a multivitamin, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, vitamin B6, vitamin C, Tyrosine, Calcium, and Lysine may be used to enhance the performance of the weight loss treatment program. Excerpt(s): The medications stop working during therapy where at least 40% to 50% of patients quit losing weight (plateau) on an average of 3.3 months into therapy; and 5% to 8% of patients who receive drug therapy for weight problems experience the complication where the medications fail to assist in appetite suppression where the patient therefore does not lose significant weight. In the past long term treatment, defined as treatment longer than 3 months to many years, with drugs has been a problem due to long term safety issues including, medication intolerability by the patient, medication side effects and most important ineffectiveness of the drugs or the cessation of benefit of the drugs which in turn causes the patient to fall out of appetite suppression and terminate weight loss. A weight loss procedure using SSRI medication is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,895. The potential for patients to obtain goal weight loss under the process of U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,895 is low, and the failure of the drugs to provide a desired level of performance is at the heart of the problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548551__

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Drinking water additive for birds and method of administering the same Inventor(s): Horikawa; Hiroshi (117-924, Awacho, Kuroiso-shi, Tochigi 325-0073, JP), Miyazaki; Hiroshi (2-22-11, Kamishakujii, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177-0044, JP), Marubashi; Toshihiro (1928-9, Hashiecho, Isezaki-shi, Gunma 372-0001, JP), Iwasaki; Kazuya (Kopo S1 211, 77-192, Suehirocho, Kuroiso-shi, Tochigi 325-0061, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,422,174 Date filed: April 10, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a poultry drinking water additive containing live bacteria of the genus Bacillus and monosaccharides, which can alleviate body weight loss of poultry for meat production after feed withdrawal before slaughter, and which can reduce harmful bacteria such as of the genus Salmonella in the intestine of poultry for meat production and layers during the period of fasting by feed withdrawal. Also disclosed are a method for orally administering the poultry drinking water additive to poultry, a method for alleviating body weight loss of poultry for meat production using this method, and a method for reducing harmful bacteria in the intestine of poultry for meat production or layers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a poultry drinking water additive which is effective in alleviating body weight loss of poultry, in particular poultry for meat production, after feed withdrawal before slaughter of the poultry, and which is effective in reducing harmful bacteria, such as of the genus Salmonella, in the intestine of poultry. The present invention also relates to a method for administering such an additive to poultry, a method for alleviating body weight loss of poultry for meat production, as well as a method for reducing harmful bacteria in the intestine of poultry for meat production or layers. It is known that live bacteria of the genus Bacillus have effects of improving physical condition of poultry (JP-B-61-59092) and suppressing pathogenic bacteria (JP-A-9-163937). In particular, it is already known that Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (FERM BP-1096) is useful for promoting weight gain of poultry (JP-B-3-79988) and for reducing bacteria of the genus Salmonella in the intestine of poultry (Japanese Patent No. 2528055). However, it is merely known that live bacteria of the genus Bacillus exhibit such effect when the bacteria are mixed in with powdered feed. It is not known to add the live bacteria to drinking water, much less to administer the live bacteria to poultry for meat production after feed withdrawal before slaughter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06422174__

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Electrical system for weight loss and laparoscopic implanation thereof Inventor(s): Zikria; Bashir A. (Norwood, NJ) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,564,101 Date filed: August 2, 2000 Abstract: An electrical device utilized to control the body weight of a medically overweight human being comprises of at least two electrical leads for implanting on the fundus of the stomach. An electrical generator/controller (pacemaker) generates and

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regulates the frequency and degree of electrical stimulation. The device can be used surgically, laproscopically, and/or endoscopically. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of weight loss devices and more particular to the field of electrical devices employed in the treatment of seriously overweight human beings. The treatment of obesity has taken many different forms. Among these is the use of prescription or non-prescription drugs or other ingestible preparations designed to suppress the appetite or to induce satiety. Another type of treatment comprises dietary menus selected to reduce caloric intake, often in combination with a regimen of exercise. In advance or extreme cases, the treatment of obesity has included more radical techniques such as stapling or re-sectioning of the stomach or wiring the jaws shut. In general, these and other prior techniques for treating obesity have intended to produce only a temporary effect. After the initial weight loss and typical plateauing of further loss, the individual usually becomes discouraged and reverts to previous behavior. The more radical techniques employed for treating extreme cases are sufficiently drastic to warrant consideration of methods which are less intrusive and more easily tolerated by the patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06564101__ •

Formulations and use of controlled-release indole alkaloids Inventor(s): Jacobs; Irwin C. (Eureka, MO), Zeligs; Michael A. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): BioResponse, L.L.C. (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 6,416,793 Date filed: July 11, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to spray dried hydrophobic phytochemical (i.e., yohimbine and ibogaine) compositions, a process for making such compositions and a method of using such compositions for, e.g., the promotion of weight loss. Typically, the hydrophobic dietary compositions of the present invention exhibit enhanced absorptivity when taken orally. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of a new formulation of indole phytochemicals to promote their absorption. In particular, the phytochemicals suitable for use according to the present invention are the indoles found in extracts of the bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe (yohimbine, corynanthine and rauwolscine) and ibogaine, a chemical derived from the rain forest shrub Tabernanthe iboga. The compositions of the invention may be formulated starting from the natural material in which the indole phytochemical is naturally found (i.e., bark or bark extracts) or from the pure dietary indoles themselves. Preparations of such phytochemicals are described which promote improved absorption of insoluble dietary substances and promote the effects of said phytochemicals. This facilitated absorption of poorly soluble dietary substances amplifies the useful dietary influences of such substances. Some phytochemicals found in edible plants have importance in health promotion due to activity which promotes improved fat metabolism. This activity results from support for the action of catecholamine hormones which trigger the release of stored fatty acids from fat cells. Yohimbine is a dietary indole and one of a family of stereoisomers (i.e., yohimbine, corynanthine and rauwolscine) found in extracts from the bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe. This group of compounds posses a number of uses as modulators of catecholamine hormone action. Apart from possible medical uses as an anti-depressant, as a therapy for male impotence, and to promote salivation, an important application of

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yohimbe alkaloids is as a means of inducing mobilization of stored fat through blocking the action of catecholamines at.alpha.-adrenergic receptors. Blocking the.alpha.2adrenergic receptors on the surface of fat cells (adipocytes) results in greater influence of competing.beta.-adrenergic receptors promoting more active breakdown and release of stored triglycerides. This causes the release of non-esterified free fatty acids into the general circulation for use as a metabolic energy source during dieting and exercise (Lafontan and Betuing, "Regulation of Fat-Cell Function by.alpha.-2 Adrenergic Receptors," Advances in Pharmacology, 42, 496-8 (1998)). This peripheral action of yohimbe alkaloids combines with a separate central nervous system activity and the subsequent.alpha. adrenergic blocking results in suppression of appetite. Together these actions make Pausinystalia yohimbe alkaloids desirable as compounds to facilitate weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416793__ •

Health monitoring and diagnostic device and network-based health assessment and medical records maintenance system Inventor(s): Moody; James L. (Wilsonville, OR), Clegg; Kenneth D. (Mead, WA), Nesbitt; Kenn A. (Spokane, WA), Connolly; Jackson B. (Post Falls, ID), Maus; Christopher T. (Sagle, ID), Coad; Noah M. (Cataldo, ID), Coad; Craig A. (Cataldo, ID) Assignee(s): Lifestream Technologies, Inc. (Post Falls, ID) Patent Number: 6,602,469 Date filed: November 8, 1999 Abstract: A health monitoring and diagnostic device (LIFESTREAM cholesterol meter) configured as a self-contained testing and diagnostic unit in a clam-shell type case. One side of the case includes a spring-loaded finger stick and a compartment for carrying one or more packages of disposable items including a test strip, a needle for the finger stick, and an alcohol swipe. The other half of the case includes a test strip reader, a key pad, and a liquid crystal display. The meter reads a test strip carrying a droplet of blood and receives additional diagnostic information from the patient, such as age, gender, weight, and family history of heart disease. Within minutes, the meter displays test results, including total cholesterol levels. The meter also displays additional diagnostic results, such as the patient's "cardiac age," recommended weight loss, and a cardiac risk assessment. The meter also works in connection with a network-based comprehensive health analysis and reporting system. The meter writes patient data to a smartcard. This patient data typically includes patient identification information, the test results, the diagnostic information, and the diagnostic results. A computer station reads the smartcard and establishes a network connection with a health report server over the Internet. The computer then downloads the patient data to the health report server, which prepares a comprehensive health report. Within minutes, this report is transmitted back to the computer station, where it is printed out and delivered to the patient. Excerpt(s): The hand-held LIFESTREAM cholesterol meter drastically reduces the costs and inconvenience associated with obtaining cholesterol tests by performing total cholesterol tests in virtually any location, including a physician's office, a pharmacy, a clinic, or in the privacy of the patient's home. The meter produces the test results within minutes using on-board circuitry and programming. The meter also includes an onboard diagnostic program that prompts for additional diagnostic information, such as the patient's age, gender, weight, family history of heart disease, blood pressure, and so

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forth. The meter then translates this diagnostic information, along with the test results, into diagnostic results that may be more meaningful to the user than the test results alone. For example, the meter may use a well-known methodology, such as the Framingham Medical Study, to produce diagnostic results including the user's cardiac age (as compared to chronological age), recommended weight loss, 5-year risk of heart attack, 10-year risk of heart attack, an assessment of stroke risk, and other results that will be easily and immediately understood by the patient. Like the test results themselves, these more meaningful diagnostic results are displayed on the meter within minutes. Producing diagnostic results like "cardiac age" and "5-year risk of heart attack" rather than total cholesterol levels alone may motivate more people to change their lifestyles and reduce their cholesterol levels. Moreover, producing these diagnostic results instantaneously, inexpensively, and in a convenient location encourages frequent testing and provides patients with the positive feedback necessary to encourage continued compliance with drug therapies and lifestyle changes. Ultimately, widespread use of the LIFESTREAM cholesterol meter can be expected to improve cardiac health nationwide, shift the focus of cardiac treatment from corrective to preventative, improve the cardiac health of the population in general, and reduce medical costs and health insurance rates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602469__ •

Herbal composition and method for controlling body weight and composition Inventor(s): Xu; Xiurong (Building Li Ze San Lou, Apt. 6-401, Dormitory of Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CN), Wei; Kaiyuan (late of Beijing, CN) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,541,046 Date filed: January 17, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a dietary supplement for the treatment of obesity, including both weight loss and reduction of weight gain. Pursuant to the invention, a decoction of a herbal mixture, comprising rhubarb, red saga root, astragalus, turmeric, and dried ginger and various combinations thereof, provides therapeutic weight loss as well as lipid reduction and change body composition. The invention includes methods of manufacture and administration and also includes the herbal decoction in various forms of administration and in combination with food. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 01103777.6 filed Feb. 12, 2001, entitled "COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR EFFECTING WEIGHT REDUCTION" and the disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention generally relates to dietary supplements and foods for reducing weight gain, effecting weight loss and causing favorable changes in body composition. More specifically, the invention relates to the field of herbal compositions, especially decoctions for oral administration containing rhubarb and other herbal ingredients. Body weight and body composition is determined by the competing balance of food intake and energy expenditure. Although both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to obesity, the most common cause of weight gain and an overweight body composition is excessively high caloric intake accompanied by a lack of physical activity. The resulting accumulation of surplus fat places overweight or obese individuals at increased risk of illness from hypertension, lipid disorders, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, certain cancers, and a wide variety of other diseases and undesired

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physiological conditions, as well as overall mortality. According to a study, the proportion of overweight individuals in the United States increased from 25% in 1980 to 33% in 1991. (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991). In 1998 the National Institutes of Health reported that over 55 percent of the U.S. population are now considered overweight or obese. (Obesity Clinical Guidelines: NIH Statement Jun. 3, 1998, press release). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541046__ •

Herbal weight loss supplement Inventor(s): Vital; Odilza (Av. Ary Parreiras N.degree. 327, Niteroi, RJ 24230-320, BR), Kurk; Mitchell (310 Broadway, Lawrence, NY 11559) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,428,806 Date filed: September 19, 2001 Abstract: A dietary supplement composition includes an effective amount of garcinia cambogia, glucomanan, guar gum, and chromium picolinate in a freely soluble powder form which can be added to a variety foods and water. Alternately, the composition includes an effective amount of chitosan. Preferably, the composition is administered three times per day by mixing it with liquid-based foods and water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for reducing weight, maintaining weight loss over an extended period of time, and diminishing the appetite. It finds particular application in conjunction with herbal compositions for reducing weight in humans and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the present invention will also find application in reducing weight in domestic animals. It is a well-established fact that being overweight and obesity are unhealthy conditions. These conditions are associated not only with social stigma, but are also associated with decreased longevity and numerous medical problems, such as diabetes, reproductive disorders, dermatological disorders, varicose veins, and heart disease. Existing therapies for people who are overweight or obese include treatments to establish a negative energy balance. This may be accomplished by reduction of energy intake, such as a low calorie diet, or an increase in energy expenditure, such as increased physical exercise. In addition, treatments include ingestion of sympathomimetic drugs which stimulates thermogenesis, i.e. increases the metabolic rate. Known thermogenic drugs include ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and caffeine. However, such drugs are rather ineffective. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06428806__

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Ink composition for inkjet recording and inkjet recording process Inventor(s): Ouchi; Akemi (Ibaraki, JP), Maekawa; Tsutomu (Ibaraki, JP), Kakuta; Atsushi (Ibaraki, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi Printing Solutions, Ltd. (Ebina, JP) Patent Number: 6,641,652 Date filed: March 23, 2001

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Abstract: An ink composition for use in an on-demand inkjet printer capable of printing on plain paper at a recording rate of 10 ips or higher, which ink composition comprises at least a pigment and non-pigment components including at least water and a thickening agent and shows a weight loss ratio at 25.degree. C. and 60 RH % for 30 minutes of 5 to 25% based on the total weight of the ink. Also disclosed is an on-demand inkjet recording process using the ink composition. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an inkjet ink composition for use in an inkjet recording apparatus for conducting recording on plain paper at a high speed. As an ink composition for use in inkjet recording, there have so far been widely used watersoluble liquid ink compositions. However, when printing is conducted on plain paper popularly used in offices such as copying paper, the printed ink spreads along fibers of the paper, thus shape of dots becoming irregular to generate so-called blurring which deteriorates quality of printed products. Various improvements have so far been made in order to remove blurring and improve drying properties. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 34992/1985 proposes to reduce surface tension of ink and enhance drying properties of ink by using a large quantity of a surface active agent. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 108271/1983 describes a method of recording by using a hot-melt ink composition containing a substance which is solid at room temperature, such as wax. Further, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,391,369 and 4,484,948 describe an ink composition which provide good printing quality regardless of the properties of paper. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641652__ •

Intermediate film for laminated glass and laminated glass Inventor(s): Miyai; Jiro (Shiga, JP), Shohi; Hajime (Shiga, JP), Hattori; Tsuyoshi (Mie, JP) Assignee(s): Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,586,103 Date filed: March 22, 2002 Abstract: This invention has its object to provide an interlayer film for laminated glass an interlayer film for laminated glass which, when assembled into laminated glass, offers good transparency, weathering resistance, adhesion, penetration resistance and other characteristics, does not cause marginal whitening of laminated glass even exposed to a highly humid atmosphere, and free from the risk for a fire hazard in autoclaving or the problem associated with edge trimming and a laminate glass comprising said interlayer film.This invention is related to an interlayer film for laminated glass comprising a plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin film,wherein, when a laminated glass fabricated by interposing said interlayer film between a pair of glass sheets each 2.0 to 4.0 mm thick is allowed to sit in an environment of 80.degree. C. and 95% relative humidity for 2 weeks, the distance of whitening from its edge is not greater than 7 mm, andwhen said interlayer film for laminated glass is allowed to sit at 150.degree. C. for 1 hour, its weight loss is not greater than 3 weight %. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an interlayer film for laminated glass characterized by high moisture resistance and small plasticizer vapor emanation, and a laminated glass in which said interlayer film is used. Laminated glass comprising at least two glass sheets with a plasticized poly(vinyl acetal) resin interlayer film interposed has the fundamental characteristics required of laminated glass, namely good transparency, high weathering resistance, and high penetration resistance scarcely allowing its fragments to scatter and, as such, has been used extensively as the

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laminated glass for automotive and architectural use. Although such laminated glass is satisfactory in said fundamental characteristics and safety, it is not only poor in moisture resistance but has the drawback of emanating a substantial amount of vapor due to the plasticizer contained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586103__ •

Magnetic nerve stimulation seat device Inventor(s): Davey; Kent R. (New Smyrna Beach, FL), Epstein; Charles M. (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): Neotonus, Inc. (Marietta, GA) Patent Number: 6,500,110 Date filed: February 10, 2000 Abstract: A magnetic nerve stimulator system is comprised of a core constructed from a material having a high field saturation with a coil winding. A thyrister capacitive discharge circuit pulses the device. A rapidly changing magnetic field is guided by the core, preferably vanadium permendur. For task specific excitation of various nerve groups, specially constructed cores allow for excitation of nerves at deeper levels with higher efficiency than is possible with air-core stimulators. Among the applications possible with this invention are treatment of incontinence, rehabilitation of large muscle groups in the leg and arm, and excitation of abdominal wall muscle groups to aid in weight loss and metabolic rate increase. A C-shape is employed for focussing the stimulation as desired. Excerpt(s): A nerve cell can be excited in a number of different ways, but one direct method is to increase the electrical charge within the nerve, thus increasing the membrane potential inside the nerve with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid. One class of devices that falls under the umbrella of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) realizes the excitation of the nerves by directly injecting charges into the nerves via electrodes which are either placed on the skin or in vivo next to the nerve group of interest. The electric fields necessary for the charge transfer are simply impressed via the wires of the electrodes. The advantage of FES is that the stimulation can usually be accomplished from extremely small electrodes with very modest current and voltage levels. The disadvantage however, is that it involves half-cell reactions. Most rehabilitation programs using FES place the electrodes directly on the skin. A conductive gel or buffering solution must be in place between the electrodes and the skin surface. Long term excitation of nerve or muscle tissue is often accompanied by skin irritation due to the current concentration at the electrode/skin interface. This problem is especially aggravated when larger excitation levels are required for more complete stimulation or recruitment of the nerve group. The present invention is especially targeted at applications that are not suited for the use of implanted electrodes. The invention is designed for non-invasive external stimulation of selected nerve or nerve groups, particularly in certain applications. In these applications, which include incontinence and rehabilitation of muscle groups as well as potential weight loss treatment, the desired excitation levels using FES often fall outside of what might be considered comfortable limits. That is, the electrical current that ideally would be injected through the skin to excite the muscle groups of interest often leads to some skin irritation with time. The invention can also be used even in applications where this is not the case, as the use of gels and direct electrode/skin placement is inconvenient and is often resisted by the patient.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500110__ •

Master batch pigment, toner including the master batch pigment and method for manufacturing the toner Inventor(s): Sugiyama; Shoichi (Gotemba, JP), Kuroda; Noboru (Tagata-gun, JP) Assignee(s): Ricoh Company Limited (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,569,590 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing a master batch pigment fora toner, including the steps of mixing a dry pigment powder, a binder resin and water to prepare a mixture thereof; and kneading the mixture upon application of heat to prepare the master batch pigment, wherein the master batch pigment has a weight loss of from 0.01 to 1.0% when heated at 110.degree. C. for 2 hrs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a master batch pigment and a toner including the master batch pigment as well as a method for manufacturing the toner. (2) the composition is cooled, pulverized and classified into toner having a volume average diameter of from about 6 to about 10.mu.m. Particularly, a color toner for electrophotography, which is used to form a colored image, is typically formed from a binder resin, in which various coloring dyes or pigments are dispersed. Requisites for such a color toner are more severe than that for a black toner. Namely, a color toner is required to have color reproducibility and optical transmittance (i.e., transparency) when used for an over head projector (OHP) in addition to mechanical and electrical stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569590__

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Method and apparatus for analyzing casing wear and retrieval of metallic fragments Inventor(s): Holland; Don (Bakersfield, CA), Cesmat; Mark (Bakersfield, CA) Assignee(s): Cesmat Service Company, Inc. (Bakersfield, CA) Patent Number: 6,453,738 Date filed: April 10, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus for retrieving magnetic casing fragments from a well using a shrouded magnet are disclosed. Retrieving casing fragments allows the determination of weight loss from the casing to assist in analyzing the integrity and the condition of the casing and to determine whether more expensive analysis is required. The shrouded magnet, that is formed by a non-magnetic container enclosing a source of magnetic field, recovers metal casing fragments by attracting them and other magnetic materials from oil and gas well fluids passing by the shrouded magnet device, which fragments are easily separated from the device by removing the source of magnetic field from the container. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for removing magnetic materials from fluids discharged from a well, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for removing casing fragments from drilling and workover fluids which are circulated in oil and gas wells to ascertain the metal loss from the casing lining the bore of the well. In the drilling of oil and gas wells, drilling fluid, commonly

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referred to as "mud," is used for a variety of purposes, including: (1) maintaining hydrostatic pressure on the zones being drilled to maintain control over high pressure zones; (2) removing drill cuttings from the well and the face of the bit; and (3) to assist in drilling by the jetting action of the drilling fluid through the nozzles of the bit. Drilling fluid is commonly circulated down the string of drill pipe, pumped through the nozzles of the bit, and circulated out of the well through the annulus between the drill pipe and the casing and/or open hole. Once the drilling fluid returns to the surface, the fluid is circulated through various pieces of equipment to remove cuttings and solids so that the drilling fluid may be recirculated back into the wellbore. As a well is drilled, steel casing is commonly inserted and cemented in the well to line those portions of the well already drilled. The casing protects the well from collapse, cave-in, and provides control over pressurized zones. In the course of drilling a well, multiple strings of casing may be inserted into the well, each subsequently installed casing string a smaller diameter than the previously installed casing string. Once a casing string is cemented in place, drilling operations may continue by drilling out through the casing "shoe." In some cases, such as when the lower portion of a well is lost, or if a well is being redrilled, the casing wall will be intentionally drilled through or milled in order to side-track the well, and drill in a different direction. However, at other times the casing wall is penetrated unintentionally. It is known that when drilling, and when completion and workover tools are run through or operated inside of the casing, casing damage may occur. Often, the tolerances between the inside diameter of the casing and the outside diameter of the drill bit, drilling assembly, or other tools are tight, causing casing wear or puncture. Casing may also be damaged from continued rotation of the drilling assembly or drill pipe inside the casing, repeated trips of tools, the drilling assembly and drill pipe through the casing, or down hole conditions which result in the drill bit penetrating the wall of the casing rather than drilling through the casing shoe or formation. Because the casing protects the integrity of an oil and gas well, and protects the surrounding environment from releases of hydrocarbons from the well bore, it is important and useful to monitor the condition of the casing strings, particularly during drilling and workover operations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06453738__ •

Method for detecting anaerobic threshold and prescribing a training zone to maximize fat utilization or improved cardiovascular fitness Inventor(s): Snow; Michael G. (White Bear Lake, MN), Kaeferlein; Bernhard H. (Brooklyn Park, MN), Thieret; Jeffrey G. (Shoreview, MN) Assignee(s): Medical Graphics Corporation (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 6,554,776 Date filed: November 21, 2001 Abstract: A method for prescribing an exercise regimen for a particular subject to either maximize cardiovascular performance or to lose weight involves the use of a microprocessor-based cardiopulmonary exercise system to measure oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production on a breath-by-breath basis. These measured quantities are used to calculate energy expenditure and a subject's respiratory exchange ratio from which a fat metabolization curve can be plotted. By examining the length of a plateau in the curve where the fat substrate utilization is maximized, and noting the average heart rate in this zone, a target heart rate for optimal weight loss is arrived at. If the goal of the exercise is cardiovascular improvement, the anaerobic threshold can readily be

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determined as the midpoint between maximal fat utilization and the maximum acceleration towards the point where the respiratory exchange ratio becomes equal to 1 or the fat metabolism goes to 0. By noting the average heart rate at the anaerobic threshold, a target heart rate for optimizing cardiovascular fitness may be arrived at. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a method for prescribing an exercise regimen for a particular subject, and more particularly to a method for correlating a heart rate or work rate to be maintained throughout an exercise session if the desired goal of the exercise is to reduce fat or to improve cardiovascular performance. As is explained in the Acorn et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,558, which is assigned to applicant's assignee, it is well recognized that frequent exercise is beneficial to most individuals so long as it is properly engaged in, taking into account the individual's own physiologic condition. It is important that the exercise regimen not be so intensive that it adversely affects the general well being of the subject, yet not too light that it provides little or no benefit. It is well understood that with increasing exercise, muscles need to bum metabolic fuels to perform mechanical work. Carbohydrates and fat are the typical sources of fuel and must be oxidized, using molecular O.sub.2 from the atmosphere to effectively provide energy. A normal response to exercise is to increase the blood flow to the working muscles, which carries oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, the bi-product of biologic metabolism. The increasing demands for oxygenated blood are met by increasing the cardiac output (increased heart rate and increased stroke volume) and redistributing the blood flow to the working muscles and away from the abdominal area. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06554776__ •

Method for reducing adverse effects of a weight loss regimen Inventor(s): Pariza; Michael W. (Madison, WI), Atkinson, Jr.; Richard L. (Fitchburg, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,482,434 Date filed: April 4, 2000 Abstract: A method for reducing certain effects associated with a negative calorie balance in a human includes the step of administering conjugated linoleic acid to a human in an amount effective to reduce at least one of the effects. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Not applicable. The percentage of persons whose health is jeopardized by too much weight is increasing. Evidence suggests that body weight is multifactorial in origin, reflecting inherited, environmental, cultural, socioeconomic, and psychological conditions. Increasing evidence suggests that being overweight is not a simple problem of will power, as is sometimes implied, but is a complex disorder of appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Many persons have a chronic tendency for becoming overweight that needs lifelong attention. Strategies employed to lose weight include caloric restriction, exercise, behavior modification, drugs, or combinations thereof, with or without medial supervision. Some attempts may be successful in the short term, but often the weight lost is regained. Efforts to lose weight voluntarily encompass a continuum of individuals including those of normal or low weight who wish to lose weight for cultural, social, or psychological reasons to severely overweight persons who suffer resulting adverse medical consequences. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482434__

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Method of weight reduction in human beings Inventor(s): Raider; Stanley (462 Hacienda Ave., Campbell, CA 95008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,573,083 Date filed: August 24, 2000 Abstract: A method of weight reduction in human beings, wherein a human ingests a laxative effective dosage of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli to produce a weight loss of up to two pounds within one week. Excerpt(s): There are many different systems available to the individual seeking to lose weight. They run the gamut from ingesting drugs, both prescription and over-thecounter, to single component diets, i.e. `low fat`, `high protein`, `low carbohydrate`, with exercise. All of the foregoing regimens require some form of life-style change. This invention, utilizing a bacteriological agent only, which is an integral part of the GastroIntestinal Tract, will create a measureable loss of weight in a given time period, i.e. up to two [2] pounds in one week. A laxative effective dose of this bacteriological agent [Prototrophic E. coli] taken with a meal will cause an accelerated laxation within two [2] hours. This phenomenon will create the weight loss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06573083__

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Methods and compositions for producing weight loss Inventor(s): Kuhrts; Eric H. (P.O. Box 387, 1109 Tannery Creek Rd., Bodega, CA 94922) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,475,530 Date filed: October 4, 2000 Abstract: Dislcosed are methods and compositions for producing weight loss in a mammal by administration of a composition containing a weight loss effective amount of a noradrenaline stimulating compound such as ephedrine, mahuang (a plant source of ephedrine alkaloids), citrus aurantium (bitter orange), synephrine, norephedrine, psuedophedrine, a methylxanthine, such as caffeine or guarana, and a botanical COX inhibitor such as resveratrol polygonum cuspidatum, scutellaria baicalensis, turmeric, curcumin, rosmary, green tea, ocimum sanctum (holy basil), or ginger, instead of an NSAID such as aspirin, and optionally a free fatty acid reducing compound. The thermogenic formula is coupled with a growth hormone stimulating formulation containing L-arginine or L-omithine, L-lysine, and a free fatty acid reducing agent such as nicotinic acid. The thermogenic formula would preferably be administered in the daytime, and the growth hormone producing formula at nighttime. The two compositions form a system of AM and PM weight loss strategy for the therapeutic intervention of obesity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and compositions for producing weight loss in mammals. One of the greatest problems confronting modem society in economically successful countries today is obesity. Unfortunately, obesity brings with it the conditions that are ripe for the more serious disease of diabetes. Among the many possible solutions for treating obesity are formulations of weight loss products that work with some of the basic biochemical processes involved in fat metabolism. This process has been exploited through pharmaceutical intervention at the neurocrine level

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as well as at the level of fat cells themselves, or the way fat cells metabolize fats in brown adipose tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475530__ •

Methods of treatment with compounds having RAR.alpha. receptor specific or selective activity Inventor(s): Duong; Tien T. (Irvine, CA), Chandraratna; Roshantha A. (Mission Viejo, CA), Teng; Min (Aliso Viejo, CA) Assignee(s): Allergan, Inc. (Irvine, CA) Patent Number: 6,610,744 Date filed: November 29, 2001 Abstract: Retinoid compounds which act specifically or selectively on RAR.sub.alpha. receptor subtypes in preference over RAR.sub.beta. and RAR.sub.GAMMA. receptor subtypes, posses desirable pharmaceutical properties associated with retinoids, and are particularly suitable for treatment of tumors, such as acute monocytic leukemia, cervical carcinoma, myeloma, ovarian carcinomas and head and neck carcinomas, without having one or more undesirable side effects of retinoids, such as inducement of weight loss, mucocutaneous toxicity, skin irritation and teratogenecity. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of compounds which have specific or selective agonist like activity on RAR.sub.alpha. retinoid receptors for treatment of diseases and conditions which respond to treatment by such retinoids. More particularly the present invention is directed to the use of RAR.sub.alpha. receptor specific or selective agents for the treatment of tumors. Compounds which have retinoid-like activity are well known in the art, and are described in numerous United States and other patents and in scientific publications. It is generally known and accepted in the art that retinoid-like activity is useful for treating animals of the mammalian species, including humans, for curing or alleviating the symptoms and conditions of numerous diseases and conditions. In other words, it is generally accepted in the art that pharmaceutical compositions having a retinoid-like compound or compounds as the active ingredient are useful as regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, and particularly as agents for treating skin-related diseases, including, actinic keratoses, arsenic keratoses, inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne, psoriasis, ichthyoses and other keratinization and hyperproliferative disorders of the skin, eczema, atopic dermatitis, Darriers disease, lichen planus, prevention and reversal of glucocorticoid damage (steroid atrophy), as a topical anti-microbial, as skin anti-pigmentation agents and to treat and reverse the effects of age and photo damage to the skin. Retinoid compounds are also useful for the prevention and treatment of cancerous and precancerous conditions, including, premalignant and malignant hyperproliferative diseases such as cancers of the breast, skin, prostate, cervix, uterus, colon, bladder, esophagus, stomach, lung, larynx, oral cavity, blood and lymphatic system, metaplasias, dysplasias, neoplasias, leukoplakias and papillomas of the mucous membranes and in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. In addition, retinoid compounds can be used as agents to treat diseases of the eye, including, without limitation, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), retinal detachment, dry eye and other corneopathies, as well as in the treatment and prevention of various cardiovascular diseases, including, without limitation, diseases associated with lipid metabolism such as dyslipidemias, prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis and as an agent to increase the level of circulating tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Other uses for retinoid compounds include the prevention

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and treatment of conditions and diseases associated with human papilloma virus (HPV), including warts and genital warts, various inflammatory diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, ileitis, colitis and Krohn's disease, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke, improper pituitary function, including insufficient production of growth hormone, modulation of apoptosis, including both the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of T-cell activated apoptosis, restoration of hair growth, including combination therapies with the present compounds and other agents such as Minoxidil.sup.R, diseases associated with the immune system, including use of the present compounds as immunosuppressants and immunostimulants, modulation of organ transplant rejection and facilitation of wound healing, including modulation of chelosis. U.S. Pat. No. 4,740,519 (Shroot et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,969 (Maignan et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,055 (Loeliger et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,335 (Chandraratna et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,825 (Klaus et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,113 (Chandraratna et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,840 (Chandraratna), U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,959 (Chandraratna), U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,335 (Chandraratna et al.), Published European Patent Application Nos. 0 170 105 (Shudo), 0 176 034 A (Wuest et al.), 0 350 846 A (Klaus et al.), 0 176 032 A (Frickel et al.), 0 176 033 A (Frickel et al.), 0 253 302 A (Klaus et al.), 0 303 915 A (Bryce et al.), UK Patent Application GB 2190378 A (Klaus et al.), German Patent Application Nos. DE 3715955 A1 (Klaus et al.), DE 3602473 A1 (Wuest et al., and the articles J. Amer. Acad. Derm. 15: 756-764 (1986) (Sporn et al.), Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33: 404-407 (1985) (Shudo et al.), J. Med Chem. 1988 31, 2182-2192 (Kagechika et al.), Chemistry and Biology of Synthetic Retinoids CRC Press Inc. 1990 p 334-335, 354 (Dawson et al.), describe or relate to compounds which include a tetrahydronaphthyl moiety and have retinoid-like or related biological activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610744__ •

Personal computer breath analyzer for health-related behavior modification and method Inventor(s): Cranley; Paul E. (Lake Jackson, TX), Strickland; Alan D. (Lake Jackson, TX), McDonald; Charles J. (Midland, MI), Schrock; Alan K. (Lake Jackson, TX), Miller; Ted E. (Midland, MI), Crane; Scott P. (San Diego, CA), Bartels; Michael J. (Midland, MI), Tate; James D. (Lake Jackson, TX) Assignee(s): Dow Global Technologies Inc. (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 6,609,068 Date filed: March 5, 2001 Abstract: A medical breath component analyzer which maintains a data-base profile of a patient over time. The apparatus may be used chronically by a patient so that a baseline status for that patient may be determined. Acute variations from the baseline are identified as clinically significant. The acquired data can be reported to the patient using the device at home and transmitted electronically to a physician or health care provider. The method and apparatus helps a patient modify health related behaviors, particularly weight loss for diabetic patients. A breath component and information on the psychological or emotional state of the patient are correlated, and information is provided to the patient based on the correlation between the breath component and the patient's emotional state. Other physiologic parameter may also be measured, such as a blood component, temperature, cardiovascular condition or pulse rate, a urine component, a physical activity sensor, weight, or body fat composition sensor. The parameters and the information on the patient's emotional state may be correlated

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through a computer system. Correlation may comprise selecting a response likely to reenforce positive behavioral change in the patient. Preferably, remote sources of information may also be accessed, as, for example, through a communications connection or the Internet. Information may be provided directly from the apparatus, or by contact through a physician, health-care provider or support group. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods and medical apparatus and in particular to methods and apparatus for modifying health-related behavior, such as weight control for diabetes or general health. More particularly the invention relates to apparatus for analyzing medically significant components in exhaled breath. Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting many organs and body functions. The disease is caused either by a lack of the hormone insulin or by the body's inability to use insulin. Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder. In the United States, for instance, as many as 10 million persons have diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and it has been estimated that an additional 10 million may have the disease without diagnosis. Although there is no cure, most cases can now be controlled adequately by a combination of medication and life style modification, including exercise, diet and weight loss. Unfortunately, many people with diabetes have difficulty coping with the constraints that the disease puts on their lives. People find it difficult to lose weight, to maintain weight loss, to exercise regularly, to regularly take drugs, or to self-administer tests for blood glucose levels. In general, patients do not receive sufficient positive support for their efforts and can become discouraged. They experience "diabetes burn-out", a feeling of hopelessness or powerlessness that contributes to abandoning efforts to manage their disease. People who are simply overweight or obese can experience similar barriers when attempting to control their diet and weight. See, for example, Diabetes Burnout, What to Do When You Can't Take It Anymore, W. H. Polonsky, 1999, American Diabetes Association. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06609068__ •

Pharmaceutical composition containing tetrahydrocannabinol transdermal/transcutaneous delivery method thereof

and

a

Inventor(s): Murty; Ram B. (Lexington, KY), Mangena; Murty (Lexington, KY), Chowdhury; Dipak K. (Lexington, KY) Assignee(s): Murty Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lexington, KY) Patent Number: 6,503,532 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: A transdermal/transcutaneous delivery system to deliver Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and related compounds, comprising of gel, film and reconstituted liquid for topical application. The delivery system may contain polymethacrylic acid (PMA), carbopol, polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG), propylene glycol (PG), water, alcohol, acetone, caprylic acid, caproic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, isopropyl myristate, triethanolamine, and mixtures thereof. This formulation can be used as an analgesic, antiemetic, antiglaucoma medication, arthritis treatment and prevention of weight loss treatment associated with AIDS. It can also be used for treating dementia and multiple sclerosis. The present formulation avoids the problems associated with oral administration, patient compliance and potential abuse associated with other routes of administration of THC. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition containing Tetrahydro Cannabinol (THC), having analgesic, anti-emetic, anti-nausea and anti-

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glaucoma properties, which is easily absorbed into the body at a steady rate to achieve a desired concentration in the bloodstream. Further, methods are provided for forming the pharmaceutical composition into a gel or powder, and for applying the gel or powder to form of the pharmaceutical composition to a transdermal patch for application to a human or animal body. Marijuana contains many compounds. The major active compound thereof has been identified as DELTA.Sup Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), also known as DELTA 9-THC depending on the carbon numbering convention used. THC and other compounds in marijuana have, in addition to promoting psychoactivity, been reported to provide beneficial effects. There are many research publications reporting beneficial activities like analgesic, antiemetic, and antiglaucoma effects. It has also been found that a major contributor of these beneficial effects is THC. In addition, it has been noted that fasting or food deprivation could decrease the rate of absorption of THC from sesame oil capsules currently available in the market. Previous studies have also reported that another limitation of orally administered THC is the large intersubject variability in absorption. For this reason it would be important to titrate the THC dose on an individual basis, since the drug has biphasic activity and a relatively narrow therapeutic index. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503532__ •

Pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances Inventor(s): Venturini; Peter (Ljubljana, SI), Rebic; Ljubomira Barbara (Ljubljana, SI), Sirca; Judita (Ljubljana, SI), Kofler; Bojan (Skofja Loka, SI) Assignee(s): Lek, Tovarna Farmacevtskih In Kemicnih Izdelkov, D.D. (SI) Patent Number: 6,576,258 Date filed: January 12, 2000 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for stabilizing active substances that are unstable in acidic medium, unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to heating, by means of anhydrous granulation of active substances and dried pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances for the preparation of pellet cores or granules. All pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances employed are dried before use so that their weight loss at drying is less than 1.0% of the total weight of the pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substance, preferably less than 0.5%. Organic solvents used in process of anhydrous granulation should contain less than 0.2% of water. A novel pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances that are unstable in acidic medium, unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to heating, is disclosed as well. Excerpt(s): The invention belongs to the field of pharmaceutical industry and relates to a novel medicinal formulation with controlled release of active substances on the basis of anhydrous (i.e. non-aqueous) granulation of the active substances and dried pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances. By the invention a technologically simple manufacture of a stable pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances is made possible. More specifically, the invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances that are unstable in acidic medium, unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to heating. Further, the invention relates to a novel method of stabilization of such unstable active substances and to a process for the preparation of the novel pharmaceutical formulation of such unstable

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active substances. There exists a constant need for developing pharmaceutical formulations wherein in a technologically simple way there would be achieved a good stability of active substances that are unstable in acidic medium unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to hearing. For the manufacture of hitherto known pharmaceutical formulations containing such active substances, technological processes have been used, wherein also water, wherein such active substances are not stable, has been used as a solvent and therefore the required stability has been achieved especially by the addition of basic substances to the active substance or by using the active substance in the form of a salt thereof. Namely, basic substances create a basic pH in the environment of the active substance, whereat such active substances are more stable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06576258__ •

Phytochemicals for promoting weight loss Inventor(s): Zeligs; Michael A. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): BioResponse L.L.C. (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 6,534,085 Date filed: September 23, 1999 Abstract: New dietary supplement compositions are disclosed that comprise the phytochemical Diindolylmethane (DIM), as well as its precursor, Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and cogener, 2-(Indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3' diindolylmethane (LTR-1), dietary supplement acceptable carriers and/or excipients. The use of these dietary supplement compositions facilitate weight loss as part of a nutritional system targeting release and metabolism of stored fat. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for promoting weight loss and/or preventing weight gain in mammals by administering phytochemicals. Among the phytochemicals useful in the compositions and methods of the invention are dietary indole, Diindolylmethane (DIM), as well as its precursor, Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and cogener, 2-(Indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3'-diindolylmethane (LTR1). When used as described, these natural substances, alone and in combination with other substances, facilitate weight loss as part of a nutritional system targeting release and metabolism of stored fat. The term "overweight" describes an excessive accumulation of body fat or "adiposity". "Overweight" is defined as an elevation in the Body Mass Index (BMI) beyond desirable standards due to increased body fat. The BMI expresses an individual's degree of overweight independent of height by dividing weight in kilograms (Kg) by height squared (m.sup.2). In overweight men a BMI above 25 Kg/m.sup.2 and in overweight women a BMI above 26 Kg/m.sup.2 defines a level of adiposity which negatively impacts health (Simopoulos, A.P., Body Weight Reference Standards, In Van Itallie, T.B. and Simopoulos, A.P. (Eds), Obesity: New Directions in Assessment and Management, The Charles Press, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., 1995). The increasing prevalence of overweight is one of the major health problems of industrialized countries. Overweight occurs as a result of an imbalance between energy intake as food and energy expenditure through physical activity. Most importantly, the trend to increased consumption of sugar and refined carbohydrate in excess of energy needs results in a metabolic and hormonal status favoring the formation and storage of fat. Weight loss depends on mobilization and metabolism of fat at the cellular level. This requires the metabolic process of lipolysis and encompasses the release of stored fat from fat cells. In all mammals the process and rate of lipolysis are highly regulated by

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the system of catecholamine hormones. Increased carbohydrate consumption in modern society is the result of the introduction of refined sugar and processed carbohydrate in various forms. The addition of high fructose corn syrup in 1967 is a prime example of this shift in dietary composition which has contributed to the further increase of the sugar component of the average diet to about 8% of total calories (Raper, N., and Marston, R., "Content of the U.S. food supply (tables of nutrients and foods)", Human Nutrition Information Service: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1988). The presence of sugar and other "high glycemic" processed carbohydrates found in bread and pasta, increases blood insulin levels, inhibits lipolysis, and promotes new fat synthesis. This raises serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, and increases the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Strategies to decrease our daily intake of processed carbohydrate and increase the release and metabolism of stored fat are clearly needed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06534085__ •

Porcelain composition, porcelain and method of producing the same, and wiring board and method of producing the same Inventor(s): Kawai; Shinya (Kagoshima, JP), Iwachi; Hiromi (Kagoshima, JP), Terashi; Yoshitake (Kagoshima, JP) Assignee(s): Kyocera Corporation (Kyoto, JP) Patent Number: 6,630,417 Date filed: May 30, 2001 Abstract: The porcelain of the present invention comprises 5 to 70% by weight of a nonoxide ceramic filler and 30 to 95% by weight of a borosilicate glass having a glass transition temperature of 800.degree. C. or lower, wherein a weight loss per unit surface area of said non-oxide ceramics is not more than 0.15 g/cm.sup.2 after dipping said nonoxide ceramic having purity of not less than 96% by weight for five minutes in a glass melt obtained by melting said borosilicate glass with heating at 1200.degree. C. Since the porcelain composition can be fired at a low temperature together with a low-resistance metal, the resulting porcelain has a high thermal conductivity, a low dielectric constant, a high heat dissipation property and a reduced apparent signal delay in a high frequency signal and is suited for use as an insulating board in a wiring board. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a porcelain composition capable of being fired at a low temperature and is best suited for use in a semiconductor element housing package, a wiring board applied to a multi-layer wiring board or the like, to a porcelain and a method of producing the same, and to a wiring board and a method of producing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improvement of a porcelain which can be fired together with a low-resistance conductor material such as copper, silver or gold and has a low dielectric constant, and also is capable of efficiently dissipating heat generated by the operation of an active element such as semiconductor element, for the purpose of reducing signal delay. Recently, as the information processing technology and communication technology advance in an ever faster rate and are increasingly utilized in everyday life, semiconductor elements are becoming faster in operation and larger in size. As the operation speeds of the semiconductor elements increase, the problem of delay in signal transmission caused by the package, board or the like becomes serious. At the same time, heat resistance of the package and the board poses a significant problem as more heat is generated by the larger semiconductor elements. In the field of ceramic multi-layer wiring board in the prior art,

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the most commonly used is an alumina wiring board comprising an insulating layer made of alumina ceramics and a wiring layer made of a high-melting point metal such as tungsten or molybdenum formed on the surface of inside of the insulating layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630417__ •

Potassium (-)-hydroxycitric acid methods for pharmaceutical preparations for stable and controlled delivery Inventor(s): Clouatre; Dallas L. (275 Willow Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025), Dunn; James M. (3236 Hinsdale Pl., Littleton, CO 80112) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,447,807 Date filed: September 14, 2000 Abstract: A method for making the potassium and sodium salts of (-)-hydroxycitric acid and mixtures thereof workable, non-hygroscopic and non-reactive in acidic media by encasement in hydrophobic and acidophobic polymers. The calcium and magnesium salts of (-)-hydroxycitric acid likewise can be rendered nonreactive in acidic media. The resulting products are suitable for tableting, encapsulation and use in other dry media for weight loss, appetite suppression, improvements in fat metabolism and postprandial lipemia and other pharmaceutical purposes. Further, the products of this invention can be made nonreactive as components of acidic liquid drink mixes and snack bars and can be used in the production of controlled release administration formats. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed toward a novel process by which the salts of (-)hydroxycitric acid, either potassium (-)-hydroxycitrate, the preferred salt of (-)hydroxycitric acid, or, alternatively, sodium (-)-hydroxycitrate, can be rendered suitable for tableting, encapsulation and use in other dry media for weight loss and other pharmaceutical purposes. Furthermore, the product of this invention can be made nonreactive as a part of acidic drink mixes and acidic snack bars. This invention is further directed toward the production of controlled release versions of potassium or sodium (-)-hydroxycitrate which can be used to provide multi-hour controlled release of the compound. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (abbreviated herein as HCA) a naturally-occurring substance found chiefly in fruits of the species of Garcinia, and several synthetic derivatives of citric acid have been investigated extensively in regard to their ability to inhibit the production of fatty acids from carbohydrates, to suppress appetite, and to inhibit weight gain. (Sullivan, A. C., et al., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1977;30:767.) Numerous other benefits have been attributed to the use of HCA, including, but not limited to an increase in the metabolism of fat stores for energy and an increase in thermogenesis (the metabolism of energy sources to produce body heat in an otherwise wasteful cycle). One commonly offered explanation for the effects of HCA is that this compound inhibits the actions of cytoplasmic (cytosolic) ATP:citrate lyase. (D. Clouatre and M. E. Rosenbaum, The Diet and Health Benefits of HCA (Hydroxicitric Acid), 1994.) Weight loss benefits are ascribed to HCA, its salts and its lactone in U.S. Pat. No. 3,764,692 granted to John M. Lowenstein in 1973. Lowenstein described a variety of possible pharmaceutical salts of HCA based upon alkali metals, e.g., potassium and sodium, and alkaline earth metals, e.g., calcium,. The production of the potassium salt of HCA had been described in the scientific literature previous to Lowenstein's patent, but not in regard to its weight-loss properties. Research into HCA by scientists at the pharmaceutical firm of Hoffman-La Roche revealed that the lactone form of HCA is far less effective than is the sodium salt of HCA for weight loss

Patents 227

purposes, in part because the lactone form lacks the proper affinity for the receptor which is the target of the actions of HCA. However, the sodium salt has disadvantages for long-term administration, both because sodium possesses no positive metabolic effects with regard to obesity and because sodium has potential hypertensive actions as well as other drawbacks. Potassium, as a ligand for HCA, does not possess the disadvantages associated with sodium. Moreover, the absorption of the potassium salt of HCA is considered to be superior to that of the sodium salt owing to the greater rate of uptake of potassium in relation to sodium in most tissues. Free (-)-hydroxycitric acid, calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of HCA and poorly characterized mixtures of two or more of these minerals, usually substantially contaminated with sodium, currently exist on the American market. Most of the HCA sold consists of calcium salts of varying purity. Aside from the potassium salt, all of these HCA forms suffer from problems in assimilation, a fact attested to by poor performance in controlled weight loss trials. For instance, the free acid form of (-)-hydroxycitric acid is extremely ionic and does not pass readily through the gut membranes. Free HCA has several further disadvantages. It undergoes rapid lacontonization, and, again, the lactone form has no appreciable physiological activity. Indeed, inclusion of any of the currently available mineral salts of HCA in a prepared beverage of acidic pH will lead to the development of the HCA lactone over time. The free acid form, moreover, has a tendency to be bound up and made unavailable to the body by soluble and insoluble fibers as well as by many other compounds. Likewise the potassium and sodium salts, if placed even only briefly in acidic or flavored beverages, typically will undergo color change or exhibit other signs of having undergone chemical interaction with the contents of the beverage. Thus although a patent exists for the use of free (-)-hydroxycitric acid concentrate in food products (U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,516), the art taught therein offers no particular advantages for weight loss nor for other medicinal purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447807__ •

Radical polymerizable compositions containing polycyclic olefins Inventor(s): Dershem; Stephen M. (San Diego, CA), Forrestal; Kevin J. (Poway, CA) Assignee(s): Henkel Loctite Corporation (Rocky Hill, CT) Patent Number: 6,521,731 Date filed: February 7, 2001 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there are provided free-radical polymerizable compositions comprising polycyclic olefins, wherein the polycyclic olefins contain little, if any, cyclopentenyl unsaturation. As a result, these olefins are sufficiently reactive with the propagating free-radicals during cure to provide a highly crosslinked thermoset resin. Moreover, invention compositions comprise high molecular weight polycyclic olefins having low volatility. Accordingly, the observed undesirable weight loss upon cure of prior art thermosetting compositions is considerably reduced. Further provided by the present invention are compositions comprising functionalized polycyclic olefin monomers. These functionalized olefin monomers provide additional benefits such as increased adhesion to a variety of surfaces and greater control over glass transition temperatures. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions containing polycyclic olefins which polymerize under free-radical conditions to generate crosslinked polymers and copolymers. The invention relates particularly to polycyclic olefins which primarily contain bicycloheptenyl unsaturation units. Polymers and copolymers synthesized from

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polycyclic olefin monomers have attracted much interest from the scientific community due to the desirable properties often exhibited by these materials. Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC's) possess a unique combination of properties such as low density, low moisture absorption, low birefringence, high transparency, and high strength. Depending on the polycyclic olefin monomer and the polymerization conditions, materials can also be produced having a wide range of glass transition temperatures. As a result, these materials are being tested for use in diverse applications such as electronics, CD-ROM disks, optical lenses, barrier films, and medical appliances. A particularly attractive characteristic displayed by polycyclic olefin monomers is the ability to polymerize via a variety of reaction mechanisms. It is well-known that polycyclic olefins can be polymerized and/or copolymerized free-radically, cationically, or coordinatively using organometallic catalysts. Due to this mechanistic flexibility, a wide variety of functionalized comonomers can be incorporated into the cyclic olefin copolymer, which provides further control over the bulk properties of the material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521731__ •

System and method for weight-loss goal visualization and planning and business method for use therefor Inventor(s): Bravomalo; Mario J. (2315 Eagle Park, Arlington, TX 76001) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,643,385 Date filed: April 27, 2000 Abstract: The visual fitness planner combines image morphing technology, exercise programming, supplement sales, and motivational techniques; into one product. Users begin by entering their current measurements, measurement goals and current picture into the system, preferably via a Web site. The picture is segmented into body components, and each segment is morphed based upon the goal measurement and the segment's responsiveness to weight loss using physiological tables and formulae. The resulting modified "after view"image is then returned to the user, preferably by online communications such as e-mail. In the business use for the disclosed system, the visual fitness planner helps the fitness industry overcome two of their biggest problems: obtaining new members and retaining current members. By showing members how they will look after following a specific regimen, client may accurately visualize their future appearance, resulting in increased client loyalty and satisfaction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the arts of visual image processing to predict a subject's appearance after a given amount of weight loss. This invention relates to the business methods employing a predictive image visualization system to attract and retain clients of service provides in the weight loss food program, fitness center, physical therapy and sports medicine, and weight control medical industries. Not applicable. This invention was not developed in conjunction with any Federallysponsored contract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06643385__

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•

Thermogenic weight management composition Inventor(s): Gorsek; Wayne F. (Boynton Beach, FL) Assignee(s): Vitacost.com, Inc. (Boynton Beach, FL) Patent Number: 6,565,847 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: A powerful formulation for weight loss containing Green Tea extract, hydroxycitric acid, thermogenic herbs, glucomannan, chromium, and a probiotic. The formulation boasts metabolic rates, suppresses appetite and helps burn fat without having adverse cardiovascular effects. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for permanent weight management. The composition burns fat, boosts metabolic rate, controls appetite, eliminates sugar cravings and eating binges. An orally ingested composition is provided which contains effective amounts of vitamins, minerals, herbs and natural extracts with the adverse effects to the cardiovascular system. The composition contains no dangerous stimulants like Ephedrine, commonly known as Ma Huang. The process by which weight is controlled is so complex that even most talented scientists do not understand it. Prior formulations such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,849 fall short of the unique blend which requires Citrus Aurantium L and Guarana Extract as a key nutrient to provide a feeling of satiation and a calming effect for healthy weight management. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06565847__

•

Treatment of obesity by bilateral sub-diaphragmatic nerve stimulation Inventor(s): Roslin; Mitchell S. (New York, NY), Barrett; Burke T. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Cyberonics, Inc. (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,609,025 Date filed: January 2, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating obese or other patients with compulsive overeating disorder includes unilaterally or bilaterally stimulating one or both of the left and right branches of a patient's vagus nerve directly or indirectly with an electrical pulse signal generated by an implantable neurostimulator with at least one operatively coupled nerve electrode to apply the pulse signal to the selected nerve branch at a location below the patient's diaphragm. The implantable neurostimulator is programmable to enable physician programming of electrical and timing parameters of the pulse signal, to induce weight loss of the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for treating eating disorders by application of modulating electrical signals to a selected cranial nerve, nerve branch or nerve bundle, and more particularly to techniques for treating patients with overeating disorders, especially obese patients, by application of such signals unilaterally or bilaterally to the patient's vagus nerve with one or more neurostimulating devices. Increasing prevalence of obesity is one of the most serious and widespread health problems facing the world community. It is estimated that, currently, about 6% of the total population of the United States is morbidly obese and a much larger percentage is either obese or significantly overweight. Morbid obesity is defined as having a body mass index of more than forty, or, as is more commonly understood, being more than one hundred pounds overweight for a person of average

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height. Aside from what may be an epidemic of obesity, it is believed by many health experts that obesity is one of the first two leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States, either ahead of or just behind cigarette smoking. Whether or not that is an accurate assessment, studies have indicated that morbid obesity dramatically increases health care costs. It is a major cause of adult onset diabetes in the United States, up to approximately eighty percent of the cases. It may be a leading factor in as many as ninety percent of sleep apnea cases. Obesity is also a substantial risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, chronic venous abnormalities, numerous orthopedic problems and esophageal reflux disease. Researchers have documented a link between obesity, infertility and miscarriages, as well as post menopausal breast cancer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06609025__ •

Use of oxandrolone in the treatment of burns an other wounds Inventor(s): Fishbein; Don (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Bio-Technology General Corp. (Middlesex, NJ) Patent Number: 6,576,659 Date filed: December 5, 1997 Abstract: The subject invention provides a method of treating burn-induced weight loss in a burn patient which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oxandrolone to the patient. The invention also provides a method of treating a wound in a patient suffering from a wound which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oxandrolone to the patient. The subject invention further provides a method of treating burn-induced weight loss in a burn patient which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oxandrolone in conjunction with a protein supplement to the patient. Excerpt(s): Throughout this specification, various publications are referenced by Arabic numerals within parentheses. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosure of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this specification in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Over one million people are involved in burn accidents in the United States each year. Approximately 150,000 of these patients are hospitalized and over 6000 of these die each year (1). Following thermal injury, severe protein and fat wasting occurs (1). Loss of as much as 20% of body protein may occur in the first two weeks following major burn injury (2). Increased oxygen consumption, metabolic rate, urinary nitrogen excretion, fat breakdown and steady erosion of body mass are all directly related to burn size and return to normal as the burn wound heals or is covered (1). The metabolic rate in patients with burns covering more than 40% of total body surface is twice as high as the metabolic rate in people without burns (1). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06576659__

Patents 231

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Uses of avian interferon gamma (IFN-.gamma.) Inventor(s): York; Jennifer J. (Clifton Hill, AU), Lowenthal; John W. (Belmont, AU), O'Neil; Terri E. (Highton, AU), Johnson; Michael A. (Thornbury, AU) Assignee(s): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australian Capital Territory, AU) Patent Number: 6,642,032 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and methods using said recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and compositions to enhance the immune responses of birds, and to enhance growth and/or prevent weight loss in birds. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to recombinant avian interferon polypeptides and genetic sequences encoding same, and uses therefor. In particular, the present invention is directed to the use of recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides as an immune response modulator and as a growth enhancing agent in avian species. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. The rapidly increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research into the medical and veterinary fields. Cytokine research is of particular importance, especially as these molecules regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of a great variety of cells, such as cells involved in mediating an immune response. Administration of recombinant cytokines or regulating cytokine function and/or synthesis is becoming, increasingly, the focus of medical research into the treatment of a range of disease conditions in humans and animals. The present invention seeks to provide novel reagents and methods that employ recombinant cytokine polypeptides, for the treatment of disease conditions in birds. In mammals, interferons (IFN) represent a family of cytokines that share the capacity to inhibit viral replication and to exert effects on immune function. There are two distinct types of IFN. Type I IFN is produced by a variety of cell types in response to viral infection and includes IFN-.alpha. and .beta. Typically, IFN-.alpha. is produced by leukocytes such as monocytes and macrophages while fibroblasts and epithelial cells are the major source of IFN-.beta. Type I IFNs share a high degree of amino acid homology, bind to the same cell surface receptor and there biological functions are resistant to heat and low pH treatment. (Weissmann and Weber, 1986). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642032__

•

Vinyl 4-t-butoxycarbonyloxybenzal-vinyl acetate copolymer

4-hydroxybenzal-vinyl

alcohol-vinyl

Inventor(s): Kim; Jin Baek (Seoul, KR), Kim; Hyun Woo (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Hyundai Electronics Industries Co. Ltd. (Kyoungki-do, KR), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ("KAIST") (Taejon, KR) Patent Number: 6,559,228 Date filed: March 21, 2001

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Abstract: There is a vinyl 4-hydroxybenzal-vinylalcohol-vinyl acetate copolymer, a 4-tbutoxycarbonyloxybenzal-vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymer and a vinyl 4-tbutoxycarbonyloxybenzal-vinyl 4-hydroxybenzal-vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymer suitable for photoresist and methods for preparing the same. The latter two polymers contain 4-hydroxybenzal groups all or parts of which are protected with tbutoxycarbonyl group. Superior in transparency, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and adhesiveness to silicon wafer, the photoresists prepared from the protected copolymers can enhance the resolution of fine circuit by virtue of low weight loss upon the thermal treatment after exposure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a copolymer suitable for photoresist. More particularly, the present invention relates to a vinyl 4-hydroxybenzal-vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymer, a vinyl 4-t-butoxycarbonyloxybenzal-vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymer and a vinyl 4-t-butoxycarbonyloxybenzal-vinyl 4-hydroxybenzal-vinyl alcohol-vinyl acetate copolymer. In the last two copolymers, all or part of the vinyl 4hydroxybenzal groups are protected with t-butoxycarbonyl group. Also, the present invention is concerned with methods for preparing the copolymers. A significant advance has been made for the photoresist used in microlithography, which is one of the most essential techniques to achieve the high integration of semiconductor integrated circuits. As higher integration degree of a semiconductor integrated circuit has been required, various photoresist materials are now developed and reported. Among them, polyvinylphenol resins protected by t-butoxycarbonyl group and poly(4-tbutoxycarbonyloxystyrene) resins are expected to be the most useful and are being used in practice. These resins are very advantageous in that they are directly applied for such techniques advanced in microlithography as utilizes deep uv as a light source for exposure, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,491,628, 4,405,708 and 4,670,507. However, the polyvinylphenol resins show high optical absorbance at around 250 nm due to the benzene rings contained. Because deep uv, a light source for the microlithography in current use, has a frequency of around 250 nm, the polyvinylphenol resins are low in transparency at the frequency. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06559228__ •

Weight loss medication and method Inventor(s): Vlahakos; Victor (1740 W. 27th St., Houston, TX 77008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,613,356 Date filed: October 10, 2000 Abstract: The invention involves a medication for weight loss by means of appetite suppression and a method for administering this medication to humans and other mammals. The medication comprises potassium butyrate or closely related chemical compounds, together with chemicals which facilitate the dispersion of the medication in the stomach. Excerpt(s): The invention is a medication for weight loss in mammals through appetite suppression and a method for administering this medication. Many methods and medications for weight reduction have been developed in the art. The following patents are representative of methods previously used. U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,603, Jul. 21, 1998 to M. Majeed and V. Badmaev discloses a method of appetite suppression and weight loss by

Patents 233

administering hydroxycitric acid in a form of a potassium salt extracted from Garcinia fruit. The patent also describes a method of increasing fat metabolism in the patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613356__ •

Weight loss product Inventor(s): Fleischner; Albert M (Westwood, NJ) Assignee(s): Goen Group, Inc. (Cedar Knolls, NJ) Patent Number: 6,420,350 Date filed: August 13, 2001 Abstract: Supplement compositions designed to support weight loss and increase energy. Excerpt(s): The prior art regarding this invention arises from distinct areas not heretofore combined to create new and useful formula sets or new and useful improvements thereof regarding a Solid-dosage Form of a Weight Loss Product. This invention relates to the evolving science that a new and unique combination of ma huang extract (ephedrine alkaloids), caffeine and glucosamine sulfate results in increased weight loss and energy. Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea polyphenols significantly reduced food intake, body weight, blood cholesterol and triglyceride, as well as growth of the prostate, uterus, and ovary; it may interact specifically with a component of a leptin-independent appetite control pathway.sup.12 Green tea clearly has thermogenic properties, promotes fat oxidation.sup.13 and plays a role in the control of body composition via sympathetic activation of thermogenesis, fat oxidation or both. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06420350__

Patent Applications on Weight Loss As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to weight loss: •

Antagonists of HMG1 for treating inflammatory conditions Inventor(s): Wang, Haichao; (Edison, NJ), Tracey, Kevin J.; (Old Greenwich, CT) Correspondence: HAMILTON, BROOK, SMITH & REYNOLDS, P.C.; 530 VIRGINIA ROAD; P.O. BOX 9133; CONCORD; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20030143194 Date filed: November 20, 2002 Abstract: There is disclosed a pharmaceutical composition and method for treating sepsis, including, septic shock and ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), comprising administering an effective amount of a HMG1 antagonist. There is further disclosed a diagnostic method for monitoring the severity or potential lethality of sepsis

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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or septic shock, comprising measuring the serum concentration of HMG1 in a patient exhibiting or at risk or exhibit sepsis or septic shock symptoms. Lastly, there is disclosed a pharmaceutical composition and method for effecting weight loss or treating obesity, comprising administering an effective amount of HMG1 or a therapeutically active HMG1 fragment. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/210,747, filed Jul. 31, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/503,632, filed Feb. 14, 2000, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,533, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/248,574, filed Feb. 11, 1999, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,321. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition and method for treating diseases characterized by activation of an inflammatory cytokine cascade, particularly sepsis, including septic shock and ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), comprising administering an effective amount of an antagonist to the high mobility group 1 protein (HMG1). The present invention further provides a diagnostic method for monitoring the severity of sepsis and related conditions, comprising measuring the serum concentration of HMG1 in a patient exhibiting symptoms of a disease characterized by activation of inflammatory cytokine cascade. Lastly, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition and method for effecting weight loss or treating obesity, comprising administering an effective amount of an HMG1 protein or a therapeutically active fragment of the gene product of an HMG1 gene. Sepsis is an often fatal clinical syndrome that develops after infection or injury. Sepsis is the most frequent cause of mortality in hospitalized patients. Experimental models of gram negative sepsis based on administration of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) have led to an improved understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of lethal sepsis and conditions related to sepsis by virtue of the activation of a common underlying inflammatory cytokine cascade. This cascade of host-response mediators includes TNF, IL-1, PAF and other macrophage-derived factors that have been widely studied as acute, early mediators of eventual lethality in severe endotoxemia (Zhang and Tracey, In The Cytokine Handbook, 3rd ed. Ed. Thompson (Academic Press Limited, USA). 515547,1998). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

APPETITE STIMULATION AND REDUCTION OF WEIGHT LOSS IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SYMPTOMATIC HIV INFECTION Inventor(s): PLASSE, TERRY F.; (NEW YORK, NY) Correspondence: Joseph A Mahoney; Mayer Brown & Platt; P O Box 2828; Chicago; IL; 60690; US Patent Application Number: 20030100602 Date filed: June 3, 1992 Abstract: Patients with symptomatic HIV infection, including AIDS and ARC are treated to increase appetite and to cause a reduction in loss of weight. The delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol may be administered orally, in capsules, or in tablets, or by injection, suppository, intranasal, transdermal, inhalant or sublingual administration. Excerpt(s): Among the many problems endured by patients suffering from symptomatic HIV infection, which includes inter alia AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and ARC (AIDS Related Complex), are loss of appetite with consequent loss of weight.

Patents 235

This loss of appetite and loss of weight further debilitates the patients and increases the many problems associated with the HIV infection. The compound delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol, which is the active ingredient in marijuana and which was produced chemically as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,668,224, has been used as an antiemetic to relieve nausea and vomiting in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. A number of cancer investigators have used delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to attempt to increase appetite and modify weight loss in cancer patients. For example, in a randomized double-blind crossover study employing oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine, 50% of the subjects on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reported an increased food intake while only 29% had a similar response on the prochlorperazine.sup.1 In another study of similar design and using the same medications, patients on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reported feeling more hungry than patients on prochlorperazine.sup.2 Results suggestive of an appetite stimulating effect were also noted by Ekert, et al.sup.3 in groups of children and adolescents 6-19 years of age administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, prochlorperazine or metaclopramide in crossover design studies.sup.1Sallan, S E; Cronin, C; Zelen, M; and Zinberg, N E (Sidney Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass.): Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. A randomized comparison of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine. N. Engl. J. Med. 301:135-138 (Jan. 17) 1980, No. 3.sup.2 Ungerleider, J T; Andrysiak, T; Fairbanks, L; Gooodnight, J; Sarna, G; and Jamison, K. (UCLA Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, Calif.): Cannabis and cancer chemotherapy. A comparison of oral delta-9-THC and prochlorperazine. Cancer 50:636-645 (Aug. 15) 1982, No. 4.sup.3 Ekert, H; Waters, K D; Jurk, I H; Mobilia, J; and Loughnan, P. (Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia): Amerlioration of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Med. J. Aust. 2:657-659 (Dec. 15) 1979. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Appetite suppressant for oral ingestion Inventor(s): Nietupski, Ronald S.; (Lockport, IL) Correspondence: Todd S. Parkhurst; Holland & Knight LLP; Suite 800; 55 West Monroe Street; Chicago; IL; 60603-5144; US Patent Application Number: 20030185883 Date filed: March 28, 2002 Abstract: A method of suppressing human appetite, and a material therefore, are disclosed in the claims. The method includes the step of inducing body weight loss in a human by providing that human with material containing, as an active ingredient, 2AcetylPyridine for human oral consumption. The material can be provided in the form of a lozenge. A related aspect of the invention relates to material for human ingestion to encourage body weight loss, the material comprising about 1% 2-AcetylPyridine volume/volume. Excerpt(s): U.S. Pat. No. 4,521,427, entitled APPETITE SUPPRESSANT AND METHOD OF APPLICATION THEREOF describes and claims the use of 2-AcetylPyridine (2AP.TM.) in controlling human appetite for food. The present invention involves an improved method of delivering that active material to a human, and an improved delivery vehicle for that material. The improved method includes the step of inducing body weight loss in a human by providing that human with material containing, as an active ingredient, 2-AcetylPyridine for human oral consumption. The material can be

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provided in the form of a lozenge. A related aspect of the invention relates to material for human ingestion to encourage body weight loss, the material comprising about 1% 2-AcetylPyridine volume/volume. Accordingly, it is a general object of this invention to provide, to the consumer, an appetite suppressant which is novel in nature, convenient and effective in use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Buffing tools and methods of making Inventor(s): Weber, Robert J.; (Hickory, NC) Correspondence: John W. Renner; Renner, Otto, Boisselle & Sklar, LLP; Nineteenth Floor; 1621 Euclid Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44115-2191; US Patent Application Number: 20030194962 Date filed: May 8, 2003 Abstract: A buff is made from a non-woven fabric where the fibers are first carded and formed into a fairly thick fleece. The fleece is passed over a topographical surface on, for example, a moving belt or a drum. The fleece is subject to a bow-tie hydroentanglement process where many fine jets of water entangle the fibers on the topographical surface. Excess water is vacuumed from the system. The fabric is dried and chemically treated. With the fabric a variety of buffing tools are made, in wheel, belt or roll form. Tests against standard and mill treatment buffs show a remarkably lower fabric weight loss percentage and lower or normal operating temperatures. The fabric has exceptional mechanical strength having a tensile strength in excess of 650 N/50 mm according to DIN 29073/3. Preferably the fabric has a tensile strength of at least 1,000 N/50 mm in the machine direction and in excess of 900 N/50 mm in the cross direction according to such DIN. Excerpt(s): This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/703,087, filed Oct. 31, 2000. This invention relates generally as indicated to a buffing tools and methods of making such tools, and more particularly to buffing tools having improved fabric or cloth greatly enhancing the efficiency, useful life, and productivity of the tool. Buffing tools probably are embodied most commonly in the form of a wheel. The wheel includes one or more discs or plates providing an arbor hole. The cloth or fabric is secured to and projects radially from the discs. The projecting edge of the fabric is the working face of the tool. Several layers or plys of fabric may be provided for each wheel and the fabric may be folded, bunched, puckered, or pleated so that the fabric edge zigzags back and forth at the face, and the working face of the tool may be substantial axially wider than the discs or plates, from which the fabric projects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 237

•

Cathodic electrocoating compositions polyisocyanate crosslinking agent

containing

hydroxyl-carbonate

blocked

Inventor(s): Gam, Allisa; (Troy, MI) Correspondence: E I DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY; LEGAL PATENT RECORDS CENTER; BARLEY MILL PLAZA 25/1128; 4417 LANCASTER PIKE; WILMINGTON; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20030064227 Date filed: September 12, 2001 Abstract: An improved aqueous cathodic electrocoating composition having a binder of an epoxy-amine adduct and a blocked polyisocyanate crosslinking agent; wherein the improvement is the use of a hydoxyl-carbonate blocked polyisocyanate crosslinking agent. Electrodeposited finishes are formed that have reduced weight loss when heated to cure. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a cathodic electrocoating composition and in particular to a cathodic electrocoating composition containing a blocked polyisocyanate cross-linking agent which significantly reduces bake-off loss occurring from the coating film during cure. The coating of electrically conductive substrates by an electrodeposition process, also called an electrocoating process, is a well known and important industrial process. Electrodeposition of primers to metal automotive substrates is widely used in the automotive industry. In this process, a conductive article, such as an autobody or an auto part, is immersed in a bath of a coating composition of an aqueous emulsion of film forming polymer and the article acts as an electrode in the electrodeposition process. An electric current is passed between the article and a counter-electrode in electrical contact with the coating composition, until a coating of a desired thickness is deposited on the article. In a cathodic electrocoating process, the article to be coated is the cathode and the counter-electrode is the anode. Film forming resin compositions used in the bath of a typical cathodic electrodeposition process also are well known in the art. These resins typically are made from polyepoxide resins which have been chain extended and then an adduct is formed to include amine groups in the resin. Amine groups typically are introduced through a reaction of the resin with an amine compound. These resins are blended with a crosslinking agent usually a blocked polyisocyanate and then neutralized with an acid to form a water emulsion which is usually referred to as a principal emulsion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Chemotherapy treatment Inventor(s): Boushey, Robin P; (Mississauga, CA), Drucker, Daniel J; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: FOLEY AND LARDNER; SUITE 500; 3000 K STREET NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030040478 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides a treatment regimen that is effective in inhibiting chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and promoting cell survival. The invention also relates to a treatment regimen that confers resistance to caspase activation, thereby inhibiting caspase-mediated, proteolytic cleavage of functional cellular enzymes.

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Specifically, subjects undergoing chemotherapy are first exposed to a pretreatment regimen. Under this regimen, a GLP-2 receptor activator, such as h[GLY2]-GLP2, is administered each day for a predetermined beneficial period, e.g., three consecutive days. Approximately about 1 week following pretreatment, the subjects are exposed to an appropriate chemotherapy treatment regimen. Pretreatment with a GLP-2 receptor activator followed by administration of chemotherapeutic agents improves cell survival, reduces bacteremia, attenuates epithelial injury, and inhibits cellular apoptosis. Moreover, it does not impair the effectiveness of chemotherapy nor result in weight loss. The anti-apoptotic effects of GLP-2 may be useful in the reduction of cytoxicity and bacterial infection induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods useful to overcome the damage and adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of a GLP-2 receptor activator to inhibit chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and promote cell survival in subjects undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment. Chemotherapeutic agents exert their cytoablative actions on rapidly proliferating cells via several different mechanisms, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and/or cellular apoptosis. The cytotoxic actions of chemotherapeutic agents are not tumour-specific and injury to rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow and intestinal crypt often complicates the treatment of patients with neoplastic disease. Gastrointestinal toxicity following the administration of chemotherapeutic agents is characterized by severe mucositis, weight loss and systemic infection. Limitation in dose and treatment of chemotherapeutic agents due to gastrointestinal toxicity impair the effectiveness of chemotherapy in susceptible patients. Wadler, S. et al., J. Clin Oncol. 16: 3169-78, 1998. Van Huyen, J. P. et al., Dig. Dis. Sci. 43: 2649-51, 1998. Patients undergoing chemotherapy exhibit a low white blood cell count and can be managed clinically with antibiotics to prevent bacterial infection. Molecules such as granulocyte macrophagecolony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can also be used to promote restoration of white blood cell count and to attenuate bone marrow toxicity following chemotherapy. Dombret, H. et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 1678-83, 1995. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions and methods for facilitating weight loss Inventor(s): Yegorova, Inna; (Northridge, CA) Correspondence: Nancy Lord Johnson, Ltd.; 1970 N. Leslie Rd. No. 204; Pahrump; NV; 89060; US Patent Application Number: 20030082168 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods for facilitating weight loss by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption, enhancing lipolysis, and modulating the metabolism of glucose in a human. The compositions comprise wheat alpha amylase, conjugated linoleic acid, Momordica charantia, lipotrophic vitamins and green tea. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the administration of novel compositions and related methods using wheat alpha amylase, conjugated linoleic acid and Momordica charantia, lipotrophic vitamins and green tea to facilitating weight loss by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption, enhancing lipolysis, and normalizing the metabolism of glucose in a human. Obesity is a serious heath problem both in the United States as well as world-wide. Results from the National Health and Nutrition

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Examination Survey III show that one in three Americans are at least twenty percent overweight. Kuczmarski et al., 272 JAMA 205-211 (1994). Other studies have shown that the prevalence of obesity increases threefold between the ages of 20 and 50, however, this varies for men and women. In particular, the weights of men appear to stabilize after age 50 and then begin to decline around age 60. Women, however, generally continue to gain weight until age 60, and it is not until after age 60 that their weight begins to decline. Kaplan and Sadock, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY 731 (1998). Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fat on the body. Obesity can be measured by either body weight or by body mass index (BMI). By convention, obesity is said to be present when body weight exceeds by 20 percent the weight listed in typical height-weight index tables. The other measurement of obesity, BMI, is the amount of fat present in the body and is considered a reliable indication of fatness in non-athletic adults. The BMI may be calculated by using the following formula: BMI equals [body weight in kg] divided by [height in meters].sup.2. In general, a normal BMI is between the range of 20 to 25, whereas the BMI of obese individuals is greater than or equal to 30. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions and methods for promoting lipid mobilization in humans Inventor(s): Schacter, Lee P.; (Wilmington, DE), Schacter, Bernice; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: DUANE MORRIS, LLP; ATTN: WILLIAM H. MURRAY; ONE LIBERTY PLACE; 1650 MARKET STREET; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19103-7396; US Patent Application Number: 20030162717 Date filed: February 7, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides methods of using polypeptide compounds based on the structures of insect peptides of the adipokinetic hormone family to mobilize lipids in humans. The compositions and methods described in the application are useful for modulating human body weight, such as inducing weight loss. The invention also includes screening methods for identifying other compounds effective for modulating lipid mobilization in humans. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions and methods for treatment of body weight conditions Inventor(s): Bastian, Eric Douglas; (Twin Falls, ID), Ward, Loren Spencer; (Twin Falls, ID), Paulsen, Starla Joyce; (Twin Falls, ID) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF, LTD.; TEN SOUTH WACKER DRIVE; SUITE 3000; CHICAGO; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030165574 Date filed: February 21, 2003 Abstract: A nutritional supplement composition having therapeutically effective amounts of milk minerals including calcium, a protein source including.kappa.-casein fragment 106-169, and enzyme-inhibiting peptides is provided for the treatment of body weight conditions. The nutritional supplement composition is administered in amounts effective for limiting weight gain and/or enhancing weight loss, as well as promoting

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overall good health, in the treatment of body weight conditions, including overweight and obesity. Excerpt(s): This application is based on, and claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/360,709, filed on Mar. 1, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention is directed to compositions and methods for treatment of body weight conditions by administering a therapeutically effective nutritional supplement composition. More particularly, the nutritional composition, which includes a milk mineral blend and protein components, is effective for enhancing weight loss and/or limiting weight gain. In 2000, almost 20% of the population fell into the obese category as defined by a BMI of greater than or equal to 30. Problems associated with obesity include cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and sleeping disorders. Obesity and related disorders account for almost 10% of US health care expenditures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions and methods relating to glucose metabolism, weight control, and food intake Inventor(s): Desir, Gary; (Woodbridge, CT), Xu, Jianchao; (Bethany, CT) Correspondence: MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP; 1701 MARKET STREET; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19103-2921; US Patent Application Number: 20030032595 Date filed: June 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to weight control, control of body fat and food intake, and provides useful methods for treating, inter alia, obesity, diabetes and insulin insensitivity, and conditions, diseases, and disorders relating thereto. The invention also relates to methods of identifying useful compounds relating to weight loss, food intake, diabetes, and obesity, among other things, based on the discovery that inhibiting Kv1.3 activity mediates decreased food intake, weight loss, decreased body fat, increase glucose uptake, and increased insulin sensitivity, among other things. Excerpt(s): This application is entitled to priority, pursuant to 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e), to U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/297,547, which was filed on Jun. 12, 2001. Obesity is arguably the greatest public health threat in modem Western society, and it is an increasing threat throughout the world. A recent Surgeon General's report underscores the impact of obesity on human health. According to the report, approximately 61% of adults in the United States are overweight or obese, and the prevalence of overweight children and adolescents has doubled in the past two decades. The estimated economic burden of obesity to the United States alone is about $117 billion annually, and obesity is associated with an estimated 300,000 deaths per year. Further, numerous diseases have been correlated to obesity: Heart disease, certain types of cancer, sleep apnea, asthma, arthritis, pregnancy complications, depression and type II diabetes mellitus are all associated with excess weight. In light of the health dangers attributed to obesity, many treatments, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have been developed to combat this enormous problem. Non-pharmacological approaches include diet, exercise and surgical intervention. While a well-balanced diet consumed in moderation coupled with regular physical activity is the most easily applied method of controlling or losing weight, the aforementioned facts indicate that this method has not reversed the trend towards increasing obesity. Reasons for lack of

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exercise may include cardiovascular problems or physical imparities that limit aerobic exercise, or lack of discipline, motivation, or time. Thus, behavior modification methods have proven unsuccessful in reversing the trend towards increasing obesity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Computer program, method, and system for monitoring nutrition content of consumables and for facilitating menu planning Inventor(s): Bisogno, Joesph J.; (Lenexa, KS) Correspondence: HOVEY, WILLIAMS, TIMMONS & COLLINS; Suite 400; 2400 Grand; Kansas City; MO; 64108; US Patent Application Number: 20030165799 Date filed: June 11, 2001 Abstract: A computer program, method, and system for dynamically and interactively providing nutrition content information for consumables such that a user may monitor, tailor, plan, and review their intake thereof in light of a health-related interest or concern, such as, for example, weight-loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition affected illnesses or disabilities. Consumables are categorized and displayed in lists associated with an appropriate color to draw attention to relative nutrition content and to facilitate quicker and easier evaluation of a consumable of interest. Summaries are provided of a user's actual intake in light of a pre-established target intake for a particular day. Detailed reports may be generated showing consumption over a userspecifiable time period. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a computer program, method, or system for providing nutrition content information for consumables. More particularly, the present invention relates to a computer program, method, or method for dynamically and interactively providing nutrition content information for consumables such that a user may monitor, tailor, plan, and review their intake thereof in light of a health-related interest or concern, such as, for example, weight loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition-affected illnesses or disabilities. It is often desirable to monitor nutrition content of consumables, including, for example, calories, fat, sugar, protein, or carbohydrates. This is particularly true where such nutrition content may affect a healthrelated interest or concern, including, for example, weight loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition-affected illnesses or disabilities. Relatedly, it is further desirable to plan future consumption based upon nutrition content, and to review past consumption summarized for a specifiable time period. Various print resources exist to facilitate monitoring nutrition content. Books, for example, provide long lists of consumables and related nutrition information. Furthermore, most packaged consumables provide nutrition information on the packaging. Unfortunately, print resources suffer from a number of limitations and disadvantages. Books, for example, are bulky and difficult to conveniently tailor for efficient use by any particular person (short of adding or removing pages), which reduces likelihood of consistent use. Package-based information is, of course, limited to packaged foods. Furthermore, print resources are generally unable to practically present nutrition information in a visually descriptive manner operable to conveniently impart to a user a sense of a particular consumable's place in an overall monitoring scheme. Additionally, print resources are generally unable to practically provide a convenient mechanism whereby future consumption can be dynamically planned and past consumption can be reviewed.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

CO-OLIGOMERIZATION OF 1-DODECENE AND 1-DECENE Inventor(s): Clarembeau, Michel; (Temploux, BE) Correspondence: CAROL WILSON; BP AMERICA INC.; MAIL CODE 5 EAST; 4101 WINFIELD ROAD; WARRENVILLE; IL; 60555; US Patent Application Number: 20030166986 Date filed: March 4, 2002 Abstract: A process for the co-oligomerization of 1-dodecene and 1-decene to produce a polyalphaolefin having a kinetic viscosity of 4 to 6 cSt at 100.degree. C., a Noack weight loss of 4 to 9%, a viscosity index of 130 to 145, and a pour point of -60.degree. C. to 50.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the co-oligomerization of 1dodecene and 1-decene and more particularly concerns the production of a polyalphaolefin having a kinetic viscosity at 100.degree. C. in the range of from about 4 to about 6 cSt, a Noack weight loss in the range of from about 4 to about 9%, a viscosity index in the range of from about 130 to about 145, and a pour point in the range of from about -60.degree. C. to about -50.degree. C. Oligomers of alpha olefins and their use as synthetic lubricants are well known. A large market exists for synthetic lubricants that have a viscosity in the range of from 4 to 6 cSt. A low Noack weight loss, a high viscosity index and a low pour point are also desired properties. The use of a hydrogenated oligomer as a synthetic lubricant depends to a large extent on the viscosity of the hydrogenated oligomer. Isoparaffinic oils with kinetic viscosities at 100.degree. C. in the range of from 4 to 6 cSt that are used as synthetic lubricant base stocks, are typically made by oligomerization of 1-decene using a BF.sub.3 catalyst and an alcohol promoter. The range of properties for these polyalphaolefins generally include a kinematic viscosity in the range of 4 to 6 cSt at 100.degree. C., a Noack weight loss in the range of about 6 to 15%, a viscosity index in the range of 120-135, and a pour point of less than 55.degree. C. It is possible to prepare a polyalphaolefin with a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of 5 cSt with a better viscosity index and Noack weight loss by using 1dodecene instead of 1-decene as the raw material for such base stocks. When 1-dodecene is used as the raw material, the isoparaffinic oil so prepared typically has a Noack weight loss of 5.5% to 7% and a viscosity index of 143 but a pour point of only 45.degree. C. to about -50.degree. C. Another drawback to the use of 1-dodecene as the raw material is that it does not permit the product of isoparaffinic oils having viscosity below 5 cSt without an unacceptably high Noack weight loss. For instance, an isoparaffinic oil having a 4.5 cSt kinematic viscosity could be prepared by blending a 5 cSt oil made from 1-dodecene with a 4 cSt oil made from 1-decene, but the blend would have a Noack weight loss of 10-11%. Furthermore, using pure 1-dodecene as the raw material in a typical synthesis generally affords large amounts of heavier co-product besides the desired 4-6 cSt material. For example, typically about 70% of a 7 cSt isoparaffinic oil is produced in addition to the desired 5 cSt isoparaffinic oil. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Crystalline polyglycolic acid, polyglycolic acid composition and production process thereof Inventor(s): Miura, Hiromitsu; (Fukushima, JP), Yamane, Kazuyuki; (Fukushima, JP), Itoh, Daisuke; (Ibaraki, JP), Ono, Toshihiko; (Fukushima, JP), Nakajima, Junji; (Ibaraki, JP) Correspondence: DINSMORE & SHOHL, LLP; 1900 CHEMED CENTER; 255 EAST FIFTH STREET; CINCINNATI; OH; 45202; US Patent Application Number: 20030125508 Date filed: November 2, 2001 Abstract: Crystalline polyglycolic acid wherein a difference between the melting point Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc.sub.2 is not lower than 35.degree. C., and a difference between the crystallization temperature Tc.sub.1 and the glass transition temperature Tg is not lower than 40.degree. C. A production process of polyglycolic acid modified in crystallinity, comprising applying heat history to crystalline polyglycolic acid at a temperature of not lower than (the melting point Tm of the crystalline polyglycolic acid+38.degree. C.). A polyglycolic acid composition comprising crystalline polyglycolic acid and a heat stabilizer, wherein a difference (T.sub.2-T.sub.1) between the temperature T.sub.2 at 3%-weight loss on heating of the polyglycolic acid composition and the temperature T.sub.1 at 3%-weight loss on heating of the crystalline polyglycolic acid is not lower than 5.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to polyglycolic acid (including polyglycolide) modified in thermal properties such as crystallinity, and a production process thereof. The polyglycolic acid according to the present invention is excellent in melt processability, stretch processability, etc., and is suitable for use as a polymer material for, for example, sheets, films, fibers, blow molded products, composite materials (multi-layer films, multi-layer containers, etc.) and other molded or formed products. The present invention also relates to a polyglycolic acid composition which is so excellent in melt stability that generation of gasses attributable to low-molecular weight products produced upon melting is prevented, and a production process thereof. The present invention further relates to a process for controlling the crystallinity of polyglycolic acid. Polyglycolic acid is known to be degraded by microorganisms or enzymes present in the natural world such as soil and sea because it contains aliphatic ester linkages in its molecular chain. In recent years, the disposal of plastic waste has become a great problem with the increase of plastic products. Polyglycolic acid attracts attention as a biodegradable polymer material which scarcely imposes burden on the environment. The polyglycolic acid has intravital absorbability and is also utilized as a medical polymer material for surgical sutures, artificial skins, etc. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,297,033). Polyglycolic acid can be produced by dehydration polycondensation of glycolic acid, dealcoholization polycondensation of an alkyl glycolate, desalting polycondensation of a glycolic acid salt or the like. Polyglycolic acid can also be produced by a process comprising synthesizing glycolide, which is a bimolecular cyclic ester (also referred to as "cyclic dimer") of glycolic acid and subjecting the glycolide to ring-opening polymerization. According to the ring-opening polymerization process of glycolide, high-molecular weight polyglycolic acid can be produced with good efficiency. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Dishwashing compositions containing alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants Inventor(s): Vinson, Phillip Kyle; (Faiffield, OH), Kott, Kevin Lee; (Cincinnati, OH), Connor, Daniel Stedman; (Cincinnati, OH), Scheibel, Jeffrey John; (Loveland, OH), Scheper, William Michael; (Lawrenceburg, IN), Cripe, Thomas Anthony; (Loveland, OH), Kasturi, Chandria; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030100464 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: A hand dishwashing composition comprising i) from about 0.01% to about 99.99% by weight of composition of a surfactant mixture, said surfactant mixture comprising an alkylarylsulfonate surfactant system comprising at least two isomers of the alkylarylsulfonate surfactant of formula (a) wherein L is an acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbyl of from 6 to 18 carbon atoms in total; M is a cation or cation mixture and q is the valence thereof; a and b are numbers selected such that said surfactant mixture is electroneutral; R' is selected from H and C 1 to C 3 alkyl; R" is selected from H and C 1 to C 3 alkyl; R"' is selected from H and C 1 to C 3 alkyl; both R' and R" are nonterminally attached to L and at least one of R' and R" is C 1 to C 3 alkyl, and A is aryl, and wherein: said alkylarylsulfonate surfactant system comprises two or more isomers with respect to positions of attachment of R', R" and A to L; in at least about 60% of said alkylarylsulfonate surfactant system, A is attached to L in the position which is selected from positions alpha– and beta&ndash, to either of the two terminal carbon atoms thereof; and wherein further said alkylarylsulfonate surfactant system has at least one of the following properties said alkylarylsulfonate surfactant system has a ratio of nonquaternary to quaternary carbon atoms in L of at least about 10:1 by weight, when said quaternary carbon atoms are present; and there is no more than 40% by weight loss as measured by Hardness Tolerance Test; ii) from about 0.0001% to about 99.99% by weight of composition of a conventional hand dishwashing adjunct, and iii) from about 0.01% to about 7% by weight of composition of a divalent ion selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to hand dishwashing compositions containing particular types of alkylarylsulfonate surfactants. More particularly, these alkylarylsulfonates have chemical compositions which differ both from the highly branched nonbiodegradable or "hard" alkylbenzenesulfonates still commercially available in certain countries; and which differ also from the so-called linear alkylbenzenesulfonates which have replaced them in most geographies, including the most recently introduced so-called "high 2-phenyl" types. Typical commercial hand dishwashing compositions incorporate divalent ions (Mg, Ca) to ensure adequate grease performance in soft water. However, the presence of divalent ions in formulas containing anionic, nonionic, or additional surfactants (e.g., amine oxide, alkyl ethoxylate, LAS, alkanoyl glucose amide, alkyl betaines) leads to slower rates of product mixing with water (and hence poor flash foam), poor rinsing, and poor low temperature stability properties. Moreover, preparation of stable dishwashing detergents containing Ca/Mg is very difficult due to the precipitation issues associated with Ca and Mg as pH increases. Consequently, there remains the need for a detergent composition suitable for hand dishwashing, which is stable at low temperatures, and additionally can provide grease removal and tough food cleaning benefits, in hard water and at pH's, typically pH 9 or lower, where a conventional Ca/Mg system would be unstable and not provide

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grease removal and tough food cleaning benefits. U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,933; U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,718; U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,316; U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,317; U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,527; U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,038; U.S. Pat. No. 2,477,382; EP 466,558, Jan. 15, 1992; EP 469,940, Feb. 5, 1992; FR 2,697,246, Apr. 29, 1994; SU 793,972, Jan. 7, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 2,564,072; U.S. Pat. No. 3,196,174; U.S. Pat. No. 3,238,249; U.S. Pat. No. 3,355,484; U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,964; U.S. Pat. No. 3,492,364; U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,491; WO 88/07030, Sep. 25, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,256, U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,624; U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,625; EP 364,012 B, Feb. 15, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 3,312,745; U.S. Pat. No. 3,341,614; U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,965; U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,885; U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,664; U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,651; U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,374; U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,386; U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,060; U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,306; WO 95/17961, Jul. 6, 1995; WO 95/18084; U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,306; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,788; 4,301,316; 4,301,317; 4,855,527; 4,870,038; 5,026,933; 5,625,105 and 4,973,788. The manufacture of alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants has recently been reviewed. See Vol 56 in "Surfactant Science" series, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996, including in particular Chapter 2 entitled "Alkylarylsulfonates: History, Manufacture, Analysis and Environmental Properties", pages 39-108 which includes 297 literature references. Documents referenced herein are incorporated in their entirety. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Fiber-water with added value delivery systems/elements/additives, addressing specific dietary use(s), and/or medical use(s) for humans and animals Inventor(s): Stillman, Suzanne Jaffe; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: CROSBY HEAFEY ROACH & MAY; 1901 AVENUE OF THE STARS, SUITE 700; LOS ANGELES; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030064104 Date filed: September 16, 2002 Abstract: A shelf-stable, ready to use, water-like composition for humans/animals; as an adjunct to fiber-water, and/or safe drinking water, consumed directly, tube feedings, or in the preparation/reconstitution of food(s)/beverage(s). Fortified Fiber-Water is fiberwater, with added delivery systems: Encapsulations/particles, of different size(s), shape(s), material(s), colors, non-visible, serving one or more functions: improved taste, odor-masking; controlled release applications; bio-availability of actives, avoid hygroscopicity; minimized interactions, improved thermal, oxidative, and shelf-life; decorative. Viscosity changing elements, (with one or more viscosity changing additives, with or without encapsulations, particles) to enhance delivery of active medicants/ingredients of categories: pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, therapeutics, diagnostics, etc. Composition ensures hydration, simultaneously providing soluble fiber (fiber-water), with additives contained within the delivery systems, having the ability to target specific health goals/needs: weight loss, diabetes, cholesterol/heart, gastrointestinal tract disorders/improvement, osteoporosis, cancer, pain, stress, relaxant, stimulant etc. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part application of, and claims priority from, U.S. Ser. No. 10/204,572, filed Aug. 21, 2002 which was a continuation of, and claims priority from, PCT/US01/05630 filed Feb. 22, 2001, which in turn claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 09/510,400, filed Feb. 22, 2000 and issued Jun. 19, 2001 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,390. In modern society, regardless of age, people are obliged to live with a multiplicity of various injurious, and stressful, conditions that affect the body. Moreover, as we extend "life span" there is a remarkable, and rapid, increase in the

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population of the elderly (seniors) living under these circumstances, and further there exists a high incidence of acute, and/or chronic, diseases therefore providing an increasing need for addressing health desires and challenges, ameliorating and/or preventing disease, and/or maintaining and promoting health, and establishing well being and wellness. It is therefore the goal of the inventor, with all the aforesaid in mind, taken to heart, and being a focus, while noticing with keen observance, that there must be new delivery systems by which to deliver active ingredients that is acceptable, desirable, and foremost ethical for which to deliver target specific, and target general, substances that will offer the greatest return on investment. an investment in health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Herbal compositions and methods for diabetes and weight loss management. Inventor(s): Naguib, Yousry M.A.; (Arcadia, CA) Correspondence: YOUSRY M.A. NAGUIB; 602 Fairview Avenue, Apt. # 31; Arcadia; CA; 91007; US Patent Application Number: 20030143291 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: Herbal compositions and methods suitable for weight loss management and for treating diabetes are disclosed. The compositions comprise Ferula hermonis or an extract thereof, or Ferula hermonis with selected herbs, extracts thereof, and mixture thereof. The methods of reducing weight, and treating diabetes in patients involve oral administration of the compositions. The invention further relates to a method of extracting and standardizing Ferula hermonis extracts and tincture useful for human health. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to herbal compositions for weight loss management and treating diabetes in humans. The invention further relates to a method comprising the composition for reducing weight and treating diabetes in humans. The invention further relates to a method for extraction and standardization of a Ferula hermonis extract useful for human health. Obesity and overweight are associated with diabetes, hypertension and other diseases that cause morbidity, mortality and high health-care expenditure. Obesity is the number one nutritional problem in the U.S. An estimated one third of Americans are overweight, with an additional 25 percent being classified as obese. Being overweight significantly increases a person's risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases. Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects 16 million people in the U.S., and more than 125 million people worldwide. Diabetes is the fourth-leading cause of death by disease in the United States. About two-thirds of the nearly 16 million people with type II diabetes in the U.S. are overweight, according to the American Diabetes Association. This form of the disease occurs when the body does not properly respond to insulin. The body uses insulin, a hormone, to help regulate the blood level of glucose, or blood sugar. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Intragastric device for treating obesity Inventor(s): Hashiba, Kiyoshi; (Sao Paulo, BR), Surti, Vihar C.; (Winston-Salem, NC) Correspondence: BRINKS HOFER GILSON & LIONE; P.O. BOX 10395; CHICAGO; IL; 60611; US Patent Application Number: 20030078611 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus and method comprising at least one intragastric member or artificial bezoar made of a digestive-resistant or substantially indigestible material that is introduced into a gastric lumen of a mammal for the treatment of obesity. The intragastric member or artificial bezoar is typically at inserted into the gastric lumen in a partially compacted configuration, whereby it is then manipulated into, or allowed to assume, a second expanded configuration sufficiently large to remain within the reservoir of the stomach during normal activities and not be passed through the pylorus into the intestines. In animals, the present invention has been found to be effective in achieving weight loss over a several month period, while being easy to place and retrieve. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/291,790 filed May 17, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/360,353 filed Feb. 27, 2002, both entitled "Intragastric Device For Treating Obesity". This invention relates to medical devices, and more particularly to obesity treatment devices that can be placed in the stomach of a patient to reduce the size of the stomach reservoir. It is well known that obesity is a very difficult condition to treat. Methods of treatment are varied, and include drugs, behavior therapy, and physical exercise, or often a combinational approach involving two or more of these methods. Unfortunately, results are seldom long term, with many patients eventually returning to their original weight over time. For that reason, obesity, particularly morbid obesity, is often considered an incurable condition. More invasive approaches have been available which have yielded good results in many patients. These include surgical options such as bypass operations or gastroplasty. However, these procedures carry high risks, and are therefore not appropriate for most patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Intragastric stent for duodenum bypass Inventor(s): Geitz, Kurt; (Sudbury, MA) Correspondence: CHRISTENSEN, O'CONNOR, JOHNSON, KINDNESS, PLLC; 1420 FIFTH AVENUE; SUITE 2800; SEATTLE; WA; 98101-2347; US Patent Application Number: 20030109931 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: A porous weave of bioabsorbable filaments is encased in an elastic membrane to form a thin-walled stent. The stent is sized to be snugly fitted in the proximate portion of the duodenum of a patient, to induce weight loss by limiting uptake of food passing through the stent. After a predetermined period, the stent degrades and passes from the body without surgical intervention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an impervious, resilient, flexible, biocompatible stent that can be secured in the duodenum adjacent to the pylorus to

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effect weight loss over a controlled period. The incidence of obesity and its associated health-related problems have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. See, for example, P. C. Mun et al., "Current Status of Medical and Surgical Therapy for Obesity" Gastroenterology 120:669-681 (2001). Recent investigations suggest that the causes of obesity involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, psychobehavioral, endocrine, metabolic, cultural, and socio-economic factors. Severe obesity is frequently associated with significant comorbid medical conditions, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, gallstones, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, pulmonary hypertension, and sleep apnea. Estimates of the incidence of morbid obesity are approximately 2% of the U.S. population and 0.5% worldwide. Current treatments range from diet, exercise, behavioral modification, and pharmacotherapy to various types of surgery, with varying risks and efficacy. In general, nonsurgical modalities, although less invasive, achieve only relatively shortterm and limited weight loss in most patients. Surgical treatments include gastroplasty to restrict the capacity of the stomach to hold large amounts of food, such as by stapling or "gastric banding." Other surgical procedures include gastric bypass and gastric "balloons" which, when deflated, may be inserted into the stomach and then are distended by filling with saline solution. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Low viscosity-increment fumed-silica and its slurry Inventor(s): Kobayashi, Hitoshi; (Yokkaichi-shi, JP), Murota, Masamichi; (Yokkaichi-shi, JP), Shirono, Hirokuni; (Yokkaichi-shi, JP) Correspondence: OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C.; 1940 DUKE STREET; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030124045 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: A fumed-silica, which can make a slurry having sufficient wettability to a polar liquid, excellent dispersibility, and low viscosity even in the high concentration, and a slurry thereof. A fumed-silica and its slurry are provided, wherein the water content is controlled so that a weight loss after drying Y, and a dynamic wetting rate to water Z, have specified values. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a low viscosity-increment fumed-silica and a slurry thereof. The fumed-silica may be used as a component of a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), a coating material, a printing ink, an adhesive, a sealant, and an ink-jet recording paper etc., and can also be used to prepare a silica slurry having high flowability and dispersibility even at a high concentration of silica in the slurry. Fumedsilica is classified as a silicic acid anhydride, has small absorption ability for water content, and is used for the purpose of increasing the viscosity of a liquid. In addition, the fumed silica has an advantage of being able to increase the viscosity of a solution with the addition of only a small amount. However, when the fumed-silica is used at a high concentration with slurry, there is a problem in the dispersibility since the viscosity-increment is too high. Accordingly, there remains a need for fumed-silica which overcomes this difficulty. The present invention solves the problem associated with the conventional fumed-silica discussed above, and provides a fumed-silica, which can be used to make the slurry having excellent dispersibility, sufficient wettability to a polar liquid, and low viscosity-increment even in the high concentration, by absorbing water uniformly and compulsorily on the surface of the fumed-silica without existing

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aggregated particles. The present invention also provides a slurry of the inventive fumed-silica. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for producing metal oxide Inventor(s): Arii, Tadashi; (Tokyo, JP), Kishi, Akira; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: FRISHAUF, HOLTZ, GOODMAN & CHICK, PC; 767 THIRD AVENUE; 25TH FLOOR; NEW YORK; NY; 10017-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20030087516 Date filed: October 31, 2002 Abstract: Metal oxide is produced by heating a metal salt of a carboxylic acid to a predetermined temperature, which varies with a raw material, lower than 300.degree. C. In the case of using zinc acetate as the raw material, when heated in dry helium gas, it is sublimated and decomposed to produce no zinc oxide. In contrast, when heated in a mixture gas of nitrogen gas and water vapor with a programming rate of 5.degree. C./min, the weight loss begins around 110.degree. C. and has been completed around 230.degree. C., at a water vapor partial pressure of 17.9 kPa, to produce zinc oxide. If keeping the temperature approximately constant when the weight loss begins, zinc oxide is produced around 115.degree. C. with a high degree of crystallinity. A metal may be any one of zinc, cadmium, indium and copper. A carboxylic acid may be any one of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and 2-ethylhexanoic acid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for producing a metal oxide, and especially to a method for producing a metal oxide at a temperature lower than that in the conventional method with the use of a metal salt of a carboxylic acid as a raw material and apparatus for producing such a metal oxide. This invention further relates to a semiconductor device having such a metal oxide produced by such a method. There has been a strong need for producing a metal oxide thin film for an electronic use at the lowest temperature possible and at high efficiency. Accordingly, various methods have been investigated. The typical methods for producing a metal oxide thin film can be roughly classified to first a coating method including a sol-gel process and an MOD (Metallo-Organic Decomposition) process, and second a vapor deposition method including a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) process and a sputtering process. Of these processes, the sol-gel process, the MOD process and the CVD process have been developed and put to practical use for the mass production. In the CVD process, an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal alkoxide may be used as a raw material. An ideal raw material for the CVD must satisfy the requirements: (1) with a high vapor pressure at a low temperature, (2) less poisonous, and (3) able to maintain a stable vapor pressure for a long time. There are no many materials satisfying the requirements. Especially, there are very few materials with a high vapor pressure at a low temperature. Explaining the vapor pressure requirement of the raw material, the CVD process makes the raw material sublimate or vaporize and uses vapor-phase precursor molecules. Therefore, materials with a low vapor pressure can not be used as raw materials in the CVD process because they can not become a vapor phase. Further, the CVD process often requires a temperature higher than 500.degree. C. for producing a thin film with a high degree of crystallinity. Furthermore, the vapor deposition method including the CVD process requires expensive vacuum equipment and exhaust equipment.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and composition for enhancing weight loss Inventor(s): Hirsch, Alan R.; (Riverwoods, IL) Correspondence: WHYTE HIRSCHBOECK DUDEK S C; 111 EAST WISCONSIN AVENUE; SUITE 2100; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202 Patent Application Number: 20030147938 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Abstract: Compositions for enhancing satiety and weight loss in an individual, assays for assessing a tastant for enhancing satiety and weight loss, and methods of using the composition to suppress appetite and enhance weight loss are provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/334,401, filed Nov. 30, 2001. The present invention relates generally to appetite suppression and weight loss, and more particularly to a composition that enhances satiety during a meal and methods of using the composition to achieve body weight loss. With a third to a quarter of the American population overweight, obesity is rampant in contemporary society. At any given time, 40% of women and 24% of men are trying to lose weight and of these, 84% of women and 76-78% of men are dieting for this purpose. In the USA, losing weight has become a national obsession. Over 30 billion dollars are spent each year devising a plethora of new diets and methods for losing weight, none of which have been demonstrated to be effective over a long term (2 years). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for the treatment and prevention of cachexia Inventor(s): Muglia, Louis; (St. Louis, MO) Correspondence: SONNENSCHEIN NATH & ROSENTHAL; P.O. BOX 061080; WACKER DRIVE STATION; CHICAGO; IL; 60606-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20030087942 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: Cachexia, including anorexia and other forms of weight loss, is a frequent complication of acute and chronic infections, and result from induction of cytokines, prostaglandins, and other inflammatory mediators that are critical for pathogen elimination. The present invention includes methods for the treatment or prevention of cachexic conditions while maintaining the production of factors essential for infection control through the administration of an effective amount of a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibiting compound. Excerpt(s): Activation of the immune system during acute bacterial or viral infections results in generation of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that are essential for infection control. These inflammatory mediators result in mononuclear cell chemotaxis and activation, and local changes in blood flow and vascular permeability that facilitate pathogen eradication. In addition to these beneficial actions, factors induced during infection or other systemic inflammation also exhibit detrimental actions. One important consequence of inflammation is anorexia, accompanied by acute weight loss. This phenomenon is described, for example, by Langhans and Hrupka

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(Neuropeptides 33: 415-24, 1999). Additional work in this area was performed by Langhans and Hrupka (Neuropeptides 33: 415-24, 1999). This phenomenon is further described by Sonti et al. (Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 270: R1394402, 1996). With severe or prolonged infection or inflammation, these changes in nutrition can adversely affect resolution of infection, wound healing, and growth. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, has been extensively utilized as a model for acute sepsis. Similar to bacterial infection, LPS administration results in fever, robust cytokine production, and anorexia in rodents. See for example, Li et al., Brain Res 825: 86-94, 1999. As a further example, see Porter et al., Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 279: R2113-20, 2000. Inhibition of cytokine production or action after LPS, specifically TNF-.alpha. and IL1.beta., attenuates LPS-induced anorexia. See for example Porter et al., Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 274: R741-5, 1998. However, inhibition of these proximal mediators of the inflammatory cascade would be expected to compromise survival in the setting of a live, replicating pathogen as suggested by the increased susceptibility of mice with genetic deficiency of TNF receptor 1, IL-6, and interferon.gamma. to infection with bacterial agents such as Listeria monocytogenes. See for example Rothe et al., Nature 364: 798-802, 1993. Further work in this area was performed by Kopf et al., Nature 369: 339-42, 1994. Inhibition of prostaglandin production has also been shown to attenuate the anorectic response to LPS or IL-1.beta., but the mechanism by which this occurs and the consequences for generation of a protective inflammatory response remain unclear. For example, Langhans et al. (Physiol Behav 46: 535-9, 1989) described experiments in which the non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin attenuated anorectic response caused by LPS. Shimomura et al. (Life Sci 51: 1419-26, 1992) described the use of a cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor to partially attenuate anorexia induced by IL-1.beta. The first committed step in prostaglandin synthesis, catalyzed by prostaglandin H synthases, or cyclooxygenases, has served as an important therapeutic target for treatment of inflammatory disease (Smith and Dewitt, Advances in Immunology 62: 167-215, 1996). Recently developed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are capable of selectively inhibiting the function of one of the two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms COX-1 or COX-2. For example, Masferrer et al. describe the selective inhibition of COX-2 in vivo is antiinflammatory and nonulcerogenic (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 3228-3232, 1994). Masferrer et al. further describe COX-2 inhibitors and their properties in Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 25: 363-72, 1996. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of treating weight loss using creatine Inventor(s): Bessman, Samuel; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: ROBERT BERLINER; FULBRIGHT & JAWORSKI LLP; 865 S. Figueroa St. #2900; Los Angeles; CA; 90017; US Patent Application Number: 20030013767 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: A method of using a creatine compound to treat muscle loss associated with liver and kidney diseases. In preferred embodiments, creatine monohydrate is administered by dialysis. The method can be extended to other diseases or conditions associated with muscle loss. Also provided is a composition comprising a dialysis fluid containing a creatine compound.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a treatment for muscle loss, and in particular to the use of creatine to counteract muscle loss associated with liver and kidney diseases. Creatine is synthesized by the normal body and employed primarily in heart and skeletal muscle for growth and function. The normal human adult body contains about 100 grams of creatine, 95% of which is found in these two organs. About two-thirds of the creatine in muscle and heart is combined with inorganic phosphate to form creatine phosphate. In this form, creatine phosphate contains energy utilizable for contraction or synthesis of protein equal to the well known adenosine triphosphate ("ATP"), which is used for almost all energy requiring reactions of the organism. In contrast to ATP, creatine phosphate is used primarily for motion and growth of skeletal muscle. Three natural amino acids, glycine, arginine and methionine, all of which are non-essential amino acids which can be synthesized by the normal body, provide the building blocks for creatine biosynthesis. About 2 grams of creatine are made every day. The first step of synthesis occurs primarily in the kidney, the second step in the liver. First, a guanidine group is transferred from arginine to glycine to form guanidoacetic acid, which enters the general circulation through the renal veins. Second, in liver cells, guanidoacetic acid receives a methyl group from methionine to become methylguanidoacetic acid, or creatine. This second step is catalyzed by the enzyme guanidoacetic methyltransferase. The creatine thus synthesized is carried by the blood to skeletal muscle, the heart, and in small amounts to the brain. It is noteworthy that creatine is not used in anyway by the organs in which it is made, nor is it made in the organs in which it is used, nor is it consumed during the performance of its function. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Monounsaturated fatty acids of at least 20 carbon atoms and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination molecules and their use as weight-loss agents Inventor(s): Girouard, Michael P.; (Cornelius, NC) Correspondence: GARVEY SMITH NEHRBASS & DOODY, LLC; THREE LAKEWAY CENTER; 3838 NORTH CAUSEWAY BLVD., SUITE 3290; METAIRIE; LA; 70002 Patent Application Number: 20030114431 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic compositions for treatment of obesity and/or overweight contain an effective amount of a fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid wherein the estrogen is preferably estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol or ethinyl estradiol and the fatty acid is eicosenoic acid, especially cis 11 eicosenoic, although cis 5, cis 8, and cis 13 eicosenoic acid are also effective. The C-22 fatty acid monoester of estrogen, cis 13 docosenoic acid (Erucic acid), and the C-24 fatty acid monoester of estrogen, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid (Nervonic acid) are also effective and are included in this disclosure. In addition, synthesized combination molecules formed when a monounsaturated fatty acid of 20 carbon atoms or more is joined via an ester, ether, or amide bond to either a steroid or any molecule containing a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus or perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus derivative are also included in this invention. The fatty-acid monoesters mimic the function of estrone monooleate, as a signal that informs the brain of the size of fat tissue mass. In preferred pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic compositions for intravenous injection the monoester is incorporated in a lipidic suspension, prepared from lipoproteins or from liposome components, such as soy oil and egg phospholipids.

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When administered to rats with a 15% of total adipose tissue, they produce weight reduction of about 10%, by a new and unexpected mechanism. They are useful for the treatment of obesity and/or overweight in mammals, with the advantages of high efficacy and low toxicity. Excerpt(s): Priority of my U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/314,995, filed Aug. 24, 2001, incorporated herein by reference, is hereby claimed. The present invention relates to weight loss. More particularly, the present invention relates to medication-aided weight loss treatments. Since treating patients for weight loss since 1981, the present inventor has observed that roughly seventy-five percent of his patients have little or absolutely no history of overweight or obesity prior to a major event associated with estrogen hormonal changes. The most common estrogen hormonal events are pregnancy (especially second and late pregnancies), hysterectomy, tubal ligation, or peri-menopause/menopause. Usually, the change is dramatic. Interestingly, these patients do not report a change in eating or exercise habits. Furthermore, exercise and strict weight loss produce only modest weight loss in many if not most of these patients, indicating that some aspect of fat metabolism has been altered as a result of the hormonal situations noted above. Because the genetic makeup of these patients has not changed, the present inventor has recognized the role of hormones in producing changes in body fat metabolism in humans. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

NON-MA HUANG HERB WEIGHT LOSS PRODUCT Inventor(s): Fleischner, Albert M.; (Westwood, NJ) Correspondence: PHARMACEUTICAL PATENT ATTORNEYS; POHL & ASSOC. LLC; 55 MADISON AVENUE; 4TH FLOOR (P4014); MORRISTOWN; NJ; 07960-6397; US Patent Application Number: 20030039708 Date filed: August 13, 2001 Abstract: Supplement compositions designed to support weight loss and increase energy while suppressing appetite. 1 Chromium (as chromium dinicotinate glycinate) 25 mcg to 200 mg Vanadium (as vanadium amino acid chelate) 25 mcg to 100 mg Glucomannan 100 mg to 500 mg Green tea leaf extract (supplying 60 mg caffeine) 50 mg to 500 mg Coleus forskohlii extract (10% forskolin) (tuber) 50 mg to 500 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 25 mg to 250 mg Excipients: aa of each to produce a Gelatin, Magnesium Stearate, Silica suitable tablet Excerpt(s): The prior art regarding this invention arises from distinct areas not heretofore combined to create new and useful formula sets or new and useful improvements thereof regarding a Solid-dosage Form of a Weight Loss Product. This invention relates to the evolving science that a new and unique combination of coleus forskohlii extract (10% forskolin) (tuber), green tea extract (supplying 60 mg. caffeine), chromium (as chromium dinicotinate glycinate), vanadium (as vanadium amino acid chelate), and glucomannan, results in increased weight loss, increased energy and suppressed appetite without losing lean body mass. Forskolin is an adenylyl cyclase activator that fully mimics thyroid-stimulating hormone and induces lipolysis, the breakdown of fat, in fat cells. The net result is the release of fatty acids from stored fat cells. Forskolin increases lean body mass while simultaneously reducing body fat and weight, thereby helping to optimize body composition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances Inventor(s): Venturini, Peter; (Ljubljana, SI), Rebic, Ljubomira Barbara; (Ljubljana, SI), Kofler, Bojan; (Skofja Loka, SI), Sirca, Judita; (Ljubljana, SI) Correspondence: T. Gene Dillahunty; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030175348 Date filed: March 28, 2003 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for stabilizing active substances that are unstable in acidic medium, unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to heating, by means of anhydrous granulation of active substances and dried pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances for the preparation of pellet cores or granules. All pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances employed are dried before use so that their weight loss at drying is less than 1.0% of the total weight of the pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substance, preferably less than 0.5%. Organic solvents used in process of anhydrous granulation should contain less than 0.2% of water. A novel pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances that are unstable in acidic medium, unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to heating, is disclosed as well. Excerpt(s): The invention belongs to the field of pharmaceutical industry and relates to a novel medicinal formulation with controlled release of active substances on the basis of anhydrous granulation of the active substances and dried pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances. By the invention a technologically simple manufacture of a stable pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances is made possible. More specifically, the invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical formulation with controlled release of active substances that are unstable in acidic medium, unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to heating. Further, the invention relates to a novel method of stabilization of such unstable active substances and to a process for the preparation of the novel pharmaceutical formulation of such unstable active substances. There exists a constant need for developing pharmaceutical formulations wherein in a technologically simple way there would be achieved a good stability of active substances that are unstable in acidic medium, unstable when stored for longer periods of time in the presence of water and at the same time sensitive to heating. For the manufacture of hitherto known pharmaceutical formulations containing such active substances, technological processes have been used, wherein also water, wherein such active substances are not stable, has been used as a solvent and therefore the required stability has been achieved especially by the addition of basic substances to the active substance or by using the active substance in the form of a-salt thereof. Namely, basic substances create a basic pH in the environment of the active substance, whereat such active substances are more stable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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NOVEL USES OF AVIAN INTERFERON GAMMA (IFN-Y) Inventor(s): YORK, JENNIFER J.; (CLIFTON HILL, AU), LOWENTHAL, JOHN W.; (BELMONT, AU), JOHNSON, MICHAEL A.; (THORNBURY, AU), O'NEIL, TERRI E.; (HIGHTON, AU) Correspondence: GREENLEE WINNER AND SULLIVAN P C; 5370 MANHATTAN CIRCLE; SUITE 201; BOULDER; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030099610 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and methods using said recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides and compositions to enhance the immune responses of birds, and to enhance growth and/or prevent weight loss in birds. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/765,381, filed Dec. 19, 1996, and U.S. Ser. No. 091272,032 filed Mar. 18, 1999. U.S. Ser. No. 08/765,381 is the United States national phase application of International application No. PCT/AU96/00114 filed on Mar. 5, 1996, which claims priority from Australian Patent Application No. PN 1542/95, filed Mar. 6, 1995. U.S. Ser. No. 09/272,032 is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/448,617, filed Sep. 8, 1995, which is the United States national phase application of International application No. PCT/AU94/00189 filed Apr. 14, 1994, which claims priority from Australian Patent Application No. PL 8297, filed Apr. 14, 1993. The present invention relates generally to recombinant avian interferon polypeptides and genetic sequences encoding same, and uses therefor. In particular, the present invention is directed to the use of recombinant avian IFN-.gamma. polypeptides as an immune response modulator and as a growth enhancing agent in avian species. The present invention is particularly useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of birds against coccidiosis and the causative agent thereof. The rapidly increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research into the medical and veterinary fields. Cytokine research is of particular importance, especially as these molecules regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of a great variety of cells, such as cells involved in mediating an immune response. Administration of recombinant cytokines or regulating cytokine function and/or synthesis is becoming, increasingly, the focus of medical research into the treatment of a range of disease conditions in humans and animals. The present invention seeks to provide novel reagents and methods that employ recombinant cytokine polypeptides, for the treatment of disease conditions in birds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nutritional supplement for the management of weight Inventor(s): Bell, Stacey J.; (Belmont, MA) Correspondence: HAMILTON, BROOK, SMITH & REYNOLDS, P.C.; 530 VIRGINIA ROAD; P.O. BOX 9133; CONCORD; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20030143287 Date filed: February 6, 2003

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Abstract: Described herein is a nutritional supplement to be incorporated into the diet of an overweight or obese patient comprising a low glycemic index carbohydrate source, a source of protein, and a source of fat, and further comprising a source of green tea extract, a source of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and a source of chromium. The supplement provides active food-grade ingredients to improve the management weight loss, prevention of weight gain, and a feeling of satiety. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US01/24465, which designated the United States and was filed on Aug. 2, 2001, published in English, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/634,246, filed Aug. 8, 2000 (now abandoned) and 09/783,724, filed Feb. 14, 2001, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The prevalence of obesity in adults, children and adolescents has increased rapidly over the past 30 years in the United States and globally and continues to rise. Obesity is classically defined based on the percentage of body fat or, more recently, the body mass index (BMI), also called Quetlet index (National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, Arch. Intern. Med., 160: 898-904 (2000); Khaodhiar, L. et al., Clin. Cornerstone, 2: 17-31 (1999)). The BMI is defined as the ratio of weight (kg) divided by height (in meters) squared. Overweight and obesity are associated with increasing the risk of developing many chronic diseases of aging seen in the U.S. (Must, A. et al., JAMA, 282: 1523-9 (1999)). Such co-morbidities include type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart diseases and dyslipidemia, gallstones and cholecystectomy, osteoarthritis, cancer (of the breast, colon, endometrial, prostate, and gallbladder), and sleep apnea. It is estimated that there are around 325,00 deaths annually that are attributable to obesity. The key to reducing the severity of the diseases is to lose weight effectively. Although about 30 to 40% claim to be trying to lose weight or maintain lost weight, current therapies appear not to be working. Besides dietary manipulation, pharmacological management and in extreme cases, surgery, are sanctioned adjunctive therapies to treat overweight and obese patients (Expert Panel, National Institute of Health, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1-42 (June 1998); Bray, G. A., Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Obesity, 246-273 (1998)). Drugs have side effects, and surgery, although effective, is a drastic measure and reserved for morbidly obese. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Optical glass for molding Inventor(s): Yamamoto, Yoshinori; (Saitama-ken, JP), Tsuchiya, Koichi; (Saitama-ken, JP), Sawanobori, Naruhito; (Saitama-ken, JP), Nagahama, Shinobu; (Saitama-ken, JP), Otsuka, Masaaki; (Saitama-ken, JP) Correspondence: McDERMOTT, WILL & EMERY; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20030153450 Date filed: July 12, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides an optical glass for press molding, in particular, a low softening point glass which contains, in an oxide glass of phosphate type, a durability improving component in addition to glass forming components, and has a weight loss of at most 0.15 weight % in a durability test, and which is represented, in term of elements for making up the glass, by the following chemical composition (mol %): 1 P.sub.2O.sub.5 32 to 40% Li.sub.2O 6 to 21% Na.sub.2O 8 to 31% K.sub.2O 4 to 22%

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Al.sub.2O.sub.3 7.4 to 16% ZnO 0 to 19.6% BaO 0 to 12% and Sum of Li.sub.2O + Na.sub.2O + K.sub.2O 35.1 to 49% Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an optical glass for molding, in particular, an optical glass for a precision molding lens capable of carrying out molding at most 400.degree. C. Of late, aspherical lenses or micro optical lenses used in the optical lens system have often been produced by a molding technique using a high precision metallic mold without polishing. However, the quality of a metallic mold suitable for molding is subject to various limitations from the respect of workability, durability and mass production property. This teaches that the property of a glass to be molded is also limited. The most important property limited is a softening temperature. Molding of a glass having a softening temperature of 600 to 700.degree. C. or higher, for example, has a large influence upon the life of a metallic mold and thus results in lowering of the mass production property of lenses. Accordingly, it has been considered difficult from the standpoint of mass productivity to press-mold commercially available optical glasses of all kinds having been marketed and consequently, it becomes a subject of research to develop a glass excellent in press molding property. In JP-A-02-124743, for example, there is disclosed a low softening point, medium refractive index and low dispersion optical glass for precision molding lens, having a yielding temperature (At) of at most 500.degree. C., referactive index (nd) of 1.53 to 1.62 and Abbe number (.nu.d) of 59.0 to 64.0, and comprising P.sub.2O.sub.5 and ZnO, as an essential element, and 28 to 49 weight % of ZnO+BaO+SrO+CaO+MgO. This optical glass has such a feature that grinding or polishing after molding is not required because of having a low yielding temperature (At) and excellent stability, chemical durability, weather proof property as well as softening property. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Oral appliance and method for use in weight loss and control Inventor(s): Florman, Michael J.; (New York, NY) Correspondence: FAY, SHARPE, FAGAN, MINNICH & McKEE, LLP; Seventh Floor; 1100 Superior Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44114-2518; US Patent Application Number: 20030075186 Date filed: October 1, 2002 Abstract: An oral appliance device and method are provided for slowing the ingestion of food thereby triggering an increase in the feeling of satiety for a given amount of food. The appliance affixes to the maxillary teeth and mandibular teeth, and restricts the distance the wearer can open the mouth. The appliance includes upper and lower attachable portions which affix to the upper and lower teeth, and a flexible element that connects the upper and lower parts. The restricted opening distance can be adjusted, by either lengthening the flexible part of the appliance, or re-positioning the upper and lower affixable part(s). The appliance allows the patient to perform oral hygiene and speak normally. The appliance allows patients to chew food, but at a slower rate. The appliance decreases the amount of food a wearer can put into his/her mouth at any single time, increasing the amount of time it takes to eat. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/326,417 filed Oct. 1, 2001. The invention is related to the art of weight control devices and more specifically, dental appliances operative to assist a patient in reducing the intake of food. The invention restricts mandibular movement and therefore slows the

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rate of food ingestion. The device also decreases the amount of food in the mouth at any given time, due to the constriction of opening, resulting in a decrease in volume. Slowing the rate of food ingestion allows the body time to respond to the ingestion of food with a sensation of satiety. The patient feels full after consuming a reduced amount of food. Therefore, the patient eats less and loses weight. A number of dental appliances have been described as aiding a patient in achieving weight loss through the restriction of mandibular movements. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,138,679 to Renders, et al. discloses a mandibular restraint that includes a pain-inducing device. The pain-inducing device can be a bar shaped element with a thickened portion that is said to press against a gum or jaw of the patient as the patient attempts to open the mouth beyond a threshold position. Alternatively, or additionally, the pain-inducing device delivers a painful electric shock to the gum or tooth of the patient. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of obesity or to facilitate or promote weight loss Inventor(s): Coe, Jotham Wadsworth; (Niantic, CT), Dow, Robert L.; (Waterford, CT), Watsky, Eric Jacob; (Stonington, CT), Harrigan, Edmund Patrick; (Old Lyme, CT), O'Neill, Brian Thomas; (Old Saybrook, CT), Sands, Steven Bradley; (Stonington, CT) Correspondence: PFIZER INC; 150 EAST 42ND STREET; 5TH FLOOR - STOP 49; NEW YORK; NY; 10017-5612; US Patent Application Number: 20030176457 Date filed: February 13, 2003 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed for the treatment of obesity, an overweight condition and compulsive overeating. The pharmaceutical compositions are comprised of a therapeutically effective combination of a nicotine receptor partial agonist and an anti-obesity agent or weight loss facilitator or promoter and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The method of using these compounds is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of obesity, compulsive overeating; or to facilitate or promote weight loss in a mammal (e.g. human) comprising a nicotine receptor partial agonist (NRPA) and an anti-obesity or weight loss promoting agent. The term NRPA refers to all chemical compounds which bind at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine specific receptor sites in mammalian tissue and elicit a partial agonist response. A partial agonist response is defined here to mean a partial, or incomplete functional effect in a given functional assay. Additionally, a partial agonist will also exhibit some degree of antagonist activity by its ability to block the action of a full agonist (Feldman, R. S., Meyer, J. S. & Quenzer, L. F. Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1997; Sinauer Assoc. Inc.). The present invention may be used to treat mammals (e.g. humans) for obesity, an overweight condition or compulsive overeating with a decrease in the severity of unwanted side effects such as causing nausea and/or stomach upset. Obesity is a major health risk that leads to increased mortality and incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. It is the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and contributes to>300,000 deaths per year. The estimated direct annual health cost associated with obesity is $70 billion, while the total overall cost to the U.S. economy has been estimated to be over $140 billion. In the U.S., more than 50% of the adult population is overweight, and almost 1/4 of the population is considered to be obese

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(BMI greater than or equal to 30). Furthermore, the prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased by about 50% in the past 10 years. While the vast majority of obesity occurs in the industrialized world, particularly in U.S. and Europe, the prevalence of obesity is also increasing in Japan. The prevalence of obesity in adults is 10%-25% in most countries of Western Europe. The rise in the incidence of obesity has promoted the WHO to recognize obesity as a significant disease. What is needed are orally active agents that induce sustained weight loss of 10-15% of initial body weight, due to selective loss of body fat in moderately obese patients. These orally active agents should increase energy expenditure, decrease food intake and partition energy away from adipose tissue. This degree of sustained weight loss would then improve comorbidities including hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, all of which are exacerbated by obesity. However, even though weight loss agents have therapeutic utility in the treatment of obesity, there are significant liabilities to the use of weight loss compounds. Specifically, many of these compounds that have been tested in humans can cause potentially serious side effects such as gastrointestinal complications including nausea, emesis, ulcers, constipation, flatulence, diarrhea, hypertension, respiratory depression, and psychological and physical dependence. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Phaseolamin compositions and methods for using the same Inventor(s): Chokshi, Dilip; (Parsippany, NJ) Correspondence: Ronald J. Baron Esq.; HOFFMANN & BARON, LLP; 6900 Jericho Turnpike; Syosset; NY; 11791; US Patent Application Number: 20030059457 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is for compositions containing phaseolamin and a mineral, such as chromium or vanadium or both, where the mineral is bound by a glycoprotein matrix. The present invention is also directed to methods for controlling carbohydrate cravings, inducing weight loss, reducing insulin requirements in a diabetic, and inhibiting the absorption of dietary starch by administering a composition of the invention. Excerpt(s): Glycoproteins (glycosylated proteins) are organic compounds composed of both a protein and a carbohydrate joined together by a covalent linkage. Glycosylated proteins are present on extracellular matrices and cellular surfaces of many cells. Oligosaccharides consist of a few covalently linked monosaccharide units, such as glucose and ribulose. The oligosaccharide moieties of glycoproteins are implicated in a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix recognition events. The addition of carbohydrates such as oligosaccharides, on a protein involves a complex series of reactions that are catalyzed by membrane-bound glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that transfer sugar groups to an acceptor, such as another sugar or a protein. Glycosidases are enzymes that remove sugar groups. The types and amounts of sugars that are attached to a given protein depend on the cell type in which the glycoprotein is expressed. In addition, the types of linkage used to join various sugar groups together also confound the complexity of glycosylation. The biological activities of many glycoproteins are not detectably different if the carbohydrates are removed. However, glycosylation of proteins may have several effects. Carbohydrates often lengthen the biological life of a protein by decreasing the protein's rate of clearance from the blood. In addition, carbohydrates may help a protein

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to fold properly, stabilize a protein, or affect physical properties such as solubility or viscosity of a protein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Satiation devices and methods Inventor(s): Moody, Trevor J.; (Seattle, WA), Stack, Richard S.; (Chapel Hill, NC), Glenn, Richard A.; (Chapel Hill, NC), Eubanks, William S. JR.; (Durham, NC), Every, Nathan; (Seattle, WA), Silverstein, Fred E.; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: STALLMAN & POLLOCK LLP; Suite 290; 121 Spear Street; San Francisco; CA; 94105; US Patent Application Number: 20030199991 Date filed: June 9, 2003 Abstract: A device for inducing weight loss in a patient includes a tubular prosthesis self-expandable from a collapsed position in which the prosthesis has a first diameter to an expanded position in which the prosthesis has a second, larger, diameter. In a method for inducing weight loss, the prosthesis is placed in the collapsed position and inserted into a stomach of a patient. The prosthesis is allowed to self-expand from the collapsed position to the expanded position and into contact with the walls of the stomach, where it induces feelings of satiety and/or inhibits modulation of satietycontrolling factors such as Ghrelin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of devices and methods for achieving weight loss in humans, and specifically to the use of devices implantable within the human stomach for controlling feelings of hunger. Various medical approaches are used for controlling obesity. These approaches include diet, medication, and surgical procedures. One of the more successful surgical procedures is the vertical banded gastroplexy or the proximal gastric pouch with a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. However, known complications are present with each of these procedures and more successful options are desired. Other alternatives include implantation of gastric balloons that prevent overeating by occupying volume within the stomach. Unfortunately, gastric balloons can migrate down the GI tract, causing obstruction and thus necessitating removal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Ultraviolet radiation absorbents for thermoplastic polymers and methods of producing same Inventor(s): Osaki, Tatsuhiko; (Gamagori, JP), Ichihashi, Tetsuo; (Sagamihara, JP) Correspondence: BEYER WEAVER & THOMAS LLP; P.O. BOX 778; BERKELEY; CA; 94704-0778; US Patent Application Number: 20030130383 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: An ultraviolet radiation absorbent for thermoplastic polymer materials such as polyethylene terephthalate or polycarbonate contains cyclic imino ester compound of a specified structure in an amount of over 99.5 weight % and less than 100 weight %, having the melt beginning temperature obtained by melting point measurement in

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differential thermal analysis within the range of 300-310.degree. C. and/or the weight loss beginning temperature obtained by thermogravimetric measurement within the range of 270-305.degree. C. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to ultraviolet radiation absorbents for thermoplastic polymers and method of producing such absorbents. Films and various kinds of molded products such as boxes made of thermoplastic polymer materials undergo quality degradation such as discoloration and fading when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Different kinds of ultraviolet radiation absorbents have therefore been in use for preventing such quality degradation for thermoplastic polymers as well as products made from them. The present invention relates to improvement in such ultraviolet radiation absorbents and methods of producing such improved absorbents. Benzophenone compounds, benzotriazole compounds and salicylic acid compounds have been generally used as an ultraviolet radiation absorbent for thermoplastic polymers but it has been a problem that these absorbents are usually low in resistance against heat. In view of this problem, cyclic imino ester compounds have been proposed as ultraviolet radiation absorbents with improved heat resistance (U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,262, Japanese Patent Publications Tokko 62-5944 and 62-31027). These absorbents are themselves more resistant against heat but still have the problem that, when they are added or mixed to a thermoplastic polymer material such as polyethylene terephthalate or polycarbonate, they tend to adversely affect the original material characteristics of these thermoplastic polymers such as transparency. They also have the problem of sublimating and adversely affecting the workability and the environmental conditions during the mixing and molding processes when used for such thermoplastic polymer materials having high mixing and molding temperatures. It is therefore an object of this invention to provide improved infrared radiation absorbents which are themselves highly resistant against heat, capable of producing products having the original material characteristics of thermoplastic polymers such as transparency when added and mixed with them without adversely affecting the workability or the environmental conditions. The invention also relates to methods of producing such absorbents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Visual feedback methods and apparatus for weight loss and other forms of physical improvement Inventor(s): Posa, John G.; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: John G. Posa; Gifford, Krass, Groh; Suite 400; 280 N. Old Woodward Ave.; Birmingham; MI; 48009; US Patent Application Number: 20030108851 Date filed: December 11, 2001 Abstract: A health-related monitoring system and method provides visual feedback in the form of a computer-generated display of changes which will likely occur in a participant's body, if the person does, or does not, stay on a particular regime. A preferred method of assisting a person to achieve a desired body shape includes the steps of forming an initial image of the person (either in 2 or 3 dimensions) at an initial time; determining a progress level at intervals during a desired program, for example by imaging the person and comparing this image with the initial image so as to determine an image difference; and displaying a probable future image representative of a probable future body shape of the person based on the progress level of the person, for example as determined by the image difference and/or the body parameter difference,

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and displaying the ideal image to the person for comparison with the probable future image. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to physique improvement including weight loss, body-building and the like, and, in particular, to apparatus and methods providing visual feedback to encourage those engaged in such regimes. It has long been recognized that feedback, both positive and negative, can be helpful in behavior modification programs of the type used to lose weight, quit smoking, and so forth. In terms of weight control, individuals occasionally plant pictures of themselves in an overweight condition on the refrigerator, or in their wallet or purse, to which they refer prior to eating in an effort to avoid over-indulging. With modem computer technology and miniaturized electronic devices, new methods have become available to assist in diet/exercise programs and behavior modification in general. Various patents and pending applications are directed to the use of portable electronic devices acting as physiological monitors, which are then networked to expert systems or websites to analyze progress on a health-related activity or program. It has been proposed to use these remote sites to analyze various health-related phenomena input by multiple participants, to provide feedback in relation to progress toward better eating habits, weight control, cholesterol reduction, salt/sugar intake, and so forth. While such feedback may be provided in the form of textual messages or even charts/graphs highlighting historical or forward-looking trends, it would be advantageous to provide more realistic, explicit and compelling results in a visual, yet personalized form. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Weight loss compositions and methods for individuals who may have gastric hyperacidity Inventor(s): Wurtman, Judith J.; (Boston, MA), Wurtman, Richard J.; (Boston, MA) Correspondence: PATENT ADMINSTRATOR; KATTEN MUCHIN ZAVIS ROSENMAN; 525 WEST MONROE STREET; SUITE 1600; CHICAGO; IL; 60661-3693; US Patent Application Number: 20030039739 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods of losing weight are described that are suitable for individuals susceptible to gastric hyperacidity or gastroesophageal reflux. The compositions include in part a snack food having two or more rapidly digestible carbohydrates, in which the foodstuff or an aqueous mixture of the foodstuff and water has a pH equal to or greater than about 6, and in which the snack is substantially protein-free. The method of weight loss suitable for an individual with gastric hyperacidity includes substantially limiting the individual's caloric intake to about 1400 calories or less for women and 1800 calories or less for men in which the caloric intake includes one or more substantially protein-free snack foodstuffs having two or more rapidly digestible carbohydrates, in which an aqueous mixture of the foodstuff with water has a pH equal to or greater than about 6 and in which the individual loses weight. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/275,127, filed Mar. 13, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to an appetite suppressant and/or snack food composition and methods for inducing weight loss and/or preventing weight gain suitable for

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individuals who may have gastric hyperacidity. Individuals with gastric hyperacidity are restricted in choice of diet. For those who are obese or who need to control their weight for other reasons, such a restriction in food options makes desirable weight loss yet more difficult. Further, gastric hyperacidity and gastroesophageal reflux are thought to be associated with obesity, as the sensation of hyperacidity is often confused with that of hunger. Since eating relieves the discomfort, even if the person is not hungry, eating often occurs. Thus "false hunger" produced by the hyperacidity may cause many obese individuals to discontinue adherence to a calorie restricted diet. S"Patients with esophageal pH

Weight Loss - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Rapid Weight Loss: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Rapid Weight Loss - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References